Anatomy final study guide

Conducting division- allow air to get to the lungs

Respiratory division- gas exchange- alveoli
In nasal cavity, there are goblet cells (secrete mucus) and pseudostratified ciliated
cells (sweep material back to be swallowed)
Nasopharnyx- just air, pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Oropharynx- food, liquid, air, non-keratinized pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Laryngopharynx-food, liquid, non-keratinized pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Epiglottis and vestibular folds covers the opening to the laryngopharynx to prevent
choking
Thyroid cartilage- forms Adams apple
Cricoid cartilage- connects larynx to trachea
Trachea- lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
and mucus glands- moves things towards the esophagus to be swallowed
Type 1 alveoli- simple squamous cells that form the walls of the alveoli, diffusion of
O2 and CO2
Type 2- cuboidal, few, make pulmonary surfactant
Alveolar macrophages- monitor for debris, bacteria
Causes of pneumothorax- chest trauma, stab wound, broken rib, spontaneous
Order of air flow- trachea, primary bronchi, secondary, tertiary, bronchioles,
terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
Inhalation=ribs raised- external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes-
diaphragm contracts
Exhalation=ribs down- internal intercostals, external obliques- diaphragm relaxes
Air flows from high pressure to low pressure
No air flow between breaths
Nervous control of breathing: basal level= autonomic, unconscious. Chemoreceptors
are in the blood vessels and the medulla to sense levels of O2, CO2 and pH. The basal
rhythm is maintained by the ventral and dorsal respiratory groups (VRG, DRG) in
the medulla oblongata. C3-C5 and intercostal nerves send the phrenic nerves to the
diaphragm
Nervous control of breathing: autonomic, conscious. Peripheral body sensory
nerves, brain centers, PRG, DRG, VRG, and C3-5.
Baroreceptors- carotids, signal to the brainstem
Chemoreceptors-carotids and aorta, adjust respiratory rate to stabilize
Propio and mechanoreceptors- muscles and joints, detect motion, signal brainstem
to increase HR and respiratory rate

Digestive tract= alimentary canal

Accessory organs= chemical digestions (liver, gall bladder, pancreas) and
mechanical digestion (teeth, tongue, salivary glands)
Stratified squamous from mouth to the esophagus-minimal absorption
Simple columnar in stomach, small and large intestines- absorption
Simple squamous in anal canal- no absorption
Tissue layers deep to superficial: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
Motor neurons in esophagus, stomach and intestines
Submucosal plexus- glandular secretion of mucosa, movemtns of muscularis mucosa
Myenteric plexus- peristalsis and contractions of the muscularis externa
Greater omentum- wide sheet of mesentery that hangs off the stomach and LI-
covers SI like an apron
Lesser omentum-sheet of mesentery from the liver to the stomach
Intraperitoneal- organs enclosed by the mesentery (stomach, liver, most of
intestines)
Retroperitoneal- posterior to mesentery (kidneys, pancreas, part of SI)
Gastric secretion stimulated by GASTRIN, AcetylCholine. Includes HCl, mucus,
bicarbonate (HCO3). Activates pro-enzymes, degrading proteins, and degrading
bacteria/viruses
Pyloric glands- G cells secret Gastrin, local hormone for gastric motility
Gastric glands- mucus glands, chief cells (gastric lipase, pepsinogen), and parietal
cells (Hcl, intrinsic factor, Ghrelin)
SI- Duodenum, jejunum (where most digestion/absorption occurs), ileum
Duodenum- bile from liver/gall bladder to emulsify fats, pancrease secretions to
neutralize acid, brunners gland secretes mucus with a lot of HCO3
4 segments of LI: ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colon. Also has the
ileocecal valve and the cecum. H20 and electrolyte absorption, no nutrients
absorbed in the colon, rectum and anus. A thin band called a Teniae Coli that runs
the length of the colon.
The filling of the sigmoid colon triggers an intrinsic reflex from the spinal cord that
pushes the feces towards the rectum and the parasympathetic reflex that puches
the feces towards the anus. Conscious control in the cerebral cortex relaxes the
external anal sphincter
Liver: endocrine function (angiotensinogen) into the blood, absorbs glucose, amino
acids, iron, and vitamens from the blood, degrades hormones, toxins and drugs from
the blood, and secretes bile that is stored in the gall bladder
Flow of blood in liver: hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, sinusoids between sheets
of hepatocytes, out through the central vein, R and L hepatic veins, and the vena
cava
Pancreas
Endocrine- islets help with insulin, glucagon and somatostatin
Exocrine- pancreatic juice helps with chemical digestion of amylase, lipase,
nucleases and proteases with Acini
Insulin receptors (IR) are found on every cell in the body