TRNG I HC BCH KHOA TP.

HCM
KHOA KT XY DNG BM A C NN MNG

CNG TRNH TRN T YU

(805012)

GV. TS. THANH HI

 M U

1. Mc ch v ngha mn hc
2. Ni dung mn hc: Gm 6 chng
3. Hnh thc nh gi mn hc: Thi trc nghim,
90
4. Ti liu tham kho
 NI DUNG MN HC

Chng 1 : c im v tnh cht c bn ca t t yu

Chng 2 : Trng thi ti hn
Chng 3 : Cc dng m hnh nn v ng dng
Chng 4 : Mng su
Chng 5 : Cc gii php x l v gia c nn t yu
Chng 6 : t c ct
 CHNG 1: C IM V TNH CHT C BN
CA T YU
1.1 Khi nim v t yu
Da vo cc ch tiu vt l:
Dung trng:
17 (kN / m3 ) 1,7T / m3
H s rng:
e0 1
m:
W 50(%)
Da vo cc ch tiu c hc:
Modun bin dng:
E0 5000 (kN / m2 ) 5000kPa 50kG / cm 2 5T / m2 5MPa
Gc ma st trong: 10 0

Lc dnh C: C 10 (kN / m 2 )
Da vo cng nn n qu t th nghim nn n.
t rt yu: qu 25 (kN / m 2 )
t yu: qu 50 (kN / m 2 )
1.2 c im ca t yu

1.2.1 c im v s phn b t yu khu vc

thnh ph H Ch Minh

1.2.2. c im v s phn b t yu khu vc ng

bng sng Cu Long.

1.2.3 Cc loi t khc cng khng thun li cho xy

dng nh sau:
 T. TY NINH

B-I - Khu vc t tt, thun

H. C CHI li cho xy dng: mt
B-II
T. BNH DNG phn Q1, Q3, mt phn
H. HC MN Q9, Q10, mt phn Q12,
T. LONG AN
B-II
B-II
Q. TH C Q11, Tn Bnh, G Vp,
C-IV
C Chi, Th c.
B-I
B-II C-I

TP. HCMH. NHA

A BE
HUYN BNH
CHNH C-III C-III
C-III
- Khu vc t yu, khng
C-III
C-II T. NG NAI
thun li cho vic xy
dng: mt phn Q1, Q2,
Q4, Q5, Q6, Q7, Q8 , mt
H. CN GI
- Vng A: Cc loi gc J3-K1
- Vng B: St, st pha ct
Ct pha st
- Vng C: St nho, bn st,
T. LONG AN
C-V
phn Q9, Bnh Thnh,
Bn ct pha st,
Bn st pha ct Nh B, Bnh Chnh,
Cn Gi.
Hnh 1.1: Phn b t TP. HCM v khu vc ln cn
Phn b t yu
BSCL
1.2.3 Cc loi t khc cng khng thun li cho xy
dng nh sau:

- t ct mn bo ha nc, t ct ri
- t hu c v than bn
- t ln t (ln st)
- t trng n
1.3 Tnh cht ca t yu
1.3.1 Tnh bin dng ca t
- Th nghim nn c kt (oedometer):

My nn nn c kt
ng h o
Lc tc dng
chuyn v
thng qua cc qu
cn

Mu t Dao vng

bt

Th nghim nn c kt (oedometer)
 e0
p ng cong nn ln

S a tan
M
e1
1
h M2
e2

p1 p2 p

M hnh nn mu t
Quan h gia h s rng v lc tc dng
 H s nn ln: m2/kN (cm2/kG).

de e2 e1 e1 e2
a a tan
dp p2 p1 p2 p1

en1 en 0,435 Cc
an1, n av
Pn Pn1 P
P = (Ptrc + Psau)/2

H s nn ln tng i ao (h s nn th tch mv) (m2/kN)

a
mv ao
1 e1
Tnh h s rng ng vi mi cp p lc
1.00
hn1, n
e n1, n 1 e n1 0.90
hn1
0.80

He so ron g e
en = en-1 en-1,n 0.70

0.60

h 0.50

e 1 e0 0.40
h0
0.30

en = e0 e 0.20
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5

Gs w (1 W ) Ap lc nen P (kG/cm 2)
e0 1
Biu quan h e-P
 Ch s nn Cc
1.00

e 0.90
Cc e0.4
log p 0.80

He so ron g e
Void Ratio
0.70

en en1 0.60

log pn log pn1 0.50

0.40

en1 en e4.0
0.30

log pn log pn1 0.20
0.4 4.0
0.1 1.0 10.0
Ap lc nen P (kG/cm2 )
Pressure

Biu quan h e-logP (nn v d ti)

e2,0 e4,0 e2,0 e4,0
Cc
log 4,0 log 2,0 log
4,0
2,0
 Ch s n Cs (Cr) 1.00

er 0.90
Cs e0.4
0.80
log p

He so ron g e
Void Ratio
0.70

er ( n ) er ( n1) 0.60
0.50
log pn log pn1
0.40
e4.0
0.30
er ( n1) er ( n )
0.20
log pn log pn1 0.1
0.4
1.0
4.0
10.0
Ap lc nen P (kG/cm2 )
Pressure

Biu quan h e-logP (nn v d ti)

er ( 2,0) er ( 4,0)
er ( 2,0) er ( 4,0 )
Cs
log 4,0 log 2,0 log
4,0
2,0
e e
NG NEN

NG NEN

NG N
NG NEN LAI

NG NEN LAI
NG N

p' logp'

Biu quan h e-p: nn, d ti v nn li

p lc tin c kt Pc
1.00

0.90
4
0.80 1
He so ron g e
Void Ratio

0.70
A 3
2
0.60

0.50

0.40

0.30

0.20
0.1 Pc 1.0
2
10.0
Ap lc nen P (kG/cm )
Pressure

Phng php 1 xc nh Pc
 1.00

0.90
2
0.80
He so ron g e
Void Ratio

0.70
1
0.60

0.50

0.40

0.30

0.20
0.1 Pc
p
c
1.0 10.0
2
Ap lc nen P (kG/cm )
Pressure

Phng php 2 xc nh Pc
-T s tin c kt OCR (overconsolidation ratio):

pc
OCR
p
pc : p lc tin c kt
p : ng sut hu hiu hin ti theo phng ng (ng
sut bn thn)
OCR = 1 : t c kt thng (NC)
OCR < 1 : t km c kt
OCR > 1 : t c kt trc (OC)
 H s c kt cv
Phng php logt (Casagrandes method)
0.80
Deformation dial reading (mm)

D0
So o c bie n da ng (mm)

1.20
D50
1.60

2.00 D100

2.40
t50
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000

Thi gian (phut)

Time (min)

Xc nh h s c kt cv theo pp logt
 D0 D100
D50
2

0,197 H 2
cv
t 50

1 H n1 H n
H
2 2

cv w a
k
1 e1
Phng php cn t (Taylors method)

14.8
D0 0,848 H 2
14.4 cv
t 90
S c bin dng [mm]

14

13.6

13.2 D90
12.8

12.4 t90 1 2
0 2x 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
1,15x Cn t [ph]

Xc nh h s c kt cv theo pp cn t
 Modul tng bin dng ca t E (kN/m2)
- Xc nh modul bin dng t th nghim nn c kt
1 en1 2 2
E( n1, n ) 1
an1, n 1

- Theo kinh nghim th thng ly EBN = (2 6) ETN

Tr s m khi h s rng e bng

Loi t

0 , 4 5 0 , 5 5 0 , 6 5 0 , 7 5 0 , 8 5 0 , 9 5 1 , 0 5

C t p h a s t 4 4 3 , 5 3 2

S t p h a c t 5 5 4 , 5 4 3 2 , 5 2

S t 6 6 5 , 5 5 , 5 4 , 5
Xc nh ln n nh
n
e1i e2i
S
i 1 1 e1i
hi

n
S i 1
aoi pi hi

n
i
S i 1 Ei
pi hi
Ngoi ra cn c cc cng thc tnh ln da vo
ng nn ln e-logp.
e
S h
1 e0
Cho t c kt thng
e Cc log( po p) log po
Cc h po p
S log
1 e0 po
n
Cc hi poi pi
S log
i 1 1 e0i poi
 Cho t c kt trc nng (po + p pc)
e Cs log( po p) log po
Cs h po p
S log
1 eo po
Cho t c kt trc nh (po + p pc)
Cs h pc Cc h po p
S log log
1 eo po 1 eo pc
Poi : ng sut hu hiu trung bnh ban u ca lp th i
(ng sut bn thn poi = tb= p1)
pi = i : Gia tng /s thng ng ca lp th i (/s gy ln)
e0 : h s rng ng vi thi im trc khi xy dng cng
trnh, tc ng vi ng sut bn thn poi
 1.3.3 Sc chng ct ca t
s = tan + c s = tan + c
Cc iu kin cn bng n nh:
< s : t trng thi n nh
= s : t trng thi cn bng gii hn
> s : khng xy ra trong t v t b ph
hoi trc khi t n ng sut .

