22 ie Time Obligation, prohibition & permission ‘There are different ways of talking about obligation, prohibition (things you are not allowed to do) and permission (things you are allowed to do). One way is to use a modal auxiliary, also called a modal Modal auxiliaries You use the modals can, could, shal, should, will, would, must, might, and may to modify the meaning of a verb. Modals are followed by the infinitive without to, and they do not add an--s in the third person singular of the present tense. ‘That's a terrible cough. You SHBGIAIEEE a doctor. He's putting on a lot of weight. He SH@WI@'BO on a diet. Have to Have to is similar to a modal in its meaning but not in its form. It takes the infinitive. 1 RAWENBIEO to the dentist. ‘The third person singular of the present simple is has to. She's a diabetic, so she HABIGIAKE insulin. For simple tenses, you form questions and negatives with do, does and did, like most other verbs. Di you AWE WERE a tie? This is a very informal office. You AGA HHSWEIEGWEAE a tie. DORs he HaWeItO WEAF a tie? He works in a very informal office. He AS8SWERAVETOIWERE a tic. Dil you HAWS English at school? When I was at school we didi Sha@eit@Tao]EREUSR. You can also use it in perfect and continuous tenses. It behaves like a normal verb, ‘H¥6 you HAH@/@HARBE your plans at all? A@ you BWIRI}EO|EIERH on the sofa while John is staying? Modals are used to express a lot of different meanings, and sometimes the differences between them are quite small. Must & have to The difference between must and have fo is not great. Must is often used to talk about personal obligations, 1m gainirg weight. MGHBEB on a dict. | BRINE my mother. haven't seen her forages. Have to isa little more impersonal. Everybody Haito pay taxes. 1 HAW@HOMB an English exam next week. Mustn’t & don’t have to ‘Mustn’t and don’t have fo are very different from each other. Mustn’t is used to express prohibition. Don't have fois. used to mean there is no obligation. You fastitsiHOK@ in a petro station. You dOTENWEH leave yet. There’s an all-night bus. Can & can't Can tells you that something is possible and /or permitted. Can't is often used like musty’, to express prohibition. ‘You eailea¥é now if you want to. ‘You GRCESHTOKE at a petrol station. Must & should ‘Must expresses strong obligation. Should expresses a weaker or less important obligation, or refers to something you don’t do although it’s the right thing to do. Should is also used for making recommendations and giving advice. 1 SHG to see the doctor but I've got too many other things I have to do. You sholld’stop smoking10 Practice 1. Match the verbs on the left with their explanations. a) Imust/haveto 1) _ it’s not necessary b) Idon'thave to 2). it’s necessary ©) Ican 3). it’snot allowed d) mustn't can't 4) it’s allowed 2. Complete the sentences using the words in the box. can can't haveto _don'thave to @ You _can't_use your mobile here. You switch it off, You buy anything. ° You tum left. 4) ® You bbe 12 or over to watch the film. Credit cards accepted You pay with a credit card. ) Restart your computer You restart your computer, ®t no PARKING You park here, 3 Look at the hotel ‘rules’ and then complete the sentences about them. Use an appropriate modal verb. ent in curos, s aid UK pounds. a) You _can't smoke in the hotel. b) You in the hotel garden. o You your passport at reception. 4) You ‘meals in the restaurant. ©) You ‘meals in your room if ‘you want to. 9 You visitors in your room after 10 o'clock in the evening, @) You in euros if you don't want to. h) You in euros, US dollars or UK pounds. i) You in Australian dollars. You often use must to talk about personal obligation. Have fois more impersonal and is often used when the obligation is imposed by someone else. Complete the sentences in the most natural way using must or have to a) Treally _must_get in touch with Alice. Thaven’t seen her for ages. b)_Tean't make dinner on Friday I'm afraid. 1_have to. work late. 3 You come and see us again next time you are in Oxford. a remember to phone Dorothy about the party. ©) don’t normally wear glasses, but I wear them when I'm driving. f) ve had a terrible headache for days ~ I really 4g0 to the doctors about it. g) Tllbe a little late for class on Thursday ~ I _g0 to the doctor's.