HA HC 8

CHNG I: CHT NGUYN T PHN T.

A. KIN THC:
I. CHT.
Cht l mt dng ca vt cht. Cht to nn vt th.
Vt th do nhiu cht to nn.
Mi cht c nhng tnh cht vt l v tnh cht ha hc nht nh.
Cht nguyn cht: + l cht khng ln cht khc.
+ Cht c tnh cht nht nh
Hn hp: + Gm nhiu cht trn ln nhau.
+ C tnh cht thay i.
Da vo s khc nhau v tnh cht tch mt cht ra khi hn hp bng phng php vt l
thng thng: lc, un, chit, nam chm

II. NGUYN T.
Nguyn t l ht v cng nh v trung ha v in. Nguyn t gm ht nhn mang in tch
dng v v to bi mt hay nhiu electron mang in tch m.
Ht nhn to bi proton v ntron.
Trong nguyn t s proton (p,+) bng s electron (e,-).
S p = s e
Electron lun chuyn ng quanh ht nhn v sp xp thnh tng lp.
III. NGUYN T HA HC:
Nguyn t ha hc l tp hp nhng nguyn t cng loi, c cng s proton trong ht nhn.
K hiu ha hc biu din nguyn t v ch mt nguyn t ca nguyn t .
Nguyn t khi l khi lng ca nguyn t tnh bng n v cacbon.
Mt n v cacbon bng 1/12 khi lng nguyn t cacbon.
IV. N CHT V HP CHT PHN T.
n cht l nhng cht to nn t mt nguyn t ha hc.
Hp cht l nhng cht to nn t hai nguyn t ha hc tr ln.
Phn t l ht i din cho cht, gm mt s nguyn t lin kt vi nhau v th hin y
tnh cht ha hc ca cht.
Phn t khi l khi lng ca phn t tnh bng n v cacbon, bng tng nguyn t khi ca
cc nguyn t trong phn t.
Mi mu cht l tp hp v cng ln nhng ht nguyn t hay phn t. Ty iu kin, mt cht
tn ti 3 trng thi: rn, lng, kh.
V. CNG THC HA HC
Cng thc ha hc dng biu din cht.
Dng chung: n cht Ax A,B l k hiu ha hc
Hp cht AxBy x,y l ch s
Mi cng thc ha hc ch mt phn t ca cht, cho bit tn nguyn t to ra cht, s nguyn
t mi nguyn t v phn t khi.
VI. HA TR
Ha tr l con s biu th kh nng lin kt ca nguyn t (hay nhm nguyn t) trong phn t (
H lun ha tr I, O lun ha tr II).
a b
Quy tc v ha tr: x.a = y.b theo AxBy
+ Bit x,y v a th tnh c b v ngc li.
+ bit a v b th tm c x,y lp cng thc ha hc chuyn thnh t l: x/y = a/b = a/b
B. BI TP P DNG:
Cu 1). Hy phn bit t no (nhng t in nghing) ch vt th t nhin, vt th nhn to hay cht
trong cc cu sau y:

1
 - Trong qu chanh c nc, axit xitric v mt s cht khc.
- Cc bng thy tinh d v hn so vi cc bng cht do.
- Thuc u que dim c trn mt t lu hunh.
- Qung apatit Lo Cai c cha canxi photphat vi hm lng cao.
- Bng n in c ch to t thy tinh, ng v vonfam.
Cu 2). Cn c vo tnh cht no m:
a) ng,, nhm c dng lm rut dy in; cn cht do, cao su c dng lm v dy in?
b) Bc c dng trng gng?
c) Cn c dng t?
Cu 3). Cn (ru etylic) l mt cht lng, c nhit si ts0 = 78,30C v tan nhiu trong nc.
Lm th no tch ring c cn t hn hp cn v nc?
Cu 4). Trnh by cch tch ring mui n t hn hp mui v ct.
Cu 5). Cho bit thnh phn ht nhn ca nm nguyn t nh sau:
(1) (6p + 6n) (2) (20p + 20n) (3) (6p + 7n)
(4) (20p + 22n) (5) (20p + 23n)
a) Cho bit nm nguyn t ny thuc bao nhiu nguyn t ha hc ?
b) Vit tn, k hiu ha hc v nguyn t khi ca mi nguyn t.
c) V s n gin ca nguyn t mi nguyn t.
Cu 6: Cho cng thc ha hc ca cc cht sau: brom: Br2, AlCl3, MgO, Zn, KNO3, NaOH
Cht no l n cht, cht no l hp cht ?
Cu 7: Cho cng thc ha hc ca cc cht sau:
a) kali oxit : K2O
b) Magie cacbonat : MgCO3.
c) Axit sunfuric: H2SO4.
Hy nu nhng g bit c v mi cht.
Cu 8: Vit cng thc ha hc v tnh phn t khi ca cc cht sau:
a) Cacbon dioxit, bit trong phn t c 1C v 2O.
b) Bc nitrat, bit trong phn t c 1Ag, 1N, 3O.
c) St (III) clorua, bit trong phn t c 1Fe, 3Cl.
Cu 9: Tnh ha tr ca mi nguyn t trong cng thc ha hc ca cc hp cht sau, cho bit S ha tr
II.
K2S; MgS; Cr2S3; CS2.
Cu 10: Tnh ha tr ca mi nguyn t trong cng thc ha hc ca cc hp cht sau, cho bit nhm
(NO3) ha tr I v nhm (CO3) ha tr II.
Ba(NO3)2; Fe(NO3)3 ; CuCO3, Li2CO3.
Cu 11: Lp cng thc ha hc ca nhng hp cht hai nguyn t nh sau:
P(III) v H; P(V) v O; Fe(III) v Br(I) ; Ca v N(III).
Cu 12: Lp cng thc ha hc ca nhng hp cht to bi mt nguyn t v nhm nguyn t sau:
Ba v nhm (OH); Al v nhm (NO3); Zn v nhm (CO3); Na v nhm (PO4).
Cu 13: Thc nghim cho bit nguyn t natri chim 59% v khi lng trong hp cht vi lu
hunh. Vit cng thc ha hc v tnh phn t khi ca hp cht.
Cu 14: Hp cht A to bi hai nguyn t l oxi v nit. Ngi ta xc nh c rng, t l v khi
lng gia hai nguyn t trong A bng: mN/mO = 7/12.
Vit cng thc ha hc v tnh phn t khi ca A.
Cu 15: Ngi ta xc nh c rng nguyn t silic (Si) chim 87,5% v khi lng trong hp cht
vi nguyn t hidro.
a) Vit cng thc ha hc v tnh phn t khi ca hp cht.
b) Xc nh ha tr ca silic trong hp cht.
Cu 16: Phn tch mu hp cht to bi hai nguyn t l st v oxi. Kt qu cho thy c 7 phn khi
lng st c tng ng 3 phn khi lng oxi.
a) Vit cng thc ha hc v tnh phn t khi ca hp cht.
b) Xc nh ha tr ca st trong hp cht.
Cu 17: Cho bit X v Y to c cc hp cht nh sau: X2(SO4)3 v H3Y.
Hy vit cng thc ha hc ca hp cht to bi X v Y.
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Cu 18: Mt hp cht ca nguyn t T ha tr III vi nguyn t oxi, trong T chim 53% v khi
lng.
a) Xc nh nguyn t khi v tn ca T.
b) Vit cng thc ha hc v tnh phn t khi ca hp cht.
Cu 19: Hp cht A bi hidro v nhm nguyn t (XOy) ha tr III. Bit rng phn t A nng bng
phn t khi ca H2SO4 v nguyn t oxi chim 61,31% v khi lng ca A.
a) Xc nh ch s y v nguyn t khi ca nguyn t X.
b) Vit tn, k hiu ha hc ca X v cng thc ha hc ca A.