( ( (
k k k
G G G s=c
/c s = tan + c /c s = tan /c
cm
cm m
2
) 2
)
2
)
t dnh (k t ct (k t st thun ty (k
G G G
Cc dng ca ng sc chng ct theo cc loi t

(
k s = tan + c o b
G

/c
m M
2
)

c
a

3
1

Vng trn ng sut Mohr



x x

Bn knh
(

Vng trn ng sut Mohr

1 3 1 3 1 3
cos 2 sin 2
2 2 2
 1.3.4 Kh nng chu ti ca t yu
* Theo QPVN (TCXD 45-70, 45-78) : khu vc bin
dng do l b/4
c
Pgh (0,25b h cot g ) h
cot g / 2
0,25 cot g
Pgh b
1 h
c
cot g / 2 cot g / 2 cot g / 2

- Pgh = R (Rtc RII)

R m ( A b B h * D c)
tc (45-70)

m1m2
RII ( A b B h * D c) (45-78)
k tc
 4.3.2.2 Phng php tnh da trn gi thuyt cn bng
gii hn im

* Theo Prandtl , = 0
1 sin tan
Pgh ( h c cot g ) e c cot g
1 sin

* Theo Terzaghi
- Mng bng: Pgh = 0,5 N b + Nq h + Nc c
- Mng trn, bk R: Pgh = 0,6 N R + Nq h + 1,3 Nc c
- Mng vung cnh b: Pgh = 0,4 N b + Nq h + 1,3 Nc c

N , Nq , Nc : cc h s ph thuc vo
4.2.3 Cc phng php th nghim xc nh sc chng
ct ca t

- Th nghim ct trc tip (Direct shear test)

- Th nghim nn 3 trc (Triaxial compression test:
Undrained Unconsolidated, Undrained
Consolidated, Drained Consolidated).
- Th nghim nn n (Unconfined compression test)
- Th nghim xuyn (ng) tiu chun (SPT)
- Th nghim xuyn tnh (CPT)
- Th nghim ct cnh (Vane test)
* Th nghim ct trc tip (Direct shear test)

My ct trc tip (my c)

* Th nghim ct trc tip (Direct shear test)

My ct trc tip


Tht di ng

T
Tht c nh

- Ct 3 mu t (dy 30 cm) cho 3 ln th nghim vi

3 cp ti trng khc nhau
- Cho my ct vi tc 1 mm/min n khi no mu
b ph hoi; ghi li gi tr () ng vi lc ng h o
ng lc ngang t gi tr max.
- V biu quan h gia (kG/cm2) v (kG/cm2)
(kN/m2)

s = tan + c

c
(kN/m2)

Quan h lc ct v p lc thng ng

- Xc nh gi tr c v bng phng php hnh hc

- Xc nh gi tr c v bng phng php bnh
phng cc tiu

n n n
n i i i i
tan i 1 i 1 i 1
2
n
n
n i i
2

i 1 i 1
n n n n

i i
2
i i i
c i 1 i 1 i 1 i 1
2
n
n
n i i
2

i 1 i 1
- Xc nh gi tr c v bng hm LINEST trong
Excel

tan=LINEST(1:3,1:3,1)
=DEGREES(ATAN(tan))
c=IF ((1/3)*(( 1+2+3)-
tan(1+2+3))>0,(1/3)*((1+2+3)-
tan(1+2+3)),0)
Chuyn kt qu thp phn ca sang gi tr
Pht => =((-INT())*60
+ pht =>
=CONCATENATE(ROUND(,0),o,ROUND(pht,0
),)
 100

80

Lc cat (kPa) 60

40

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Ap lc thang ng (kPa)

KET QUA tg = 0.3992

= 2246'
C= 5.003 kPa

Kt qu tnh ton c v bng Excel

* Th nghim nn 3 trc (Triaxial Compression Test)

+ Ct (nn) nhanh khng c kt / Undrained

Unconsolidated (UU): Gi tr cuu v uu
+ Ct (nn) nhanh c kt / UndrainedConsolidated
(CU): Gi tr ccu & cu ; c v v p lc nc l rng u
+ Ct (nn) chm c kt / Drained Consolidated (CD):
Gi tr c v
My nn ba trc
Mu t trong bung nn
Thit b gt mu
 ng
du
6 7
10
8
5
1 2 3 4 9

d
b
4 c Bm to
1 p lc
34
2 3 bung
a

S th nghim nn ba trc
- Van 1: dng thot nc khi c kt v n c ni vi ng
y mu.
- Van 2: c cc tc dng sau:
+ Dng cp nc t bnh nc vo bung.
+ Dng to o lc bung v kha gi p lc bung khi thc
hin cng ngh bm nhi bng bm quay tay
+ Trong giai on c kt, th nc trong mu thot ra, lm mu
co li. T lng nc trong bung gim, v khi nc s t
ng du chy xung, qua ng b, ri ng a qua van 2 vo bung.
+ ng a c tc dng gn vo van 34 cp nc lm bo ha
nc trong cc van 3, van 4 v ng di y b mu, ng ni vi
cap (m ca mu)
- Van 3, van 4:
+ 2 van ny c ng li trong giai an c kt
+ Khi tin hnh giai an ct 3 trc, ta s m 2 van 3 v 4, ng
thi kha van s 3 li.
+ Van 3 : o p lc nc l rng pha trn mu
+ Van 4 : o c p lc nc l rng pha di mu.
+ Hai van ny gp chung thnh p lc nc l rng van 34. T
ni ra u dy in tr o p lc nc l rng (trung bnh)
ca mu trong qu trnh ct 3 trc khng cho thot nc
 * Th nghim UU
70
Th nghim UU thc hin
60
vi thi gian nhanh, khong
10-15 pht. lch ng sut

ng sut lch (1-3) kPa

50

= 1 3 tng nhanh v 40

mu t khng kp thot 30
nc, khng o p lc nc
20
l rng uf nn kt qu ch
biu th theo ng sut tng. 10

Th nghim UU thch hp 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
cho loi t st bo ha
nc v sc chng ct ca Bin dng %

t ph thuc vo cu cn u
Biu quan h ng sut
nh.
lch v bin dng
 60
ng sut ct ( 1- 3)/2 kPa

40

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

ng sut chnh ( 1+ 3)/2 kPa

Biu cc vng Mohr

* Th nghim CU

Th nghim CU thc hin sau khi cho mu c

kt di p lc bung (ngang) ng hng nc
thot ra hon ton. Tin hnh tng p lc ng 1
ng thi o p lc nc l rng uf.
Kt qu xc nh c thng s sc chng ct
hu hiu (c, ) v thng s tng (ccu , cu ).
* Th nghim CU
200
ng su t lch (1-3) kPa

150

100

50

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Bin dng %

Biu quan h ng sut lch v bin dng

 35
p lc nc l rng

30
25
20
15
kPa

10
5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Bin dng %

Quan h gia p lc nc l rng v bin dng

 100
90
80
70
ng sut ct ( 1-3)/2 kPa

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

ng sut chnh (1+3)/2 kPa

Biu cc vng Mohr

 * Th nghim CD
Th nghim CD thc hin sau khi cho mu c kt di
p lc bung (ngang) ng hng nc thot ra hon
ton. Tin hnh tng p lc ng 1 vi tc chm m
bo p lc nc l rng khng thay i. Kt qu xc nh
c thng s sc chng ct hu hiu (c, ).
160
140
ng sut ct ( 1-3)/2 kPa

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480

ng sut chnh (1+3)/2 kPa

Biu cc vng Mohr

Phng php gii tch ton hc (pp bnh phng cc
tiu) xc nh c, trong th nghim 3 trc
1 3
sin
1 3 2 c cot g

o o
1 3 tg 45 2 c tg 45
2

2 2

1 3 a b
o o
a tg 45
2
b 2 c tg 45
2 2
 b
2 artg a 90 o c
2 a

n n n n n n n
n 1 3 1 3 3 1 3 1 3
2

a 1 1 1
2
b 1 1 1 1
2
n
n n
n

n 3
2
n 3
2
3
1
3
1 1 1
* Th nghim nn n (Unconfined Compression Test)

