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Resumo Este artigo mostra o impacto da instalao de Pouco tempo depois da instalao desse banco de
gerao prpria (co-gerao) em plantas industriais sobre os capacitores, devido ao racionamento compulsrio aplicado a
equipamentos de correo do fator de potncia do ponto de todos os consumidores de energia eltrica, um grupo motor-
vista de componentes harmnicos.
gerador diesel foi adquirido e instalado no alimentador
principal da planta para suprir a energia em condies de
I. NOMENCLATURA:
emergncia. Um ms aps a instalao do gerador, o
THDV Distoro Harmnica Total - Tenso fabricante do banco de capacitores foi chamado para
THDI - Distoro Harmnica Total Corrente analisar o que havia ocorrido, em um dos estgios do banco
Z(Z) Impedncia Harmnica de capacitores. A figura 1 mostra a foto das unidades
capacitivas aps a falha.
II. INTRODUO:
Durante a maior parte do ano de 2001 e incio do ano de
2002, o Sistema Eltrico Brasileiro teve que reduzir em 20%
o consumo de energia eltrica. O governo federal o adotou
essa poltica como nica forma de se evitar um colapso de
todo o sistema causado pelo baixo nvel de chuvas e o atraso
nos investimentos em linhas de transmisso e sistemas de
gerao de energia . A gerao prpria de energia eltrica
foi uma das solues mais utilizadas para se manter o
funcionamento das industrias na totalidade de sua
capacidade e ainda obedecendo determinao de economia
Figura 1 - Clulas Capacitivas Falhadas
de 20% no consumo de energia por parte das
concessionrias.
Power Supply
Esse documento apresenta um caso exemplo de problemas
com harmnicos em equipamentos de compensao reativa
existente causados pela instalao de co-gerao e gerao Scc = 100 MVA
HV = 13,8 kV
prpria. Os equipamentos de compensao reativa existentes 300 KVA
PF=0,8 G
nessas plantas comearam a ser afetados justamente aps a Scc=490 kva 1500 kva
TR X=3,8%
instalao dos sistemas de gerao prpria. A IESA-
LV = 380V
INEPAR (fornecedora dos bancos de capacitores) foi
chamado a dar um esclarecimento sobre o que esta
ocorrendo com o equipamento e quais os motivos das
falhas. O procedimento para a investigao dos problemas Distribution System
causados pelos harmnicos foi o seguinte:
Inverters
1 Anlise dos capacitores falhados em laboratrio;
2 Medies de Harmnicos no Campo; MIT
M IT M IT MIT
3 Estudos de Penetrao Harmnica e Relatrios 6,05 MVar
250kvar
Tcnicos. Figura 2 - Diagrama Unifilar do Sistema Eltrico do Jornal
Todas as anlises feitas pelo fabricante de capacitores
indicaram que as falhas ocorreram por sobre-tenso. Na Nesta planta os motores e inversores so alimentados
seo seguinte sero mostrados os resultados dos estudos e atravs de transformador abaixador. As caractersticas do
anlises realizadas para um caso em baixa tenso. sistema eltrico supridor e da planta industrial so
apresentados na tabela 1 a seguir:
III. ESTUDO DE CASO EM BAIXA TENSO:
Este caso apresenta um estudo harmnico realizado numa TABELA I - CARACTERSTICAS TCNICAS DO SISTEMA ELTRICO DO JORNAL
Caracterstica Valor Unidade
instalao eltrica de um jornal de circulao diria, dotado Tenso Suprimento 13,8 kV
de impressora de grande porte. O sistema eltrico avaliado Frequncia do Sistema 60 Hz
Potncia de Curto-Circuito AT 100 MVA
o mais importante de toda a planta. Baseado nesse fato, no- Potncia do Transformador 1,5 MVA
breaks so utilizados para o mantenimento da tenso dentro Reatncia do Transformador 3,8 %
Potncia do gerador 0,35 MVA
de limites controlveis, porque existem vrios equipamentos Potncia de Curto-Circuito do 0,49 MVA
