Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN, Kinh t v Kinh doanh 26 (2010) 105-117

Thc tin hu ch trong vic trin khai chun CMMI cho cc

doanh nghip gia cng phn mm Vit Nam:
Bi hc t FPT Software

V Anh Dng*, L Hi Yn, V Phng Tho, Xa Mnh Hng

Khoa Kinh t Quc t, Trng i hc Kinh t,
i hc Quc gia H Ni, 144 Xun Thy, Cu Giy, H Ni, Vit Nam
Nhn ngy 21 thng 5 nm 2010

Tm tt. Bi bo nhm mc ch tm hiu v rt ra mt s thc tin hu ch cho vic p dng v

trin khai chun m hnh trng thnh nng lc tch hp (CMMI) ti cc doanh nghip phn
mm Vit Nam. Da theo nhng phn tch nghin cu v thc tin trong vic trin khai chun
CMMI ly FPT Software lm trng hp in hnh, c th l nhng kh khn ca cng ty khi p
dng m hnh ny cng nh vic h gii quyt nhng kh khn ra sao, bi bo tng hp v c
kt 8 thc tin hu ch trong vic p dng chun CMMI. l: (1) Cam kt ca lnh o v qu
trnh trin khai CMMI; (2) Chun b ngun lc vn mnh; (3) Pht trin v trng thnh v
nhn lc; (4) Ngoi ng l mt vn quan trng; (5) Pht trin trng thnh v qun l v t
chc cu trc d n; (6) Bin ch tiu cht lng thnh vn ha; (7) Xy dng cc cng c hiu
qu; v (8) T vn chuyn nghip. Cc thc tin ny l nhng kinh nghim tt cc doanh
nghip gia cng phn mm ca Vit Nam c th tham kho v hc hi khi trin khai p dng
chun CMMI nng cao cht lng sn phm v nng lc cnh tranh trong th trng gia cng
phn mm quc t.

1. Bi cnh nghin cu * 57.000 lao ng trc tip tnh n cui nm

Cng nghip phn mm ni chung v gia
cng phn mm ca Vit Nam ni ring c tim
nng rt ln vi tc tng trng cao trong
nhng nm va qua (B Thng tin v truyn
thng, 2010; Quc Thanh, 2004; AT Kearney,
2009; Tr.Bnh, 2009) v ha hn l ngnh mang
li nhiu li ch kinh t cho quc gia. Theo sch
trng v cng ngh thng tin truyn thng (B
Thng tin v truyn thng, 2009) Vit Nam c
khong 1.500 doanh nghip sn xut, gia cng
v cung cp dch v phn mm thu ht hn
______
* Tc gi lin h. T.: 84-4-37547506
E-mail: vudung@vnu.edu.vn
2008. Trong bi cnh khng hong v suy thoi
kinh t ton cu va qua, ngnh cng nghip
phn mm Vit Nam vn tng trng u n
trn di 30% trong cc nm 2008 v 2009
(M.Chung, 2009). D c rt nhiu kh khn v
thch thc nhng Vit Nam vn mnh dn t
mc tiu tr thnh nc xut khu phn mm
ln th 3 th gii sau n v Trung Quc
(VnMedia, 2008). Theo phn tch ca TS.
Nguyn Trng - Nguyn Ch tch hi Tin hc
Thnh ph H Ch Minh v Nguyn Chnh vn
phng Ban ch o Quc gia v CNTT ca
Chnh ph - trong 15-20 nm ti y s khng
c ngnh kinh t no c tim nng mang li
hiu qu ton din v to ln hn cho Vit Nam
105
106 V.A. Dng v nnk. / Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN, Kinh t v Kinh doanh 26 (2010) 105-117