- Mu t c dng hnh trc, chiu cao bng 2 ln

ng knh, c nn thng ng khng c p lc
xung quanh. Sc chu nn n (1 trc) l p lc nn
ln mu lc b trt, qu.
- Sc chng ct khng thot nc hay lc dnh khng
thot nc cu = qu/2. Gc ma st trong u = 00 . Th
nghim ph hp vi t st bo ha hon ton
(u = 00).

u=0
max=cu

qu

Vng Mohr trong th nghim nn n

 * Th nghim xuyn tnh CPT
(Cone Penetration Test)
- Da vo sc khng xuyn qc , xc nh gc ma st
trong ca t ct
() su
qc (105 Pa) 5 m v su
2m
hn
10 28 26
20 30 28
40 32 30
70 34 32
120 36 34
200 38 36
300 40 38
- Da vo sc khng xuyn qc , xc nh lc dnh khng
thot nc ca t st

qc
cu
A
: ng sut bn thn ca t nn ti im ang xt
A : din tch mi xuyn (10 cm2)
* Th nghim xuyn (ng) tiu chun SPT
(Standard Penetration Test)
t ri

Gc ma st
N (SPT) Trng thi
trong
<4 Rt ri < 300
4 10 Ri 300 350
11 30 Cht va 350 400
31 50 Cht 400 450
> 50 Rt cht > 450
t dnh

Sc chu nn n qu
N (SPT) Trng thi
(bar-kG/cm2)
<2 Rt mm (nho) < 0,2
24 Mm (do nho) 0,2 0,5
58 Rn va (do mm) 0,5 1
9 15 Rn (do cng) 12
16 30 Rt rn (na cng) 24
> 30 Cng >4
> 50 Rt cng
* Th nghim ct cnh ch thp (Shear Vane Test)

- o moment tc ng t trc xoay M, khi mu

t b trt th:

d d 2 2
M xoay d h d
2 4 3
- Sc chng ct khng thot nc:

2 M xoay
s u cu
d
d h 1
2

3h
Bi tp chng 1
 CHNG 2: TRNG THI TI HN
2.1 Cc tnh cht trong th nghim nn 3 trc

H 2.1 Ph hoi gin (t cng)

H 2.2 Ph hoi chy do
H 2.3 Ph hoi ca t qu yu
 S thay i din tch v th tch : P

- Din tch mt ct ngang ca mu t

h
thay i theo ti trng nn nh sau :
V
1
Vo
A A0
h
1
h0

- Nu th nghim khng thot nc V = 0

A0
A
h
1
h0
h gi l bin dng tng i.

h0
2.2 Phn tch ng sut da vo vng trn Mohr
o b
(

k s = tan + c
G M
/c
m
2 a
)

c

3
1 Vng trn ng sut Mohr

'1 '3 '1 '3

2 2


x x

Bn knh
(

Vng trn ng sut Mohr

1 3 1 3 1 3
cos 2 sin 2
2 2 2
- Khi vng trn tng ng c xy dng vi cc ng
sut hu hiu:
lch ng sut: q = 1 3
Bt bin ng sut: s = 1/2 (1 + 3 )
t = 1/2 (1 - 3 )
- Khi vng trn tng ng c xy dng vi cc ng
sut tng:
ng sut tng: 1 = 1 + u
3 = 3 + u
lch ng sut: q = q
Bt bin ng sut: s = s + u
t = t
 2.3 L trnh ng sut (ng ng sut) stress path
trong th nghim nn 3 trc
2.3.1 L trnh ng sut trong h trc (1/3 ), 3


ESP : ng
ng sut c hiu

(effective stress
path)
TSP : ng
ng sut tng
(total stress path)

2.3.2 L trnh ng sut trong h trc t/s( t/s)

CSL : Critical state line

L
CS

'

s = 1/2 (1 + 3) ng ng sut khi tng

ti c thot nc (CD)
t = 1/2 (1 3)
 S L
C

Cc ng ng sut tng v c hiu khi tng

ti khng thot nc (CU)
2.3.3 L trnh ng sut trong h trc q/ p (q/p)

S L
C

Cc ng ng sut trong trc ta q/p

- ng sut trung bnh : p = 1/3(1 + 2 + 3 )
= 1/3(1 + 23 )
- lch ng sut: q = (1 - 3 )
p = p + uf
q = q
- Khi tng 1 th ng tng ng sut (TSP) l C -> SD
c dc 1/3
- Khi mu t khng thot nc trong lc ch tng 1,
p lc nc l rng tng t 0 ln uf v ng ng sut
c hiu ESP l C -> SU.
- ng bao ph hoi hay ng ng sut cc hn c
th xc nh tng ng vi cc gi tr q v p ti lc
ph hoi: qf = M pf
- Quan h gia M v gc ma st trong tng ng xc
nh bi ng bao ph hoi Mohr-Coulomb hay
ng CSL; t vng trn Mohr, khi c = 0

1 ' ' ' '
( 1 3 ) 3
' ' q
1 sin ' M f ( 1 3)
sin ' 2 p '
1 '
1 ' '
1 sin ' f ( 2 '
3)
( 1 3 )
' 1 1
3
2
1 sin ' '
3 ( '
1)
1
1 sin ' 3 (1 sin '1 sin ' ) 1' 6 sin '
M
2(1 sin ' ) ' (1 sin ' 2 2 sin ' ) '
3 sin '
1
'
1 1
1 sin '
3M
sin '
6M
- Theo l trnh ko: 3 > 1 do gi nguyn 3 gim 1

3' 1'
sin ' '
3 1'
q 2q
p' p'
3 3 q 6 sin '
sin ' q p'
2q q q 3 sin '
p' p' 2 p '
3 3 3

6 sin ' q = M*p

M *

3 sin '
3M *
sin '
6M *
- Theo l trnh nn: 1 > 3 do gi nguyn 1 gim 3
iu kin cn bng Mohr-Coulomb l:
2 q
p' q p' 1' 3'
sin '
3 3
sin ' '
2 q
p' q p' 2c' cot g ' 1 3' 2c' cot g '
3 3

6 sin '
q ( p'2c' cot g ' ) M ( p'2c' cot g ' )
3 sin '
PT CSL ca t dnh: q = M (p+ 2ccotg)
- ngha ca ng CSL: Dng nh gi s n nh
ca 1 im trong t nn da vo ng l trnh ng sut
khi ly mu t em v phng xc nh cc ng sut 1 &
3 . Nu nhng im SU, SD nm di ng CSL th mu
t n nh trong nn, ngc li im s b ph hoi .
 2.4 L thuyt trng thi gii hn
2.4.1 t vn :
2.4.2 L thuyt trng thi gii hn
2.4.3 ng trng thi gii hn (CSL) v cc ng
ng sut khi cht ti trn nn t st c kt thng
(NC) trong cc h trc p/ q ; p/ v v Ln p/v
- Phng trnh ng ng sut ti hn ( CSL)
H 2.10a, h trc q/p: qf = M pf
H 2.10c, h trc v/Lnp: v f ln p 'f
: gi tr th tch ring v trn ng CSL ti p = 1kN/m2
 L
CS

Cc ng ng sut trong h ta p/ q ; p/ v v Ln p/v

 - Phng trnh ng c kt thng (NCL):
H trc q/p: q = M p
H 2.10c, h trc v/Lnp: v N ln p'
- Hai ng NCL v CSL song song nhau nn bng nhau
vf V f
Lnp '
p e
'

f
f

- Vy pt ng c kt thng NCL trong h trc p/q :

v
q' Mp' M exp( )

(v = 1 + e), (vc = 1 + ec : do), (vf = 1 + ef : ph hoi)
v: th tch ring)
L trnh cc ng ng sut (TN CU) trong h ta p/ q/ v
L trnh cc ng ng sut (TN CD)
trong h ta p/ q/ v
2.4.4 Cc mt gii hn khng b ko, mt Hvoslev v
mt Roscoe

q/ qe
M
S 1

Mt Hvorslev
Mt Roscoe

T H
1
1 3 Mt khng chu ko
g
C p/ pe
O
3=0
v
N NCL n g n n : v = N - Lnp
1
CSL
1 n g n : v = v
k
vk 1
SL