CHNG 2: PHN NG HA HC
A. KIN THC:
1) Hin tng vt l: l hin tng cht bin i m vn gi nguyn l cht ban u.
V d: - un si nc chuyn thnh hi v ngc li.
- Ha tan mui n vo nc c dung dich trong sut. C cn dung dch mui n xut hin
tr li.
2) Hin tng ha hc: l hin tng cht b bin i c to ra cht khc.
V d:
- un si ng chuyn i thnh cacbon v hi nc.
- Xng chy to ra nc v kh cacbon dioxit.
3) Phn ng ha hc:
a) Phn ng ha hc l qu trnh bin i cht ny thnh cht khc.
V d: lu hunh + st st II sunfua.
b) Trong phn ng ha hc ch c lin kt gia cc nguyn t thay i lm cho phn t ny bin i
thnh phn t khc.
c) iu kin phn ng ha hc xy ra khi cc cht tham gia tip xc nhau, c trng hp cn un
nng, c trng hp cn cht xc tc
4) nh lut bo ton khi lng:
Phn ng: A+BC+D
Cng thc khi lng: mA + mB = mC + mD.
Ni dung: Trong mt phn ng ha hc, tng khi lng cc cht tham gia phn ng bng tng khi
lng sn phm.
5) Phng trnh ha hc:
a) Phng trnh ha hc biu din ngn gn phn ng ha hc.
V d: 2Ca + O2 2CaO
C + O2 CO2.
b) Ba bc lp phng trnh ha hc
Bc 1: Vit s phn ng
Bc 2: Cn bng s nguyn t mi nguyn t hai v ca phng trnh.
Bc 3: Vit phng trnh ha hc.
c) ngha: Phng trnh ha hc cho bit t l s nguyn t , s phn t gia cc cht cng nh tng
cp cht trong phn ng.
B) BI TP P DNG:
Cu 1: Cho kim loi km phn ng vi dung dch axit clohidric HCl to ra km clorua ZnCl2 v kh
hidro.
a) Vit cng thc v khi lng ca phn ng.
b) Cho bit khi lng ca Zn v HCl phn ng l 6,5g v 7,3 gam, khi lng ca ZnCl2 l
13,6 g. Hy tnh khi lng ca kh hidro bay ln.
Cu 2: un nng mnh hn hp gm 28g bt Fe v 20g bt lu hunh thu c 44g cht st (II)
sunfua mu xm. Bit rng phn ng xy ra ht ngi ta ly d lu hunh. Tnhs khi lng ca
lu hunh ly d.
Cu 3: Bit rng canxi oxit CaO ha hp vi nc to ra canxi hidroxit Ca(OH)2, cht ny tan c
trong nc, c 56g CaO ha hp va vi 18g H2O. B 2,8 g CaO vo cc cha 400 ml nc to ra
dung dch Ca(OH)2.
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 a) Tnh khi lng ca canxi hidroxit.
b) Tnh khi lng ca dung dch Ca(OH)2.
Cu 4: un nng 15,8 g kali pemanganat KMnO4 trong ng nghim iu ch kh oxi. Bit rng,
cht cn li trong ng nghim c khi lng 12,6g; khi lng kh oxi thu c l 2,8g.
Tnh hiu sut ca phn ng.
Cu 5: C th iu ch kh oxi bng cch un nng kali clorat KClO3. Khi un nng 24,5g KClO3,
cht rn cn li trong ng nghim l 13,45g.
Tnh khi lng kh oxi thu c, bit hiu sut phn ng phn hy l 80%.
Cu 6: Lp phng trnh ha hc v cho bit t l s nguyn t, s phn t ca cc cht trong mi
phn ng sau:
a) Cr + O2 Cr2O3.
b) Fe + Br2 FeBr3.
c) KClO3 KCl + O2.
d) NaNO3 NaNO2 + O2.
e) H2 + Cl2 HCl
f) Na2O + CO2 Na2CO3
g) Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu.
h) Zn + HCl ZnCl2 + H2.
Cu 7: Lp phng trnh ha hc v cho bit t l s nguyn t, s phn t ca bn cp cht trong mi
phn ng, ty chn.
a) Al + CuO Al2O3 + Cu
b) BaCl2 + AgNO3 AgCl + Ba(NO3)2.
c) NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2O
Cu 8: Hy chn h s v cng thc ha hc thch hp t vo ch c du hi trong cc s hon
thnh phng trnh phn ng.
a) ? Al(OH)3 ? + 3H2O.
b) Fe + AgNO3 ? + 2Ag
c) ?NaOH + ? Fe(OH)3 + ? NaCl
Cu 9: Khi nung CaCO3 cht ny phn hy to ra CaO v cacbon dioxit. Bit rng khi nung 192 kg
CaCO3 th c 88 kg cacbon dioxit thot ra. Tnh khi lng ca CaO.
Cu 10: Bit rng kh hidro d dng tc dng vi PbO2, chim ly oxi ca cht ny to ra nc.
a) Vit phng trnh ha hc ca phn ng v tn cht mi sinh ra.
b) Cho bit 3g kh H2 tc dng va vi 179,25g PbO2, to ra 27g nc. Tnh khi lng cht
mi sinh ra.

