1

( 92)

2549
 2

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(Cluster)





(Cluster)

4 8 2549

..2549
 3

1
1.1 1
1.2 1
1 4
(1.1) 4
(1.2) 13
(1.3) 15
2 2
3 16
(2.1) 2 17
(2.2) 19
(2.2) 27
(2.3) 31
3 35
(3.1) 35
(3.2) 37
4 42
(4.1) 42
(4.2) 45
(4.3) 53
59
65
 4

1.1

(Strategy)
(VISION)


(Supply Chain and Logistics)

(Risk Object) (Accident and Incident)

1.2

(Risk Assessment)





..2543
(Risk)

(Hazard Identification)




 7

2
(Ammonia Anhydrous : AMP (NH3))
Fluorocarbon 12 ; CFC-12 ; R12 (CCl2 F2),
Fluorodichloromethane ; Freon 21 ; R-21 (CHCl2F) (CO2)

(1.1)

1. Primary Refrigeration
(Refrigerant)
1.1 (Chiller)
1.2 (Air-Condition)
Freon
1.3 (Cold Storage Room and
Freezing Room) Freon-22

2. Secondary Refrigeration
(Media)
(Cooling Media)

,Glycol

 8

1. Thermostatic Expansion Valve

Expansion Valve
2. Direct Injection Valve
(Hand Regulation Valve)

3. Flooded System
(Liquid Level
Controller) Evaporator
4. Pump Re-circulation

(Refrigerant)

(AMMONIA ANHYDROUS : AMA)
NH3 17.03
(Synonym) AMMONIA , AMMONIAC , SPIRITS OF HARTSHORN , CAS-number 7664-41-
7 UN number 1005 (Hazardous Goods Classification)
Class 2.3 3
..2535 .3005
(Liquid)

1.
- State at 15 0C, 1 atm : ................................................. Gas
- Boiling Point at 1 atm : .............................................. -33.4 0C ; -28.1 0F ; 239.8 0K
- Freezing Point : ............................................................... -77.7 0C ; -108 0F ; 265.5 0K
- Specific Gravity at 33.4 0C (liquid) : ............................. 0.682
 9

- Vapor (gas) Specific Gravity : ....................................... 0.6

- Vapor Pressure at 21.1 0C : ............................................ 888.0 kPa ; 8.88 bar ;128.8 psia
- Latent Heat of Evaporization : ........................................ 327.4 kcal/Kg ; 189 Btu/lb
- Solubility in Water at 20 0C , 1 atm : ................................ 53 g NH3/100 gH2O
- Colour - Odor : ....................................................................... colourless pungent
- Explosive Limits (by volume) : .......................................... 15% - 28%
- Flash Point : .......................................................................... 1208 0C
- Autoignition Temperature : ............................................... 651 0C ; 1202 0F ; 924 0K

2.
1. 1.0 N pH 11.6 , 0.1 N pH
11.1 , 0.01 N pH 10.6
2. (Exothermic)
3. (Corrosive fume of ammonia)

4.
,
5. , , , , ,
, ,
6.
7. ,
8. (Rubber)
4 -8 (Incompatible substances)

3.
(Acute toxic)

-
 10

()

(Chronic toxic)

4.



2


15 10
1 . 5 5%

5.
-
-
-
- Neopene, Butylneopene, Aporn, Buna-N
P VA Polyethylene
-
-
 11

(Totally Encapsulating Chemical Protective)

(Positive Pressure Self Contained Breathing Apparatus : SCBA)

6.
1.

2.
3.
pH

( NOx )

7.
50 ppm
1. 100 ppm
- (Full facepiece
and Ammonia Cartridge)
2. 300 ppm
- (Full
facepiece and Ammonia Cartridge)
3. 500 ppm
-
-
(Supplied air with a full facepiece,helmet of hood) -

4. 500 ppm
-

 12

-

-
-

8.
1.

