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Transients Problems PDF
Transients Problems PDF
In the new drawing it is clear that the two capacitors in parallel are equivalent to a single 200F capacitor,
and since this is in series with the 200F capacitor the net equivalent to all three capacitors is a single
100F capacitor.
Now let us calculate the initial state of the circuit, i.e., the state at t= 0- just before the switch is closed. Any
method of circuit analysis may be used; the branch voltages and currents do not , of course, depend on the
manner in which they are calculated. The problem assumes the circuit has come to a steady state before the
switch is closed, so that the result of the differentiation operation d/dt on any variable is 0. There is
therefore no current through the capacitor(s) and so they are effectively open-circuit for the initial state
calculation. The switch branch also is open-circuit. Both are removed from the circuit diagram (see below)
to simplify the drawing.
Different methods of calculating io(t=0) are illustrated next; any one will provide all the needed
information..
Method #1: Convert the source branches to Norton equivalents, i.e., a current source in parallel with a
resistor
where the particular solution has been added to provide the complete solution. We have the initial condition
io(t=0) = 1/6 ma. In addition we can ascertain the steady-state value of io(t), i.e. as t-> . This involves
analysis of the circuit with the sources in place but with the capacitors effectively open-circuit. It is left as
an exercise to verify (using any analysis method) that the current is 1/9 ma as t-> .
It follows that (with current units of ma) K= 1/9, and for the initial current to be 1/6 A = 1/18. Hence
The other circuit currents and voltage follow directly, e.g., e = 6io(t). The voltage at the node common to
the three capacitors in the original circuit is half of this, etc.
Problem 7.32
1) Observe that the circuit topology is different before and after the switch opens. The circuit is to be
analyzed for t 0, i.e., after the switch opens.
2) The circuit behavior depends on the initial energy stored in the circuit, i.e., at t = 0. That initial energy is
provided by the history of the circuit prior to t = 0.
3) The connection between the circuit state immediately before and immediately after the switch is opened
is provided by the inductor. As discussed the inductor current cannot change instantaneously, i.e.,
iL(t=0 ) = iL(t=0+ ). Hence we may start by computing iL(t=0-).
4) For this computation we suppose the circuit had been assembled
far enough in the past for all transients to become negligible. (All the
transients decay exponentially; far enough into the past means about
5 time constants or so since e-5 < 0.01.) There is no further change
of current or voltage with time. This means zero voltage drop across
an inductor, since diL/dt = 0. The circuit is redrawn to the right for
clarity. The inductor is replaced by a short-circuit (zero voltage drop),
and it is the current through this short-circuit that is to be calculated.
Note the switch is closed at this point. By inspection note that
iL(t=0-) = 1A. After all 6||3 = 2, 2 in series with 2 = 4, and
Circuits Transient Problems 5 M H Miller
12v across 4 is 3A. (even though a 4 resistor bridges the short-circuit it has no effect on the
calculation; Ohm's law requires zero current through this resistor and it is effectively an open-circuit.) The
3A source current divides between the 6 and 3, with 1A passing through the short-circuit into the 6.
5) At this point we have calculated the desired current, and we turn to the
circuit, as it exists for t 0. In this circuit we have determined that iL(t=0+ )
= 1A. That current divides between the resistors such that the current
through the 6 is 4/(4+6+3) = 4/13, and hence we have vo(0+ ) = 24/13 v.
The general solution (the particular solution here is zero there is no fixed
source and the voltage must eventually decay to zero as the initial energy
stored in the magnetic field of the inductor is dissipated in the resistors.
Problem 7.52
While the basic procedure to solve this problem is no
different than for the preceding problem it may be
considered 'tricky' if you substitute a vague intuition or
feeling for KVL, KCL, and the v-a relations.
1) The connection bridging the circuit topology before the
switch is closed to the different circuit topology after the
switch is closed is the inductor current; it cannot change
instantaneously. Hence we calculate the current in the
inductor just before the switch close.
2) Assuming (as usual) the circuit transients have died down (exponentially) by the time we are prepared to
close the switch the voltage across the inductor is zero. Then we may note from KVL, for example, that
12 = -(2+4)ia + 2ia, and so ia = -3A. Then the current through the inductor is iL(0-) = 2ia/4 = -1.5A.
3) Now close the switch. We then apply
superposition, i.e., recognize that the complete
solution consists of a general (source-free) partial
solution, and a particular (source-dependent) partial
solution. We know that the general solution has the
form Aest, and the particular solution for fixed
sources is a constant. Consider the general solution
first.
The Thevenin voltage is the open-circuit voltage across the terminals. As before we may note that
2ia = 4ia -4, and ia= 2A. Hence VT = 4v. The short-circuit current is 2ia/4 = ia/2, and even in this
calculation ia=2A. Hence RT =4. Replace the inductor, observe that R/L = 2 and apply the boundary
conditions as before.
Problem 7.53
1) Observe that the circuit topology is different before and
after the switch opens. The circuit is to be analyzed for t 0,
i.e., after the switch opens.