Ln p

Cc mt bin trng thi ti hn

= dc ng nn
= dc ng n (h ta Lnp/v) = cs/2,3
 - Mt gii hn khng b ko (OT): q = 3 p l mt
gii hn v t khng b ko
- Mt Hvoslev (TS): q = H p + (M H) exp[(-V)/]
l mt ng vi mu t c cng h s rng vi mt
Roscoe nhng h s OCR > 2,5 (t c kt trc)
- Phng trnh ng Hvorlev c dng:
V
N v
q' g exp hp'

e

- Ti S, im giao vi mt Roscoe, phng trnh mt

Hvorslev c dng :
v
q' M h exp hp'

q p
S

T
SS: n g t r n g t h i t i h n

S N N : n g c k t t h n g

N V V T T : M t g i i h n k h n g

T b k o

T T S S : M t H v o r s l e v

v S S N N : M t R o s c o e

v S
N
T

S ba chiu ca ton b mt bin trng thi ti hn

2.4.6 bn sc chng ct ca ct v c trng bin dng
Ct cht
Ct ri

ng sut cc hn
n h

ng sut
O

+V

Ct cht
N (tng)

Co ngt
(gim) Ct ri

-V
 CHNG 3: CC DNG M HNH NN
3.1 M hnh nn bin dng cc b (cho t yu)
3.1.1 M hnh nn 1 thng s: Cz

N N

h = Df

h = Df
s

M hnh nn 1 thng s
 Cz = f (z,F,t)

2a b P
C z C 0 1 P
F 0

Theo Vesic: Cz
E0

b 1 02
Theo Terzaghi:
b 0,3m
2

- i vi t ri C z C z 0,3m
2b

- i vi t dnh C z C z 0,3m
0,3m
b
Vi Cz 0.3m l h s nn khi th nghim bn nn hin
trng (Cz = P/S, bn nn c ng knh = 0,3m)
P
k Cz
S

0 P P
S

Quan h P-S th nghim bn nn hin trng

3.1.2 M hnh nn 2 thng s: Cz v Cx
N

S
P(x) = Cx Cx
H
Px = H/F F
- Nu F > 50 m2 2(a b) P
C x 0,7 C0 1
Cx = 0,7 Cz
F P0
- Nu F 50 m2
3.1.3 M hnh nn 3 thng s: Cz ,Cx v C
N
M
C
J
H M
J: moment qun
tnh ca mng

S
- Nu F > 50 m2
2a 3b P
Cx = 0,7 Cz C C0 1
F P0
- Nu F 50 m2
 3.2 Cc m hnh lu bin
3.2.1 nh ngha: L cc m hnh din t s tng
quan gia ng sut (hoc lc Q) v bin dng
(hoc l)

(Q) (Q)
deo trt

an hoi an hoi

0 (l) 0 (l)
 (Q) (Q) (Q) g ti en
a n
eot
an - deo a n -d
Vat the deo cng c
Prandtl c
Saint - Vernant

0 (l) 0 (l) 0 c (l)

c
Vat lieu don at - nen mong Kim loai - Ket cau thep

Quan h gia ng sut v bin dng

3.2.2 Cc m hnh lu bin c bn
a) M hnh n hi (l xo = clastic spring)

(nen hay keo)

(l)
Q
hoac

E.

E,K E,K
=

M hnh n hi
Phng trnh trng thi:
=E
hay Q = E l
b) M hnh nht (ng nhn = Dash pot): L m hnh
xt n tnh nht ca vt liu, c xt n thi gian.

.

=

0 ddt

M hnh nht
Phng trnh trng thi:
d

dt
c) M hnh do (ngm trt): L m hnh xt n tnh
do ca vt liu

Q(

0 = K
M hnh nht

QK (trt, chy)
Q<K (l = 0)
3.2.3 Cc m hnh n - nht tuyn tnh
a) M hnh Kelvin: Da trn th nghim n hi, th
nghim nht xy ra ng thi (mc song song, i = const;
i = f(t) )

E
M hnh Kelvin

= E + E
= E =
E
b) M hnh Maxwell: Dng nghin cu s chng
ng sut (M hnh mc ni tip, i = const; i = f(t).)

= E =
= E + E

M hnh Maxwell
3.2.4 Cc m hnh n - do
a) Mc ni tip
Q( E
Lc: QK
QE
Q = QE = QK
Chuyn v: K
q = l = qE + qK

M hnh n-do; mc ni tip

b) Mc song song:
E
QE
Q(
Lc:
Q = QE + QK QK
Chuyn v:
K
q = l = qE = qK
M hnh n-do; mc song song
3.2.5 Cc m hnh n - nht - do

E0
E1 E2

E K
K

M hnh n-nht-do
3.3 Cc dng m hnh lu bin khc tnh ton nn mng

E1

E E2

Terzaghi Biot Gibon

Schiffman

Taylor XDDD - CN C - TL

(t TP.HCM v BSCL)
Mt s m hnh lu bin
 CHNG 4: MNG SU
4.1 Khi nim v mng cc
- Mng cc: Mng su i c c

- i cc:
- H cc:
4.2 Phn loi mng cc
H cc
4.2.1 Theo vt liu cc

4.2.2 Theo kh nng chu ti

4.2.3 Theo chiu su t i

4.2.4 Theo c tnh chu lc Nn ca mng cc

4.3 Cu to cc b tng ct thp

1000 Mc cu, 16 Ct thp ai

6 a100
20,1m
150
1-1,5D 1000
D
Ct thp dc
6 a100
L

D
L
 on u cc

Mi thp
Hp ni cc Mi hn

NI CC
A-A
A A Hnh 3.6 Cu to chi
tit cc v ni cc
 230x130x10
320 10
hh=8mm 11
0 35
0
250x250x8
35
9
334x180x8
10
320
11
180

350x350x8
9
8x350x180

THEP HOP AU COC TL : 1/10 3-3 CHI TIET BAN THEP AU COC
(CHIEU CAO NG HAN h=10mm) TY LE 1/10

200x200x12
12
50 58 COC CBT-1 300x300x10 COC CBT-2
12
58

Li thep 6
50

LI THEP AU COC TL : 1/10 9

350x350x8

4-4 CHI TIET B NOI COC CBT-1 & CBT-2

TL :1/10
TY LE :1/10

HAN CHUM AU
418
1

20
3

MC 2-2
TL: 1/10
CHI TIET MUI COC
TL: 1/10
 6 18
2 218 4 3 li thep han 6a50 loai B
1
1 li thep han 6a50
loai A

Ban thep au coc

120 3 218
1

12 6a100 12 11 12
6a50 6a200 6a100 6a50

CHI TIET COC BETONG CBT1 TL : 1/20

3 li thep han 6a50 loai B

6
2 218 18 3 li thep han 6a50 loai B
6 4
1 li thep han 6a50
1 li thep han 6A50 loai A loai A

Ban thep au coc

Ban thep au coc

120 3 218
6

14 11 13 12 14
6a50 6a100 6a200 6a100 6a50

CHI TIET COC BETONG CBT2 TL : 1/20

4.4 Trnh t tnh ton mng cc:
1. D liu tnh ton

- D liu bi ton v cc c tnh ca mng cc

- S liu ti trng (tnh ton)
- Chn vt liu lm mng: mc BT, cng thp,
tit din v chiu di cc (cm vo t tt > 1,5 m),
on neo ngm trong i cc (on ngm + p u
cc 0,5 0,6m); chn ct thp dc trong cc: v
Ra .
 Ntt
Mtt
Htt

Qs

Qp

S tnh ton mng cc

2. Kim tra mng cc lm vic i thp

2H Df 0,7 hmin
hmin tan 450
2 b

EH Kp = tan2 (450 + /2)

2H Ka = tan2 (450 - /2)
Df
Kp FS = 3 (p lc sau i
K a b
FS cha t trng thi b
ng)
1 Kp b : cnh ca y i theo
H K a b D 2f
2 FS phng vung gc vi H
3. Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc Pc
- Theo vt liu lm cc
Qa = (Rb Ab + Ra Aa)

v=2 v = 0,7 v = 0,5

u c ngm trong
c c ngm trong c ngm trong
u c u c

i v mi c i v mi c i v mi c
c n m c t a c n g m

trong trong
t m m trong t c n g h o c
* Cc khoan nhi, cc barrette, cc ng nhi btng
Qa = (Ru Ab + Ran Aa)
Ru : cng tnh ton ca b tng
Ru = R/4,5; Ru 6 MPa: khi btng di nc, bn
Ru = R/4; Ru 7MPa: khi btng trong h khoan kh
R : mc thit k ca b tng
Ran : cng tnh ton cho php ca ct thp
< 28mm, Ran = Rc/1,5; Ran 220 MPa.
- Theo iu kin t nn:
+ Theo ch tiu c hc
Qs Qp As f s Ap q p
Qa
FS s FS p FS s FS p
 Qu Qs Qp As f s Ap q p
Qa
FS FS FS
FSs : h s an ton cho thnh phn ma st bn; 1,5 2,0
FSp h s an ton cho sc chng di mi cc; 2,0 3,0
FS : h s an ton chung, chn 2 3
Thnh phn chu ti do ma st xung quanh cc Qs
fs = ca + h tana
= ca + Ks v tana
ca , a = c, : cc ng, p btng ct thp
ca , a = 0,7[c, ] : cc thp (bng 3.28/213).
Ks = K0 = 1 - sin (t)
Ks = 1,4 K0 (khi t nn b nn cht do ng cc)