. (Refrigerated Atmospheric Pressure

Storage Tanks) 10,000 50,000

Carbon Steel 1 2
-
33 C (-28 F) 3.5 kPa
(Vapor)
(Flare)
(Water scrubbing)
(Purge)
. (Pressurized Storage Spheres and Vessels)
- (Spheres) 3,000

(Cylinder) 350 kPa (6o psig) 1 C (34 F)
(Semi-refrigerated)
Carbon Steel
ASME SEC VIII, DIVISION I (American Standard
Mechanical Engineering) BS-5500 250 psi
- (Cylinders)
68 115 1,720 kPa (250 psig)
Carbon Steels Stainless steels, Quenched and Tempered Steels, Aluminium
 13

Alloys Carbon Steels, Stainless Steels.

53% 0.5 ppm 2,000 ppm

ASME SEC. VIII, DIVISION I
- . 88
2512
1 8
(NH3 )
1 8
. 358 2531 ( )
0.53 2.80
3.6
1. 500
- 3
- 10 2
- 20 1
2. 500
- 5
- 10 2
- 20 1
1.1
(Refrigerated Atmospheric Pressure Storage Tank) (Pressurized
Storage Spheres)
1.1.1
100 250
100 500
1.1.2
ASME, API

 14

5
(Visual Test)
1.1.3

1.1.4

1.1.5

1.1.6 Heat detector Gas detector

(Safety Relief Valve)
1.1.7
- Water Spray System
-
-
-
1.1.8 (Lighting) (Grounding)

1.1.9
(Explosionproof)
1.1.10 , SCBA

1.1.11
1.1.12

 15

1.1.13

1.1.14

NFPA

1.1.15

1.2 (Cylinder)

1.2.1 -
2 52 0C

1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.4 1 6
2

(Explosion proof)
1.2.5

1.2.6


1.2.7 (First in First out)

1.2.8

 16

1.2.9

1.2.10
1.2.11 1

1.2.12
1.2.13
(1.2)

Evaporator
Expansion Valve
Suction tube
Liquid tube

Suction Discharge Valve Receiver

Valve tank

Compressor Discharge tube

Condenser

( )
 17

1. (Compressor)



2. (Receiver Tank)

1.5
3. (Empty Tank)
(Hot Gas System)
4. (Inter - Cooler)
Low Stage Compressor (Saturated
Temperature) Hi Stage Compressor
5. (Accumulator)

(Liquid Flooded)
6. (Evaporator)


7. (Condenser)
(Receiver)

8. (Cooling Tower) Shell
and Tube Condenser
 18

(1.3)




1. (Cooling Storage)

2. (Freezing)



-
15
-
15
-

18
 19

2 2
3

..2535 1 2 3
30 ..2535
1

2
3

92
..2535 3
- 1 20 20

- 2 50 50
1
- 3 50 50

 20

(2.1) 2

1. 2
50 50
1
2. 2
30 .. 2535


3. ..1
4 (..2535)
3.1

3.2
()
3.3
4. 3
2 ..2
4 (..2535)
5. 2

1. (..2535)
..2535
2
2.
2
 21

3.
2 (..2535)
..2535



3.1 2 (..2535)
..2535
3.1.1 2
(1)
2(1) 2 (..2535)
..2535
(2) 50



2(2) 2
(..2535) ..2535

..
2545
(3) (2)


3 2 (..2535)
..2535
3.2


 22

3.3



1.

2. 2
3.

4. ..2
5.

6.

(2.2)

1. 3 50
50
2. 3
3.
3.1 ..3 2

3.2 ..3 3

 23

3.3 ..3
3.3.1 (
)
3.3.2 (
)
3.3.3
( )
3.3.4
3.3.5 (

)
3.3.6
3.3.6.1 ()
3.3.6.2 / ()

3.3.7

3 (..2542)

3.3.8
3.3.9
()




4.

 24

1.
(..2535)
..2535 3
50 50
92
2.

3.
2 (..2535)
..2535



3.1 2 (..2535)
..2535
3.1.1 3
(1)
2(1) 2 (..2535)
..2535
(2) 100



2(2) 2
(..2535) ..2535

..
2545
 25

(3) (2)


3 2 (..2535)
..2535
3.2 3.1


4
2 (..2535) ..2535
3.3
32(1)
..2535 33(1) ..2512


3.4





3.5


4.