so vi cng nghip phn mm v dch v dng n s thu li s kh dng v mt chi ph,

CNTT (Hn Phi, 2009). thi gian biu, chc nng v cht lng sn
Tuy c nhiu tim nng, nhng ngnh cng phm phn mm. i vi cc doanh nghip
nghip phn mm Vit Nam cn bc l rt phn mm hin nay, CMMI chnh l tiu chun
nhiu hn ch v im yu. Theo mt cn b nh gi mc chuyn nghip v cht lng
qun l cao cp ca FPT Software, tn tui ca phn mm. Cng theo cn b qun l cao cp
cc doanh nghip phn mm Vit Nam qu m ca FPT Software, trong giai on hin nay v
nht trn th trng th gii (Ngun: phng trong thi gian ti nu l doanh nghip phn
mm tham gia hot ng thu gia cng th cn
vn trc tip). Hn ch ln nht ca cc doanh
phi t c CMMI c th khng nh
nghip phn mm Vit Nam l tnh chuyn
c nng lc ca mnh cng nh c th
nghip trong sn xut phn mm (Quang Trung,
marketing trn th trng th gii (Ngun:
2008). Li th duy nht ca cc doanh nghip gia
phng vn trc tip). Chnh v vy, nh nc
cng phn mm hin nay l nhn cng gi r.
ang c nhng gi u t ln cho vic nng cao
xy dng c v nng cao tnh chuyn sc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip phn mm
nghip cng nh thng hiu th vic p dng trong nc so vi th gii, c bit l vic nng
mt quy trnh chun vi cc tiu chun kim cao kh nng ng dng v t chun CMMI vi
sot cht lng cht ch l quan trng. Phn gi h tr 60 t ng cng b vo thng 1/2009
mm l ngnh cng nghip i hi nhiu nht l phn u tr thnh nc xut khu phn
cht xm, tc l lao ng tr tu cao, s dng tr mm th 3 th gii (B Thng tin v truyn
c con ngi l chnh ch khng cn nhiu n thng, 2010). iu ny cho thy tm quan trng
my mc. V th, nh gi cht lng ca ca CMMI v quyt tm ca Nh nc v
doanh nghip phn mm, khng th thm nh Chnh ph Vit Nam phi hp vi cc doanh
dy chuyn sn xut c th no m phi da nghip trong vic trin khai ng dng CMMI
trn nhng tiu chun nh gi cht lng tng thc y s pht trin ca phn mm Vit Nam,
th ca doanh nghip . Mun to c uy tn lm tng kh nng cnh tranh ca cc doanh
v nng cao c nng lc, thng hiu ca nghip phn mm Vit trn th trng quc t.
mnh hay ni mt cch khc c cng c
marketing tt nht v th gii bit n th
cc doanh nghip phn mm Vit Nam cn phi
c cht lng tt nht (Ngun: phng vn trc
tip FPT Software). Trong khi , tiu chun
nh gi cht lng ISO tr nn qu ph bin
v do vy vic t c chng ch ISO tr nn
bnh thng v khng tin cy nh gi
doanh nghip phn mm v trn thc t rt
nhiu doanh nghip trn th gii trong ngnh
cng nghip phn mm ni ring v cc lnh
vc khc ni chung t c chng ch ISO.
Hin nay, chun m hnh trng thnh
nng lc tch hp (CMMI) l tiu chun Quc
t v qun l quy trnh cht lng ca cc sn
phm phn mm. So vi ISO th CMMI c
nhiu u vit, c bit l v hiu qu loi b li
(Hnh 1). Hn th, CMMI cn l mt khung Ngun: Hng Vy (2006)
kh cc chun mc ra cho mt tin trnh sn Hnh 1. Ci thin hiu qu loi b li (%)(Defect
xut phn mm hiu qu m nu cc t chc p Removal Efficiency).
 V.A. Dng v nnk. / Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN, Kinh t v Kinh doanh 26 (2010) 105-117
Hnh 1. Ci thin hiu qu loi b li (%)(Defect Removal Efficiency)
Tuy nhin trn thc t, hin ch c mt s t
cc doanh nghip Vit Nam t chng ch
CMMI v a phn l cc doanh nghip ln
(Hng Vy, 2006). Vic p dng CMMI ra sao
v c nhng kh khn, thun li g cng nh
cc thc tin hu ch trong vic p dng cng
cha c cp. Vn ny cn c nghin thng
cu v tr li.
2. Thu gia cng v gia cng phn mm
C nhiu nh ngha khc nhau v thu gia
cng (outsourcing). Theo nh ngha ca t
chc Venture Outsource, thu gia cng l vic
thu li mt bn th ba thc hin cc hp
ng hoc mt phn hp ng xy dng
mt qui trnh nh thit k hoc sn xut
sn phm. Ging nh vy, tp on Cisco nh
ngha thu gia cng n gin l vic thu dch
v vi mt bn th ba (Overby, 2007). T in
Dictionary.com cng nh ngha thu gia cng
l vic mua dch v ca sn phm nh cc linh
ph kin s dng trong vic sn xut mt
phng tin t, t mt nh cung cp hay sn
xut bn ngoi ct gim chi ph (Babu,
2005). Nh vy, ni n thu gia cng hay
outsourcing l ni n s thu ht ngun lc
bn ngoi nhm mc ch thc hin nhng cng
vic, s v theo hp ng; s dng ngun lc
bn ngoi thc hin mt s cng on trong
sn xut, kinh doanh. Bn cht ca hot ng
gia cng l mt hot ng kinh doanh thng
mi gia bn nhn gia cng v bn thu gia
cng. Bn nhn gia cng s nhn nguyn liu
hay bn thnh phm ca mt bn khc (gi l
bn t gia cng) ch bin thnh sn phm
giao li cho bn t gia cng v nhn th lao
(hay ph gia cng).
Gia cng phn mm c hiu nh vic lm
thu mt phn hay ton phn cc d n phn
mm vi t cch gia cng sn phm thay v s
hu sn phm (Babu, 2005). Vic nh ot sn
phm thuc v ni thu gia cng phn mm.
Nhim v ca n v gia cng phn mm l lm
107
ra sn phm tho mn yu cu ca n v, t
chc thu gia cng, khng tham gia vo vic
kinh doanh sn phm. Nh vy, gia cng phn
mm ch l mt giai on trong qu trnh sn
phm n vi ngi dng. phm vi hp hn,
khi nim gia cng xut khu phn mm
c nhc n. Theo L Huy Hong
(2008), gia cng xut khu phn mm l hnh
thc gia cng phn mm trong bn nhn gia
cng (nc xut khu) v bn thu gia cng
(nc nhp khu) l hai quc gia khc nhau.
Bn nhn gia cng sau khi hon thnh cng
vic gia cng phn mm theo yu cu th xut
khu phn mm cho bn thu gia cng v nhn
ph gia cng t bn thu gia cng.
c nhiu bi vit hay cng trnh nghin
cu tp trung a ra cc hng dn, qui trnh v
cc bc, chin lc hay cc thc tin tt nht
ca vic qun tr cc d n thu gia cng
(Overby, 2007; Norwood et al., 2006; Babu,
2005; Gareiss, 2002; Rothman, 2003; Lewin
and Couto, 2006; Ganesh, 2007). Mt s cc
cng trnh khc cng a ra cc vn , cc ri
ro, kh khn, thun li, li ch, mt tri cng
nh xu th ca hot ng thu gia cng
(Roehrig, 2006; Krishna et al., 2006; Overby,
2007; Manning et al., 2008; Engardio, 2006).
Tuy nhin, a phn cc bi vit v cng trnh
nghin cu ng trn gc p dng v
phc v cho bn i thu gia cng ch khng
phi bn nhn gia cng.
3. C s khoa hc ca chun CMMI
Theo Vin k s phn mm SEI ca M
(Software Engineering Institute), chun CMMI
CMMI l mt phng php tip cn ci tin quy
trnh cung cp cho cc t chc vi cc yu t thit
yu ca qu trnh m hiu qu cui cng l ci
thin hiu sut.
c m t l mt phng php tip cn ci
tin quy trnh cung cp cho cc t chc vi cc
yu t thit yu ca qu trnh, hiu qu cui
108 V.A. Dng v nnk. / Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN, Kinh t v Kinh doanh 26 (2010) 105-117