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 CHNG 4: OXI KHNG KH
A. KIN THC:
I. TNH CHT CA OXI:
1) Tnh cht vt l:
Oxi l cht kh khng mu, khng mi, t tan trong nc, nng hn khng kh. Oxi ha lng - 1830C.
Oxi lng c mu xanh nht.
2) Tnh cht ha hc:
Oxi l mt phi kim kh hot ng, tc dng vi kim loi, phi kim v nhiu hp cht. Trong hp cht
oxi c ha tr II.
a) Oxi tc dng vi phi kim:
t0 t0 t0
C + O2 CO2. S + O2 SO2. 4P + 5O2 2P2O5.
b) Oxi tc dng vi kim loi:
t0 t0 t0
3Fe + 2O2 Fe3O4. 4Na + O2 2Na2O 2Mg + O2 2MgO
c) Oxi tc dng vi hp cht:
t0
C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
t0
2CO + O2 2CO2.
II. S OXI HA:
S tc dng ca oxi vi mt cht l s oxi ha.
III. PHN NG HA HP:
nh ngha: Phn ng ha hp l phn ng ha hc trong ch c mt cht mi c to thnh t hai
hay nhiu cht ban u.
t0
Vd: 3Fe + 2O2 Fe3O4.
t0
4Na + O2 2Na2O
t0
2CO + O2 2CO2.
IV. OXIT:
1. nh ngha: Oxit l hp cht hai nguyn t trong c mt nguyn t oxi.
Vd: CO2, CuO, SO2, Na2O, MgO
2. Phn loi:
Chia lm 2 loi chnh
a) Oxit axit:
Thng l oxit ca phi kim v tng ng vi mt axit.
Vd: CO2 tng ng vi axit H2CO3.
SO3 tng ng vi axit H2SO4.
P2O5 tng ng vi axit H3PO4.
b) Oxit baz:
L oxit ca kim loi v tng ng vi mt baz.
Vd: Na2O tng ng vi baz NaOH
CuO tng ng vi baz Cu(OH)2.
Fe2O3 tng ng vi baz Fe(OH)3.
3) Cch gi tn:
Tn oxit = tn nguyn t + oxit.
+ Kim loi c nhiu ha tr
Tn gi = tn kim loi (ha tr) + oxit
+ Nu phi kim c nhiu ha tr
Tn gi = Tn phi kim + oxit
(Km theo tin t ch s nguyn t)
V. IU CH KH OXI:
1) iu ch kh oxi trong phng th nghim:
ung nng KMnO4, KClO3.
t0
2KMnO4 K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2.
t0
2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2.
2) Sn xut oxi trong cng nghip:
5
 + Chng ct phn on khng kh lng, N2 (-1960C), O2 (-1830C)
+ in phn nc
dp
2H2O 2H2 + O2.
VI. PHN NG PHN HY:
nh ngha: Phn ng phn hy l phn ng ha hc trong mt cht sinh ra hai hay nhiu cht mi.
dp
Vd: 2 H2O 2H2+ O2.
t0
2KMnO4 K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2.
t0
2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2.
VII. THNH PHN CA KHNG KH:
- Khng kh l hn hp nhiu cht kh.
- Thnh phn theo th tch ca khng kh l:
+ 21% kh O2 .
+ 78% kh N2 .
+ 1% cc kh khc.
VIII. S CHY V S OXI HA CHM:
1) S chy v s oxi ha chm:
S chy: l s oxi ha c to nhit v pht sng.
V d: t than
S oxi ha chm: l s oxi ha c to nhit nhng khng pht sng.
V d: Thanh st ngoi nng.
2) iu kin pht sinh v cc bin php dp tt s chy
Cc iu kin pht sinh s chy:
- Cht phi nng n nhit chy.
- Phi c oxi cho s chy.
Cc bin php dp tt s chy:
- H nhit ca cht chy xung di nhit chy.
- Cch li cht chy vi oxi.
B) BI TP P DNG:
1) Trc nghim:
Cu 1. t chy lu hunh trong bnh cha 7 lt kh oxi. Sau phn ng ngi ta thu c 4,48 lt kh
sunfur. Bit cc kh kc. Khi lng lu hunh chy l:
A. 6,5 g B. 6,8 g C. 7g D. 6.4 g
Cu 2. Khi thi khng kh vo nc nguyn cht, dung dch thu c hi c tnh axit. Kh no sau y
gy nn tnh axit ?
A. Cacbon ioxit B. Hiro C. Nit D. Oxi
Cu 3. t chy 6,2 g photpho trong bnh cha 6,72 lt kh oxi (kc) to thnh iphotpho pentaoxit.
a) Cht no cn d, cht no thiu?
A. Photpho cn d, oxi thiu B. Photpho cn thiu, oxi d
C. C hai cht va D. Tt c u sai
b) Khi lng cht to thnh l bao nhiu?
A. 15,4 g B. 14,2 g C. 16 g D. Tt c u sai
Cu 4. Cho cc oxit c cng thc ho hc sau:
1) SO2 ; 2) NO2 ; 3) Al2O3 ; 4) CO2 ; 5) N2O5 ; 6) Fe2O3 ; 7) CuO ; 8) P 2O5 ; 9) CaO ; 10)
SO3
a) Nhng cht no thuc loi oxit axit?
6
 A. 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10 B. 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10 C. 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 10 D. 2, 3, 6, 8, 9,
10
b) Nhng cht no thuc loi oxit baz?
E. 3, 6, 7, 9, 10 F. 3, 4, 5, 7, 9 G. 3, 6, 7, 9 H. Tt c u sai
Cu 5. Cho nhng oxit sau: SO2, K2O, Li2O, CaO, MgO, CO, NO, N2O5, P2O5.
Nhng oxit va tc dng vi nc, va tc dng vi axit l:
A. SO2, Li2O, CaO, MgO, NO B. Li2O, CaO, K2O
C. Li2O, N2O5, NO, CO, MgO D. K2O, Li2O, SO2, P2O5
Cu 6. Trong cc oxit sau y: SO3, CuO, Na2O, CaO, CO2, Al2O3. Dy oxit no tc dng c vi
nc?
A. SO3, CuO, Na2O B. SO3, Na2O, CO2, CaO
C. SO3, Al2O3, Na2O D. Tt c u sai
Cu 7. C mt s cng thc ho hc c vit thnh dy nh sau, dy no khng c cng thc sai?
1) CO, O3, Ca2O, Cu2O, Hg2O, NO 2) CO2, N2O5, CuO, Na2O, Cr2O3, Al2O3
3) N2O5, NO, P2O5, Fe2O3, Ag2O, K2O 4) MgO, PbO, FeO, SO2, SO4, N2O
5) ZnO, Fe3O4, NO2, SO3, H2O2, Li2O
A. 1, 2 B. 2, 3, 4 C. 2, 3, 5 D. 1, 3, 5
Cu 8. Cho nhng oxit sau: Cao, SO2, Fe2O3, MgO, Na2O, N2O5, CO2, P2O5.
Dy oxit no va tc dng c vi nc, va tc dng c vi kim:
A. CaO, SO2, Fe2O3, N2O5 B. SO2, N2O5, CO2, P2O5
C. SO2, MgO, Na2O, N2O5 D. CO2, CaO, Fe2O3, MgO, P2O5
Cu 9. Cho cc oxit c cng thc ho hc sau: CO2, CO, Mn2O7, P2O5, NO2, N2O5, CaO, Al2O3.
Dy no sau y l dy cc oxit axit:
A. CO, CO2, MnO2, Al2O3, P2O5 B. CO2, Mn2O7, SiO2, P2O5, NO2, N2O5
C. CO2, Mn2O7, SiO2, NO2, MnO2, CaO D. SiO2, Mn2O7, P2O5, N2O5, CaO
Cu 10. Nhng nhn xt no sau y ng:
1) Khng kh l mt hn hp cha nhiu kh O, N, H....
2) S chy l s oxi ho chm c to nhit v pht sng
3) Th tch mol ca cht kh cng iu kin nhit v p sut c th tch 22,4 lt
4) Khi cng iu kin nhit v p sut, cng mt s mol bt k cht kh no cng chim
nhng th tch bng nhau
5) Th tch mol ca cht kh l th tch chim bi N phn t cht . kc, th tch mol ca cc cht
kh u bng 22,4 lt
5) S chy l s oxi ho c to nhit v pht sng
6) Khng kh l mt hn hp nhiu cht kh gm N2, O2, CO2....
7) Mun dp tt s chy phi thc hin bin php h t0 ca cht chy xung di t0 chy.