Ks K s (1 sin ) OCR
1
Thnh phn sc chu mi ca t di mi cc Qp
* Phng php Terzaghi:
qp = 1,3 c Nc + h Nq + 0,6 rp N (rp: b/knh cc trn)
qp = 1,3 c Nc + h Nq + 0,4 d N (d: cnh cc)
Nc , Nq , N : h s sc chu ti, xc nh theo Terzaghi,
bng 3.5/174. Df = v
* Phng php Meyerhof:
qp = c Nc + q Nq
Nc, Nq : xc nh t biu 3.28/178
* TCXD 205-1998:
qp = c Nc + v Nq + d N
 + Theo ch tiu vt l
Qa = km (Rp Ap + u fsi li) (21-86)
km = 0,7 : cc chu nn; km = 0,4 : cc chu nn
Qtc = mR qp Ap + u mf fsi li (205-1998)

Qtc k =1,4 1,75

Qa
k
mR , mf : h s iu kin lm vic ca t mi cc
m bn hng cc, bng 3.18/201.
Rp : sc chu ti n v din tch ca t di mi cc,
bng 3.19/201.
fsi : lc ma st n v gia t v cc, bng 3.20/202
=> Chn Pc = min (Pvl ; Pn)
 * Cc khoan nhi, barrette:
Qtc = m (mR qp Ap + u mf fsi li) (205-1998)

. t dnh, qp tra bng 3.25/204

. t ri, qp c tnh

qp = 0,75 ( dp Ak0 + L Bk0): cc nhi, cc

barrette, cc ng ly nhn.
qp = ( dp Ak0 + L Bk0): cc ng gi nguyn nhn
: trng lng ring ca t di mi cc
: trng lng ring ca t nm trn mi cc
Cc h s , , Ak0, Bk0 tra bng 3.24/204.
 + Theo th nghim SPT (TCXD 195 )

N : S SPT
: S SPT trung bnh trong khong 1d di mi cc v 4d
trn mi cc. Nu > 60, khi tnh ton ly = 60; nu >50
th trong cng thc ly = 50.
N Nc : gi tr trung bnh SPT trong lp t ri.
Ns : gi tr trung bnh SPT trong lp t dnh.
Ap : din tch tit din mi cc
Lc : Chiu di cc nm trong lp t ri (m).
Ls : Chiu di cc nm trong lp t dnh (m).
: Chu vi tit din cc (m).
Wp : Hiu s gia trng lng cc v trng lng t b cc
thay th
 + Theo th nghim CPT
Qu = qp Ap + fs As
qp: cng chu mi cc hn ca t mi cc c xc nh

q p kc qc
sc khng xuyn trung bnh ly trong khong 3d
qc
N
pha trn v 3d pha di mi cc
fs : Cng ma st gia t v cc c suy t sc
khng mi chiu su tng ng qci
f si
i

=> Sc chu ti ca cc cui cng s ly theo kt qu th

nghim nn tnh hin trng.
4. Chn s lng cc v b tr cc

n
N tt

N Qtt
= 1,2 1,6
Pc Pc
=> b tr cc khong (3 6)d, cu to i c mp i
cch mp cc ngoi 100 150mm.
5. Kim tra sc chu ti ca cc (lc tc dng ln cc)

N tt
M tty x max M ttx y max
Pmax
n i
x 2
i y 2
Pmax Pc (Qa)
M x tt Pmin Pn
P( x , y ) N

tt
i

M tt
x yi
y
Pmin 0
n i
x 2
i y 2
- Kim tra sc chu ti ca cc lm vic trong nhm.
H s nhm :
(n1 1) n2 (n2 1) n1
1
90 n n
1 2

d
arctg [deg]
s
n1 : s hng cc
n2 : s cc trong 1 hng
d : ng knh hoc cnh cc
s : khong cch gia cc cc
Pnh = nc Pc > Ntt + Q
6. Kim tra ng sut di mi cc (mng khi qui c)
Fqu = Lqu Bqu
= [(L - 2x) + 2 lc tan] [(B - 2y) + 2 lc tan]

max/ min
N tc
qu

tc
M
x

M tc
y

Fqu Wx Wy

tb
N tc
qu

Fqu
m 1m 2
tb R II (Ab qu Bh * Dc II )
k tc
max 1,2 RII min 0
7. Kim tra ln ca mng cc
p gl tb h

k p gl
z
gl

n n
e1i e2i
S S
i 1
i
i 1 1 e1i
hi

n n
i
S
i 1
aoi pi hi S i 1 Eoi
pi hi

S Sgh = 8 cm
7. Kim tra chuyn v ngang ca cc
- Tnh ton cc chu ti trng ngang
- Kim tra chuyn v ngang cho php
H Png (Png : sc chu ti ngang ca cc

ng EJ
Png 3
[T]
1000 l 0

ng = 1 cm: chuyn v ngang ti u cho php

EJ : cng ca cc
= 0,65 : khi cc ng trong t st
= 1,2 : khi cc ng trong t ct
l 0,7 d ; d [cm]: cnh hay ng knh cc.
9. Kim tra iu kin xuyn thng ca i
Pxt Pcx
Pxt = phn lc ca nhng cc nm ngoi thp
xuyn pha nguy him nht
Pcx = 0,75 Rk Sthp xuyn

10. Xc nh ni lc v b tr ct thp
- Tnh moment: dm conxn, ngm ti mp ct, lc
tc dng ln dm l phn lc u cc.

Mg Mg
Fa
Ra h0 0,9 Ra h0
11. Mt s vn thi cng cc
- Tnh mc cu vn chuyn v thi cng cc

0,207L 0,586L 0,207L

0,293L

Mmax = 0,0214 qL2

Mmax = 0,043 qL2
L

- Nu cc ng th chn ba ng E 25 Pc

Qq
5
E
- Thc t chn my p ti trng gp 2 ln Ptt ca cc.
- Tnh chi thit k, etk 2 mm
k m n Ap Q h Q 0,2q
e tk
1 Qq
PS PS n Ap
k m
k: h/s ng nht vt liu = 0,7; m: h/s k lm vic =
0,91; PS : sc chu ti cc n theo k t nn; Ap:
din tch tit din ngang cc; q: trng lng cc; Q:
trng lng ba (thng chn = 11,25Q); h: chiu cao
ri ba; n: h s = 15 kG/cm2 cho cc BTCT, = 10
kG/cm2 cho cc g khng m.
- chi thc t l ln trung bnh ca 10 nht ba
cui cng.
4.5 Cc chu ti trng ngang
(Theo TCXDVN 205-1998)

H0 M0
y
y (kN/m2)

z z

S lm vic ca cc chu ti trng ngang

 N M
N n
H
H
H M M M
l0 0
y0 HH MH
M0=1

z H0=1 z z

l l
l

S tc ng ca moment v ti ngang ln cc
- p lc tnh ton z [T/m2]:
K 0 M0 H0
z z e y 0 A1 B1 2 C1 3 D1
bd bd bd Eb I bd Eb I

- Moment un Mz [Tm]:
H0
M z Eb Iy0 A3 bd Eb I 0 B3 M 0 C3
2
D3
bd
bd

- Lc ct Qz [T]

Qz Eb Iy0 A4 Eb I 0 B4 bd M 0 C4 H 0 D4
3
bd
2
bd
ze : chiu su tnh i, ze = bd z bd 5
Kbc
le : chiu di cc trong t tnh i, le = bd l Eb I
bd : h s bin dng, bc : chiu rng qui c ca cc, d
0,8 m => bc = d + 1 m; d < 0,8 m => bc = 1,5d + 0,5 m
(TCXD 205-1998)
- Chuyn v ngang HH , HM , MH , MM do cc
ng lc n v