cng l ci thin hiu sut ca h. CMMI c th
c dng hng dn ci tin quy trnh qua
mt d n, mt b phn, hoc mt t chc ton
b. N gip tch hp cc chc nng ring bit
theo truyn thng t chc, thit lp mc tiu ci
tin qui trnh v cc u tin, hng dn cho cc
quy trnh cht lng, v cung cp mt im
tham chiu cho cc quy trnh thm nh hin
hnh. CMMI bao gm nhng thc tin tt nht
c tp hp rt ta t rt nhiu t chc pht
trin phn mm khc nhau v chng c t
chc thnh 5 mc trng thnh cp bn
di. Nh vy c th ni, CMMI l mt b
khung nhng chun ra cho mt tin trnh sn
xut phn mm hiu qu, bao gm vic m t
cc nguyn tc, cc thc tin, lch trnh... cho
mt d n phn mm.
CMMI l phin bn ci thin t CMM,
c nghin cu v pht trin bi Vin SEI ca
M. CMMI c tch hp t nhiu m hnh
khc nhau, ph hp cho c nhng doanh nghip
phn cng v tch hp h thng, ch khng ch
n thun p dng cho doanh nghip sn xut
phn mm nh CMM trc y. CMMI a ra
c th cc m hnh khc nhau cho tng mc
ch s dng c c im ring bao gm:
- CMMI-SW m hnh ch dnh ring cho
phn mm.
- CMMI-SE/SW m hnh tch hp dnh cho
cc h thng v k s phn mm.
- CMMI-SE/SW/IPPD m hnh dnh cho
cc h thng, k s phn mm v vic tch hp
sn phm cng qu trnh pht trin n.
CMMI c nm cp . Cc cp th hin
tng mc trng thnh ca h thng qun l,
quy trnh sn xut v cht lng doanh nghip
(Mellon, 2006):
- Cp 1 - Initial (Khi u): Quy trnh sn
xut phn mm c c im t pht, thnh cng
ch da vo n lc ca c nhn hoc ti nng.
y cng chnh l c im thng c ca cc
doanh nghip nh. Cp 1 l bc khi u
ca CMMI, mi doanh nghip, cng ty phn
mm, cc nhm, c nhn u c th t c.
cp ny, doanh nghip thng khng cung
cp mi trng pht trin n nh. Thnh cng
ca doanh nghip quyt nh trn nng lc ca
c nhn ti nng trong doanh nghip v khng
thuc cc quy trnh chng minh. Vi cp
ny, doanh nghip thng sn xut ra sn phm
phn mm v dch v; tuy nhin, h thng
xuyn vt qu d tho ngn sch v k hoch
lm vic ca d n.
- Cp 2 - Repeatable (Lp li): Cc quy
trnh qun l d n c bn c thit lp
kim sot chi ph, k hoch v khi lng hon
thnh. Cc nguyn l v quy trnh c bn c
hnh thnh nhm t c thnh cng nh
nhng phn mm tng t.
- Cp 3 - Defined (Xc lp): Quy trnh
phn mm cho cc hot ng qun l cng nh
sn xut c ti liu ha, chun ha v tch
hp vo quy trnh phn mm chun ca nh sn
xut. Cc d n s dng quy trnh phn mm
hiu chnh c ph duyt da trn quy trnh
chun ca nh sn xut pht trin v bo tr
sn phm phn mm.
- Cp 4 - Quantitatively Managed (Kim
sot): Thc hin o lng chi tit quy trnh
phn mm v cht lng sn phm. C quy
trnh sn xut v sn phm phm mm c
kim sot theo nh lng.
- Cp 5 - Optimizing (Ti u): Quy trnh
lin tc c ci tin da trn nhng kin
phn hi t vic s dng quy trnh, th im
nhng tng qun l v cng ngh mi.
Theo SEI, CMMI em li nhiu li ch cho
doanh nghip gia cng phn mm. Cc li ch
gm: doanh nghip hot ng mt cch r
rng lin kt vi mc tiu kinh doanh; tm nhn
vo cc hot ng ca doanh nghip c tng
ln gip m bo rng sn phm hay dch v
ca t chc p ng k vng ca khch hng;
v doanh nghip hc c kinh nghim thc t
t cc khu vc mi ca thc tin tt nht (v d
nh vic o lng kt qu hay nhn bit v
phng trnh cc nguy c). H Hu Cng
(2008) cng ch ra cc li ch ca vic p dng
CMMI khng ch i vi cc doanh nghip gia
cng phn mm m cn c i vi ngi lao
ng (Bng 1).
 V.A. Dng v nnk. / Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN, Kinh t v Kinh doanh 26 (2010) 105-117
Bng 1. Li ch ca vic p dng CMMI
Li ch i vi doanh nghip gia cng phn mm
Ci tin nng lc ca cc t chc phn mm qua nng
cao kin thc v k nng lc lng lao ng.
m bo rng nng lc pht trin phn mm l thuc
tnh ca t chc khng phi ca mt vi c th.
Hng cc ng lc c nhn vi mc tiu t chc.
Duy tr ti sn con ngi, duy tr ngun nhn lc ch
cht trong t chc.
Nng cao cht lng sn phm, pht trin thng hiu.
Ngun: H Hu Cng (2008)
Do CMMI ang c p dng cho mt
s (t) cc doanh nghip phn mm Vit Nam,
cc ti liu cng nh cc bi vit v CMMI ch
yu tp trung hng dn, gii thch hay ni v
quan im p dng CMMI (Hng Vy, 2006;
John V, 2009; Nguyn Th Ngc Thoa,
2007; Vn Oanh, 2009) da trn kinh nghim,
khng mang tnh h thng, khng da vo
nghin cu v khng mang tnh hc thut. Cha
c cng trnh nghin cu no tp trung vo vn
thc tin ca vic trin khai p dng chun
CMMI ti mt hoc cc doanh nghip t
c kt cc bi hc thnh cng hay tht bi
cng nh cc thc tin tt v hu ch cho cc
doanh nghip gia cng phn mm.
4. Mc tiu v trng tm nghin cu
Mc tiu nghin cu ca ti l tm hiu
v rt ra mt s (bi hc) thc tin hu ch cho
vic p dng v trin khai chun m hnh
trng thnh nng lc tch hp (CMMI) ti cc
doanh nghip gia cng phn mm Vit Nam.
FPT l mt in hnh tt nht vi kinh
nghim hn 9 nm cho nhng n lc ca doanh
nghip Vit Nam p dng v trin khai thnh
cng chun CMMI-5 (l mc cao nht) t
ch ra nhng kh khn m doanh nghip gia
cng phn mm Vit Nam c th gp phi v
c kt cc thc tin tt gip mang li thnh
cng cho doanh nghip khi bc u trin khai
109
Li ch i vi ngi lao ng
Mi trng lm vic, vn ha lm vic tt
hn.
Vch r vai tr v trch nhim ca tng v tr
cng vic.
nh gi ng nng lc, cng nhn thnh
tch.
Chin lc, chnh sch i ng lun c
quan tm.
C c hi thng tin.
Lin tc pht trin cc k nng ct yu.
v t chun CMMI. Do vy, bi bo ny tp
trung vo nghin cu cc thc tin tt v hu
ch (trong phm vi bi bo khoa hc ny c
hiu l cc bi hc, k nng, phng php hay
kinh nghim hu ch) c rt ra qua qu trnh
trin khai v p dng CMMI mt trng hp
c th l cng ty phn mm FPT.
5. Cu hi v phng php nghin cu
Vic nghin cu s dng phng php
nghin cu nh tnh (qualitative method) s
dng vic phn tch tnh hung in hnh (case
study) tun theo phng php lun ca Yin
(1994). Vi trng tm tm hiu cc thc tin v
gii php tt trong vic trin khai v p dng
CMMI ti cng ty FPT Software, vic nghin
cu tp trung gii quyt 2 cu hi sau:
- Trong vic trin khai, p dng v t
chun CMMI, FPT Software gp phi nhng
kh khn g v FPT Software vt qua cc kh
khn nh th no?
- Cc bi hc thc tin tt rt ra t trng
hp FPT Software l g?
6. Trng hp p dng chun CMMI ti
FPT Software
FPT Software (vit tt l FSOFT) l mt
cng ty thnh vin thuc tp on FPT. c
bit n l doanh nghip phn mm ln nht
110 V.A. Dng v nnk. / Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN, Kinh t v Kinh doanh 26 (2010) 105-117