5 2
(..2535) ..2535
 26

4.1


4.1.1




4.1.2
(1)


4.1.1
(2)



4.1.3
1 10
0.5

4.1.4

110
200
50
2

4.1.5
 27

1.50


4.1.6 3.00

2.30
4.1.7
4.1.8 3


4.1.9


4.1.10
4.1.11

4.1.12
70



4.1.13
15 1 40 2
80 3 1
50
15
 28

5. /
5.1

5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3



6
2 (.. 2535)
..2535
5.2

5.3 / (
)
5.3.1



(1)



(2)
(Biochemical Oxygen Demand) (Chemical Oxygen
Demand) (PH)
 29

(Suspended Solids) (Oil & Grease)

(3)

(4)
(5)
3
(6) 3
(7)

(8)
(9)

5.4

3 (..2542)


.. 2535
32

 30

1.




20 ..2535
2.

(2.2)

1. 2
1.1 11 ..2535
2
2
1.2 (..2535) 24 ..2535
(..2535) ..2535

1 2 3 4 (..2535)
..2535

2. 3
2.1 ..2535
2.1.1 12 3


 31

2.1.2 13 3

2.1.3 14
2.2 ..2535
2.2.1 (..2535) 1.2
2.2.2 2 (..2535)

2.2.3 5 (..2535)


2.2.4 7 (..2535)
2.3
2.3.1

2.3.2

2.3.3 3 (..2542)

2.3.4 1 (..2543)
1
2
3
2.4
2.4.1
2.4.2

2.5
2.6
 32

3. 3
13 ..2535

15

4.
4.1 13 ..2535

15

4.2 6 (..2535)

5.
5.1 15 ..2535

5.2 ..2535
5.2.1 (..2535) 1.2
5.2.2 2 (..2535) 2.2.2
5.2.3 5 (..2535) 2.2.3
5.2.4 7 (..2535) 2.2.4
5.3
5.3.1

5.3.2
.. 2512 68
..2535
5.4
 33

6.
6.1 18
2.1.1 2.1.2


6.2 ..2535
6.2.1 (..2535) 1.2
6.2.2 2 (..2535) 2.2.2
6.2.3 5 (..2535) 2.2.3
6.2.4 7 (..2535) 2.2.4
6.3 2.3
6.4 2.4
6.5
6.6

7.
7.1 20 ..2535

7.2 5 (..2535) 2.2.3

8.
8.1 ..2535
8.1.1 21


8.1.2 22


8.2 5 (..2535) 2.2.3
 34

9.
9.1 25
9.2 7 (..2535) 2.2.4

(2.3)
3 (..2542)
..2535


( 92) 12
3 (..2542)

1.
1.1

500
1.2


 35

1.3 1:100




1.4


1.5
1.6

2.
2.1
3.

3.1
3.1.1

3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.5
3.1.6
3.1.7
3.1.8
3.1.9
3.2

 36

3.3
13 .. 2535






/



0.5%

Freon -12 , CFC-12 Freon 21

(Hazard Identification) (Risk Assessment)

, ,
,
(Cooling Tower)

3 (.. 2542)
 37

..2543


3.4 Checklist
3.5 WHAT-IF Analysis
3.6 Hazard and Operability Studied (HAZOP)
3.7 Fault-Tree Analysis (FTA)
3.8 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
3.9 Event-Tree Analysis

(3.1)
 38

1 2
3 .. 2535

..2535
..2535
..2512 ()

4
1.


2.
3. (1) (2)
4.

-

1.
 39

2 (..2535)
1: 2 :
3 : 4
5 :
3 (..2535) : 2

6
(..2535) : 8 (..2535) :
4 (..2514) 11 :



.. 2545
14 (..2530) :


25 (..2531) :
18 (..2528)
.. 2512

.. 2548 .. 2548

1




 40

2.