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 A. 2, 4, 5, 6 B. 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 C. 4, 5, 6, 7 D. 4, 5, 6, 8
Cu 11. Mi gi mt ngi ln tui ht vo trung bnh 0,5 m 3 khng kh, c th gi li 1/3 lng oxi
c trong khng kh. Mi ngi trong mt ngy em cn trung bnh mt th tch oxi l: (Gi s
cc th tch kh o kc v th tch oxi chim 21% th tch khng kh)
A. 0,82 m3 B. 0,91 m3 C. 0,95 m3 D. 0,84 m3
Cu 12. Hy ch ra nhng phn ng ho hc c xy ra s oxi ho trong cc phn ng cho di y:
1) 4H2 + Fe3O4 -> 3Fe + 4H2O 2) Na2O + H2O -> NaOH
3) 2H2 + O2 -> 2H2O 4) CO2 + 2Mg -> 2MgO + C
5) SO3 + H2O -> H2SO4 6) Fe + O2 -> Fe3O4
7) CaCO3 + 2HCl -> CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
A. 1, 2, 4, 6 B. 3, 6 C. 1, 3, 4 D. 3, 4, 5, 6
Cu 13: Cho nhng oxit sau: CaO, SO2, Fe2O3, MgO, Na2O, N2O5, CO2, P2O5.
Dy oxit no tc dng c vi nc:
A. CaO, SO2, Fe2O3, N2O5 B. SO2, N2O5, CO2, P2O5
C. SO2, MgO, Na2O, N2O5 D. CO2, CaO, Fe2O3, MgO, P2O5
Cu 14. Trong cc oxit sau y: SO3, CuO, Na2O, CaO, CO2, Al2O3. Dy oxit no tc dng c vi
nc?
A. SO3, Na2O, CO2, CaO B. SO3, CuO, Na2O C. SO3, Al2O3, Na2O D. Tt
c u sai
2) T lun:
Cu 1: Trong cc oxit sau y: SO3,CuO, Na2O, CaO, CO2, Al2O3, MgO Oxit no tc dng c vi
nc.
Cu 2: Hon thnh cc phn ng ho hc v cho bit trong cc phn ng thuc loi phn ng no
hc.
1/ S + O2 - - - > SO2 2/ Fe + CuSO4 - - - >FeSO4 + Cu
3/ CaO + CO2- - - > CaCO3 4/ KMnO4 - - - > K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
5/ CaCO3 - - - > CaO + CO2 6/ CuO + H2 - - - > Cu + H2O
7/ Fe2O3 + CO - - - > Fe + CO2 8/ P + O2 - - - > P2O5
Cu 3: Hon thnh cc PTP ho hc ca nhng phn ng gia cc cht sau:
a/ Mg + O2 - - - > d/ H2O - - - > +
b/ Na + H2O - - - > / KClO3 - - - > +
c/ P2O5 + H2O - - - > e/ Fe + CuSO4 - - - > +
Cu 4: Vit phng trnh ho hc biu din cc bin ho sau v cho bit mi phn ng thuc loi
phn ng no?
a/ Na Na2O NaOH
b/ P P2O5 H3PO4
Bi 5: t chy 6,2g Photpho trong bnh cha 6,72lt (ktc) kh oxi to thnh iphotpho pentaoxit
(P2O5). Tnh khi lng P2O5 to thnh.
Bi 6: Kh 12 g St (III) oxit bng kh Hiro.
a) Tnh th tch kh Hiro ( ktc) cn dng.
b) Tnh khi lng st thu c sau phn ng.
Bi 7. Cho 19,5g Zn tc dng vi dung dch axitsunfuric long.
a) Tnh khi lng km sunfat thu c sau phn ng.
b) Tnh th tch kh Hiro thu c (ktc).
8
 c) Nu dng ton b lng hir bay ra trn em kh 16g bt CuO nhit cao th cht
no cn d? d bao nhiu gam?
Bi 8: t chy mt hn hp gm H2 v cacbon oxit c khi lng l 13,6 gam cn dng ht 17,92 lt
kh O2 (kc). Bit rng sn phm gm CO2 v hi nc.
a) Vit phng trnh ho hc
b) Tnh khi lng mi kh trong hn hp u
c) Tnh thnh phn % v th tch ca hn hp u.
Bi 9: Oxi ho hon ton m gam hn hp Lu hunh v Pht pho trong bnh cha kh oxi d thu c
mt cht kh c mi hc kh th v 28,4 gam mt cht bt mu trng bm trn thnh bnh.
a) Hy cho bit cng thc ho hc ca cht bt, cht kh ni trn.
b) Tnh phn trm v khi lng ca tng cht trong hn hp ban u bit trong hn hp ban u c
20% tp cht tr khng tham gia phn ng v s phn t cht dng bt to thnh gp 2 ln s phn
t cht dng kh.
c) Tnh s phn t kh oxi tham gia phn ng.
Bi 10: Tnh khi lng kali pemanganat KMnO4 cn iu ch c lng oxi phn ng cho 16,8 g
st kim loi.
Bi 11: Khi t chy st trong kh oxi thu c oxit st t Fe3O4.
a) Tnh s gam st v s gam oxi cn dng iu ch 2,32 g oxit st t.
b) Tnh s gam kalipemanganat KMnO4 cn dng iu ch lng kh oxi ni trn.
Bi 12: t chy mt hn hp gm H2 v cacbon oxit c khi lng l 13,6 gam cn dng ht 89,6 lt
kh khng kh (kc). Bit rng sn phm gm CO2 v hi nc.
a) Vit phng trnh ho hc
b) Tnh khi lng mi kh trong hn hp u. Bit trong khng kh oxi chim 20% th tch.
c) Tnh thnh phn % v th tch ca hn hp u.

9
 CHNG 5: HIDRO NC
A. KIN THC:
I. TNH CHT CA HIDRO:
1. Tnh cht vt l:
+ Hidro l cht kh khng mu, khng mi, khng v.
2
+ Nh nht trong cc kh ( d H 2 ), tan rt t trong nc.
KK 29
2. Tnh cht ha hc:
a) Tc dng vi oxi:
- Kh H2 chy trong khng kh vi ngn la nh.
- Kh H2 chy mnh lit trong oxi vi ngn la xanh m.
Kt lun: H2 tc dng vi oxi sinh ra H2O, phn ng gy n
t0
2H2 + O2 2H2O
T l: VH 2 : VO2 = 2:1
+ Khi t chy hn hp H2 v O2 theo t l 2:1 s gy n mnh nht.
b) Tc dng vi ng oxit:
t0
H2 + CuO Cu + H2O
(mu en) (mu )
Nhn xt: Kh H2 chim nguyn t O2 trong hp cht CuO. Kh H2 c tnh kh.
Kt lun: nhit thch hp, H2 khng nhng kt hp c vi n cht O2 m cn c th kt hp
vi nguyn t oxi trong 1 s oxit kim loi. Cc phn ng ny u to nhiu nhit.
t0
V d: H2 + PbO Pb + H2O

Fe2O3 + 3H2 2Fe + 3H2O

II. NG DNG:
- Bm kinh kh cu
- Sn xut nhin liu.
- Hn ct kim loi, kh oxi ca mt s oxit kim loi.
- Sn xut amoniac, axit, phn m....
III. IU CH HIDRO.
1. Trong phng th nghim:
- Kh H2 c iu ch bng cch: cho axit (HCl, H2SO4(l)) tc dng vi kim loi (Zn, Al, Fe, )
- Phng trnh ha hc:
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
- Nhn bit kh H2 bng que m ang chy.
- Thu kh H2 bng cch:
+ y nc.
+ y khng kh.
2. Trong cng nghip:
in phn nc
dp
2H2O 2H2 + O2.
IV. PHN NG TH:
V d: Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
2Al + 3H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2
(.cht) (h.cht) (h.cht) (.cht)
=> Phn ng ny c gi l phn ng th.
Kt lun: Phn ng th l phn ng ha hc gia n cht v hp cht, trong nguyn t ca n
cht thay th nguyn t ca 1 nguyn t trong hp cht.
V d: Trong nhng phn ng sau, phn ng no l phn ng th ? Hy gii thch s la chn ?

10
 a. 2Mg + O2 2MgO

b. KMnO4 K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2

c. Fe + CuCl2 FeCl2 + Cu

d. Mg(OH)2 MgO + H2O

e. Fe2O3 + H2 Fe + H2O
g. Cu + AgNO3 Ag + Cu(NO3)2
V. NC:
1. Thnh phn ha hc ca nc:
- S phn hy nc:
dp
2H2O 2H2 + O2.
- S ha hp nc:

2H2 + O2 2H2O
Kt lun:
- Nc l hp cht to bi 2 nguyn t: H & O.
- T l ho hp gia H & O:
VH 2 2 mH 2 1
+ V th tch: = + V khi lng: =
VO 2 1 mO 2 8
- CTHH ca nc: H2O.
2. Tnh cht vt l:
Nc l cht lng, khng mu, khng mi v khng v, si 1000C, khi lng ring 1 g/ml. Ho tan
nhiu cht: rn, lng, kh
3. Tnh cht ha hc:
a) Tc dng vi kim loi:
2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
Baz
Nc c th tc dng vi mt s kim loi mnh khc nh K, Ca, Ba...
b) Tc dng vi mt s oxit baz.
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2. (baz)
Nc cng ha hp Na2O, K2O, BaO... to NaOH, KOH
Dung dch baz lm i mu qu tm thnh xanh.
c) Tc dng vi mt s oxit axit.
P2O5 + 3H2O 2H3PO4 (axit).
Nc cng ha hp nhiu oxit khc nh SO2, SO3, N2O5... to axit tng ng.
Dung dch axit lm i mu qu tm thnh .
VI. AXIT:
1- khi nin: Phn t axt gm mt hay nhiu nguyn t hir lin kt vi gc axt, cc nguyn t
hir ny c th thay th bng cc nguyn t kim loi.
V d: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, H3PO4
2. Cng thc ca axt. HnA
- n: l ch s ca nguyn t H
- A: l gc axt (-Cl, = SO3, = SO4, = S, - NO3, PO4)
3. Phn loi axt.
-Axit khng c oxi: HCl, H2S.
-Axit c oxi: HNO3, H2SO4, H3PO4
4. Gi tn ca axt.
a. Axt c oxi: Tn axit = axit + PK + ic
V du: HNO3 axit nitric ; H2SO4 axit sunfuric
H3PO4 axit photphoric H2CO3 axit cacbonic.
b. Axt khng c oxi: Tn axit = axit + PK + hiic
11
 V d: H2S axit sunfuhidric.
HCl axitclohirc
HBr axit bromhiic.
c. Axt c t oxi: Tn axit = axit + PK +
V d: H2SO3 axit sunfur
VII. BAZ
1. Khi nim v baz
Baz l mt phn t gm mt nguyn t kim loi lin kt mt hay nhiu nhm hiroxit (OH ).
V d: NaOH, Ca(OH)2; Mg(OH)2; Fe(OH)3,
2. Cng thc baz: M(OH)n
- M: l nguyn t kim loi
- n:l ch s ca nhm (OH )
3. Phn loi baz
-Baz tan ( kim), tan c trong nc
V d: NaOH; Ca(OH)2, KOH, Ba(OH)2...
-Baz khng tan, khng tan c trong nc.
V d: Fe(OH)3; Cu(OH)2, Mg(OH)2, ..
4. Cch c tn baz
Tn baz = Tn kim loi (nu kim loi c nhiu ho tr gi tn km theo tn ho tr) + hiroxit.
V d: Ca(OH)2 Canxi hidroxit
Fe(OH)2 st (II) hidroxit; Fe(OH)3 st (III) hidroxit
VIII. MUI:
1. Khi nim: Phn t mui gm c mt hay nhiu nguyn t kim loi lin kt mt hay nhiu gc axt.
V d: NaCl, K2CO3, NaH2PO4, BaCO3, Na2SO4, Na2HPO4, K2SO4, Fe(NO3)3
2. Cng thc ho hc ca mui:
MxAy. Trong : - M: l nguyn t kim loi.
- x: l ch s ca M.
- A: L gc axt
- y: L ch s ca gc axt.
3.Cch c tn mui:
Tn mui = tn kim loi ( km ho tr kim loi c nhiu ho tr) + tn gc axt.
4. Phn loi mui:
a. Mui trung ho: L mui m trong gc axt khng c nguyn t H c th thay th bng nguyn
kim loi.
VD: ZnSO4; Cu(NO3)2
b. Mui axt: L mui m trong gc axt cn nguyn t H cha c thay th bng nguyn t
kim loi.
VD: NaHCO3; Ca(HCO3)2
Bi tp: Trong cc mui sau mui no l mui axit, mui no l mui trung ho?
NaH2PO4, BaCO3, Na2SO4, Na2HPO4, K2SO4, Fe(NO3)3

B. BI TP P DNG:
Cu 1: Hon thnh cc phn ng ho hc v cho bit trong cc phn ng thuc loi phn ng no
hc.
1/ S + O2 - - - > SO2 2/ Fe + CuSO4 - - - >FeSO4 + Cu
3/ CaO + CO2- - - > CaCO3 4/ KMnO4 - - - > K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
5/ CaCO3 - - - > CaO + CO2 6/ CuO + H2 - - - > Cu + H2O
7/ Fe2O3 + CO - - - > Fe + CO2 8/ P + O2 - - - > P2O5
Cu 2: Hon thnh cc PTP ho hc ca nhng phn ng gia cc cht sau:
a/ Mg + O2 - - - > d/ H2O - - - > +
b/ Na + H2O - - - > / KClO3 - - - > +
c/ P2O5 + H2O - - - > e/ Fe + CuSO4 - - - > +

12
Cu 3: Vit phng trnh ho hc biu din cc bin ho sau v cho bit mi phn ng thuc loi
phn ng no?
a/ Na Na2O NaOH
b/ P P2O5 H3PO4
c/ KMnO4 O2 CuO H2O KOH
d/ CaCO3 CaO Ca(OH)2 CaCO3
Cu 4: Cho cc CTHH sau: Al2O3, SO3, CO2, CuO, H2SO4, KOH, Ba(OH)2, ZnSO4, Na2SO4, NaHCO3,
K2HPO4, Ca(HSO4)2, H3PO4, CaCl2. Hy cho bit mi cht trn thuc loi hp cht no? Gi tn tng
hp cht.
Cu 5: C 3 bnh ng ring bit cc cht kh: Khng kh, O 2, H2. Bng cch no nhn bit c cc
cht trong mi l.
Cu 6: C 4 l mt nhn ng ring bit : dd axit HCl, dd baz NaOH, dd mui n NaCl, nc ct.
Bng cch no nhn bit c cc cht trong mi l.
Cu 7: C 3 bnh ng ring bit cc dung dch trong sut sau: dd NaOH, dd axit HCl, dd Ca(OH) 2.
Bng phng php ho hc hy nhn bit mi dung dch cho?
Cu 8. Hon thnh cc s phn ng sau:
a) H2O H2 + O2
b) O2 + P P2O5
c) H2 +` Fe2O3 Fe + H2O
d) Na + H2O ------>
e) K2O + H2O ------> KOH
g) SO3 + H2O ------> H2SO4
i) Fe + HCl ----> FeCl2 + H2
k) CuO + H2 ----> Cu + H2O
l) Fe + O2 ---> Fe3O4
m) KNO3 ---> KNO2 + O2.
n) Al + Cl2 ---> AlCl3
Cu 9: Vit cng thc ho hc ca nhng cht c tn gi di y:
a) Canxi oxit : . Natri oxit . kalioxit:
magi oxit: nhm oxit:. st ( II) oxit : ..
b)Bari hiroxit : .. Natri hiroxit: ........ Kmhiroxit:
c) Axit phtphoric : Axit sunfuric : Axit nitric:.
Axit Clohiric:.....Axit sunfur: .

BI TON:
Bi 1: Kh 12 g St (III) oxit bng kh Hiro.
c) Tnh th tch kh Hiro ( ktc) cn dng.
d) Tnh khi lng st thu c sau phn ng.
Bi 2. Cho 19,5g Zn tc dng vi dung dch axitsunfuric long.
a) Tnh khi lng km sunfat thu c sau phn ng.
b) Tnh th tch kh Hiro thu c (ktc).
c) Nu dng ton b lng hir bay ra trn em kh 16g bt CuO nhit cao th cht
no cn d? d bao nhiu gam?
Bi 3: Ho tan 7,2 g magie bng dung dich axit clohiric
a) Th tch kh H2 sinh ra (ktc)?
b) Nu dng th tch H2 trn kh 19,2 g st (III) oxit th thu c bao nhiu gam st?
Bi 4: Cho 60,5 g hn hp gm hai kim loi Zn v Fe tc dng vi dung dch axit clohric. Thnh
phn phn trm ca st trong hn hp l 46,28%. Hy xc nh:
a) Khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp?
b) Th tch kh H2 sinh ra ( ktc).
c) Khi lng cc mui to thnh sau phn ng .
Bi 5: Cho 22,4 g st tc dng vi dd H2SO4 long cha 24,5 g H2SO4
a) Tnh th tch kh H2 thu c ktc?
13
 b) Cht no tha sau phn ng v tha bao nhiu gam?
Bi 6: t chy 2,8 lit kh hiro trong khng kh
a) Tnh th tch v khi lng ca kh oxi cn dng?
b) Tnh khi lng nc thu c (Th tch cc kh o ktc).
Bi 7: Cho 22,4 lit kh hiro tc dung vi 16,8 lit kh oxi . Tnh khi nc thu c. (cc kh o
ktc).
Bi 8: Kh hon ton 48 gam ng (II) oxit bng kh H2 nhit cao
a) Tnh s gam ng kim loi thu c?
b) Tnh th tch kh H2 (ktc) cn dng?
Bi 9: Cho mt hn hp cha 4,6 g natri v 3,9 g kali tc dng vi nc .
a) Tnh th tch kh hiro thu c (ktc ) ?
b) Tnh nng phn trm ca dung dch bit khi lng nc l 91,5 g?
Bi 10: Trong phng th nghim ngi ta iu ch kh Hiro bng cch cho 97,5g km tc dng vi
dung dch Axit clohiric va .
a) Vit phng trnh ho hc ca phn ng xy ra .
b) Tnh th tch kh Hiro thu c ( ktc).
c) Dn ton b lng kh sinh ra bt ng (II) oxit d un nng . Tnh lng ng kim loi
to thnh .
Bi 11: Cho 0,54g Al tc dng vi dung dch HCl .
a) Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
b) Khi lng ng to thnh l bao nhiu gam?
c) Tnh th tch kh hidro thu c ( ktc).