eletrnicos sensveis na impressora principal. Para promover Gerador
Fator de Potncia do Gerador 0,8 ---
a correo do fator de potncia, na instalao da impressora Demanda Ativa da Planta 240 kW
foi instalado em baixa tenso um banco de capacitores Demanda Reativa da Planta 180 KVAr
DW 125N - G 75 - GTA 200 SI12 - 50kVA GTA 200 SI12 - 55kVA 300 DW 800NA - G 515 GTA 250 MI25 - 200kVA GTA 315 SI25 - 340kVA GTA 315 SI25 - 370kVA 1300/2600
DW 800NA -G 550
85
- GTA 315 SI31- 360kVA
DW 125N - G
GTA 315 SI31 - 405kVA 1400/2800
- GTA 200 SI15 - 56kVA GTA 200 SI15 - 65kVA 340
DW 800NA- G 620 GTA 250 MI33 - 230kVA - GTA 315 MI38 - 480kVA 1600/3200
DW 125N - G 105 GTA 200 PI08 - 38kVA GTA 200 SI17 - 70kVA GTA 200 SI17 - 80kVA 420
DW 800NA - G 680 - GTA 315 MI38 - 450kVA GTA 315 MI46 - 515kVA 1700/3400
DW 160N - G 140 GTA 200 SI12 - 55kVA GTA 200 MI26 - 90kVA GTA 200 MI 26 105kVA 560 DW 800NA - G 730 GTA 250 MI38 - 285kVA GTA 315 MI46 - 465kVA - 1800/3600
DW 800NA - G 790 - GTA 315 MI48 - 520kVA GTA 315 MI48 - 600kVA 2000/4000
DW 250NA - G 170 GTA 200 SI15 - 65kVA GTA 200 MI30 - 112kVA GTA 200 MI30 - 122kVA 400/800
DW 1600A - G 840 GTA 315 SI23 - 320kVA - - 2100/4200
DW 250NA - G 185 - GTA 250 SI14 - 122kVA GTA 250 SI14 - 140kVA 450/900 DW 1600A - G 960 GTA 315 SI25 - 370kVA - GTA 400 SI10 - 725kVA 2400/4800
DW 250NA - G 215 GTA 200 SI 17 - 80kVA GTA250 SI17 - 139kVA GTA 250 SI17 - 165kVA 500/1000 DW 1600A - G 1100 GTA 315 SI31 - 405kVA GTA 400 SI10 - 725 kVA GTA 400 MI15 - 830kVA 2800/5600
DW 1600A - G 1250 GTA 315 MI38 - 480kVA GTA 400 MI15 - 830kVA GTA 400 MI17 - 910kVA 3200/6400
DW 800NA - G 265 GTA 250 MI25 - 170kVA GTA 250 MI25 - 200kVA 650/1300
DW 1600A - G 1380
-
GTA 315 MI46 - 515kVA GTA 400 MI17 - 910kVA GTA 400 LI20 - 1025kVA 3500/7000
DW 800NA - G 320 GTA 200 MI30 - 122kVA GTA 250 MI33 - 210kVA GTA 250 MI33 - 230kVA 800/1600 DW 1600A - G 1560 GTA 315 MI48 - 600kVA GTA 400 LI20 - 1025kVA - 3900/7800
1) Corrente de disparo magntico (valor fixo) nos modelos DW 125 e DW 160, e ajustvel nos demais
2) Outras correntes de disparo podem ser fornecidas sob consulta.
3) Acessrios, dimenses e demais dados tcnicos: ver catlogo da linha de disjuntores em caixa moldada modelo 975.
Dimenses:
CTM 400-630
CTM 1250-1600
Nota: Modelos para correntes nominais inferiores podem ser fornecidos sob consulta, porm, em correntes inferiores, a alternativa de tranferncias atravs
de contatores intertravados mecanicamente e protees com disjuntores individuais para a distribuio e gerador, normalmente apresentam-se como
soluo mais econmica.
Mod. 978
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SO PAULO/SP: Tel.: (11) 5053-2300 - Fax: (11) 5052-4212
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DT-5 - Caractersticas e Especificaes de Geradores
X*d Ip/In
[pu] 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200 1.400 1.600 1.800 2.000 2.200 2.400 2.600 2.800 3.000
0.050 0.010 0.020 0.029 0.038 0.048 0.057 0.065 0.074 0.083 0.091 0.099 0.107 0.115 0.123 0.130
0.060 0.012 0.023 0.035 0.046 0.057 0.067 0.077 0.088 0.097 0.107 0.117 0.126 0.135 0.144 0.153
0.070 0.014 0.027 0.040 0.053 0.065 0.077 0.089 0.101 0.112 0.123 0.133 0.144 0.154 0.164 0.174
0.080 0.016 0.031 0.046 0.060 0.074 0.088 0.101 0.113 0.126 0.138 0.150 0.161 0.172 0.183 0.194
0.090 0.018 0.035 0.051 0.067 0.083 0.097 0.112 0.126 0.139 0.153 0.165 0.178 0.190 0.201 0.213
0.100 0.020 0.038 0.057 0.074 0.091 0.107 0.123 0.138 0.153 0.167 0.180 0.194 0.206 0.219 0.231
0.110 0.022 0.042 0.062 0.081 0.099 0.117 0.133 0.150 0.165 0.180 0.195 0.209 0.222 0.235 0.248
