Bai Giang Nen Mong - DHBK Da Nang

Trng I HC BCH KHOA NNG Nhm chuyn mn CH-Nn Mng
B mn C s k thut Xy dng Bi ging Nn v Mng
CHNG I. MT S VN C BN TRONG THIT K NN MNG

1. CC KHI NIM C BN
1.1. Mng
Mng l b phn chu lc t thp nht, l Cu kin
kt cu cui cng ca nh hoc cng trnh. N bn trn
tip thu ti trng cng trnh v truyn ti trng Mt mong
ln nn t di y mng. C mong
G mong
1.2. Mt mng
hm
B mt mng tip xc vi cng trnh bn
Mong
trn (chn ct, chn tng) gi l mt mng. Mt
mng thng rng hn kt cu bn trn mt cht Nn ay mong
to iu kin cho vic thi cng cu kin bn
trn mt cch d dng.
1.3. G mng
b
Phn nh ra ca mng gi l g mng, g
mng c cu to phng sai lch v tr c
th xy ra khi thi cng cc cu kin bn trn, lc a
ny c th x dch cho ng thit k.
1.4. y mng Hnh 1.1 Nn v mng
B mt mng tip xc vi nn t gi l y mng. y mng thng rng hn
nhiu so vi kt cu bn trn. S d nh vy bi v chnh lch bn ti mt tip xc
mng - t rt ln (t 100 - 150 ln), nn m rng y mng phn b li ng sut
y mng trn din rng, gim c ng sut tc dng ln nn t.
* Khi nim v p lc y mng:
p lc do ton b ti trng cng trnh (bao gm c trng lng bn thn mng
v phn t trn mng), thng qua mng truyn N
xung t nn gi l p lc y mng.
NG
Cng thc: V tb (1.1)
axb
Trong :
N - Tng ti trng thng ng tnh n
hm
mt nh mng. G
tb
G - Trng lng ca vt liu mng v Vd
phn t nm trn mng. p
* Khi nim v phn lc nn:
Khi chu tc dng ca p lc y mng, Hnh 1.2: p lc y mng
v phn lc nn
nn t di y mng cng xut hin phn lc
nn, c cng tr s nhng ngc chiu vi p lc y mng.
NG
Cng thc: p V tb (1.2)
axb
Vic tnh ton phn lc nn c ngha rt ln cho vic tnh ton bn, n nh
ca mng sau ny.
nng 9/2006 CHNG I TRANG1

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1.5. Nn
Nn l phn t nm di y mng, tip thu ti trng t mng truyn xung.
Ngi ta phn nn lm hai loi:
+ Nn thin nhin: L nn khi xy dng cng trnh, khng cn bin php no
x l v mt vt l v c hc ca t.
+ Nn nhn to: L loi nn khi xy dng cn dng cc bin php no ci
thin, lm tng cng kh nng chu ti ca t nn.
1.6. ngha ca cng tc thit k nn mng
Khi tnh ton thit k v xy dng cng trnh, cn ch v c gng lm sao m
bo tho mn ba yu cu sau:
1- Bo m s lm vic bnh thng ca cng trnh trong qu trnh s dng.
2- Bo m cng ca tng b phn v ton b cng trnh.
3- Bo m thi gian xy dng ngn nht v gi thnh r nht.
Vi yu cu th nht th nu cng trnh c ln, hoc ln lch, hoc chuyn v
ngang qu ln th cng trnh khng th lm vic bnh thng, ngay c khi n cha b
ph hu.
Vi yu cu th hai: Cng cng trnh ngoi vic ph thuc vo cng
bn thn kt cu, mng, cn ph thuc rt ln vo cng ca t nn di y cng
trnh. Do vy cng tc kho st, thit k v tnh ton nn phi cht ch v chnh xc
m bo an ton cho cng trnh.
Vi yu cu th ba: th vic tnh ton, thit k v chn bin php thi cng hp l
c nh hng rt ln n thi gian thi cng cng trnh. Thng thng vic thi cng nn
mng thng mt nhiu thi gian, do vy yu cu ny cn c th hin tnh hp l v
cht ch.
Gi thnh xy dng nn mng thng chim 20-30% gi thnh cng trnh ( i
vi cng trnh dn dng). Vi cng trnh cu, thu li t l c th n 40-50%.
Kinh nghim thc tin cho thy hu ht cc cng trnh b s c u do gii
quyt cha tt cc vn v thit k nn mng Do vy, vic nghin cu, tnh ton,
thit k nn v mng mt cch ton din c ngha rt quan trng i vi ngi k s
thit k nn mng.
2. PHN LOI MNG V PHM VI S DNG

2.1. Phn loi theo vt liu:
Thng thng s dng cc loi vt liu lm mng nh sau: Gch, hc, ,
b tng, b tng ct thp
+ Mng gch: S dng cho cc loi mng m cng trnh c ti trng nh, nn
t tt, s dng ni c mc nc ngm su.
+ Mng hc: Loi lng ny c cng ln, s dng nhng vng c sn
vt liu.
+ Mng g: Cng nh, tui th t, t c s dng, thng s dng cho cc
cng trnh tm thi, hoc dng x l nn t yu.
+ Mng thp: t c s dng lm mng v thp d b g do nc trong t v
nc ngm xm thc.

+ Mng b tng v b tng ct thp: Cng cao, tui th lu, c s dng
rng ri trong xy dng cng trnh. Vi loi mng ny yu cu b tng Mc200.
2.2. Phn loi theo cch ch to mng:
Theo cch ch to mng ngi ta phn ra hai loi: mng ton khi v mng
lp ghp.
+ Mng ton khi: Thng s dng vt liu l b tng hc, b tng v b
tng ct thp, loi mng ny c s dng nhiu.
+ Mng lp ghp: Cc cu kin mng c ch to sn, sau mang n cng
trng lp ghp. Loi mng ny c c gii ho, cht lng tt tuy nhin t c
s dng v vic vn chuyn kh khn.
2.3. Phn loi theo c tnh tc dng ca ti trng:
Theo c tnh tc dng ca ti trng ngi ta phn thnh mng chu ti trng
tnh v mng chu ti trng ng:
+ Mng chu ti trng tnh: Mng nh, cng trnh chu ti trng tnh.
+ Mng chu ti trng ng: Mng cng trnh cu, mng my, mng cu trc
2.4. Phn loi theo phng php thi cng:
Theo phng php thi cng ngi ta phn thnh mng nng v mng su:
* Mng nng: L mng xy trn h mng o trn, sau lp li, su chn
mng t 1.23.5m.
Mng nng s dng cho cc cng trnh chu ti trng nh v trung bnh, t trn
nn t tng i tt (nn t yu th c th x l nn). Thuc loi mng nng ngi ta
phn ra cc loi sau:
+ Mng n: S dng di chn ct nh, ct in, m tr cu
+ Mng bng: S dng di cc tng chu lc, tng ph hoc cc hng ct,
mng cc cng trnh tng chn.
+ Mng bn (mng b): Thng s dng khi nn t yu, ti trng cng trnh
ln, hoc cng trnh c tng hm.
* Mng su: L loi mng khi thi cng khng cn o h mng hoc ch o
mt phn ri dng phng php no h, a mng xung su thit k. Thng
s dng cho cc cng trnh c ti trng ln m lp t tt nm tng su.
Mng su gm c cc loi sau:
+ Mng ging chm: l kt cu rng bn trong, v ngoi c nhim v chng
p lc t v p lc nc trong qa trnh h v to trng lng thng ma st. Sau khi
h n su thit k th ngi ta lp y (hoc mt phn) b tng v phn rng. S
thi cng mng ging chm t trng nh hnh v (1.3).
Vic ly t di y ging c th bng nhn cng o t v a ln trn,
ngoi ra c th dng vi xi p lc ln xi t v ht c t v nc ra ngoi, h
ging xung cao thit k.
* u im:
- Mng c kch thc ln, kh nng chu ti rt ln.
- Thi cng thit b n gin.
* Nhc im:
- Khng ph hp khi nc ngm ln hoc c nc mt.
- Nng sut khng cao.

