. .

2555

Iron: 1.7%
Pig Iron or Cast Iron: 2.5-4.0%
Wrought Iron 0.1%
Slag 1 2 %
Steel: 0.2%

Iron
Iron

Iron
Coalbrookdale Bridge
Iron bridge
.. 1779 (.. 2322)
Iron 190

Crystal Palace .. 1851 (.. 2394)
20 acres (80,937 ) 6

6
.. 1854 (.. 2397) Hyde Park Sydenham

.. 1936 (.. 2479)

 Iron 4,500 600,000 900,000
Simple System of Small Prefabrication Units
Simple System of Small Prefabrication Units
.. 1876 (.. 2419)
Gustav Eiffel

.. 1888 (.. 2431)

Eiffel Tower
984
Iron member 12,000
Rivet 2,500,000
26

 Iron Steel
.. 1856 (.. 2399) Henry
Bessemer Converter

Frederick Siemens
Regenerated
Furnance

Iron Industry
Steel Industry
 The Firth of Forth Scottland Steel Bridge
.. 1890 (.. 2433) Iron
Balanced Cantilever
 Empire State 1,250
 Empire State .. 1931 (.. 2474)


()
5 (.. 2453)
(..
2459)

()
 6

.. 2469

..
2575
150

..2497 .. 2502
Fuji Car Manufacting

..2497 .. 2499
Fuji Car Manufacting

Hong Kong Bank


Norman Foster
Ove Arup


The National Stadium, Beijing

China Central Television,
Head Quarter
Beijing National Aquatics Center


 Stuttgart,
Winged Victory: The Milwaukee Art Museum

Santiago Calatrava
Engineering design does not
mean calculating things;
that is just small part of it,
Engineering supplied the last
piece: with it I can solve the
entire problem by own self.
So finally the architect design
and the engineering design
became the same thing








(N, V, M, T)
The National Stadium, Beijing
Beijing National Aquatics Center

(Allowable Strength Design, ASD)
(Service State), Elastic Analysis
(Load and Resistance
Factor Design, LRFD)
(Limit State), Elastic Analysis
(Inelastic Design, ID)
(Collapse State), Inelastic Analysis

<=
 ()

 ()

BS EN
. 1227 JIS G3101 JIS G3106 JIS G3136 BS 4360 ASTM
1995 1995 1994 1986 10025 1997
2539
1986
SS400 SS400 43A A36
SS490 SS490 50A
SS540 SS540
SM400A SN400A 43B
SM400 S275JR A572 Gr.42
SM400B SN400B 43C
SM490B
A572 Gr.50
SM490 SM490 YA SN490B 50B S355JR
A992
SM490 YB 50C
SM520 SM520B
SM570 SM570
 Chemical Components

Elements Advantage Disadvantage

Carbon (C) Strength Reduce Ductility, Impact, Weldability
Silicon (Si) Strength Reduce Ductility and Impact
Strength
Manganese (Mn) Ductility Reduce Ductility and Impact
Impact

Reduce Workability and Impact

Phosphorus (P) Weather Resistance Cause Segregation during Solidification,
which affects Steel Performance

Reduce Impact
Sulfur (S) Machinability
Cause Lamilar Tear Cracking
Chemical Components

SS xxx
SM xxx
 ()

. 1228-2549

Material Chemical Composition (%) Mechanical Properties

Grade
C Si Mn P S Yield Tensile Elongation
Strength Strength (%)
Max Max Max Max Max N/mm2. N/mm . 2

HS 41 0.28 - - 0.048 0.048 235 402 23

HS 50 0.21 0.57 1.53 0.048 0.048 314 490 23
HS 51 0.33 0.37 0.33-1.03 0.048 0.048 353 500 15


Common Bolted Shear Connection

Double-Angle Connection
Flexible
Good Torsional Resistance
Excellent Axial Compression
Resistance

Field
Knife Bolt
connection
Shop Bolt
Common Bolted Shear Connection
Shear End-Plate Connection
For beam to be cut square at
ends (preferred by some
fabricators)
Fair Torsional Resistance
Good Axial Compression
Resistance
Common Bolted Shear Connection
Seated Beam Connection
Good for Beam-to-Column Web
Connection
Easy to Fabricate
Easy to Erect
Reduce Field Bolts

- Headroom / Clearance (especially

stiffened seated beam connection)
Common Bolted Shear Connection
Stiffened Seated Beam Connection

Beam Reaction
Common Bolted Shear Connection
Single Angle Connection
Cheap
Flexible especially skewed member

- Poor Torsional Resistance

- Poor Axial Compression Resistance
Common Bolted Shear Connection
Single Angle Connection
Similar Application to Single-
Plate Connection
Very Simple
Very Flexible

- Poor Torsional Resistance

- Poor Axial Compression
Resistance
Common Bolted Shear Connection
Tee Connection
Fair Torsional Resistance
Good Axial Compression
Resistance
Fast to Erect

- Expensive (Preparation of T)
- Poor Axial Tension Resistance
 (Forces in Welds)
Rn = () ( )
= (0.3 Fu) [(Effective Weld Throat) (Weld Length)]

L
Throat = a x cos45o
a = 0.707 a

a
Failure Plane
 Shear Connection Strength
Load and Resistance Factor Design Method

Block Shear Bearing

Gross Shear Net Shear


( )
(Prefabricated connectors)

 Gusset Plate
 ()
 K

Plastification of the chord face Chord punching shear

Brace failure Chord shear failure

Local buckling of the compression brace Local buckling of the chord


 Concourse
 Main Terminal Building
China Central Television,
Head Quarter
 BIM

 BIM