02

(3.2)

1.
1.1 ,

1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
2.
2.1


2.2 ()




 41

3.
3.1 ( )

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5


/
8 7 19




2 (..2535) 1 ..2535
2 (..2512) 2
..2512
3.6
 42

2 (..2535) 2 ..2535
4 (..2514) ..2512
3.7


12
..2512

2 (..2512) 4
..2512

2 (..2512) 3 .. 2512

2
(..2512) 8 ,9 ,10 4 (..2514)
11 ..2512

3.8

..2548



/
 43

/ 500

18 2540
(..2528)
.. 2512


4 (..2514) 14 ..2512

4.


-

..2548

-
13 (..2525), 22 (..2528) 2
(..2539), 2 18 2540

5.


5.1
 44

5.2
5.3

5.4
()
5.5
5.6

1.
2.
()
3.
4. (
)
5.
(
)
6. .39

(4.1)

(Refrigerant) 2
 45

0.005
0.05

1.

1.
2.
( Hi Pressure Control)

3. (Check Valve)

(Evaporator)



4.

 46

1.

2.
3.


4.

5.

6. Back seat
7.

1. (Compressor)
1.1
1.2

1.3
1.4 ( 30% )
1.5
1.6
1.7
2. (Accumulator)
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4 Direct Expansion
 47

2.5 Run Dry

3.
3.1
3.2 ( 3 )
3.3
3.4
3.5
4.
4.1

4.2
4.3
4.4 Strainer
5.
5.1
5.2
(
)
6.
6.1

6.2 (
5% )

7.
7.1
7.2 Equalizer
 48

(4.2)

1 1.
(Compressor)
2.

3.
4.
5.


6.

7.
8.


9.

10. 0.7
11. 18
12.

 49

10%
13.

14.

15. -
16.
1.5

2 1.
(Condenser)

2. 300 /

250 /
Shell & Tube (
)
3. (Safety Valve)

120%

4.

5.



6.

 50

7.
3 1.
(Evaporator)

2. 150 /
250
/

3. (Safety Valve)

4.

5.

6.

7.
8.
1.
4

(Pressure

Vessels),
2.

250 /
(Expansion Valve)
300

/
(Suction, Discharge
and Liquid lines) 3.

4.
5.
 51

6.

7.
8.
87.5%
9.
250 /

0.40 /
10. -

11.

1.

2. 0.5 ../ /
3.
4. 1

5. (Eye Bath) (Safety Shower)
6.
 52

7.
1 /
1 /
8.
9.
10. -
11. Evaporative Condenser

12. -
13.
14. Dry Chemical

15.
16. (Material Safety Data Sheet : MSDS)
17.

................................................................................................................

1.
..................................................... .........................................................

().....................................................
- ................/2

-

-
 53

-

-

-
................
.

-
.................
.

- .........



.............................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................

2. (Pressure Vessel) .................. .................................................

H.P Receiver


....................................../2






 54

Inter-cooler .


....................................../2






Accumulator ..


....................................../2

.............................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................

3. (Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers)

......................................... ...................................................................................
................................./2


....................................../2


 55

4.

/
5. (Tube Side) (Valve)
(Valve)

6. (Refrigerant Pumps)


7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. 2
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

..............................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
 56

(4.3)

1. (Unsafe Acts)
2. (Unsafe Working Condition)

1. (Unsafe Act)
1.1
1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

2. (Unsafe Working Condition)

2.1
-

-
-

-

2.2
 57

-

-
-

1.
2.

3.
4.

5.
6.

7.

8.

9.
10.
(Explosion Proof)
11.
12. 1
13.
 58

1 1.
(Transformer) ()
2. (
)
3.
4.
5.
*(1)
6.

7.
8.
9.

2 1.
(Main Switch) 2.

3. (Breaker)
4.

5.
6. *(3)
7.
 59

8.

9.

10.
11.

3 1.
(Load Center) 2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

4 1.
(Wires and ()
Wire Way) 2.

3. (


4.
5.

6.
()
 60

7.
(Cable Tray) (Wire
Way)
8.

9.
5 10.
1.
2.
5.1 3.
(Breaker) 4.
5.
5.2 ,
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.3 5.
1.
2.
3.
4. (Over Load)
5.
6.

7.

8.
6
 61

(Grounding) 1.
2.

3.

4.