-Thi gian thi cng lu.
Nhn xt: Mng ging chm ph hp khi xy dng mng cu ln v iu kin
thi cng ph hp. Tuy nhin cn cn nhc gia cc phng n mng su p ng
yu cu v tin thi cng v nng sut lao ng.
Thng ng
vt liu
1. c t u tin 2. o h ging 3. c t th 2
Hnh 1.3. S h ging chm
+ Mng ging chm hi p:
Khi gp iu kin a cht thu vn phc tp ngi ta thay mng ging chm
bng mng ging chm hi p. Nguyn tc lm vic ca n l dng kh nn vo bung
kn ca ging nh sc p ca kh m nc b y ra ngoi tao iu kin kh ro
cng nhn o t. S thi cng Ging chm hi p nh trn hnh (1.4).
Sau khi hon thnh cng tc to mt bng thi cng, li ct bng thp c lp
trc tip trn nn v ng v tr. Phn trong ca li ct c y ct v cng tc
b tng khoang lm vic c thc hin. Vic lp t cc thit b v b tng tng
cho Ging cng vi cng tc o t c thc hin ng thi. Sau khi hon thnh
cng vic thi cng tng ging, np Ging (sn trn) c xy dng v pha trong
khoang lm vic c bm y b tng. Kh nng chu ti ca t trc tip di
y ca Ging c khng nh bng th nghim kim tra kh nng chu ti bng tm
nn, thc hin trong lng khoang thc hin.
Thep li ct
1. Chun b mt bng thi cng 2. Lp t li ct bng thep
Thung cha t
Khoang vt liu
Cu banh xch Khoang ngi

Li ngi Li ngi ln xung
ln xung
May nen kh
3. b tng ln th nht 4. Cng tac ao t va lp t kt cu May ao chuyn dung

May bm b tng Thep ng cho tru
B tng san trn
Chen b tng khoang lam vic B tng khoang lam vic
5. b tng khoang lam vic 6. B tng san trn
Hnh 1.4 Trnh t h mng Ging chm hi p
nh gi u nhc im:
* u im:
- Vng chc, chu ti ln
- t nh hng n mi trng.
- Hiu qu kinh t cao.
- Thi gian thi cng ngn.
- tin cy cao.
* Nhc im:
Vic thi cng mng nh hng nhiu n sc kho ca cng nhn khi o ging
trong iu kin p sut cao. Cn nghin cu pht huy nhng u nhc im v hn
ch thp nht nh hng n sc khe ngi lao ng, c th
ch to robot o trong ging l hp l nht, va hiu qu va
khng nh hng n sc khe con ngi.
Nhn xt: Vi nhng u khuyt im nh trn, mng ging
chm hi p ph hp khi lm mng cho cc cng trnh cu ln,
cc tr thp cu dy vng, cu treo dy vng nhp ln, ng cc
m neo cu treo chu lc nh ln Tuy nhin cn khc phc
nh hng n sc khe ngi lao ng nh nu.
+ Mng cc: Gm cc cc ring r, h xung t v ni vi
nhau bng i cc.
Mng cc s dng cc loi vt liu nh: G, thp, b
tng v b tng ct thp.
Thng s dng cho cc cng trnh chu ti trng ln,
cng trnh trn nn t yu nh m tr cu, cu cng, b k
Thuc loi mng cc c nhiu loi, y da vo phng
php thi cng ta chia thnh cc loi sau: (i vi cc b tng Hnh 1.5: Mng
ct thp) cc trong tr cu
x Cc b tng ct thp c sn: Loi cc ny c ch to

sn trn cc bi c, tit din t 20x20cm n 40x40cm,sau h cc bng
phng php ng hoc p.
x Cc b tng ct thp ti ch (cc khoan nhi): Dng my khoan to l sau
a lng thp vo v nhi b tng vo l. Cc c ng knh nh nht
d=60cm, ln nht c th t d=2.5m.Chiu su h cc n hn 100m.
3. KHI NIM V TNH TON NN MNG THEO TRNG THI

GII HN
3.1. Khi nim v trng thi gii hn:
Trng thi gii hn l trng thi ng vi khi cng trnh khng iu kin s
dng bnh thng (vng qu ln, bin dng ln, nt qu phm vi cho php, mt n
nh) hoc b ph hon ton.
Theo quy phm mi, vic tnh ton nn mng theo 3 trng thi gii hn (TTGH)
+ Trng thi gii hn1: Tnh ton v cng n nh ca nn v mng.
+ Trng tha gii hn 2: Tnh ton v bin dng,ln ca nn mng.
+ Trng thi gii hn 3: Tnh ton v s hnh thnh v pht trin khe nt (ch s
dng cho tnh ton kt cu mng).
3.2. Khi nim v tnh ton mng theo TTGH:
Nh mi kt cu chu lc khc, kt cu mng c th phi tnh ton thit k theo
ba trng thi gii hn: trng thi gii hn th nht, th hai v th ba.
Ngoi ra, v mng lm vic chung vi nn cho nn c th xy ra mt dng ph
hng khc l mng b lt hoc trt trn nn. Khi b mt n nh nh th, mng
khng cn lm vic c na,cng trnh b b hng mt d bn thn mng khng t
ti TTGH no trong 3 TTGH k trn. Do vy khc vi kt cu chu lc khc, ngoi 3
TTGH thng thng, mng cn c th tnh theo TTGH v n nh (lt v trt) trn
nn.
- Nhng mng chu ti trng ngang ln m lc thng ng nh (Nh cc tng
chn t, mng neo) th phi tnh theo TTGH v n nh trn nn.
- Mng bn y ca cc b cha vt liu lng, mng t trong mi trng c
tnh n mn mnh phi tnh theo TTGH3.
- Nhng mng dng tm mng, bin dng ln th phi tnh theo TTGH2.
- Tt c cc loi mng u phi tnh ton theo TTGH1. i vi mng ca hu
ht cc nh Dn dng v Cng nghip th ch cn thit k v tnh ton theo TTGH1 m
thi.
3.3. Khi nim v tnh ton nn theo TTGH
Khng nh nhng kt cu chu lc lm bng nhng vt liu khc, nn t ch c
hai TTGH: Trng thi gii hn th nht (v cng ) v TTGH th hai (v bin
dng). TTGH th ba v s hnh thnh v pht trin khe nt) khng c ngha i vi
nn t.
3.3.1. Tnh ton nn theo TTGH1:
Theo TCXD 45-70, i vi cc loi nn sau:
- Cc nn t st rt cng, ct rt cht, t na v .(1)

- Cc nn t mng thng xuyn chu ti trng ngang vi tr s ln (Tng
chn, chn)
- Cc nn trong phm vi mi dc ( trn hay ngay di mi dc) hoc lp t
mm phn b rt dc th phi tnh ton thit k theo TTGH1.
- Cc nn t thuc loi st yu bo ha nc v than bn.
Cc nn t (1) ch bin dng rt nh di tc dng ca ti trng cng trnh,
ngay c khi ti trng t n ti trng cc hn ph hng nn t th bin dng vn cn
b. Do vy nhng loi nn ny khi chu tc dng ca ti trng, s dn ti TTGH1 trc
khi xut hin TTGH2.
Cng thc kim tra:
)
Nd (1.3)
K at
Trong : N - Ti trng ngoi tc dng ln nn trong trng hp bt li nht.
) - Sc chu ti ca nn theo phng ca lc tc dng.
Kat H s an ton, ph thuc loi nn v tnh cht ca ti trng, cng
trnh, do c quan thit k quy nh.
3.3.2. Tnh ton nn theo TTGH2
Vic tnh ton nn theo TTGH2 c p dng cho tt c cc loi nn tr cc
loi nn nu (1). Mc ch ca vic tnh ton l khng ch bin dng tuyt i v
chuyn v ngang ca nn khng vt qu gii hn cho php, m bo iu kin lm
vic bnh thng ca cng trnh.
Cc iu kin: S < [S]
S < [S] (1.4)
U < [U]
Trong : S, S, U - chuyn v ln, ln lch v chuyn v ngang do ti trng gy ra.
[S], [S],[U] - chuyn v ln, ln lch v chuyn v ngang gii hn.
3.4. Cc loi ti trng v t hp ti trng
3.4.1. Cc loi ti trng
3.4.1.1. Ti trng thng xuyn v ti trng tm thi
Ti trng thng xuyn: L ti trng tc dng trong sut thi gian thi cng v
s dng cng trnh: Trng lng bn thn kt cu, p lc t, p lc nc
Ti trng tm thi: Ch xut hin trong mt thi k no trong thi cng hoc
s dng cng trnh, sau gim dn hoc mt hn.
Tu theo thi gian tn ti, ngi ta phn ti trng tm thi thnh:
+ Ti trng tm thi tc dng lu di (di hn): Trng lng thit b, vt liu
cha
+ Ti trng tm thi tc dng ngn hn: Trng lng ngi, xe my thi cng, ti
trng gi, p lc sng
+ Ti trng tm thi c bit: Xut hin trong trng hp rt c bit khi thi
cng hoc khi s dng cng trnh (ng t, s c cng trnh)
3.4.1.2. Ti trng tiu chun v ti trng tnh ton
Ti trng tc dng ln cng trnh c phn thnh ti trng tiu chun v ti
trng tnh ton:

+ Ti trng tiu chun: L ti trng ln nht, khng gy tr ngi, lm h hng
v khng lm nh hng n s lm vic bnh thng khi s dng cng nh khi sa
cha cng trnh.
+ Ti trng tnh ton: Ti trng xt n kh nng c th xy ra s khc nhau
gia ti trng thc v ti trng tiu chun v pha khng c li cho s lm vic bnh
thng ca cng trnh.
Ti trng tnh ton c xc nh bng cch nhn ti trng tiu chun vi h s
vt ti tng ng:
Ntt = n. Ntc (1.5)
Vi n l h s vt ti, ly nh sau:
Trng lng bn thn cc loi vt liu: n=1,1.
Trng lng cc lp t p, lp cch m cch nhit n=1,2.
Trng lng cc thit b k thut (k c trng lng vt liu cha trong thit b
khi n hot ng) ly n=1,2.
Trng lng thit b vn chuyn:n=1,3.
3.4.2. Cc t hp ti trng
Khi tnh ton cn xt cc t hp ti trng sau:
+ T hp ti trng chnh: (t hp c bn): Bao gm cc ti trng thng xuyn,
cc ti trng tm thi di hn v mt trong cc ti trng tm thi ngn hn.
+ T hp ti trng ph: (T hp b sung): Bao gm cc ti trng thng xuyn,
cc ti trng tm thi di hn v hai hoc nhiu hn hai ti trng tm thi ngn hn.
+ T hp ti trng c bit: Bao gm cc ti trng thng xuyn, cc ti trng
tm thi di hn, mt s ti trng tm thi ngn hn v ti trng c bit.
* Vic tnh ton nn mng theo bin dng tin hnh vi t hp chnh (t hp c
bn) ca cc ti trng tiu chun.
* Vic tnh ton nn mng theo cng v n nh tin hnh vi t hp chnh,
t hp ph hoc t hp c bit ca cc ti trng tnh ton.
3.5. Cc h s tnh ton
Khi tnh ton nn mng theo trng thi gii hn, ngi ta thng dng cc h s
sau y:
+ H s vt ti n: Dng xt ti s sai khc c th xy ra ca ti trng trong
qu trnh thi cng v s dng cng trnh. Tu loi cng trnh m ngi ta quy nh h
s vt ti l bao nhiu. Tu theo tnh cht tc dng ca ti trng tc ng ln cng
trnh m n c th ln hn hoc b hn 1.
+ H s ng nht K: Dng xt ti kh nng phn tn cng ca t ti
cc im khc nhau trong nn do tnh cht phn tn v cc ch tiu c hc gy ra. V
t c tnh ng nht km nn K thng b hn 1.
+ H s iu kin lm vic m: Dng xt ti iu kin lm vic thc t ca
nn t. Tu iu kin c th m m c th ln hn hoc b hn 1. H s iu kin lm
vic xc nh theo cc s liu thc nghim.

4. CC TI LIU CN THIT THIT K NN MNG

Trc khi thit k nn mng ca cng trnh no , ngi thit k phi c cc
ti liu c bn sau y:
4.1. Cc ti liu v a cht cng trnh v a cht thu vn
Ni dung ca cc ti liu ny bao gm:
- Bn a hnh, a mo ni xy dng cng trnh, quy m, v tr cc cng
trnh xy trc lm c s chn phng n mng hoc x l nu c.
- Cc ti liu khoan a cht, hnh tr l khoan, mt ct a cht, cu trc a
tng, ngun gc, chiu cao mc nc ngm, kt qu kho st bin ng ca nc ngm
- Kt qu th nghim nh gi cc tnh cht ca nc ngm, trnh tc ng
xu n nn mng sau ny.
Kt qu th nghim cc ch tiu c hc, vt l ca cc lp t: Thnh phn ht,
dung trng, t trng, m gii hn chy, m gii hn do, h s thm, gc ni ma
st, lc dnh, cc kt qu th nghim ct, nn, kt qu th nghim xuyn ng SPT, kt
qu th nghim xuyn tnh CPT, ct cnh, CBR .v.v. lm c s, nn tng quyt nh
phng n mng.
4.2. Cc s liu v cng trnh v ti trng
- Hnh dng, kch thc y cng trnh.
- c im cu to ca cng trnh (cng trnh c tng hm hay khng, c b tr
h thng ng nc, ng cp, ng hm ni gia cc cng trnh ln cn hay khng).
- Cc ti liu v chi tit cc cng trnh bn trn v cc ti trng tc dng, c th
nh sau:
+ Trng lng bn thn: Tnh t kch thc hnh hc ca cc kt cu truyn
xung.
+ Trng lng cc thit b cha hoc thit b thi cng.
+ p lc t, p lc nc.
+ p lc gi, cng , hng gi.
+ p lc sng.
+ p lc thm.
+ Lc va ca tu b.
+ Ti trng chn ng v cp ng t ca tng vng nu c.
5 XUT SO SNH V CHN PHNG N MNG

5.1. Chn chiu su chn mng N
M
Vic chn chiu su chn mng l khu c Q
bn nht trong cng tc thit k nn mng.
su hm k t mt t thin nhin ti y
mng gi l su chn mng
hm
Vic la chn chiu su chn mng sao

cho hp l n ph thuc vo cc yu t c bn
sau: Hnh 1.6: Chiu su chn mng
5.1.1. iu kin a cht v a cht thu vn
y l yu t nh hng nhiu nht n

vic chn chiu su chn mng, trong xc nh v tr lp t chu lc l quan trng
nht. Lp t chu lc l lp t tt tip xc trc tip vi y mng.
Theo Gs Berezantex, nhng lp t sau y khng nn dng lm lp t chu
lc: t ct ri, t st nho, st cha nhiu hu c hoc st c h s rng e> 1,1; st
c e>1,0; hoc ct c e>0,7.
xt nh hng ca iu kin a cht ni xy dng, ta xt mt vi s in
hnh nh sau:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
t yu t yu t tt
t tt
t yu
t tt
t
tt
Hnh 1.7: Cc s in hnh ca nn t khi chn su chn mng

- S a: Trng hp ny chiu su chn mng ch yu do tnh ton quyt
nh, tuy nhin khng t mng trong lp t trng trt v nn t nh mng thp hn
mt t t nhin 25 - 30cm trnh va chm.
- S b: Trng hp ny su chn mng ph thuc ch yu vo phng
php x l nn.
- S c: Nu lp t yu mng th t mng vo lp t tt 25 - 30 cm cn
nu lp t yu dy th tr li s b.
- S d: Nu lp t tt dy th c th t mng, nhng phi m bo chiu
su t tt di y mng, nu lp t tt mng th tr li s b hoc c.
* Ch : Khi chn chiu su chn mng theo cc iu kin a cht thu vn
phi tun theo cc quy tc sau y:
1- Chn lp t chu lc ca nn ph thuc vo v tr cc lp t, trng thi vt
l ca chng, phng php xy dng mng, tr s ln gii hn v s n nh ca
nn.
2- Phi t y mng vo lp t tt chu lc t 15-20cm.
3- Khng nn di y mng c mt lp t mng nu tnh nn ln ca lp
t ln hn nhiu so vi tnh nn ln ca lp t nm di.
4- Nn t mng cao hn mc nc ngm gi nguyn kt cu ca t v
khng phi tho nc khi thi cng.
5- Khi chiu su chn mng thp hn mc nc ngm (c k n s ln xung
ca n) th phi gii quyt gi nguyn kt cu t trong nn khi o h mng v xy
mng.
5.1.2. nh hng ca tr s v c tnh ca ti trng
Nu ti trng cng trnh ln th nn tng chiu su chn mng mng ta ln
cc lp t cht hn nm di v gim ln.