0.120 0.023 0.046 0.067 0.088 0.107 0.126 0.144 0.161 0.178 0.194 0.209 0.224 0.238 0.251 0.265
0.130 0.025 0.049 0.072 0.094 0.115 0.135 0.154 0.172 0.190 0.206 0.222 0.238 0.253 0.267 0.281
0.140 0.027 0.053 0.077 0.101 0.123 0.144 0.164 0.183 0.201 0.219 0.235 0.251 0.267 0.282 0.296
0.150 0.029 0.057 0.083 0.107 0.130 0.153 0.174 0.194 0.213 0.231 0.248 0.265 0.281 0.296 0.310
0.160 0.031 0.060 0.088 0.113 0.138 0.161 0.183 0.204 0.224 0.242 0.260 0.277 0.294 0.309 0.324
0.170 0.033 0.064 0.093 0.120 0.145 0.169 0.192 0.214 0.234 0.254 0.272 0.290 0.307 0.322 0.338
0.180 0.035 0.067 0.097 0.126 0.153 0.178 0.201 0.224 0.245 0.265 0.284 0.302 0.319 0.335 0.351
0.190 0.037 0.071 0.102 0.132 0.160 0.186 0.210 0.233 0.255 0.275 0.295 0.313 0.331 0.347 0.363
0.200 0.038 0.074 0.107 0.138 0.167 0.194 0.219 0.242 0.265 0.286 0.306 0.324 0.342 0.359 0.375
0.210 0.040 0.077 0.112 0.144 0.174 0.201 0.227 0.251 0.274 0.296 0.316 0.335 0.353 0.370 0.387
0.220 0.042 0.081 0.117 0.150 0.180 0.209 0.235 0.260 0.284 0.306 0.326 0.346 0.364 0.381 0.398
0.230 0.044 0.084 0.121 0.155 0.187 0.216 0.244 0.269 0.293 0.315 0.336 0.356 0.374 0.392 0.408
0.240 0.046 0.088 0.126 0.161 0.194 0.224 0.251 0.277 0.302 0.324 0.346 0.365 0.384 0.402 0.419
0.250 0.048 0.091 0.130 0.167 0.200 0.231 0.259 0.286 0.310 0.333 0.355 0.375 0.394 0.412 0.429
0.260 0.049 0.094 0.135 0.172 0.206 0.238 0.267 0.294 0.319 0.342 0.364 0.384 0.403 0.421 0.438
0.270 0.051 0.097 0.139 0.178 0.213 0.245 0.274 0.302 0.327 0.351 0.373 0.393 0.412 0.431 0.448
0.280 0.053 0.101 0.144 0.183 0.219 0.251 0.282 0.309 0.335 0.359 0.381 0.402 0.421 0.439 0.457
0.290 0.055 0.104 0.148 0.188 0.225 0.258 0.289 0.317 0.343 0.367 0.389 0.410 0.430 0.448 0.465
0.300 0.057 0.107 0.153 0.194 0.231 0.265 0.296 0.324 0.351 0.375 0.398 0.419 0.438 0.457 0.474
0.310 0.058 0.110 0.157 0.199 0.237 0.271 0.303 0.332 0.358 0.383 0.405 0.427 0.446 0.465 0.482
0.320 0.060 0.113 0.161 0.204 0.242 0.277 0.309 0.339 0.365 0.390 0.413 0.434 0.454 0.473 0.490
0.330 0.062 0.117 0.165 0.209 0.248 0.284 0.316 0.346 0.373 0.398 0.421 0.442 0.462 0.480 0.497
0.340 0,064 0.120 0.169 0.214 0.254 0.290 0.322 0.352 0.380 0.405 0.428 0.449 0.469 0.488 0.505
0.350 0.065 0.123 0.174 0.219 0.259 0.296 0.329 0.359 0.387 0.412 0.435 0.457 0.476 0.495 0.512
0.360 0.067 0.126 0.178 0.224 0.265 0.302 0.335 0.365 0.393 0.419 0.442 0.464 0.483 0.502 0.519
0.370 0.069 0.129 0.182 0.228 0.270 0.307 0.341 0.372 0.400 0.425 0.449 0.470 0.490 0.509 0.526
0.380 0.071 0.132 0.186 0.233 0.275 0.313 0.347 0.378 0.406 0.432 0.455 0.477 0.497 0.516 0.533
0.390 0.072 0.135 0.190 0.238 0.281 0.319 0.353 0.384 0.412 0.438 0.462 0.483 0.503 0.522 0.539
0.400 0.074 0.138 0.194 0.242 0.286 0.324 0.359 0.390 0.419 0.444 0.468 0.490 0.510 0.528 0.545
Tabela 5.3.1 - Queda de Tenso em Geradores Sncronos.
Xd"=18%
0,94
1
Informaes adicionais:
- O GMG deve atender a planta em horrio de ponta e na falta de energia, neste caso limitado a
um perodo contnuo de 8 horas
- A planta possui um regime de trabalho mximo de dois turnos dirios. No terceiro turno
apenas cargas de iluminao e tomadas permanecem ligadas (limitado a uma potncia de 15
kVA)
- Os motores no possuem partida simultnea. Os motores de 55 kW e 75 kW possuem soft-
starter (corrente de partida 3 x In). Os motores de 37 kW possuem chave estrela-tringulo
(corrente de partida 2 x In).
- A indstria prev uma ampliao de cargas (no motoras) de 100 kVA / FP=0,92 nos
prximos trs anos.
- Limite de queda de tenso nos terminais do gerador = 20%