Vit Nam hin nay vi s cn b nhn vin l
2.700 ngi nm 2009. Nm 2008, doanh thu
t 42 triu USD v cng ty tr thnh mt
trong 150 doanh nghip phn mm ln nht th
gii (FPT Software, 2008).
t c thnh cng nh vy, vo
nhng nm u mi thnh lp, khi cng ty cn
c quy m nh, FSOFT khng ngn ngi
sang n hc hi kinh nghim v p dng
nhm pht trin cht lng v khng nh
thng hiu cn m nht trn th trng quc
t. Vo thi im , chuyn cng du hc hi
n - quc gia s mt v cng ngh thng tin
v gia cng phn mm gip cho ban lnh
o FSOFT ln u tip cn vi tiu chun
CMM v c bit trn th gii c rt t doanh
nghip t c CMM. Vi s quyt tm v
cam kt mnh m ca ban lnh o, u nm
2001 FSOFT chnh thc trin khai d n CMM-
4. Lin tc nhng nm tip theo, FSOFT khng
ngng ci tin v cng cao cht lng v t
CMM-5 vo nm 2004 v sau l CMMI-5.
Hin nay vi tiu ch khng ngng ci tin v
pht trin, FSOFT ang tip tc trin khai d n
CMMI-5 theo yu cu v cht lng c th
Bng 2. Cc mc trin khai CMM/CMMI ti FPT
gii cng nhn (Ngun: nh trn). Nh t
c CMMI mc cao gip FPT Software
khng nh cht lng, thng hiu trn th
trng quc t, chinh phc c cc th trng
kh tnh nh Nht Bn, tr thnh i tc ca
nhiu cng ty cng ngh phn mm ni ting
th gii, v l doanh nghip u tu ca Vit
Nam hin nay.
Qu trnh trin khai v p dng chun
CMMI ti FPT Software
FPT Software chnh thc trin khai d n
CMM/CMMI vo nm 2001 thng qua vic k
kt hp ng t vn vi cng ty KPMG ca n
. Sau nm 5 k t nm 2001 n nm 2006,
FSOFT t c CMMI mc 5 (theo S k
FPT v ngun phng vn trc tip). S kin
ny a FPT Software vo danh sch khong
150 cng ty v t chc trn ton th gii c
Vin Cng ngh Phn mm Hoa K (SEI) cng
nhn H thng quy trnh sn xut phn mm t
mc cao nht trong m hnh trng thnh v
nng lc sn xut phn mm. Bng 2 m t cc
mc thi gian c th trin khai CMM/CMMI ti
FPT Software.