Khi mng chu ti trng nh (hng ln) hoc ti trng ngang, momen ln (lch
tm ln) th yu cu phi ngm su mng n sau thch hp m bo n nh cho
mng.
5.1.3. nh hng ca c im cu to cng trnh
Khi chn chiu su chn mng, cn phi k n c im ca nh v cng trnh
(nh c tng hm, c ho, h, c ng lin lc ngm ) cng cn ch n vic t
ng dn nc bn trong cng nh gn nh v cng trnh.
5.1.4. nh hng ca mng cc cng trnh ln cn
Thng thng ngi ta chn chiu su chn mng ngang vi cao trnh y ca
cc mng chnh ca nh v cng trnh ln cn. Ch c php t cao hn khi m bo
gi c kt cu ca t nm trn chiu su chn mng ca nh hoc cng trnh ln
cn.
Nguyn tc chung ca cc gii php k thut nhm khc phc nhng tc ng
xu ca mng mi tc ng ln mng nh hoc cng trnh c l hn ch n mc thp
nht cc p lc t mng nh mi tc dng ln mng nh c k bn.
Mt s gii php t mng:
Mong cu Mong mi Ging mong

gi cn bng
Mong cu
ly=1,0-1,2m
Mong mi
Mong cu Mong mi
hi=0,5-0,6m
Tng c
Hnh 1.8: Mt s gii php t mng khi c mng cng trnh ln cn
5.1.6. nh hng ca bin php thi cng mng

Tu theo phng php thi cng m kt cu ca t nn c th b ph hoi. Nu
bin php thi cng khng m bo gi nguyn c kt cu t nn khi o h mng
di mc nc ngm th phi ly chiu su chn mng ti thiu cho php v din tch
y mng tng n tr s ln nht.
Khi bin php thi cng m bo gi nguyn c kt cu t nn (ht nc
tng su, dng ging chm hi p) th cho php mng c din tch y mng b nht,
t su tng i ln.

5.2. xut, so snh v chn phng n mng.

Cng nh i vi nhiu cng trnh khc, khi thit k nn mng, nhim v ca
ngi thit k phi chn phng n tt nht c v kinh t v k thut.
Thng thng vi nhim v thit k cho, vi cc ti liu v a cht cng
trnh, a cht thu vn, ti trng, ... ngi thit k c th ra nhiu phng n nn
mng khc nhau nh :
- Phng n lm nng trn nn thin nhin.
- Phng n mng nng trn nn nhn to.
- Phng n mng cc.
- Phng n mng ging chm, ...
Mi phng n ln c th xut nhiu phng n nh v d phng n mng
nng c th l: mng n, mng bng hay mng b; phng n mng cc c th l :
cc di, ngn, cc ng, cc p, cc nhi, ... v mi phng n nh cng c th c
nhiu phng n nh hn, khc nhau v hnh dng, kch thc v cch b tr.
Tuy nhin tu loi cng trnh, c im, qui m v tnh cht v do kinh nghim
ca ngi thit k m ngi ta c th xut ra mt vi phng n hp l so snh
v la chn phng n ph hp nht.
Khi thit k s b so snh phng n ngi ta da vo ch tiu kinh t
quyt nh (dng tng gi thnh xy dng nn mng ).
Khi thit k k thut th ngi ta kt hp c hai ch tiu kinh t v k thut ng
thi vi iu kin v thi gian thi cng quyt nh phng n.
Vic so snh la chn phng n nn mng l mt cng vic kh khn v quan
trng. Mun gii quyt tt cng vic ny, ngi thit k phi nm vng nhng l
thuyt tnh ton trong C hc t v Nn mng kt hp vi kinh nghim tch lu trong
qu trnh thit k v thi cng xut v la chn phng n ti u nht v nn
mng ca cng trnh xy dng.

CHNG II: MNG NNG TRN NN THIN NHIN

1. KHI NIM CHUNG
1.1. nh ngha
Mng nng l nhng mng xy trn h o trn, sau lp li, chiu su chn
mng khong di 2y3m, trong trng hp c bit c th su n 5m.
So vi cc loi mng su, mng nng c nhng u im:
+ Thi cng n gin, khng i hi cc thit b thi cng phc tp. Vic thi cng
mng nng c th dng nhn cng o mng, mt s trng hp vi s lng mng
nhiu, hoc chiu su kh ln c th dng cc my mc tng nng sut v gim thi
gian xy dng nn mng.
+ Mng nng c s dng rng ri trong cc cng trnh xy dng va v nh,
gi thnh xy dng nn mng t hn mng su.
+ Trong qu trnh tnh ton b qua s lm vic ca t t y mng tr ln.
1.2. Phn loi mng nng
1.2.1. Da vo c im ca ti trng
Da vo tnh hnh tc dng ca ti trng ngi ta phn thnh :
+ Mng chu ti trng ng tm.
+ Mng chu ti trng lch tm.
+ Mng cc cng trnh cao (thp nc, ng khi,...).
+ Mng thng chu lc ngang ln (tng chn, p nc, ...).
+ Mng ch yu chu ti trng thng ng, m men nh.
1.2.2. Da vo cng ca mng
+ Mng tuyt i cng: Mng c cng rt ln (xem nh bng v cng) v
bin dng rt b (xem nh gn bng 0), thuc loi ny c mng gch, , b tng.
+ Mng mm: Mng c kh nng bin dng cng cp vi t nn (bin dng
ln, chu un nhiu), mng BTCT c t l cnh di/ngn > 8 ln thuc loi mng mm.
+ Mng cng hu hn: Mng B tng ct thp c t l cnh di/cnh ngn < 8
ln. Vic tnh ton mi loi mng khc nhau, vi mng mm th tnh ton phc tp
hn.
1.2.3. Da vo cch ch to
Da vo cch ch to, ngi ta phn thnh mng ton khi v mng lp ghp.
+ Mng ton khi: Mng c lm bng cc vt liu khc nhau, ch to ngay
ti v tr xy dng (mng ti ch).
+ Mng lp ghp: Mng do nhiu khi lp ghp ch to sn ghp li vi nhau
khi thi cng mng cng trnh.
1.2.4. Da vo c im lm vic
Theo c im lm vic, c cc loi mng nng c bn sau :
+ Mng n: di dng ct hoc dng bn, c dng di ct hoc tng kt
hp vi dm mng.
+ Mng bng di ct chu p lc t hng ct truyn xung, khi hng ct phn
b theo hai hng th dng my ng bng giao thoa.
+ Mng bng di tng: l phn ko di xung t ca tng chu lc v
tng khng chu lc.
nng 9/2006 CHNG II TRANG 13

+ Mng bn, mng b : mng dng bn BTCT nm di mt phn hay ton b
cng trnh.
+ Mng khi: l cc mng cng dng khi n nm di ton b cng trnh.
Theo cch phn loi ny ta s nghin cu cu to chi tit ca mt s loi thng gp.
2. CU TO CC LOI MNG NNG THNG GP

2.1. Mng n.
Mng n c ch to, kin thit di chn ct nh dn dng nh cng nghip,
di tr dm tng, mng m tr cu, mng tr in, thp ng ten, ...
Mng n c kch thc khng ln lm, mng thng c y hnh vung, ch
nht, trn, ... trong dng ch nht c s dng rng ri nht.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Hnh 2.1: Mt s loi mng n

a. Mng n di ct nh: gch, xy, b tng, ...
b. Mng n di ct: b tng hoc b tng ct thp.
c. Mng n di tr cu.
d. Mng n di chn tr in, thp ng ten.
Thuc loi mng n, ta xt cu to chi tit cc loi sau
2.1.1. Mng n di tng
Mng n di tng
4 5
c p dng hp l khi p lc do
tng truyn xung c tr s nh
3
hoc khi nn t tt v c tnh nn 2
ln b.
1
Cc mng ny t cch
nhau t 3y6m dc theo tng v
t di cc tng gc nh, ti Hnh 2.2: Cu to mng n di tng
cc tng ngn chu lc v ti cc 1. Bn mng, m mng;2. Ct truyn lc bng
ch c ti trng tp trung trn cc b tng; 3. Dm mng; 4. Lp lt tng;
mng n, ngi ta t cc dm 5. Tng nh.
mng (dm ging).
2.1.2. Mng n di ct v di tr
Mng n di ct lm bng hc nh hnh (2.3a). Mng b tng v b tng
hc cng c dng tng t. Nu trn mng b tng hoc mng hc l ct thp
hoc b tng ct thp th cn phi cu to b phn t ct, b phn ny c tnh
ton theo cng ca vt liu xy mng.
Cc mng n lm bng gch xy loi ny, khi chu tc dng ca ti trng
(Hnh 2.3b) ti y mng xut hin phn lc nn, phn lc ny tc dng ln y mng,
v phn mng cha ra khi chn ct hoc bc b un nh dm cng xn, ng thi
mng c th b ct theo mt phng qua mp ct.
D
l

h
r
(a) (b)
Hnh 2.3a: Cu to mng n bng hc Hnh 2.3b: S lm vic ca mng
1. ng truyn ng sut; 2. Gc m D
Do vy t s h/l (gia chiu cao v rng ca bc mng) phi ln khi phn lc
nn r ln v cng vt liu nh. Mt bin ca mng phi nm ngoi h thng ng
truyn ng sut trong khi mng. Do vy quy nh mng cng hay mng mm,
ngi ta da vo gc D .
i vi mng cng D phi b hn D max no , ngha l t s h/l khng c
nh hn cc tr s sau :
p lc trung bnh di y mng
d
P 1,5kG/cm2 P > 1,5kG/cm2
Loi mng Mc B tng
< 100 t 100 100 t 100
Mng bng 1,5 1,35 1,75 1,5
Mng n 1,65 1,5 2,0 1,65
Mng hc & p lc trung bnh di y mng
BT hc khi
P d 2,5kG/cm2 P > 2,5kG /cm2
mc va
50 y 100 1,25 1,5
10 y 35 1,5 1,75
4 1,75 2,00
Trng hp t ct thp bc cui cng th t s h/l ca cc bc pha trn phi

<1 (tc D max = 450 ).
Chiu cao bc mng: Mng b tng hc h b t 30 , mng gch xy th
h b 35 y 60 cm.
* Vi mng n b tng ct thp th khng cn khng ch t s h/l m cn c
vo kt qu tnh ton xc nh chiu cao, kch thc hp l ca mng v ct thp.