5.
6.
 62

(Incompatible Substances)

Substances Reactivity

ACIDS Violent reaction.

ALDEHYDES May undergo violent exothermic condensation.
ALKALIMETALS Forms explosive metal hydrazides.
ALKYLENE OXIDES May undergo violent exothermic condensation.
ALUMINUM May be corrosive.
AMIDES Possible violent reaction.
ARSINE Vigorous reaction with the liquid.
Incandescent reaction with release of hydrogen gas
BORON
when heated.
BORON HALIDES Violent reaction.
Exothermic reaction which may become
CALCIUM
incandescent.
CARBON MONOXIDE Forms explosive product with the liquid.
CHLORIC ACID Formation of explosive compound.
CHLORINE AZIDE Formation of explosive compound.
CHLORINE MONOXIDE Explosive mixture.
CHLORITES Forms shock-sensitive compound.
CHLOROFORMANIDINIUM NITRATE Violent reaction
 63

1-CHLORO-2,4-DINITROBENZENE Violent reaction with possible explosion.

2-CHLORONITROBENZENE Violent reaction.
CHLOROSILANE May form spontaneously flammable compound.
CHROMIUM TRIOXIDE(CHROMIC ANHYDRIDE) Exothermic oxidation with possibleincandescence.
CHROMYL CHLORIDE Incandescent reaction with possible ignition.
COATINGS Attacks.
COPPER May be corrosive.
DIAMMINEBORONIUM
Violent decomposition.
HEPTAHYDROTETRABORATE
DIBORANE Ignition.
1,2-DICHLOROETHANE May explode on contact with the liquified gas.
DIMETHYL SULFATE Violent reaction.
GERMANIUM DERIVATIVES Possible explosion.
HALOGENS Violent reaction with possible formation of explosive
compound.
HEAVEY METALS AND COMPOUNDS May form compounds which are explosive when dry.
HEXACHLOROMELAMINE Fire and explosion hazard.
HYDRAZINE Forms explosive metal hydrazides.
HYDROGEN BROMIDE Vigorous reaction.
HYPOCHLOROUS ACID Explodes on contact.
SODIUM Forms explosive product with the liquid.
SODIUM NITRITE Produces explosive, reactive solid.
STIBINE Explosion on heating.
SULFUR+COMPOUNDS May form explosive product.
TELLURIUM HALIDES Forms explosive compound.
 64

TETRAMETHYLAMMONIUM AMIDE Explosive decomposition

NH3(ppm)
5-9 - -
100 - - .
400 - - 1 .
500 - - .
700 - - .
1,720 - - .

5,000 -10,000 - -
(0.5-1%)

NH3(ppm) NH3

5,000 60
120
5,000 10-20 ,
50 40
280 36 . ,
100 3 .
680 90
 65

680 90
20 6

NH3(ppm) NH3
250 4
1,000 8

(TLV TWA)*
..................................................................................25 ppm (18 mg/m3)
............................................................................................25 ppm (18 mg/m3)
...........................................................................................50 ppm (35 mg/m3)
...........................................................................................25 ppm (18 mg/m3)
.............................................................................................25 ppm (18 mg/m3)
.................................................................................................50 ppm (35 mg/m3)

*
TLV TWA Threshold Limit Value Time Weighted Average
8 / 40 /


Hood
TLV
TWA*

. 358 2531
- . 255 2521 * (Safety relief device)
** (Fusible plug) ***(Reinforced
fusible plug)
 66

( ) 760
2
( ) 760

( ) 75

. 255 - 2521
*
(Safety relief device)

**
(Fusible plug)

74 C
***
(Reinforeed fusible plug)
74 C

() ()

>35 10
35 50 16
50 95 25
95 185 35
185 300 50
300 500 70
500 95
 67

() - ()
6-16 1.5
20-25 4
30-63 6
80-100 10
125-200 16
225-400 25
500 35
600-800 50
1,000 70
1,200-1,250 95
1,600-2,000 120
2,500 185
3,000-4,000 240
5,000-6,000 400
 68

- ..2535
..2535

- ..2535
2541
-
2547
-
2544