Mc thi gian
D n Mc Tiu Kt qu
Trin khai t
CMM - 4 01/02/2001 16/03/2002 Ci tin quy trnh qun Trng thnh v nng lc
l, t chc sn xut, pht qun l, p ng tt yu cu
trin k nng lp k cht lng khch hng
hoch, phn tch... ng trong top 120 cng ty
Nng cao thng hiu phn mm c cht lng hng
trn trng quc t u th gii
CMM - 5 19/02/2003 27/03/2004 Gim t l sai st 10% t c cc ch tiu ra
Gim chi ph sa cha Nng lc qun l tin ca
10% d n tng 67%
Qun l cng ngh theo Cht lng tng 13%
quy trnh 100% Nng sut lao ng tng 33%
CMMI-5 14/03/2005 30/05/2006 p ng c 4 yu cu t CMMI-5v c a vo
mi ca CMMI v t danh sch 150 cng ty v t
CMMI-5 trong vng 1 chc trn ton th gii c
nm SEI cng nhn
Ngun: Tng hp t VNExpress (2004), S k FPT (2008) v phng vn trc tip.
 V.A. Dng v nnk. / Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN, Kinh t v Kinh doanh 26 (2010) 105-117 111

Kh khn v gii php ca FSOFT khi trin chng ch CMMI-5 (Duy An, 2009). y l
khai CMMI mt khong thi gian di i vi bt c mt
doanh nghip no, i hi phi c mt s u
CMM/CMMI l mt h thng tiu chun
t v chun b k lng v mi mt c th
quc t ha. Tuy nhin, khng phi cc im
p dng v gii quyt c cc vn kh khn
mnh ca CMMI u ph hp vi tt c cc t
gp phi trong qu trnh xy dng v p dng
chc v cng ty phn mm. Vi bt c c cu
chun CMMI. Thng qua nhng nghin cu v
hay phng php no th vic tin hnh p dng
cng ty FPT Software, bi bo tng hp mt s
chun CMMI cng u gp phi mt vi thiu
kh khn chnh m doanh nghip gp phi
st m nguyn nhn khng ch do cc doanh
trong qu trnh nng cao cht lng qun l quy
nghip cha hiu r v cc khi nim m cn
trnh sn xut phn mm t chng ch CMMI
do vic tin hnh ca cc t chc hay doanh
v mt s gii php ca FSOFT khi p dng m
nghip khng c nh mong i. FPT
hnh CMMI (Bng 3).
Software mt khong 8 nm c c
Bng 3. Kh khn v gii php ca FSOFT khi trin khai CMMI
Kh khn Gii php
S thiu hiu bit ca cc lp trnh vin v T chc CMM Workshop; t chc cc lp o to,
CMMI cc cuc thi tm hiu v CMMI, luyn thi th
CMM/CMMI
Chi ph t vn, trin khai nh gi CMMI cao Chn KPMG n , tp on t vn a quc gia vi
chuyn gia ca n , c thng hiu ln v chi
ph t vn hp l hn so vi thu cc chuyn gia t
M
La chn nhn lc trin khai d n, cht lng Lnh o quan tm, cam kt ginh ngun lc c
ngun nhn lc. kinh nghim, p ng yu cu tham gia d n
fh
Tip cn h thng l thuyt v CMMI khai d n CMM/CMMI. Gii quyt cho vn
ny, FPT Software t chc hi tho CMM
Kh khn ln trc ht trong qu trnh p
ti Khu cng ngh cao Lng - Ha Lc nhm
dng m hnh CMMI l vn hiu bit v
o to v ph bin cc kin thc v CMM cho
CMMI ca cc lp trnh vin Vit Nam hin ti
cc nhn vin c la chn trong t nh gi
u kh yu. Nguyn nhn do CMMI l mt m
ca cng ty
hnh kh phc tp v vic ging dy cng nh
t vn CMMI l mt m hnh kh phc
tip cn c s l lun v CMMI cc trng
KPMG. tp v khng c ch trng a
i hc k thut ca Vit Nam khng c ch
ng thi, vo ging dy v tip cn trong
trng. Theo phng vn ca chng ti vi mt s
sinh vin Khoa Cng ngh thng tin Trng
FSOFT nh trng i hc k thut ca
cng t Vit Nam. Do vy, hiu bit v
i hc Cng ngh v mt s lp trnh vin ca
chc cc CMMI ca cc lp trnh vin Vit
Vit Nam, a phn u khng nm r, c th
lp o to Nam kh yu.
ni l cha bit CMMI l g v thng khng
ngn hn
n quy trnh cht lng ny. Bn cnh ,
cho tt c
cc ti liu tham kho cng nh gio trnh v
nhn vin v yu cu ton b lp trnh vin phi
CMMI Vit Nam bng ting Vit rt t,
nng cao trnh ngoi ng v thc hin chnh
thng ch c cc ti liu ca vin SEI bng
sch nng cao cht lng mi cp lnh vc
ting Anh. Trong khi , cc sinh vin lp trnh
trong cng ty. Bn cnh , khuyn khch v
thng khng ch trng hc ting Anh. y l
nng cao cht lng ca cc kha o to FSOFT
mt ro cn ln m FSOFT gp phi khi trin
112 V.A. Dng v nnk. / Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN, Kinh t v Kinh doanh 26 (2010) 105-117
cn t chc cc cuc thi tm hiu v CMMI v
luyn thi th CMM/CMMI trc mi t nh
gi phng vn.
Kh khn ln th 2 l v chi ph t vn
trin khai nh gi CMMI cao. Theo i din 2
cng ty PSV v GCS, kinh ph tin hnh nh
gi theo m hnh CMMI c th ln n vi chc
hay vi trm ngn USD (PSV chi khong
105.000 USD v GCS xp x 50.000 USD).
y c th l bi ton nan gii i vi cc
doanh nghip phn mm nh (Hng Vy, 2006).
Nh vy, trin khai mt d n CMMI, cc
doanh nghip phi c mt tim lc vn kh ln.
Ngay c vi mt doanh nghip ln nh FSOFT
th chi t vn ln cng l mt kh khn m
doanh nghip phi cn nhc khi la chn cng
ty t vn. Gii php ca ban lnh o FSOFT
cho vn chi ph t vn, trin khai nh gi
CMM/CMMI l la chn cc t chc hay cng