Thuc loi mng n b tng ct thp c th ngi ta dng mng n BTCT
ti ch khi m dng kt cu lp ghp khng hp l hoc khi ct truyn ti trng ln.
Mng b tng ct thp ti ch c th c cu to nhiu bc vt mng.
30d
30d
50
25-30cm
50
25-30cm
H
100 b<3000 100 100 b<3000 100 100 b<3000 100
Thep cu lp
Thep cu lp
Thep cu lp
75 75 75 75 200 75 2 8
bc 200 va<0,75ht bc 200 va<0,75ht bc 6a200
Nhi btng ct liu nho
Mac >200
ht
ht
>200
>200
>200
100
50
50
50
>200
>200
>200
100
50 b 50 50 b 50 50 b 50
50 50 Lp va ximng Mac 50 50 50 Lp va ximng Mac 50 50 50 Lp va ximng Mac 50
Hnh 2.4 Cu to mt s mng n BTCT ti ch
Di cc mng b tng ct thp, thng ngi ta lm mt lp m si c ti

cc cht dnh kt en hoc va xi mng, hoc bng b tng mc thp hoc b tng gch
v. Lp m ny c cc tc dng sau:
+ Trnh h xi mng thm vo t khi b tng.
+ Gi ct thp v ct pha v tr xc nh, to mt bng thi cng.
+ Trnh kh nng b tng ln vi t khi thi cng b tng.
- Mng n b tng ct thp lp ghp di ct c cu to bng mt hoc nhiu
khi, gim trng lng, ngi ta lm cc khi rng hoc khi c sn vic cu
lp thi cng d dng.
I-I
I I-I
3
a b
I 1. Ban
1
2. Sn I I
3. Ngam b tng 2
4. Ct
3
Hnh 2.5: Cu to mng lp ghp

2.2. Mng bng v mng bng giao thoa

Mng bng l loi mng c chiu di rt ln so vi chiu rng, mng bng cn
c gi l mng dm, c kin thit di tng nh, mng tng chn, di dy
ct.
2.2.1. Mng bng di tng
Mng bng di tng c ch to ti ch bng khi xy hc, b tng
hc hoc b tng hoc bng cch lp ghp cc khi ln v cc panen b tng ct thp.
Mng ti ch ti dng nhng ni m vic lp ghp cc khi l khng hp l.
Hnh 2.6: Cu to mng bng di tng bng xy hoc BTCT

Mng bng di tng lp ghp:
Cu to gm hai phn chnh: m v tng.
m mng bao gm cc khi m, cc khi ny thng khng lm rng v
c thit k nh hnh sn. Cc khi m c t lin nhau hoc vi nhau gi l m
khng lin tc. Khi dng cc khi m khng lin tc s lm gim c s lng cc
khi nh hnh nhng s lm tr s p lc tiu chun tc dng ln nn t tng ln mt
t.
Tng mng c cu to bng cc khi tng rng hoc khng rng v c
thit k nh hnh sn.
a,b - m mong
a) b) c,d - Tng mong
a
a
h
h
Tng
b b
c) d)
I I I-I
Khi tng mong
h
l II
II - II
II
b
I I m mong
b.
Hnh 2.7: Cu to mng bng lp ghp
2.2.2. Mng bng di ct

Mng bng di ct c dng khi ti trng ln, cc ct t gn nhau nu
dng mng n th t nn khng kh nng chu lc hoc bin dng vt qu tr s
cho php.
Dng mng bng b tng ct thp t di hng ct nhm mc ch cn bng
ln lch c th xy ra ca cc ct dc theo hng ct .
Khi dng mng bng di ct khng m bo iu kin bin dng hoc sc
chu ti ca nn khng th ngi ta dng mng bng giao thoa nhau cn bng
ln theo hai hng v tng din chu ti ca mng, gim p lc xung nn t.
Trong cc vng c ng t nn dng mng bng di ct tng s n nh v
cng chung c tng ln. Mng bng di ct c ti ch. Vic tnh ton
mng bng di ct tin hnh nh tnh ton dm trn nn n hi.
a. Mong bng di ct b. Mong bng giao thoa
Hnh 2.8: Mng bng di ct v mng bng giao thoa

Nhi va Ximng t m cht
L
C
a
0 -8 L
00
C= C
a
40
L
b b
Hnh 2.9: Mng bng lp ghp

I II
I II
I-I II-II
Hnh 2.10: Cu to chi tit mng bng BTCT

2.3. Mng b
L mng b tng ct thp lin khi, c kch thc ln, di ton b cng
trnh hoc di n nguyn c ct ra bng khe ln.
Mng b c dng cho nh khung, nh tng chu lc khi ti trng ln hoc
trn t yu nu dng phng n mng bng hoc mng bng giao thoa vn khng
m bo yu cu k thut. Mng b hay c dng cho mng nh, thp nc, xil,
bunke b nc, b bi...
Khi mc nc ngm cao, chng thm cho tng hm ta c th dng phng n
mng b,lc mng b lm theo nhim v ngn nc v chng li p lc nc ngm.
Mng b c th lm dng bn phng hoc bn sn.
a) b)
A-A B-B
A A B B
c) d)
C-C D-D
C C D D
Hnh 2.11: a) Mng b bn phng; b) Mng b bn phng c gia cng

m ct; c) Mng b bn sn di ; d) Mng b bn sn trn
Loi mng bn c th dng khi bc ct khng qu 9m, ti trng tc dng
xung mi ct khng qu 100T, b dy bng ly khong 1/6 bc ct.
Khi ti trng ln v bc ct ln hn 9m th dng bn c sn tng cng
ca mng, b dy ly khong 1/8-1/10 bc ct, sn ch nn lm theo trc cc dy
ct .
Mng b s dng c kh nng gim ln v ln khng u, phn phi li ng
sut u trn nn t, thng dng khi nn t yu v ti trng ln.
Vic tnh ton mng bn (mng b) c tnh nh bn trn nn n hi. Cc
mng B tng ct thp dng hp dng di nh nhiu
tng cng thuc loi mng ny.
Cc mng ny gm hai bn (trn v di) v
cc sn tng giao nhau ni cc bn li thnh
mt kt cu thng nht E-E
2.4. Mng v: E E
Mng v c nghin cu v p dng cho cc

cng trnh nh b cha cc loi cht lng (du, ho
cht...), nh tng chu lc..
Mng v l loi mng kinh t vi chi ph vt
liu ti thiu, c th chu c ti trng ln, tuy nhin
Hnh 2.12: Mng hp
vic tnh ton kh phc tp.
3 XC NH KCH THC Y MNG THEO IU KIN P LC