Bi 12: Cho s phn ng: Al + HCl AlCl3 + H2

a) Hon thnh s phn ng trn.
b) Nu c 10,8 gam nhm phn ng th thu c bao nhiu lt kh hidro ( ktc)?
c) Tnh khi lng mui to thnh ?

14
 CHNG 6: DUNG DCH
A. TM TC KIN THC:
I. DUNG MI CHT TAN DUNG DCH:
Vd 1: Ha tan ng vo nc
- Nc l dung mi.
- ng l cht tan.
- Nc ng l dung dch.
Vd 2: Du n tan trong xng to thnh dd.
* Kt lun:
- Dung mi l cht c kh nng ha tan cht khc to thnh dung dch.
- Cht tan l cht b ha tan trong dung mi.
- Dung dch l hn hp ng nht ca dung mi v cht tan.
II. DUNG DCH CHA BO HA. DUNG DCH BO HA:
* Kt lun: mt nhit xc nh.
- Dung dch cha bo ha l dung dch c th ha tan thm cht tan.
- Dung dch bo ha l dung dch khng th ha tan thn cht tan.
Lm th no qu trnh ha tan cht rn xy ra nhanh hn?
1. Khuy dung dch:
2. un nng dung dch.
3. Nghin nh cht rn.
III. TAN CA MT CHT TRONG NC:
1. nh ngha:
tan (k hiu l S) ca mt cht trong nc l s gam cht ha tan trong 100g nc to thnh
dung dch bo ha mt nhit xc nh.
m .
Cng thc tnh: S ct 100
mH 2O
mct .(100 S )
hay S (Trong mdd mct m H O )
mddbh 2

- tan ca cht rn trong nc ph thuc vo nhit . Thng tan tng khi nhit tng.
- tan ca cht kh s tng nu gim nhit v tng p sut.
2. Tnh tan trong nc ca mt s axit, baz, mui:
- Axit: Hu ht axit u tan trong nc, tr a xit sili xic ( H2SiO3).
- Baz: Phn ln cc baz khng tan trong nc, tr mt s nh: KOH, NaOH, Ba(OH)2, cn Ca(OH)2
t tan.
- Mui:
+ Nhng mui natri, kali u tan.
+ Nhng mui nitrat u tan.
+ Phn ln mui clorua, sunfat tan c.
Phn ln mui cacbonat khng tan.
IV. NNG DUNG DCH:
1. Nng phn trm ca dung dch (C%):
* nh ngha:
Nng phn trm (k hiu l C%) ca mt dung dch cho ta bit s gam cht tan c trong 100g dung
dch.
m
* Cng thc tnh: C % ct .100%.
mdd
Trong : - mct: Khi lng cht tan(gam).
- mdd: Khi lng dung dch(gam).
- mdd = mdm + mct.
15
 mdd
* Khi lng ring: D = mdd : Khi lng dung dch (g)
V
V: Th tch dung dch (ml)
D: Khi lng ring (g/ml)
mct m
Vy: C% 100% = ct 100%
mdd V.D
Bi tp 1: Ha tan 10g ng vo 40g nc. Tnh nng phn trm ca dung dch thu c.
Bi tp 2: Tnh khi lng NaOH c trong 200g dung dch NaOH 15%.
Bi tp 3: Ha tan 20g mui vo nc c dung dch c nng l 10%.
Hy tnh:
a) Tnh khi lng dung dch nc mui mui thu c.
b) Tnh khi lng nc cn dng cho s pha ch.
Bi tp 4: Trn 50g dung dch mui n c nng 20% vi 50g dung dch mui n 5%.
Tnh nng phn trm ca dung dch thu c.
2. Nng mol ca dung dch (CM):
* nh ngha:
Nng mol (k hiu l CM) ca dung dch cho bit s mol cht tan c trong 1 lt dung dch.
n
* Cng thc tnh: CM (mol/ lt)
V
Trong : n: S mol cht tan (mol).
V: Th tch dung dch (lt).
Bi tp 1: 250 ml dung dch c ha tan 0,1mol H2SO4. Hy tnh nng mol ca dung dch axit.
Bi tp 2: 400 ml dung dch c ha tan 20g NaOH. Hy tnh nng mol ca dung dch baz.
Bi tp 3: Tm s mol cht tan c trong 250 ml dung dch HCl 0,5M.
Bi tp 4: Tm khi lng cht tan c trong 50 ml dung dch NaCl 0,1M.
Bi tp 5: Tm th tch ca dung dch HCl 2M trong c ha tan 0,5 mol HCl.
Bi tp 6: Tm th tch ca dung dch NaOH 5M trong c ha tan 60g NaOH.
V. PHA CH DUNG DCH:
1. Cch pha ch mt dung dch theo nng cho trc:
Bi tp 1: T mui CuSO4, nc ct v nhng dng c cn thit, hy tnh ton v gii thiu cch pha
ch.
a. 50g dd CuSO4 c nng 10%.
b. 50ml dd CuSO4 c nng 1M.
Bi gii:
a). Tnh ton:
- Tm khi lng cht tan:
10.50
mCuSO4 5( g ).
100
- Tm khi lng dung mi (nc):
mdm = mdd - mct = 50 - 5 = 45(g).
- Cch pha ch:
+ Cn ly 5g CuSO4 ri cho vo cc.
+ Cn ly 45g (hoc ong 45ml) nc ct, ri dn vo cc v khuy nh.
Thu c 50g dd CuSO4 10%.
b). Tnh ton:
- Tm s mol cht tan:
nCuSO4 0,05.1 0,05(mol ).
- Tm khi lng ca 0,05mol CuSO4.
mCuSO4 0,05.160 8( g ).
- Cch pha ch:
+ Cn ly 8g CuSO4 ri cho vo cc.
+ dn dn nc ct vo cc v khuy nh cho 50ml dung dch.
16
 Thu c 50ml dd CuSO4 1M.
Bi tp 2:T mui n NaCl, nc ct v nhng dng c cn thit, hy tnh ton v gii thiu cch pha
ch. a. 100g dd NaCl c nng 20%.
b. 50ml dd NaCl c nng 2M.
Bi gii:
a). Tnh ton:
- Tm khi lng cht tan:
20.100
mNaCl 20( g ).
100
- Tm khi lng dung mi (nc):
mdm = mdd - mct = 100- 20 = 80(g).
- Cch pha ch:
+ Cn ly 20g NaCl ri cho vo cc.
+ ong 80ml nc, rt vo cc v khuy u mui n tan ht.
Thu c 100g dd NaCl 20%.
b). Tnh ton:
- Tm s mol cht tan:
nNaCl 0,05.2 0,1(mol ).
- Tm khi lng ca 0,1mol NaCl.
mNaCl 0,2.58,5 5,85( g ).
- Cch pha ch:
+ Cn ly 5,85g NaCl ri cho vo cc.
+ dn dn nc ct vo cc cho n vch 50ml, khuy nh.
Thu c 50ml dd NaCl 2M.
2. Cch pha long mt dung dch theo nng cho trc:
Bi tp: T nc ct v nhng dng c cn thit, hy tnh ton v gii thiu cch pha ch.
a. 100ml dd MgSO4 0,4M t dung dch MgSO4 2M.
b. 150g dd NaCl 2,5% t dung dch NaCl 10%.
Bi gii:
a). Tnh ton:
- Tm s mol cht tan c trong 100ml dd MgSO4 0,4M.
nMgSO4 0,4.0,1 0,04(mol ).
- Tm th tch dung dch MgSO4 2M trong c cha 0,04mol MgSO4.
0,04
V 0,02(l ) 20(ml ).
2
- Cch pha ch:
+ ong ly 20ml dd MgSO42M ri cho vo cc chia c dung tch 200ml.
+ Thm t t nc ct vo cc n vch 100ml v khuy u.
Thu c 100ml dd MgSO4 0,4M.
b). Tnh ton:
- Tm khi lng NaCl c trong 150g dd NaCl 2,5%:
2,5.150
mNaCl 3,75( g ).
100
- Tm khi lng dd NaCl ban u c cha 3,75g NaCl.
3,75.100
mdd 37,5( g ).
10
- Tm khi lng nc cn dng pha ch:
mH 2 O 150 37,5 112,5( g ).
- Cch pha ch:
+ Cn ly 37,5g dd NaCl 10% ban u, sau vo cc nc c dung tch khong 200ml.
+ Cn ly 112,5g nc ct, sau vo cc ng dung dch NaCl ni trn, khuy u.