ty ca n c SEI y quyn v vi cc t
chc ny, chi ph hp l hn so vi cc chuyn
gia ca M. Trong thc t trin khai
CMM/CMMI ti FSOFT, doanh nghip k
kt hp ng vi cng ty KPMG s dng
chuyn gia n .
La chn nhn lc trin khai d n, cht
lng ngun nhn lc
La chn cc thnh vin trin khai d n
CMMI l kh khn tip theo m FSOFT gp
phi khi p dng m hnh CMMI. Vi nhn lc
ng o ln n hn 2.000 lp trnh vin, vic
la chn cc ng vin c y nng lc
khng phi qu kh i vi cp lnh o
FSOFT. Tuy nhin do tnh cht phc tp ca
m hnh CMMI, cc thnh vin d n phi p
ng y cc yu cu ca CMMI, ng thi
cn phi thng tho ting Anh. Nhng yu cu
i hi FSOFT phi c mt lc lng nhn
vin chun v nng lc v thng xuyn t trau
di nng cao v chuyn mn cng nh ngoi
ng. Bn cnh , qu trnh xy dng d n cn
i hi ton b nhn vin phi c nng lc
chuyn mn v kh nng ngoi ng tt m
bo cho qu trnh kim tra nh gi phng vn
70% s nhn vin trong t chc hay cng ty t
nhng yu cu ca CMMI. Tm li, trin
khai mt d n CMMI thnh cng, FSOFT phi
c lc lng cn b nhn vin c y nng lc
chuyn mn cng nh trnh ngoi ng. Tuy
nhin, hin nay vn o to nhn lc ngnh
cng ngh thng tin ca Vit Nam c nh gi
cn kh yu v cha p ng c nhu cu ca
th trng. Phn ln cc sinh vin lp trnh sau khi
ra trng hu nh u km v ngoi ng v mt
s k nng chuyn ngnh, cng nh hiu bit v
cc tiu chun quc t.
Gii quyt kh khn v cht lng lp trnh
vin ca cng ty, ngay t ngy u thnh lp,
FSOFT lun ra mt tiu chun cao trong qu
trnh tuyn dng. ng thi FSOFT khng
ngng khuyn khch v o to nhm nng cao
cht lng i ng cn b nhn vin. lm
gng cho nhn vin, cc cp lnh o FSOFT
lun l ngi i u trong cc phong tro hc
tp, nng cao nng lc chuyn mn v kh nng
ngoi ng. Bn cnh , p ng nhu cu
trc tip ca cng ty v ngun nhn lc cht
lng cao, FSOFT k kt cc hp ng lin
kt o to lp trnh vin vi cc trng i hc
k thut, c bit l vic k kt hp ng vi
Cng ty o to lp trnh vin hng u ca n
l Aptech nhm o to trc tip ngun
nhn lc cht lng cao t tiu chun quc t.
Trong thng 9/2006, Trng i hc FPT nhn
quyt nh chnh thc thnh lp (theo S k
FPT). Vi quy trnh ging dy t tiu chun,
sinh vin c o to thng tho ting Anh
hoc ting Nht..., Trng i hc FPT thu
ht c rt nhiu hc sinh v sinh vin ng
k hc tp v tr thnh ni o to, cung cp
lc lng lp trnh vin cht lng cao cho ton
ngnh cng ngh thng tin Vit Nam. Nh vy,
bng bin php o to ngun nhn lc lu di
cng nh trc tip o to cn b cng nhn
vin ca cng ty, FPT Software khc phc
c kh khn ln nht trong qu trnh hi
nhp l ngun nhn lc.
 V.A. Dng v nnk. / Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN, Kinh t v Kinh doanh 26 (2010) 105-117
7. Mt s bi hc thc tin hu ch rt ra cho
qu trnh trin khai CMMI
Cam kt ca lnh o
Theo nh phng vn trc tip ca chng ti,
chuyn gia CMMI ca FPT Software khng
nh cam kt ca lnh o v quyt tm t
c CMMI l quan trng nht. Quyt tm ca
ban lnh o th hin vic chun b mt
ngun lc mnh, khng ch l ngun vn m c
u t cc ngun lc khc. Theo , s cam kt
ca lnh o l cn c m bo cho ton b d
n c thc hin, m bo s u t, cng nh
s ch , quan tm ca ton b nhn vin cng
ty, t chc vi d n... c th hin ni dung
nhng bi hc tip theo.
Chun b ngun vn v nhn lc mnh
CMMI l mt m hnh cht lng cha ph
bin i vi Vit Nam. c cng nhn trn
ton th gii th cc doanh nghip phi chp
nhn u t thu chuyn gia t vn v nh gi
ca cc t chc c SEI y quyn. Hin nay,
Vit Nam cha c mt t chc no chnh thc
cung cp dch v ny (ch c mt s t chc
o to, hun luyn p dng CMMI nhng
chuyn gia t vn v nh gi vn phi thu
nc ngoi). Nh vy, la chn ti u nht cho
cc doanh nghip l k hp ng t vn, nh
gi vi cc t chc c uy tn nc ngoi nh
M hoc n , v thng chi ph ca mi hp
ng ny kh cao, vo khong t vi chc
nghn n vi trm nghn la.
Bn cnh , mi d n CMMI thng ko
di t 1 n 2 nm v cn u t mt ngun
nhn lc mnh tin hnh trin khai d n
thnh cng nn chi ph u t cho d n l kh
ln. Nh vy, ban lnh o cng ty cn chun
b v m bo mt ngun lc vn mnh chi
cho ton d n.
Pht trin, trng thnh v nhn lc
Vic pht trin trng thnh v nhn lc th
hin 2 kha cnh: (i) la chn nhn vin ch
cht lm gng v tin phong cho nhng thay
i; (ii) xy dng pht trin nhn lc.
La chn, thnh lp i d n trin khai
CMM/CMMI thc cht l thnh lp nhm qui
113
trnh k ngh phn mm Software Engineering
Process Group (SEPG) cho vic ci tin qui
trnh. y l lc lng nhn t chnh gip cho
t chc hay cng ty thay i ci tin quy trnh.
Vn thnh lp nhm SEPG l c bit quan
trng lin quan n s thnh cng ca ton d
n: mt SEPG tt l nhm c th gip cho t
chc ci tin hiu nng ca n v gii quyt
cc vn then cht ca n (John V, 2009).