TIU CHUN CA NN T
3.1. Xc nh p lc tiu chun ca nn t
Nh ta bit trong l thuyt C hc t: Nu ti trng tc dng trn nn nh
hn mt gii hn xc nh ( Pgh1 ) th bin dng ca nn t ch l bin dng nn cht, tc
l s gim th tch l rng khi b nn cht, tt dn theo thi gian v nhng kt qu thc
nghim cho thy gia ng sut v bin dng c quan h bc nht vi nhau.
Nu ti trng tc dng ln nn tip tc tng vt qua tr s Pgh1 th trong nn t
hnh thnh cc vng bin dng do do cc ht t trt ln nhau, th tch t khng i
v khng nn cht thm. Lc ny quan h gia ng sut v bin dng chuyn sang
quan h phi tuyn.
N
M
1 2
Q Pgh p(kG/cm) Thi gian T
Giai oan
bin dang deo
p Giai oan
nen cht
z=b/4
Vung bin dang deo S(mm) S(mm)
Hnh 2.13

thit k nn theo trng thi gii hn v bin dng th trc ht phi khng
ch ti trng t ln nn khng c ln qu mt tr s quy nh Pgh1 m bo mi
quan h bc nht gia ng sut v bin dng, t mi xc nh c bin dng ca
nn v tt c cc phng php tnh ln u da vo gi thit nn bin dng tuyn tnh.
Ti trng quy nh gii hn ( Pgh1) gi l ti trng tiu chun, hay p lc tiu
chun ca nn hay cn gi l p lc tnh ton quy c ca nn.
Khi thit k nn mng hay c th l xc nh kch thc y mng th ngi
thit k phi chn din tch y mng rng v sao cho ng sut di y mng
bng hoc nh hn tr s p lc tiu chun.
Vic xc nh p lc tiu chun ca nn t l cng vic u tin khi thit k
nn mng, c th xc nh p lc tiu chun theo hai cch sau y.
3.1.1. Xc nh p lc tiu chun theo kinh nghim
Tu theo tng loi t v trng thi ca n, theo kinh nghim ngi ta cho sn
tr s p lc tiu chun Rtc ca nn nh trong bng sau:
Bng 2.1:Tr s p lc tiu chun Rtc ca nn theo kinh nghim
Tn t Rtc(kG/cm2) Tn t Rtc(kG/cm2)
t mnh ln trng thi
1. t d to c ct nhi trong k h 6,0 t loi st H s st B
2.Cui si l mnh v kt tinh 5,0 (dnh) rng e B=0 B=1
3. Dm, mnh v trm tch 3,0 8. ct 0,5 3,0 3,0
tc 2
t ct R (kG/cm ) 0,7 2,5 2,0
trng thi 9. st 0,5 3,0 2,0
t mnh ln Cht Cht va 0,7 2,5 1,8
4. Ct th khng ph thuc m 4,5 3,5 1,0 2,0 1,0
5. Ct va, khng ph thuc m 3,5 2,5 10. St 0,5 6,0 4,0
6. Ct nh: 0,6 5,0 3,0
a. t m 3,0 2,0 0,8 3,0 2,0
b. Rt m 2,5 1,5 1,1 2,5 1,0
7. Ct bi
a. t m 2,5 2,0
b. Rt m 2,0 1,5
c. Bo ha nc 1,5 1,0
* Ghi ch: vi cc tr s e, B trung gian, xc nh Rtc bng cch ni suy. Cc tr s

trong bng ng vi b rng mng b=1m, hm=1,5 - 2m. Nu b 1m v hm b 1,5m th
phi hiu chnh:
Rtc = R.m.n (2.1)
Trong : R - Tr s p lc tiu chun tra theo bng trn.
m - H s hiu chnh b rng mng.
Khi b 5m th m = 1,5 cho t ct, m = 1,2 cho t loi st.
Khi 1 < b < 5m th:

(b 1)
m .D 1 (2.2)
4
D = 0,5 cho t ct.
D = 0,2 cho t st.
n - H s iu chnh su t mng.
n = 0,5 + 0,0033.h (khi h < 1,5m)
J
n 1 .k (h 200) (khi h > 2m) (2.3)
m.R
J - Dung trng ca t (tnh ra kG/cm3), h - Chiu su chn mng (cm), k = 1,5
cho t st, k = 2,5 cho t ct, v k = 2,0 cho t st v ct.
* Ngoi ra, i vi cc loi t p dng lm nn cng trnh, loi t ny tuy c
nhc im l bin dng ln v tnh khng ng nht cao, nhng mt iu kin thch
hp n vn dng lm nn cng trnh tt. Theo quy phm, i vi nn t p n
nh, tr s p lc tiu chun ca mt s loi t nh sau:
Bng 2.2 p lc tiu chun trn nn t p n nh
Rtc (kG/cm2)
X ht to, ct va Ct x, x nh, t
t p v ct nh loi nh
bo ho nc G
G 0,5 G 0,8 G 0,5 G 0,8
1. t san lp theo quy hoch, c m cht 2,5 2,0 1,8 1,5
2. t thi b cng nghip c m cht 2,5 2,0 1,8 1,5
3. t thi b cng nghip khng m cht 1,8 1,5 1,2 1,0
4. t , b thi cng nghip c m cht. 1,5 1,2 1,2 1,0
4. t , b thi cng nghip khng m 1,2 1,0 1,0 0,8
cht.
* Ghi ch : Tr s Rtc trong bng dng cho mng c chiu su chn mng h1 > 2m, khi
h1 < 2m th tr s Rtc phi gim xung bng cch nhn vi h s K:
h h1
K (2.4)
2h1
i vi t , b thi cng nghip cha n nh th Rtc nhn vi h s 0,8
Tr s Rtc trung gian ca bo ho G th ni suy.
2.1.2. Xc nh bng cch tnh theo quy phm
Theo TCXD 45 - 70 v 45 - 78 cho php tnh ton tr s p lc tiu chun ca
nn t khi vng bin dng do pht sinh n su bng 1/4 b rng mng b.
Biu thc tnh ton Rtc theo TCXD 45 - 70:
Rtc = m[(Ab + Bh)J + D.ctc] (2.5)
Biu thc tnh ton Rtc theo TCXD 45 - 78:
m1 .m 2
R tc [AbJ BhJ ' D.c tc ] (2.6)
K tc
Trong : Rtc - Cng tiu chun ca nn t
m - H s iu kin lm vic ca t nn

m=0,8 Khi nn t l t ct nh, bo ho nc
m=0,6 - Khi nn t l ct bi, bo ho nc
m=1 trong cc trng hp khc
ctc - Lc dnh tiu chun ca t di y mng.
J - Dung trong trung bnh ca t di y mng
J'- Dung trong trung bnh ca t trn y mng
Ktc - H s tin cy, nu cc ch tiu c l c xc nh bng th nghim trc
tip i vi t th Ktc ly bng 1,0. Nu cc ch tiu ly theo bng quy phm th Ktc
ly bng 1,1.
m1,m2 ln lt l h s iu kin lm vic ca nn v h s iu kin lm vic
ca cng trnh tc dng qua li vi nn, ly theo bng sau:
Bng 2- 3: Tr s ca m1, m2
H H s m2 i vi nh v cng trnh c s
Loi t
s kt cu cng vi t s gia chiu di
4 1,5
t hn ln c cht nht l ct v
1,4
t st, khng k t phn v bi
1,2 1,4
Ct mn : - Kh v t m 1,3 1,1 1,3

- No nc 1,2 1,1 1,3
Ct bi : - Kh v t m 1,2 1,0 1,2
- No nc 1,1 1,0 1,2
t hn ln c cht nht l st v
1,2 1,0 1,1
t st c st B d 0,5
Nh trn c st B > 0,5 1,1 1,0 1,0
tc
- A,B,D cc h s ph thuc vo tr s gc ni ma st M tra bng:
Bng 2.4 : Tr s A, B v D
Tr s tiu chun
ca gc (gc ma A B D
st trong Mtc (o)
0 0,00 1,00 3,14
2 0,03 1,12 3,32
4 0,06 1,25 3,51
6 0,10 1,39 3,71
8 0,14 1,55 3,93
10 0,18 1,73 4,17
12 0,23 1,94 4,42

14 0,29 2,17 4,69

16 0,36 2,43 5,00
18 0,43 2,72 5,31
20 0,51 3,05 5,66
22 0,61 3,44 6,04
24 0,72 3,87 6,45
26 0,84 4,37 6,90
28 0,98 4,93 7,40
30 1,15 5,59 7,95
32 1,34 6,35 8,55
34 1,55 7,21 9,21
36 1,81 8,25 9,98
38 2,11 9,44 10,80
40 2,46 10,84 11,73
42 2,87 12,50 12,77
44 3,37 14,48 13,96
45 3,66 15,64 14,64
* Nhn xt: Vic xc nh p lc tiu chun theo kinh nghim (tra bng) thng thin
v an ton, cc tr s nu ra trong bng i din cho mt dy cc tr s dao ng trong
din rng. Trong thc t th cc loi t rt phong ph v loi v trng thi nn xc
nh Rtc t cch tra bng thng t chnh xc v khng cht ch v l thuyt. C th s
dng tr s ny trong thit k s b, hoc cho cc cng trnh nh t trn nn t tng
i ng nht, cng trnh loi IV v loi V.
Xc nh Rtc theo TCXD 45 - 70 v 45 - 78 cng cha cht ch lm v mt l
thuyt v s pht trin ca vng bin dng do ca t cng khc vi vt th n hi.
Tuy nhin khi vng bin dng do cn nh th sai khc cng khng ln, hin nay
trong thit k ngi ta hay s dng tr s ny.
Trong mt s nghin cu gn y cho thy c th s dng cng tnh ton
ca t nn trong tnh ton kch thc mng bng cch tnh ton cng chu ti ca
t nn theo cng thc ca Terzaghi hoc Berezantev ri chia cho h s an ton (Fs = 2
- 2,5). Theo quan im ny cho rng ly cng tnh ton nh vy va m bo iu
kin bin dng, va m bo iu kin chiu ti. Tuy nhin vic ly tr s Fs chnh xc
l bao nhiu th cng cha thng nht. Do vy vic tnh cng tnh ton ca nn t
theo phng php no sao cho ph hp vi thc t ca nn t v tnh cht cng trnh
m bo ti u trong thit k xy dng cng trnh.
3.2. Xc nh din tch y mng trong trng hp mng chu ti trong ng tm
Xt mt mng n chu ti trong ng tm nh hnh v (2.14):
Trong iu kin lm vic, mng chu tc dng ca cc lc sau:
- Ti trng cng trnh truyn xung mng qua ct mt nh mng: N Otc
- Trng lng bn thn mng: N mtc