1 1
HH 3 A0 MM C0
bd Eb I bd Eb I
1
MH HM 2 B0
bd Eb I
 A0 , B0 , C0 , D0 tra bng 4.2/250
- Moment un v lc ct ca cc ti z = 0 (mt t)
H0 = H
M0 = M + H l0
- Chuyn v ngang y0 v gc xoay 0 ti z = 0 (mt t)
y0 = H0 HH +M0 HM
0 = H0 MH +M0 MM
- Chuyn v ngang ca cc cao trnh t lc hay y
i

Hl03 Ml02
n y0 0 l0
3E b I 2 E b I
- Gc xoay ca cc cao trnh t lc hay y i
Hl02 Ml0
0
2 Eb I Eb I

* n nh nn xung quanh cc

12
z
y
4
cos I

vtg I cI
,

M p Mv
2
nM p M v
 v : ng sut hu hiu theo phng ng ti su z
I : trng lng ring tnh ton ca t
cI , I : lc dnh v gc ma st trong tnh ton ca t
: h s = 0,6 cho cc nhi v cc ng, = 0,3 cho cc cc
cn li
1 : h s = 1 cho mi trng hp; tr ct chn t,
chn nc = 0,7
2 : hs xt n t l nh hng ca phn ti trng
thng xuyn trong tng ti
Mp : moment do ti thng xuyn
Mv : moment do ti tm thi
n = 2,5, tr:
n = 4 cho mng bng
n = cng trnh quan trng, le < 2,5 ly n = 4; le > 2,5 ly
n = 2,5
 4.6 Ma st m
4.6.1 Hin tng ma st m
N

- Khi t nn ln
xung ko cc ln Vng t
theo s to ra lc gy ra ma z fs < 0
ma st m tc dng st m
ln cc.
- Lc ma st m fs > 0
ny c chiu i
xung lm tng lc fs > 0
tc dng ln cc v
lm gim kh nng Qp
chu ti ca cc.
Hin tng ma st m
4.6.2 Cc nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng ma st m

- p ph ti ln nn t sau khi ng cc
- Cht ph ti ln nn nh khi s dng mng cc
- Cc i qu lp t yu l than bn m t nn cn
trong giai on ln (tc ln ca nn t ln hn
tc ln ca cc)
- Khai thc hoc h mc nc ngm.
4.6.3 Tnh ton ma st m
- Tnh ton ln ca t nn
n n
e1i e2i n
i
S S
i 1
i
i 1 1 e1i
hi S
i 1 Ei
pi hi

- Xc nh chiu su nh hng z (gy ra ma st m)

Sp h: b dy lp t yu
z h (1 ) Sp : ln ca cc
Ss
Ss : ln ca nn
- Tnh lc ma st m (fs < 0)
QNSF = As fs = U z fs
4.6.4 Cc bin php ngn nga ma st m v chng ma
ma st m

- Khng cht ph ti ln nn c mng cc

- Khng san lp nn sau khi ng cc (Nu san lp
nn th phi tnh thi gian c kt ca t nn di tc
dng ca ti san lp ln ca t nn khng gy
nh hng ma st m ln cc)
- Khng khai thc, h mc nc ngm
- Dng h sn v cc b tng ct thp gim ti
chng ma st m
CHNG 5: CC GII PHP X L V GIA C
NN T YU

5.1 m vt liu ri (, si, ct)

5.2 Cc vt liu ri ( cc , cc si, cc ct)
5.3 Cc t trn vi, t trn xi mng
5.4 Gia ti trc
5.5 Ging ct gia ti trc
5.6 Bc thm
5.7 Bm ht chn khng
5.8 C trm
5.9 Phun xt xi mng
 5.1 m ct
- Chiu dy lp t yu < 5m; ctrnh va, nh, nh cng
nghip > dng lp m thay th ton b lp t
yu
- Lm tng sc chi ti ca nn t (c thay bi lp
t tt hn)
- Lm gim bin dng
- Lm tng kh nng chng trt khi c ti trng ngang
- u: s dng vt liu a phng, pp thi cng n gin
- Khuyt: thch hp cho cng trnh nh; ctrnh bn cnh
ao, h, ng, bin th cn phi c bin php ngn nga
hin tng ct chy. Khi MNN cao th dng nn
khng hiu qu.
 Tnh ton lp m ct
Ntt

Df
h pgl
b

h
b

bt1 z2
Xc nh h * K 1:
bt1+ z2 Rtc(Df + h) RII (Df + h)
bt1 = Df + h
z2 : /s do ti trng ngoi ti y lp m
z2 = k0 pgl = k0 (p - Df)
k0 = f (l/b, z/b)
m1m2
RII [ Abz B( D f h ) Dc]
*

ktc
bz : b rng mng tnh i

bz N tc
- Mng bng
2 l
 b z Fz a a 2
- Mng ch nht

a = (l-b)/2 Fz N tc

2
* K 2: S = Sm + St Sgh

- n gin hn, ta c th chn h ri kim tra li

k1 v k2.
- h c chn bng b dy lp t yu v 3m
 R1/R2

l/b = 1
5
R1: Cng ca lp
4 m
l/b = 2 R2: Cng ca t
3 bn di lp m
l/b = 00
2

1 K
0.5 1 1.5

Biu xc nh h
Xc nh b :
Tnh b rng y lp m vt liu ri vi gi thit gc
truyn ng sut nn trong nn t l = 30 350.

b = b + 2 h tan300

Mt s vn thi cng lp m ct
- o b ht lp t yu
- Dng loi ct ht to, trung, hm lng cht bn 3%
- Ri tng lp dy 20 30cm, ti nc va m
(Wopt) v m.
- C th thay ct bng cc loi t tt khc: ct pha st
ln si, si .
 5.2 Cc vt liu ri (cc , cc si, cc ct)

5.2.1 Phm vi s dng:

- Cc cng trnh chu ti trng khng ln trn nn t

yu nh: gia c nn nh kho, gia c nn ng, gia
c on ng vo cu, gia c nn cc bn, bi, ...
thng s dng cc vt liu ri gia c nn.
- iu kin l cc vt liu ri phi chu c ti trng
ng v cht lng lm cc phi n nh, ng
nht.
5.2.2 Cu to cc vt liu ri:
s
=tb

cc

As

Ac D
Cu to cc
vt liu ri
 5.2.3 Cc c ch ph hoi ca cc vt liu ri:

a. Pha hoai phnh ra hai ben b. Pha hoai cat c. Pha hoai trt

Ma sat
mat ben

Sc khang mui coc

Khi coc rat dai chong Khi coc ngan chong Khi coc ngan chong
len nen at cng len nen at tot len nen at yeu

Cc dng ph hoi ca cc vt liu ri

 5.2.4 Tnh ton cc vt liu ri:
- Xc nh vng nh hng - ng knh hiu qu:
Cc b tr vung : De = 1,13 S
Cc b tr tam gic: De = 1,05 S
De : khong cch tnh ton gia cc cc;
S: khong cch thc gia cc cc
- Xc nh t din tch thay th:
2
As As D
as as C1
As Ac A S
as : t din thay th
As : din tch ngang ca cc vt liu ri
Ac : din tch ngang ca phn t yu xung quanh cc
C1: hng s ph thuc vo vo dng b tr cc. Nu b
tr hnh vung, C1 = /4; Nu b tr tam gic u C1 / 2 3
 - Xc nh ng sut tc dng ln cc v t:
ng sut tc dng ln t:

c c
1 (n 1)a s
ng sut tc dng ln cc:
n
s s
1 (n 1)a s
= tb : l p lc do ti trng ngoi tc dng.
n = s/c : l h s tp trung ng sut c xc nh t
th nghim hin trng
c , s : t s ng sut trn t nn v trn cc so vi
ng sut trung bnh
- Kh nng chu ti gii hn ca cc n ring bit:
s
tg 'h,s K p ,s 'h,max
2
qult
4 2
Kp,s : h s p lc ch ng ca cc
h, max : ng sut hu hiu ti a ca t xung quanh
cc c th gnh .
- ln ca cc n ring bit:
S 0 a0 h c
Sc S0
S c a0 c h c
Sc : ln ca t c gia c
S0 : ln ca t khng c gia c
: H s gim ln
- Kh nng chu ti gii hn ca nhm cc vt liu ri:
qult 3 tg 2 2 ctb tg
c B tg c: Trng lng ring
3 c Df 2 cu ca t
2
B: B rng mng
tb : gc nghing ca mt
45 0

2 trt
Gc ma st tb ca hn hp t-cc cu: lc dnh khng
thot nc ca t
1
tb s: gc ma st trong
tg ( s as tg s )
ca vt liu ri
Lc dnh tb ca hn hp t-cc tb: gc ma st trong
ca t hn hp
ctb (1 as ) cu ctb: lc dnh ca t
hn hp
 5.3 Cc t trn xi mng / t trn vi