4) For this computation we suppose the circuit had been assembled far enough in the past for all transients
to become negligible. (All the transients decay exponentially; far enough into the past means about 5 time
constants or so since e-5 < 0.01.) There is no further change of current or voltage with time. This means
zero voltage drop across an inductor, since diL/dt = 0. The circuit is redrawn below for clarity. The
inductor is replaced by a short-circuit (zero voltage drop), and it is the current through this short-circuit that
Circuits Transient Problems 7 M H Miller
is to be calculated. Note the switch is closed at this point. By inspection note that iL(t=0-) = 1A. After all
6||3 = 2, 2 in series with 2 = 4, and 12v across 4 is 3A (even though a 4 resistor bridges the
short-circuit it has no effect on the calculation; Ohm's law requires zero current through this resistor and it
is effectively an open-circuit.) The 3A source current divides between the 6 and 3, with 1A passing
through the short-circuit into the 6.
5) At this point we have calculated the desired current, and we turn to the
circuit, as it exists for t 0. In this circuit we have determined that iL(t=0+ ) =
1A. That current divides between the resistors such that the current through
the 6 is 4/(4+6+3) = 4/13, and hence we have vo(0+ ) = 24/13 v. The
general solution (the particular solution here is zero there is no fixed source
and the voltage must eventually decay to zero as the initial energy stored in the
magnetic field of the inductor is dissipated in the resistors.
Still
I{ 3 + (4)(s/2)/( 4+s/2)).+ 6} = 0
and to avoid the nonphysical solution I=0 we set the factor in {} to zero. This gives a value for s of -72/13.
Hence
Vo(t) = Ae-72t/13
and since vo(0+ ) = 24/13
Vo(t) = (24/13)e-72t/13
Problem 7.53
Assuming the circuit is in a steady-state condition just
before the switch is closed the inductors are effectively
short-circuit. There is then no current through either the
6 or 12 resistors, since they are short-circuit, and so
io(t=0) = 0. More importantly (since it provides the
connection between the circuit state just before and just
after the switch closes) the current through the inductors
(combined) is 3A. Note: Redraw the circuit with the
inductors replaced by short-circuits and use, say,
superposition.) After the switch is closed, and after the
transients die down (i.e., t-> ), the inductors again are
effectively short-circuit. The inductor current then approaches 10/3A. Actually it is easiest (probably) just
to recognize that the inductors are in parallel (replace by an equivalent 6/5H) and determine the Thevenin
equivalent of the circuit 'seen' by the inductor. Or just follow the (arrow) step by step reduction illustrated.
Start by converting the 12v & 4 into a Norton equivalent.; combine the two current sources as indicated.
Then replace the 6A current source and the 12 resistor by a Thevenin equivalent, and combine the
resistors to reduce the circuit to a voltage source, a resistor, and an inductor as shown. The solution for the
inductor current then follows directly. For io(t) use the resistive current divider expression.
From the roots of the quadratic, and noting that the particular solution is a constant, write
v(t) = Ae-5t + B e-t + K
From the condition as t-> determine K = 8. At t=0 we have v(t=0) = A + B +8 =0. Also at t=0 we have
dv/dt = 0 (zero current condition), or -5A -B = 0. Solve to obtain
v(t) = 2e-5t -10e-t + 8
Problem/Comment:
Continually using initial conditions and conditions as t-> tends to leave an erroneous impression that
there is nothing else. This example is intended to dispel that impression. In this example we suppose that
by means not shown the capacitor is charged to 5 volts and connected at t=0 to the series combination of a
2 and 3 resistors.. The switch shown remains closed until t=1second, at which time it opens. The
circuit may be analyzed in two parts, 0 t 1, and t 1. For 0 t 1 the circuit is simply a series
combination of a 1F capacitor and a 2 resistor, and it is easy to determine i(t) = 2.5e-2t, and v(t) = 5e-2t.
For t 1the form of the solution also is not difficult. The switch is
open, and the circuit becomes equivalent to a series combination of a 1F
resistor and a 5 resistor. Hence i(t) = Ae-5t, v(t) = Be-5t, where the
constants of integration A and b are to be determined. What is
needed is some information which relates the circuit state just before the
switch opens to the state just after the switch opens. There is
nothing really new herethe voltage across the capacitor cannot
change instantaneously, and so v(t=1-) = v(t=1+ ). Now v(t=1-) = 5e-2,
and v(=1+) = Be-5.. Hence v(t) = 5e-2e-5(t-1) for t 1, and from Ohm's law we have i(t) = e-2e-5t for t
1. It is convenient to use t-1 in the exponent both as a reminder that this part of the solution is valid for t
1 and because t-1=0 at this starting point. In this way it is easier to see that that the solution is the expected
exponential decay starting from t' = t - 1 = 0.
Incidentally note that i(t=1-) i(t=1+ ), i.e., the current changes abruptly. Since there is no inductor in this
circuit there is no problem.