17
 Thu c 150g dd NaCl 2,5%.
B. BI TP P DNG:
Cu 1: Ho tan 450g KNO3 vo 500g nc ct 2500C (dung dch X). Bit tan ca KNO 3 200C
l32g. Hy xc nh khi lng KNO3 tch ra khi dung dch khi lm lnh dung dch X n 200C.
ra khoidd 290( g )
S: mKNO3 tach
Cu 2: Cho 0,2 mol CuO tan ht trong dung dch H 2SO4 20% un nng (lng va ). Sau lm
ngui dung dch n 100C. Tnh khi lng tinh th CuSO4.5H2O tch khi dung dch, bit rng
tan ca CuSO4 100C l 17,4g.
S: mCuSO4 .5H2 O 30, 7( g )
Cu 3: Ly 11,44 (g) Na2CO3.10H2O c ho tan trong 50,1ml nc ct (D = 1g/ml). Tnh nng
phn trm ca dung dch thu c.
Cu 4: Ly 8,4 (g) MgCO3 ho tan vo 146 (g) dung dch HCl th va .
a) Vit phng trnh phn ng.
b) Tnh nng phn trm ca dung dch HCl u?
c) Tnh nng phn trm cc cht trong dung dch sau phn ng?
Cu 5: Ho tan 10 (g) CaCO3 vo 114,1 (g) dung dch HCl 8%.
a) Vit phng trnh phn ng.
b) Tnh nng phn trm cc cht thu c sau phn ng?
Cu 6: Ho tan ho ton 16,25g mt kim loi ho tr (II) bng dung dch HCl 18,25% (D = 1,2g/ml),
thu c dung dch mui v 5,6l kh hiro (ktc).
a) Xc nh kim loi?
b) Xc nh khi lng ddHCl 18,25% dng?
Tnh CM ca dung dch HCl trn?
c) Tm nng phn trm ca dung dch mui sau phn ng?
Cu 7: Cho a (g) Fe tc dng va 150ml dung dch HCl (D = 1,2 g/ml) thu c dung dch v 6,72
lt kh (ktc). Cho ton b lng dung dch trn tc dng vi dung dch AgNO 3 d, thu c b (g) kt
ta.
a) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng.
b) Tm gi tr a, b?
c) Tnh nng phn trm v nng mol/l dung dch HCl?
Cu 8: Mt hn hp gm Na2SO4 v K2SO4 trn theo t l 1 : 2 v s mol. Ho tan hn hp vo 102 (g)
nc, thu c dung dch A. Cho 1664 (g) dung dch BaCl 2 10% vo dung dch A, xut hin kt ta.
Lc b kt ta, thm H2SO4 d vo nc lc thy to ra 46,6 (g) kt ta.
Xc nh nng phn trm ca Na2SO4 v K2SO4 trong dung dch A ban u?

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 BI TP
DUNG DCH V NNG DUNG DCH
I. KIN THC C BN:
1. tan:
mct .100
S
mH O
2

m .(100 S )
S ct (Trong mdd mct m H O )
mddbh 2

2. Nng phn trm ca dung dch (C%):

m C %.mdd m
C % ct .100% mct , mdd ct .100%
mdd 100% C%
Trong : mct l khi lng cht tan.
mdd l khi lng dung dch.
3. Nng mol ca dung dch (CM):
n n
CM (mol / l ) n C M .V , V
V CM
Trong : n l s mol cht tan.
V l th tch dung dch (lt).
4. Cng thc lin h gia D (khi lng ring), mdd (khi lng) v Vdd (th tch dung dch):
mdd
D ( g / ml ) mdd D.Vdd , Vdd mdd (ml )
Vdd D
II. CC DNG BI TP:
Dng I: Bi tp v tan:

Bi tp 1: 20o C, 60 gam KNO3 tan trong 190 nc th thu c dung dch bo ho. Tnh tan ca
KNO3 nhit ?
Bi tp 2: 20o C, tan ca K2SO4 l 11,1 gam. Phi ho tan bao nhiu gam mui ny vo 80 gam
nc th thu c dung dch bo ho nhit cho ?
Bi tp 3: Tnh khi lng KCl kt tinh c sau khi lm ngui 600 gam dung dch bo ho 80 o C
xung 20o C. Bit tan S 80o C l 51 gam, 20o C l 34 gam.
Bi tp 4: Bit tan S ca AgNO 3 60o C l 525 gam, 10o C l 170 gam. Tnh lng AgNO 3 tch
ra khi lm lnh 2500 gam dung dch AgNO3 bo ho 60o C xung 10o C.
Bi tp 5: Ho tan 120 gam KCl v 250 gam nc 50 o C (c tan l 42,6 gam). Tnh lng mui
cn tha sau khi to thnh dung dch bo ho ?

Dng II: Pha trn dung dch xy ra phn ng gia cc cht tan vi nhau hoc phn ng gia cht
tan vi dung mi Ta phi tnh nng ca sn phm (khng tnh nng ca cht tan ).

V d: Khi cho Na2O, CaO, SO3 ... vo nc, xy ra phn ng:

Na2O + H2O 2NaOH
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2
Bi tp 1: Cho 6,2 gam Na2O vo 73,8 gam nc thu c dung dch A. Tnh nng ca cht c
trong dung dch A ?
Bi tp 2: Cho 6,2 gam Na2O vo 133,8 gam dung dch NaOH c nng 44,84%. Tnh nng phn
trm ca cht c trong dung dch ?