- Trng lng t p trn mng trong
tc
phm vi kch thc mng N tc ; No
- Phn lc nn t tc dng ln y mng

tc
p . tc
Nd Nd
tc
Biu ng sut tip xc di y mng l
hm
ng cong, nhng i vi cu kin mng cng,
ta ly gn ng theo dng hnh ch nht.
ptc
iu kin cn bng tnh hc:
F=axb
N Otc N mtc N tc ptc .F (2.7)
Trong : F - Din tch y mng
b
Trng lng ca mng v t p trn
mng c th ly bng trng lng ca khi nm
trong mt ct t y mng: a
N m N F .hm .J tb
tc tc
(2.8) Hnh 2.14
Trong : J tb - Dung trng trung bnh ca
vt liu mng v t p trn mng, ly bng 2 - 2,2 (g/cm3) hoc 2 - 2,2 (T/m3).
hm - su chn mng.
T (2.7) v (2.8) ta c:
N 0tc F.h m .J tb p tc .F
Suy ra:
N otc
F (2.9)
p tc J tb .hm
m bo iu kin nn bin dng tuyn tnh th p lc do ti trong tiu chun
ca cng trnh gy ra phi tho iu kin:
ptc Rtc (2.10)
N otc
Do : F t tc (2.11)
R J tb .hm
Cng thc (2.11) cho php xc nh c din tch y mng F khi bit ti
trng ngoi tc dng N otc , p lc tiu chun Rtc v chiu su chn mng hm. y cn
ch rng tr s Rtc ly theo kinh nghim th xc nh c s b din tch y mng
F, cn nu Rtc xc nh theo cng thc (2.6) v (2.7) th tham s b rng mng b phi
a
gi thit trc, sau khi c c din tch y mng F, chn t s D tm c
b
cnh a v kim tra li iu kin F* = axb F.
* Xc nh kch thc hp l ca mng n
Vic chn kch thc hp l ca mng n y ta cn tm b rng b ca mng
v t t s a = D.b tm c cnh di a v so snh vi din tch yu cu. Phng
php ny xut pht t iu kin:
ptbtc R tc (2.12)
tc
Vi : R - Cng tiu chun ca nn t

ptbtc - Cng p lc trung bnh tiu chun do ti trng cng trnh gy

ra ti y mng.
N otc G
ptbtc (2.13)
axb
G - Trng lng ca mng v t p trn mng
N otc
hoc ptbtc J tb .hm (2.14)
D .b 2
a
Trong : D
b
Thay (2.6) v (2.14) vo (2.12) bin i ta c phng trnh bc ba xc nh b
rng mng nh sau:
b 3 K 1 .b 2 K 2 0 (2.15)
M .c J .h
Trong : K 1 M 1 .hm 2 tc M 3 . tb m (2.16)
J J
N otc
K2 M 3. (2.17)
m.D .J
Vi : M1, M2, M3 - Cc h s ph thuc vo gc ni ma st Mtc ca t nn, tra bng
(2.5).
m - H s iu kin lm vic, ly bng 1.
J - Dung trng ca t nn di y mng.
Gii phng trnh (2.15) tm c tr s b - b rng ca mng, t xc nh a da
vo iu kin a = Db v c c din tch y mng.
* Xc nh kch thc hp l ca mng bng
i vi mng bng c chiu di ln hn nhiu ln so vi b rng, khi tnh ton
ngi ta ct ra 1m di tnh ton, do vy tr s p lc trung bnh tiu chun ti y
mng s l:
N otc
p tc
tb J tb .hm (2.18)
b
Thay (2.6) v (2.18) vo (2.12) bin i ta c phng trnh bc hai xc nh b
rng mng bng nh sau:
b 2 L1 .b L2 0 (2.19)
M .c J .h
Trong : L1 M 1 .hm 2 tc M 3 . tb m
J m.J
N otc
L2 M 3 .
m.J
M1, M2, M3 - Cc h s ph thuc vo gc ni ma st Mtc ca t nn, tra bng
(2.5).
Gii phng trnh (2.19) tm c b rng hp l ca mng bng theo iu kin
p lc tiu chun. Vic xc nh kch thc mng t vic gii phng trnh (2.15) v
(2.19) th khng cn kim tra li iu kin (2.12).

Bng 2.5: Cc Tr s M1, M2, M3

Mtc() M1 M2 M3 Mtc() M1 M2 M3
1 74,97 229,2 70,79 23 5,51 9,12 1,511
2 38,51 114,6 34,51 24 5,39 8,88 1,393
3 26,36 76,3 22,36 25 5,29 8,58 1,287
4 20,30 57,2 16,30 26 5,19 8,20 1,188
5 16,66 45,7 12,66 27 5,10 7,85 1,099
6 14,25 38,1 10,25 28 5,02 7,52 1,017
7 12,52 32,6 8,52 29 4,94 7,21 0,944
8 11,24 28,5 7,24 30 4,87 6,93 0,872
9 10,24 25,3 6,24 31 4,82 6,66 0,808
10 9,44 22,7 5,44 32 4,75 6,40 0,749
11 8,80 20,6 4,80 33 4,69 6,16 0,694
12 8,26 18,82 4,26 34 4,64 5,93 0,643
13 7,8 17,32 3,80 35 4,60 5,71 0,596
14 7,42 16,04 3,42 36 4,55 5,51 0,552
15 7,08 14,93 3,08 37 4,52 5,31 0,512
16 6,08 13,95 2,80 38 4,47 5,12 0,474
17 6,54 13,08 2,54 39 4,44 4,94 0,439
18 6,32 12,31 2,32 40 4,41 4,77 0,406
19 6,12 11,62 2,12 41 4,38 4,60 0,376
20 5,91 10,99 1,942 42 4,35 4,44 0,347
21 5,78 10,42 1,783 43 4,32 4,29 0,321
22 5,64 9,90 1,640 44 4,30 4,14 0,296
45 4,27 4,00 0,273
* Mt s cch gn ng xc nh din tch y mng F

+ Xc nh Rtc theo cc bng (2.2) hoc (2.3) tu thuc vo tnh hnh c th ca
t nn hoc theo gi tr Rtc do th nghim cung cp. Thay tr s Rtc vo cng thc
(2.11) xc nh c din tch y mng F, t chn cc kch thc chi tit cho ph
hp.
Vi mng vng hoc ch nht: F* = axb
Vi mng hnh trn : F* = S.R2
+ Xc nh kch thc mng theo kinh nghim: Chn trc mt tr s kch
thc y mng axb no , t kt hp vi iu kin t nn tnh ra Rtc v sau
kim tra li iu kin: ptbtc d R tc , nu cha tho mn th chn li v kim tra cho n
khi t yu cu, thng thng chn kim tra n ln th hai hoc ba l t.
3.3. Trng hp ti trng lch tm

Mng chu ti lch tm l mng c im
t ca tng hp lc khng i qua trng tm
din tch y mng. Thng l mng cc cng
eb
O
b
trnh chu momen v ti trng ngang. lch
ea
tm e c tnh nh sau:
M tc
e (2.22) a
N tc
Trong : Mtc - Gi tr momen tiu chun
ng vi trng tm din tch y mng.
Vmax>0
Ntc - Tng ti trng thng ng Vmin>0
tiu chun tc dng ln mng.
3.3.1. Trng hp lch tm b Hnh 2.15: Mng chu ti lch tm
Trng hp ny lch tm e < a/6, biu
ng sut y mng nh hnh v (Hnh 2.15).
Vic xc nh kch thc y mng trong trng hp ny ging nh i vi
mng chu ti trong ng tm, sau tng din tch tnh ln chu mo men v lc
ngang bng cch nhn vi h s K (K= 1,0 - 1,5), khi momen v lc ngang b th ly K
b v ngc li.
Flch tm = K.Fng tm (2.23)
Sau khi chn c kch thc y mng cn kim tra li iu kin p lc:
V max
tc
d 1,2 R tc
V tbtc d R tc (2.24)
N otc M otc M otc
Vi: V max,
tc
min r r J tb .h m (2.25)
F Wx Wy
N otc 6e 6e
hay: V max,
tc
min (1 r a r b ) J tb .h m (2.26)
axb a b
V max
tc
V min
tc
N otc
V tctb J tb .h m
2 axb
3.3.2. Trng hp mng chu ti trng lch tm ln

Dng biu ng sut trong trng
hp ny nh hnh v v V max ! 0, V min 0 , Ntc L>0,25a
Vmin<0
trng hp ny sau khi chn din tch y
mng cn kim tra li theo iu kin lch Vmax>0
tm.
Lu : Tng ti trng tiu chun t
cch mp mng mt on L 0,25a Hnh 2.16: Mng chu ti lch tm ln
phn cnh mng khng b tch khi mt
nn qu 25%.