Nhm ny c la chn t lc lng cc
chuyn gia ca cng ty vi nng lc chuyn
mn cao, i hi phi c tinh thn trch nhim
vi nhim v c giao. Nh vy, cc doanh
nghip nn la chn nhng nhn vin c nng
lc tt nht thnh lp nhm SEPG.
Bn cnh , khi thc hin nng cp h
thng quy trnh c thc hin ton b doanh
nghip hoc mt vi b phn ca cng ty th
cn la chn ci tin, thay i hc tp t cc
cp lnh o, nhng nhn vin u t nht lm
hnh mu v hc tp v quyt tm xy dng t
chc cht lng, lm tin phong cho ton th
nhn vin noi theo.
i vi vic xy dng pht trin nhn lc,
trong ngnh cng nghip phn mm, con ngi
chnh l khu quan trng nht. Theo kin ca
mt s chuyn gia trong lnh vc phn mm ca
FPT, mt quy trnh tt c thc hin tt c
cc bc khng chc m bo cho s thnh
cng ca mt d n phn mm. Vic s dng
mt quy trnh chun nhng chi tit thc hin
tng bc sai cng nh vic p dng nhng
cng ngh tt nhng vic s dng khng c
phng php th vn khng em li kt qu tt.
Trong trng hp , sn phm phn mm c
th hon thnh nhng km cht lng v khng
th s dng c.
Nhn t thc tin qu trnh p dng CMMI
ti FPT Software, cng ty lun lun nhn mnh
pht trin ngun lc con ngi, nng cao cht
lng ca ton th nhn vin. Nh vy, bi hc
i vi cc doanh nghip l cn xy dng k
hoch pht trin trng thnh ngun nhn lc
v chuyn mn cng nh nghip v. ng thi
t ra nhng yu cu cao hn v mt tuyn
dng, kt hp lin kt o to vi cc t chc
114 V.A. Dng v nnk. / Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN, Kinh t v Kinh doanh 26 (2010) 105-117
gio dc, to mt ngun lc chc chn cho
doanh nghip trong qu trnh pht trin.
Ngoi ng l mt vn quan trng
Ngnh CNTT ni chung v cng nghip
(gia cng) phn mm ni ring l ngnh rt cn
kh nng ngoi ng tt, nht l ting Anh. Trn
thc t, cc lp trnh vin Vit Nam hin nay
hu nh kh nng giao tip bng ting Anh rt
km. Bn cnh vn l p dng m hnh
CMMI yu cu s dng 100% ngn ng l
ting Anh, cc l thuyt ti liu v CMMI hu
ht u bng ting Anh. Thm vo , ting
Anh l ngn ng s dng duy nht trong qu
trnh phng vn cc nhn vin ca ton cng ty.
Nh vy p dng thnh cng CMMI, cng
nh m ng tin bc vo hot ng kinh
doanh quc t th cc doanh nghip phn mm
nn ch trng nng cao nng lc ngoi ng ca
mi nhn vin, xy dng phong tro hc ngoi
ng cc cp t chc t lnh o n i ng
lp trnh vin.
Pht trin trng thnh v qun l, t chc
cu trc d n
D n CMM/CMMI l d n ln bao gm
lc lng v ngun vn di do. Vi mt d n
ln nh vy, vn qun l d n yu cu phi
rnh mch, chnh xc v kp thi. lm c
iu , qu trnh qun l d n nn ch trng
cc vn sau:
- Hp tc l ch yu, k lut ch khi cn
thit: khuyn khch c nhn t gic, tun th
quy nh. Thc hin c v on kt, phi hp
nhp nhng gia ton th thnh vin d n.
- Xy dng trin khai d n theo cc giai
on, lch trnh c th. nh ngha cc mc tiu,
s liu ngay t u. Thc hin phn chia lc
lng tp trung xy dng trin khai tng hng
mc ca d n. Doanh nghip c th tham kho
v c khuyn khch nn xy dng l trnh
trin khai d n da theo l trnh IDEAL:
Initiating (Khi u), Diagnosing (Chn on),
Establishing (Thit lp), Acting (Hnh ng),
v Leveraging (Thc y) v thc hin theo
tng bc l trnh (John V, 2009).
- Xy dng ch tiu, kt qu d n gn lin
vi nng lc ca tng cn b qun l, nhn
vin, lin tc c s trao i v mi hot ng
ci tin, thnh tu, mc ch, mc tiu...
- Thnh lp cc b phn h tr ring bit,
h tr x l cc yu cu pht sinh. Kim tra
gim st cht ch cc ri ro c th nh hng
n d n.
Bin ch tiu cht lng thnh vn ha
Bin ch tiu cht lng thnh vn ha ca
doanh nghip l mt chin lc ln ca
FSOFT. D n CMMI l mt d n ln lin
quan trc tip n ton b ti sn ca cng ty,
t mc tiu kinh doanh, vn ha doanh nghip,
thit lp thc hnh trong i mi, lung thng
tin truyn thng, c im ca lnh o cp cao
n c im ca tng nhn vin. Do , p
dng CMMI, phi thc hin trn nhng c s
hin c ca doanh nghip, ph hp vi cc mc
tiu ci tin quy trnh, ph hp vi bn thn
tng nhn vin lp trnh. Chnh v vy, cc lp
trnh vin ca FSOFT khng ch thc tp, lm
quen vi h thng qun l cht lng m vi h
CMMI c xy dng tr thnh mt phn vn
ha ca cng ty. lm c iu , cp lnh
o FSOFT khng ngng pht trin cng tc
tuyn thng v CMMI n ton th nhn vin.
Song song vi cc kha o to l cc cuc thi
tm hiu v CMMI vi phn thng cho i d
n t cht lng cao. Chnh nhng chnh sch
bin cht lng thnh vn ha gip cho ton
th nhn vin FSOFT hiu r hn v quy trnh
cht lng CMMI v gip qu trnh trin khai
d n thun li, thnh cng.
Cc cng c hiu qu
Trong cc d n CMM/CMMI, FSOFT
lun thnh lp mt b phn h tr cng ngh
nhm ng dng cc cng c h tr vo qu
trnh trin khai CMMI. Cc cng c l cc
gi phn mm lp v nh lng d n, qun l