5.3.1 Phm vi s dng

5.3.2 Phng php tnh ton cc t xi mng / trn vi

5.3.3 Phng php thi cng cc t trn xi mng

 5.4 Gia ti trc

5.4.1 Tnh ton ti trng gia ti cho php t nn

khng b ph hoi, p pgh
pgh R tc m ( A b B D f * D c)

m1m2
p gh RII ( A b B D f * D c)
ktc

n gin ly = 0 => A = 0, B = 1, D = 3,14 =

Pgh = c
Chiu cao lp gia ti l
h = pgh /
5.4.2 Tnh ton c kt t nn
p

Bin thot nc Bin thot nc

z h
h dz h

1 1
h

Nn t khng thm Ct thot nc

8
2
Cv 1 e1 k k
Ut 1 e 4
Tv
Tv 2 t Cv
2 h a w ao w

Uv
2

Tv
Khi Uv < 60% => 4 100
Khi Uv > 60% => Tv = 1,781 0,933 log(100-Uv)
 5.5 Ging ct gia ti trc
- Thch hp cho ct c kch thc bn y ln: mng bng,
bng giao nhau, mng b, nn ng, p,
- Dng cho nn: ct nh - bi bo ha nc, t dnh bo
ha nc, bn, than bn,
- u im:
+ Tng nhanh qu trnh c kt ca t nn
+ Tng kh nng chu ti ca t nn
+ Nn c ln trc do thot nc & gia ti
+ Gim mc bin dng & bin dng khng ng u
ca t nn
+ Tng kh nng chng trt khi ct chu ti ngang
- Nhc im:
+ Ch s dng hiu qu cho ct ti trng trung bnh v
chiu dy lp t yu khng ln
+ Thi gian thi cng (gia ti) lu
+ Khng hiu qu cho t nn c k < 10-8 cm/s
 Cu to ca ging ct
Gm 3 b phn chnh: h thng ging ct, lp m & ph ti

Phn p Lp m

GIA TI TRC

h=2H

Ging ct z

kz
L=2R 2R Hng
kr
2r thm nc
kz
 Tnh ton ging ct
Chiu dy lp m ct
hm = S + (30 50) cm, chn hm 0,5 m
S: ln n nh ca nn t yu
Xc nh ng knh d v khong cch gia cc ging L

- Thng chn ng knh ging ct d = 40 cm

- Khong cch cc ging ct L = 2 5 m, chn L = 2 m
Xc nh chiu su ging ct lg

- Chiu su ging ct lg Hnn (phm vi chu nn)

- bt1+ z2 Rtc(Df + lg) RII (Df + lg)
- lg 2/3 Hy
- Thng chn lg = chiu su vng t yu
 Tnh ton c kt ca nn t
- Li gii ca Carrilo (1942) cho c kt tng hp Uv,r
ca thm ng Uv v thm ngang Ur
Uv,r = 1 (1 - Ur) (1 Uv)
kv (1 e1 ) cv t
cv Tv 2 => Uv
a w H
2
8 Tv (S 0 )
Uv 1 e 4
2

kr (1 e1 ) cr t
cr Tr => Ur
a w 4 R2
Uv,r : c kt tng hp
H = lg : chiu di ging ct (chiu dy vng thot nc)
R = L/2 : bn knh nh hng
L : khong cch qui i gia cc ging ct
L = 1,13 S (s hnh vung)
L = 1,05 S (s tam gic u)
S : khong cch thc gia cc ging ct
r : bn knh ging ct
cv : h s c kt theo phng ng
cr : h s c kt theo phng bn knh (phng ngang)
a : h s nn ln
w : trng lng ring ca nc
- Li gii ca Barron (1948)

8 Tr
U r 1 exp
F ( n)

n 2
3 n 1 2
F ( n) 2 Ln(n)
n 1 4n 2

R L S
n
r 2 r 2r
 - Tnh ln theo thi gian St:
St = U S
- Xem nn khng thay i:
e1 e2
S h
1 e1
n
S i 1
a p h

n

S
i 1 E
p h
Cho t c kt thng (OCR = 1)
n
Cc hi poi pi
S log
i 1 1 e0 i poi
Cho t c kt trc nng (OCR > 1, po + p pc )

Cs h po p
S log
1 eo po
Cho t c kt trc nh (OCR > 1, po + p pc)

Cs h pc Cc h po p
S log log
1 eo po 1 eo pc
- Xem t nn c thay i:
* Theo Evgene
e0 e p d c2
S ( 2)H
1 eo L

e0 : h s rng ban u ca t
ep : h s rng khi c ti trng ngoi
dc : ng knh ging ct
L : khong cch cc trc ca ging ct
H : chiu dy lp t c ging ct
* Theo GSTS Hong Vn Tn

1 n 1 2

1 e1g 1 e1 d c2
S (1 2)H
1 n 1 L
2

1 e2 g 1 e2

n = R/r
e1g , e2g : h s rng ca ging ct trc v sau khi
nn, kinh nghim ly e1g = 0,65, e2g = 0,55
e1 , e2 : h s rng ca t trc v sau khi nn,
ly e1 = e2 .
 Theo kinh nghim th c, tng t 1,5 2 ln sau
mi ln gia ti, hoc c th xc nh gn ng
c*, * = [1+(1-Uv) (1-Ur)] c,

Mt s vn thi cng ging ct

Trnh t thi cng gn ging nh cc ct
Vi chiu su ging < 12m, c th dng cc loi my
o cn trc hoc cc loi my rung c lc kch t
10-20T, thc t hay dng 14T.
5.6 Bc thm

dw=(a+b)/2 dw=2(a+b)/

Qui i bc thm
Li gii Hansbo (1979) cho bc thm, bn nha thm:

8 Tr Cr t kh
U r 1 exp Tr 2 Cr
F De a0 w

De : khong cch gia cc thit b thot nc

De = 1,13 S (s hnh vung)
De = 1,05 S (s tam gic u)
S : khong cch thc gia cc thit b thot nc
F = F(n) + Fs + Fr
 De 3 biu th hiu qu do khong
F (n) Ln cch cc thit b thot nc
dw 4
biu th hiu qu xo trn
k h ds
Fs 1 Ln ca t xung quanh thit
k s dw b thot nc

dw : ng knh tng ng ca thit b thot nc

2(a b) (BXD)
dw

(a b) a: b rng, b: b dy thit b thot nc
dw
2
ds : ng knh vng b xo trn kt cu t xung
quanh thit b thot nc

kh biu th hiu qu sc cn thm

Fr Z ( L Z )
qw ca cc thit b thot nc.

L : chiu dy lp t yu
Z : khong cch t mt t n ch kt thc thot nc
qw : kh nng thot nc khi gradient thy lc bng 1
5.7 Bm ht chn khng

5.7.1 Phm vi s dng

- Gia c nn bng phng php ht chn khng (c kt

chn khng) c dng cho cc loi t do mm bo
ho nc v kn kh nh st, bn, yu..
- C th tin hnh qu trnh c kt chn khng trn
phm vi rng, hoc nhng ni khng thun tin cho vic
cht ti, nhng ni khng c vt liu lm ph ti.
- C th kt hp qu trnh c kt chn khng vi vic
cht ph ti tng kh nng chu ti ca t nn.
 Lp vai phu Ap suat khong kh
Lp cat thoat nc
Dung dch bentonite
May bm chan khong

He ong hut chan khong

Lp at c gia co

Thoat nc phng ng

He thong hut nc chan

khong (ong co uc lo)

May bm chan khong

Bm ht chn
khng
 5.7.2 S lt v qu trnh thi cng
- Trn b mt lp t cn gia c t vo mt lp ct dy
t 5-6 m thm nc v to b mt bng phng.
- Tin hnh thi cng h thng thot nc theo phng
thng ng nh ging ct, cc bn nha, bc thm.
- Lp t h thng thot nc theo phng ngang bng h
thng ng lc v ng dn nc hoc kh ra ngoi.
- Xung quanh din tch gia c o nhng rnh nh, su n
lp t kn kh (st, bn).
- Mt lp vi bng hn hp Polyethylen c ph trn b
mt ca din tch v mp ca vi c gi cht rnh xung
quanh bng vic chn vo rnh mt dung dch Bentonite
Plyacrolyte
- Bn ngoi din tch lp t h thng my ht chn khng
c th ht c c khng kh v nc.
- Tin hnh ht chn khng, trong qu trnh ht khng
c khng kh r r vo trong lp vi.
 5.8 C trm
Chiu di c : lc = 4 5 m, ng knh dc = 6 10 cm.
Tnh ton c trm nh cc tit din nh.
Chn lc , dc ; thng chn lc = 4 5 m, dc = 6 8 cm.