-In each of the following passages, choose one of the three words or phrases to fill the gaps: must, don’t have to, mustn’t. 1. As it's your fist day, I'll just show you what to do. Obviously, you 1 cosmake the beds and hoover the carpet, and you 2. forget to check the cupboards in case the guests have left anything. If one of the beds hasn’t been used, you 3 shange the sheets, but you aunts tidy it up so that it looks right. If the guest is about to leave, you 5... check the mini-bar and tell reception if anything has been used so that they can put it in the bill, In the bathroom, you 6... s--s---Ghange all the towels and provide new soap and shampoo and make sure that everything is clean. If any of the light bulbs are broken, you 7 replace them yourself —you can just ring Maintenance and they'll take care of it 2. Choose one of the three words or phrases to fill the gaps: have to, don’t have to, shouldn’t. The hotel is in the West End, so a lot of our guests want to go out to shows in London, and T 1 try and arrange bookings for them. We have special arrangements with some of the cinemas and theatres, so that means our GUESS 2....ecsecooeseoeesee-queue up for tickets and they 3.. sesso PAY More than they should, which is good for them, But with some of the others ~especially the very popular musicals we 4 coccossss¥S€ agencies, and that means that the guests 5..... ..pay a lot of extra. Personally I think that the agencies 6... charge so much, but they always say that the guests 7 vsssessssmake bookings at the last minute 3. Choose one of the three words or phrases to fill the gaps: should, don’t have to, mustn't. You 1 seccssnvnknow how to mix all the cocktails on the list, and you ee try and be as professional as possible, because that’s all part of. the atmosphere. Of course, you 3 know how to make every cocktail in the world, because that would be impossible. If a guests asks you for a cocktail you don't know, you 4.......... panic, you 5. «just ask: them how to make it, and you 6 show some interest in it because that makes them feel good. There are sometimes problems with people who are under age. If you think someone looks too young, YOU 7..............-..+---ask them for proof of their age and you 8........ serve them alcohol if they are under seventeen. 4. What jobs are described in the three passages above? Passage 1 Passage 2 Passage 3 {REP CPOCPROEPERPESCSCSEETTKTTHTETEHK ETEK TCeeTeTeeeeeerre re ere2A World rules modal verbs (1); be able to, be allowed to, be supposed to 1 You mustlare allowed tolcant drive a car when you are 16 in the UK. 2 Children in Japanese primary schools have toldon't have tolmustn' clean their classrooms. 3 In Singapore you can/aren't allowed tolshould eat chewing gum. 4 British men over the age of 18 have to/don't have tolmustnt do military service. 5 In Germany you are able tolaren't allowed tolare supposed to mow the lawn on a Sunday. 6 You mustni/dont have tolshould eat with your left hand in India. 7 One hundred years ago, women in the UK were allowed tolcouldn't! had to vote. 8 You cantare allowed tolmust get married at 16 in the UK with your parents’ permission. 9 You can/have to/ean’ vote in Japan if you're 19. 10 Turkish men over the age of 20 have to/should/don't have to do military service. U1 You have tolought tolshouldn't tip waiters and waitresses in Iceland. 12 You shouldn tare supposed tolare able to drive with your lights on during the day in Sweden. 13 In the USA you can/ought tolaren't allowed to burn your own money. 14 Brazilians over the age of 18 have toldon’t have tolought to vote. 15, In the 19" century, female teachers. in the LIGA Aabartuiesére Uatoesbértor 4 4 Lie 19 cenuy, Lene weren't allowed to get married, Instructions pti3 renner ieee Ne Engh le Tench ook eed A Gommunicative Are they true? | ‘Photocopiable © Oxford Univesity Pres 2005 © In pairs, read about some strange laws and customs. Four of these are false. Discuss with your partner which ones you think they are. 1 In China, when you use chopsticks you shouldn’t leave them upright in the bowl. It brings bad luck. 2 In Sweden, if you drink and drive, you have to go to prison for ex 4 six months. a 3 In Argentina, when you get ona train you should shake hands Sa’ with all the other people in the carriage. 4 In France, you are not allowed to call a pig ‘Napoleon? ee 5 In Scotland, boys have to wear a kilt to school. 6 In Brazil, you should never make the ‘OK’ sign with your thumb. Itis very rude, 7 In Germany, every office must have a view of the sky. 8 In the Middle East, you shouldn't admire anything in your hosts’ home. They will feel that they have to give it to you. a a 9 In Singapore, you mustn't eat chewing-gum. It’s against the law. 10 In India, you shouldn’t thank your hosts at the end of a meal. It isan insult. ) 11 In Japan, women mustn't wear trousers to work. 12 In the UK, parents don’t have to send their children to school. They can teach them at home if they prefer. 13 In Russia, men should take off their gloves to shake somebody’s hand. 14 In Iceland, you mustn’t take dogs into the city centre, 15 In Thailand, you shouldn't touch a person's head (even of a child). The head is sacred. 16 In Australia, women mustn't sit on the top floor of a bus, only downstairs. 17 In Samoa, itis against the law for a man to forget his wife’s birthday. 18 In Switzerland, you aren't allowed to clean your car or cut the {grass on a Sunday. 19 In the USA, you shouldn't tip taxi drivers. It is considered an insult. 20 In Italy, if you give flowers you should give them in odd numbers, e.g. 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9. It is bad luck to give, for example, two flowers. © Which of these customs and laws would you like to have in your country? Choose your top three. 179