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Bi tp 3: Cn cho thm a gam Na2O vo 120 gam dung dch NaOH 10% c dung dch NaOH
20%. Tnh a ?
Dng III: Pha trn hai dung dch cng loi nng cng loi cht tan.
Bi ton 1: Trn m1 gam dung dch cht A c nng C 1% vi m2 gam dung dch cht A c nng
C2% c dung dch mi c khi lng (m1 + m2) gam v nng C%.
Cch gii 1:
mct C %.mdd
p dng cng thc C % .100% mct
mdd 100%
+ Ta tnh khi lng cht tan c trong dung dch 1 (m cht tan dung dch 1) v khi lng cht tan c trong
dung dch 2 (mcht tan dung dch 2) khi lng cht tan c trong dung dch mi
mcht tan dung dch mi = mcht tan dung dch 1 + mcht tan dung dch 2 = m1.C1% + m2C2%
+ Tnh khi lng dung dch sau trn: mdd sau = (m1 + m2)
mct m .C % m2 .C2 %
C% .100% 1 1 .100%
mdd m1 m2
Cch gii 2: S ng cho
m1 C1 C2 C
C
m2 C2 C1 C
m1 C2 C
Ta c:
m2 C1 C
Ch :
+ Cht rn coi nh dd c C% = 100 %
+ Dung mi coi nh dd c C% = 0 %

V d: Trn 500 gam dung dch HCl 3% vo 300 gam dung dch HCl 10% th c dung dch c nng
bao nhiu phn trm ?
Gii:
+ Khi lng HCl c trong 500 gam dung dch HCl 3% l:
mct C %.mdd 3%.500
p dng cng thc C % .100% m HCl 15( g )
mdd 100% 100%
+ Khi lng HCl c trong 300 gam dung dch HCl 10% l:
mct C %.mdd 10%.300
p dng cng thc C % .100% m HCl 30( g )
mdd 100% 100%
* Tng khi lng axit trong dung dch mi sau trn l:
mcht tan dung dch mi = mcht tan dung dch 1 + mcht tan dung dch 2 = 15 +30 = 45 (g)
+ Khi lng dung dch HCl sau trn l:
mdd sau trn = m1 + m2 = 500 + 300 = 800 (g)
Nng dung dch HCl sau trn:
m m 45
C % ct .100% ctddm .100% .100% 5,625%
mdd mddsau 800
Bi tp 1: C 150 gam dung dch KOH 5% (gi l dung dch A).
a. Cn trn thm vo dung dch A bao nhiu gam dung dch KOH 12% c dung dch KOH
10%.
b. Cn ha tan bao nhiu gam KOH vo dung dch A thu c dung dch KOH 10%.
c. Lm bay hi dung dch A cng thu c dung dch KOH 10%. Tnh khi lng dung dch KOH
10%.
Bi tp 2: Xc nh nng phn trm ca cc dung dch trong cc trng hp sau:
a. Pha thm 20 gam nc vo 80 gam dung dch mui n c nng 15%.

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 b. Trn 200 gam dung dch mui n c nng 20% vi 300 gam dung dch mui n c nng
5%.
c. Trn 100 gam dung dch NaOH a% vi 50 gam dung dch NaOH 10% c dung dch NaOH
7,5%.
Bi tp 3: Trn bao nhiu gam dung dch H2SO4 10% vi 150 gam dung dch H2SO4 25% thu c
dung dch H2SO4 15%.

Bi ton 2: Trn V1 lt dung dch cht B c nng C 1M (mol/l) vi V2 lt dung dch cht B c nng
C2M(mol/l) c dung dch mi c th tch (V1 + V2) lt v nng CM(mol/l).
Cch gii 1:
n
p dng cng thc CM n C M .V
V
+ Ta tnh s mol cht tan c trong dung dch 1 (ncht tan dung dch 1) v s mol cht tan c trong dung
dch 2 (ncht tan dung dch 2) s mol cht tan c trong dung dch mi
ncht tan dung dch mi = ncht tan dung dch 1 + ncht tan dung dch 2 = C1M.V1 + C2M .V2
+ Tnh th tch dung dch sau trn = (V1 + V2)
n C1M .V1 C2 M .V2
CM
V V1 V2
Cch gii 2: S ng cho
V1 C1 C2 C
C
V2 C2 C1 C
V1 C2 C
Ta c:
V2 C1 C
V d: Trn 264 ml dung dch HCl 0,5M vo 480 ml dung dch HCl 2M. Tnh nng mol/l ca dung
dch sau trn ?
Gii:
+ S mol HCl c trong 264 ml dung dch HCl 0,5M l:
n
p dng cng thc C M n HCl C M .V 0,5.0,264 0,132(mol )
V
+ S mol HCl c trong 480 ml dung dch HCl 2M l:
n
p dng cng thc C M n HCl C M .V 2.0,480 0,960(mol )
V
nct dung dch sau trn = nct dung dch 1 + nct dung dch 2 = 0,132 + 0,960 = 1,092 (mol)
+ Th tch dung dch HCl sau trn l: Vdd sau trn = 0,264 + 0,480 = 0,744 (l)
n 1,092
Nng dung dch HCl sau trn: C M ( HCl ) 1,47( M )
V 0,744
Bi tp 1: A l dung dch H2SO4 0,2 M, B l dung dch H2SO4 0,5 M.
a. Trn A v B theo t l th tch VA : VB = 2 : 3 c dung dch C. Tnh nng mol ca C ?
b. Trn A v B theo t l th tch no thu c dung dch H2SO4 0,3 M ?
Bi tp 2: pha ch 300 ml dung dch HCl 0,5 M ngi ta trn dung dch HCl 1,5 M vi dung dch
HCl 0,3 M.Tnh th tch mi dung dch cn dng ?

Dng IV: Trn 2 dung dch cc cht tan phn ng vi nhau - Bi tp tng hp v nng dung
dch:
1. Phng php gii:
+ Tnh s mol cc cht trc phn ng.
+ Vit phng trnh phn ng xc nh cht to thnh.
+ Tnh s mol cc cht sau phn ng.
+ Tnh khi lng, th tch dung dch sau phn ng.

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 + Tnh theo yu cu ca bi tp.
2. Cch tnh khi lng dung dch sau phn ng:
- TH I: Cht to thnh trng thi dung dch:
mdd sau p = tng mcc cht tham gia
- TH II: Cht to thnh c cht bay hi hay kt ta
mdd sau p = tng mcc cht tham gia - mkh - mkt ta.

3. Bi tp vn dng:
Bi tp 1: Cho 10,8 gam FeO tc dng va vi 100 gam dung dch axit clohiric.
a. Tnh khi lng axit dng, t suy ra nng % ca dung dch axit ?
b. Tnh nng % ca dung dch mui thu c sau phn ng ?
Bi tp 2: Cho 6,5 gam km phn ng va vi 100 ml dung dch axit clohiric.
a. Tnh th tch kh hiro thu c ktc ?
b. Tnh nng mol ca dung dch mui thu c sau phn ng ?
c. Tnh nng mol ca dung dch axit HCl dng ?
Bi tp 3: Cho 25 gam dung dch NaOH 4% tc dng va tc dng vi 51 gam dung dch H 2SO4
0,2M (c th tch 52 ml). Tnh nng % cc cht trong dung dch sau phn ng ?
Bi tp 4: Ha tan 6 gam magie oxit (MgO) vo 50 ml dung dch H2SO4 (c d = 1,2 g/ml) va .
a. Tnh khi lng axit H2SO4 phn ng ?
b. Tnh nng % ca dung dch H2SO4 axit trn ?
c. Tnh nng % ca dung dch mui sau phn ng ?
Bi tp 5: Cho 200 gam dung dch NaOH 4% tc dng va vi dung dch axit H2SO4 0,2M.
a. Tnh th tch dung dch axit cn dng ?
b. Bit khi lng ca dung dch axit trn l 510 gam. Tnh nng % ca cht c trong dung dch
sau phn ng ?
Bi tp 6: Cho 11,2 gam Fe vo 200 ml dung dch axit sunfuric nng 3M. Tnh nng mol ca
cc cht trong dung dch sau phn ng (coi th tch dung dch khng i) ?
Bi tp 7: Ha tan 1,6 gam ng (II) oxit trong 100 gam dung dch axit HCl 3,65%. Tnh nng %
ca cc cht trong dung dch thu c ?
Bi tp 8: Trung ha 200 ml dung dch axit sunfuric 1M bng dung dch NaOH 20%.
a. Tnh khi lng dung dch NaOH dng ?
b. Dng dung dch KOH 5,6% trung ha dung dch axit trn. Tnh th tch dung dch KOH phi
dng bit dung dch c d = 1,045 g/ml.

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