vn , qun l cu hnh, kim tra v pht trin
phn mm... Vic s dng cc gi cng c h
tr s gip cho qu trnh kim tra gim st d
n c thc hin ti u v gn nh hn, gip
gim gnh nng kim tra nh gi cho i nh
gi d n, h tr theo di lch trnh hot ng,
nng cao hiu qu ca quy trnh ci tin. Nh
vy, khi trin khai d n, cc doanh nghip cn
 V.A. Dng v nnk. / Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN, Kinh t v Kinh doanh 26 (2010) 105-117
hiu r tm quan trng ca cc cng c h tr
thc thi CMMI; t , la chn s dng cc
cng c h tr hiu qu cng nh thnh lp b
phn cng ngh gip h tr trin khai s dng
cc cng ngh ny.
T vn chuyn nghip
Thc t khi trin khai mt d n CMMI,
cc doanh nghip c th t nghin cu xy
dng theo ti liu ca CMMI v ch thu
chuyn gia nh gi c SEI y quyn
nh gi qu trnh p dng CMMI ca cng ty.
y l mt phng n gip cc cng ty c th
ti thiu ha chi ph t vn. Tuy nhin phng
n ny mang tnh ri ro rt cao. Theo nhng
nghin cu trn v thc tin qu trnh p dng
CMMI ti FPT Software, c th khng nh
chun CMMI l rt phc tp v kh mi i vi
cc lp trnh vin Vit Nam hin nay. Khi cc
doanh nghip la chn khng thu t vn th s
phi t i mt vi ton b ri ro trong qu
trnh trin khai d n do thiu kinh nghim. Kt
qu d n thng s khng t cht lng cao.
Gii php ti u cho cc cng ty l thu cc
chuyn gia t vn. Tuy nhin cu hi t ra l
thu chuyn gia t vn u v chi ph bao
nhiu l ph hp. Theo kinh nghim ca mt s
doanh nghip Vit Nam t CMMI, in
hnh l FSOFT, la chn KPMG - mt cng ty
t vn a quc gia s dng chuyn gia ca n
c chi ph t vn kh r so vi ca M. Bn
cnh , cc doanh nghip c th la chn thu
t vn t mt s t chc o to c chi nhnh
ti Vit Nam nh ECC International.
8. Kt lun
CMMI i vi cc doanh nghip phn mm
Vit Nam khng ch l mt chng ch, mt h
thng nhm nng cao cht lng qun l, m
cn l ch tiu nh gi v nng cao hnh nh
thng hiu v sc cnh trnh trn th trng
quc t. T 8 bi hc thc tin hu ch rt ra t
qu trnh trin khai CMMI ti FPT Software, c
th khng nh y l mt h thng m hnh
kh phc tp nhng khng phi l qu kh
trin khai. i vi cc doanh nghip phn mm
115
nu c s vn dng linh hot th vic trin khai
CMMI khng qu kh khn v s em li cho
doanh nghip nhng c hi pht trin mi song
song vi qu trnh xy dng v nng cao nng
lc cnh tranh trong bi cnh ton cu ha.
T kt qu nghin cu cp trong bi bo
ny c th gi m ra mt vi hng nghin cu
tng lai phc v tt hn cho vic trin khai
p dng chun CMMI cho ngnh cng ngh
phn mm ni chung v gia cng phn mm
Vit Nam ni ring. Cc hng nghin cu
c th bao gm nhng khng hn ch cc ch
sau: (i) Nghin cu qu trnh trin khai chnh
sch h tr 60 t ng cho cc doanh nghip
phn mm p dng CMMI; (ii) Nghin cu vn
v lut s hu tr tu ca Vit Nam v nh
hng ca tnh trng vi phm bn quyn n
thng hiu, uy tn v kh nng cnh tranh ca
cc doanh nghip phn mm Vit Nam; (iii)
Nghin cu hng p dng m hnh CMMI vi
cc doanh nghip phn mm va v nh ca
Vit Nam, t nh gi s tch hp ca m
hnh ny vi quy m cc doanh nghip nh
cng nh kh khn trong qu trnh xy dng
trng thnh h thng qun l v vn ha.
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Useful practices in adopting the CMMI standard for

Vietnamese software outsourcing firms: Lessons learnt from
FPT software

Vu Anh Dung, Le Hai Yen, Vu Phuong Thao, Xa Manh Hung

Faculty of International Economics, University of Economics and Business,
Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 144 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam

This paper aims to analyse and draw some useful practical lessons in adopting the CMMI standard
(or approach) for Vietnamese software outsourcing firms. Based upon the analysis of the case of FPT
Software, i.e. the difficulties the company tackled, the paper synthesizes and draws 8 useful practices
(or lessons). They are: (1) Commitments from the top management; (2) Planning sufficient capital
resources; (3) Human resources development and improvement; (4) Foreign language as a key; (5)
Development and improvement of project structure organization and management; (6) Turning quality
norms into corporate culture; (7) Developing effective tools and methods; and (8) Using professional
consultancy. These practices are good lessons for Vietnamese software outsourcing firms to refer to
and to learn from when adopting the CMMI standard in order to improve and enhance their product
quality and competitive competence in the global market of software outsourcing..