Xc nh sc chu ti ca c:
- Theo vt liu:
Pvl = 0,6 fc Rn
fc : din tch tit din ngang 1c
Rn : cng chu nn dc trc ca c
- Theo t nn: A f A q
Qa
s s p p

FS s FS p
Qtc = mR fc Rp + u mf fi li
Qa = Qtc /1,4
Qa = km (Rp fc + u mf fi li) ; km = 0,7
H s mR , mf ly nh cc BTCT
ca = 2/3 c ; a = 2/3
=> Chn Pc = min (Qa); Pc 0,4 T
Tnh s lng c N Q
n
Pc
n
n0 Thng chn mt 16 cy/m2, 25
F cy/m2, 36 cy/m2, 49 cy/m2.
Cc phn cn li tnh tng t cc BTCT
* Phn tnh ln th mng khi qui c ch 2/3 lc .
Bi tp
 CHNG 6: T C CT
6.1 Khi nim
- Gia cng t yu bng cc ct liu khc tt hn
gia cng kh nng chu ko ca t, tng n
nh v gim bin dng ca cng trnh.
- Nhng vt liu tng hp polyme, cc si thp, si
thy tinh c t vo t to thnh t c
ct. Ty theo loi ct gia cng m nn c th chu
ko, chu nn, chu ct hoc chu un - ct.
- Thanh gia cng di mng trn nn t yu.
- Tng t yu c ct.
- n nh trt ca sn dc v nn ng, , p
p cao bng vi a k thut (Geotextiles)
6.2. Thanh gia cng trong nn t yu
6.2.1 Nguyn l lm vic:
- Khi nn khng c thanh gia cng: Khi nn t n
pgh th nn t hnh thnh mt trt v y phn t
xung quanh mng tri ln.

N
pgh

D>2/3B
Mt trt

Hnh 6.1 Mt trt khi nn khng c thanh gia cng

Khi nn c thanh gia cng: Khi nn t n pgh, mt trt
hnh thnh trong nn c khuynh hng b cong v ko thanh
gia cng tut khi khi t.
- Khi c t hn hai lp gia cng chn su nh hn 2/3B, mt
trt c khuynh hng b cong v ko thanh gia cng ra
khi khi t n nh.
N

pgh
T T

B
D<2/3B

Hnh 6.2 Mt trt khi nn c thanh gia cng

- Khi nn c lp thanh gia cng ln hn 4:

B D<2/3B

Khi c hn 4 lp gia cng v t su < 2/3B, cc lp

tng cng nm gn y mng b b gy v tr tng
ng vi ng sut ct xz cc i. Mt trt trong nn
khng cn lin tc do ngn cch bi thanh gia cng
chng trt. Khu vc nn c gia cng khi b trt b
chia lm hai, vng I v vng II.
 x
Df
A
B
txz(max)
X
Thanh gia cng 0
A

Vng I Vng II

A
z

Hnh 6.3 Mt trt khi nn c nhiu hn 4 thanh gia cng

6.2.2 Tnh ton thanh gia cng
B

q0
Df
x

s(q0)
F1

S1

F2

z X0
Phn t t di mng bng khng c thanh gia cng
 B

qR Df
x

F3 s(qR)

S2

F4 T(N=1)

z X0

Phn t t di mng bng c thanh gia cng

Trng hp khng c ct (ti tc ng ln mng l q0)
F1 F2 S1 = 0
F1 v F2 : lc thng ng; S1 : lc ct
Trng hp c ct (ti tc ng ln mng l qR)
F3 F4 S2 T(N=1) = 0
F1 v F2 : lc thng ng; S1 : lc ct
T(N=1) : lc cng trong thanh gia cng

Nu ln trong hai trng hp trn bng nhau, s, th :

F2 = F4 T(N=1) = F3 F1 S2 + S1
T( N 1) 1 qR
T( N ) [q0 1( A1 B A2 H )
N N q0
H s an ton chng t ca thanh gia cng
tn fy
FS ( B )
T( N )
: chiu rng ca mt thanh
t : chiu dy ca thanh
n : s thanh trong mt n v chiu di ca mng
fy : sc chng git t ca vt liu thanh gia cng
gi n l mt phng LDR

t f y
FS ( B ) ( LDR)
T( N )
H s an ton chng tut ca thanh gia cng
- Lc gi thanh gia cng trong khi t do lc ma
st gia t v thanh
FB 2 tan a [lc php tuyn]
L0

2 tan a ( LDR) (qR )dx ( LDR)( )( L0 X 0 )( z D f )]

X0

qR
FB 2 tan a ( LDR)[ A3 Bq 0 ( L0 X 0 )( z D f )]
q0

FB
FS ( P )
T( N )
 ln ca nn khi c thanh gia cng

B q (1 ) r
2
S
ES

B : b rng mng
q : p lc di y mng
: h s poisson
Es : moun n hi ca t nn
r : h s hnh dng mng (=2)
6.3. Tng chn gia cng bng vi a k thut

6.3.1 Khi nim

Gia c phn t p sau tng bng vi a k thut,

li a k thut hay cc di kim loi mng dp to
ra cc tng chn t mm do nhm thay th cc
loi tng chn t c in thng lm bng cc
tng BTCT cng hoc khi va xy dy v ln
nhm chng chu p lc ngang rt ln ca khi t
p sau tng chn
6.3.2. Cu to tng c vi a k thut:
q
SV L0 LR Le

+ =
H
Mt trt Renkine

45o+/2
Pa1=KaH Pa2=Kaq Pa1+ Pa2

Tng c vi a k thut
Sv: khong cch gia cc lp vi bng chiu dy ca lp t
Le: chiu di neo gi cn thit ca vi Le 1m
LR: chiu di lp vi nm trc mt trt
Lo: chiu di on vi ghp chng Lo 1m
Tng chiu di: L= Le + LR + Lo + Sv
Chiu di thit k L = Le + LR
6.3.3 Tnh khong cch v cc chiu di lp vi

SV Pa
SV T

Tnh khong cch gia cc lp vi

- Tnh khong cch gia cc lp vi Sv
T T FS = 1,3 1,5
Pa S v Sv
FS Pa FS T: cng chu ko
vi (kN/m)
- Tnh chiu di neo gi cn thit
S v Pa FS
Le 1m
2(Ca z tg )
- Tnh chiu di lp vi nm pha trc mt trt
LR = (H-z) tg(450 - /2)
- Tnh chiu di ca on vi ghp chng vi lp k tip
S v Pa FS
L0 1m
4(Ca z tg )

- Chiu di tnh ton (thit k)

L = Le + LR (ly s trn)
- Tng chiu di thc t ca vi
L= Le + LR + L0 + Sv
6.3.4 Kim tra n nh tng th tng chn

Hnh a Hnh b Hnh c

n nh tng th tng chn

- Kim tra chng lt FSOT 2 (H.a)
- Kim tra chng trt FSS 1,5 (H.b)
- Kim tra sc chu ti nn bn di FSBC 2 (H.c)
- Kim tra chng lt

FS OT
M chong lat
M gay lat
- Kim tra chng trt

FS S
M chong truot
M gay truot
- Kim tra sc chu ti ca nn t di chn tng
P Pult
Pult = 0,5 N B + Nq h + Nc c
P: p lc do trng lng khi t v ti trng ngoi
tc dng ln nn.
6.4. n nh mi taluy nn p cao (ng, , p)
trn t yu c gia cng vi a k thut

6.4.1. C s xc nh mt trt nguy him nht da vo

h s an ton FS

- Dng phng php phn mnh (Xem li CH)

- Tnh FS da vo M chng trt / M gy trt.
Nu FS < 1,3 nn b trt phi gia cng vi a k
thut.
6.4.2. Tnh h s FS khi c vi a k thut

b=0,1R c
i
R y2 y1
H
T2
a
T1(vi)

i Ni
wi

n nh mi taluy
 FS
M chong truot
M gay truot
n n

(N i tg c li ) R Ti yi
FS i 1
n
i 1

(W sin ) R
i 1
i i

i vi t dnh 0
n n
Wi: trng lng ca t
c L R T
i i i yi
trong lng th trt
FS i 1 i 1
n Xi: cnh tay n ca lc Wi
W X
i 1
i i
Li: chiu di cung trt
Bi tp