3.4. Mt s bin php lm gim hoc trit tiu phn biu ng sut m di y
mng
+ Thay i kch thc, hnh dng mng
2N1 2N2 2N1 2N2
Vmin<0
Vmax>0 Vmax>0
Vmin>0
N2 >>N1
Hnh 2.17
.
+ Thay i trng tm mng
Dch tm ct v pha Vmin
Hoc m rng ay mong v pha Vmax
Tm ct trung tm mong r
b
b
a a
Vmin<0
Vmax>0
Vmax>0 Vmin>0
Hnh 2.18
+ Cu to h thng dm, ging mng chu momen.

Dm ging doc
Dm ging ngang
Hnh 2.19: Dm v ging mng trit tiu ng sut do lch tm gy ra

3.5. V d mu:
V d II-1: Xc nh s b kch thc y mng di ct hnh ch nht kch thc
30x40cm vi t hp ti trng chnh ti mt mng l: N=90,0T, M=2,40Tm, Q=1,20T.
Nn t gm hai lp c cc ch tiu c l c bn nh sau:
Lp trn: st do cng c: J=1.95T/m3, M = 200, c=1,8 T/m2
Lp di: ct do c: J=1.95T/m3, M = 220, c=2,0 T/m2
Gii :
+ Xc nh ti trng tiu chun ca t hp ti trng chnh :
N otc N / 1,2 75,0T , M otc M / 1,2 2,0T , Qotc Q / 1,2 1,0T
+ Vt liu lm mng c chn l Btng ct thp.
+ Chn chiu su chn mng l hm = 2m.
+ Xc nh kch thc y mng :
Do mng chu ti trng lch tm nn kch thc y mng phi tha mn hai
iu kin sau y:
- ng sut trung bnh ti y mng phi nh hn hoc bng cng p lc
tiu chun ca nn t.
- Tr s ng sut ln nht ti y mng phi nh hn hoc bng 1,2 ln cng
p lc tiu chun ca nn t.
V dTB d R tc (1)
d
V max d 1,2 R tc (2)
Kch thc hp l nht ca y mng c xc nh t iu kin (1) trong
trng hp xy ra phng trnh.
T ta c phng trnh xc nh b rng mng nh sau:
b3 + K1.b2 - K2 = 0
c J tb .h
Trong : K1 = M1.h + M2. M 3 .
J J
N otc
K 2 = M3 .
m.J.D
- Vi Mtc = 200 tra bng (2.5) ta c:
M1 = 5,91; M2 = 10,99; M3 = 1,942
- H s iu kin lm vic, m = 1
- Chiu su chn mng hm = 2m
- c = 0,18 kG/cm2 = 1,8 T/m2
- Jtb l dung trng trung bnh ca t ngay y mng v vt liu lm mng,
ly Jtb = 2,2 (T/m3)
- J : l dung trng ca lp 1, J =1,95 (T/m3)
a
- Chn D = 1,4 =
b
1,8 2,2.2
K1 = 5,91 . 2 + 10,99. - 1,942. = 17,58
1,95 1,95
75,0
K2 = 1,942. = 53,35
1.1,95.1,4
Thay vo phng trnh trn ta c phng trnh sau:
b3 + 17,58.b2 - 53,35 = 0
Gii phng trnh ny bng phng php th dn nghim
b # 1,663 (m), chn b = 1,7 (m)
a
Do t s D = 1,4 = a = 1,4.1,7 = 2,38, chn a = 2,4 (m)
b
Vy kch thc s b y mng c chn l : b = 1,7m, a = 2,4 m
+ Tnh Cng tiu chun Rtc ca nn t
Cng tiu chun Rtc ca nn t c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
Rtc = m. [(A.b + B.hm). J + D.c ]
Vi: m=1 ; b=1,7m ; hm=2m ; J=1,95(T/m3) ; c = 0,18 KG/cm2= 1,8 T/m2, M = 200 Tra
bng (2.4) ta c: A = 0,51, B = 3,06, D = 5,66.
Suy ra:
Rtc = (0,51.1,7 + 3,06.2 ) 1,95 + 5,66.1,8 = 23,8 (T/m2)
+ Xc nh ng sut di y mng :
N dtc 6e a 6e b
V Max
tc
, Min 1 r r
a.b a b
Trong : N dtc N otc J tb .F . h 75,0 2,2 .1,7 . 2,4 . 2 92,952 (T )
M otc Qotc . hm 2,0 1,0.2
eb = 0; ea 0,0533 m
N tc 75,0
2
92,952 6 . 0,0533 25,82 (T / m )
V tc
Max , Min 1 r
1,7.2,4 2,4 19,75 (T / m 2 )
N otc 75,0
V tc
tb J tb .h 2,2.2 22,78 (T / m 2 )
F 1,7.2,4
Kim tra iu kin
V tbtc 22,78(T / m 2 ) R tc 23,8 (T / m 2 )
tc
V max 25,82 1,2.R tc 1,2.23,8 28,56(T / m 2 )
Hai iu kin (1) v (2) c tha mn, vy kch thc y mng chn
trn l chp nhn c.
V d II-2: Xc nh s b kch thc y mng di ct hnh ch nht kch thc
30x40cm vi ti trng ca t hp ti trng chnh (TH c bn) ti mt mng l:
N tto =80,15T, M tto =2,25Tm, Q tto =1,4T. Nn t gm hai lp c cc ch tiu c l c bn
nh sau:
Lp trn: t lp dy 0,8m, J=1.8T/m3
Lp di: ct do c: J=1.94T/m3, M = 220, c=1,9 T/m2
Gii :
+ Chn vt liu : mng b tng ct thp
+ Chn su chn mng : hm = 1,5m
+ Chn kch thc ban u: b rng mng b=1,6m
+ Xc nh Rtc theo TCXD 45-78:
m1 .m 2
R tc [AbJ BhJ ' D.c tc ]
K tc
Vi M = 220 tra bng (2.4) ta c : A=0,61 ; B=3,44 ; D=6,04
m1 = 1,0 ; m1 = 1,4; Ktc = 1,1 ; J ' (1,8 1,94) / 2 1,87T / m 3
1.1,4
Thay vo c: R tc [0,61.1,6.1,94 3,44.1,5.1,87 6,04.1,9] 29,3T / m 2
1,1
+ Din tch y mng yu cu:
N otc 80,15 / 1,2
F t tc 2,54m 2
R J tb .hm 29,3 2.1,5
Mng chu ti trng lch tm, ta tng kch thc mng ln bng cch nhn vi h s
K=1,2
F* K .F 1,2.2,54 3,05m 2
Vy cnh di ca mng l: a=F*/b=3,05/1,6=1,905m; ta chn a=2m
+ Xc nh ng sut di y mng :
N otc 6e 6e
V max,
tc
min (1 r a r b ) J tb .h m
axb a b
M o Qo .hm 2,25 / 1,2 1,5.1,4 / 1,2
tc tc
Vi : ea 0,054m , eb =0
N otc 80,15 / 1,2
N otc 6e 80,15 / 1,2 6.0,054
Vy : V max
tc
(1 a ) J tb .hm (1 ) 2.1,5 27,27T / m 2
axb a 2.1,6 2
No tc
6e 80,15 / 1,2 6.0,054
V min
tc
(1 a ) J tb .hm (1 ) 2.1,5 20,47T / m 2
axb a 2.1,6 2
N otc 80,15 / 1,2
V tbtc J tb .hm 2.1,5 23,87T / m 2
axb 2.1,6
Kim tra iu kin:
V max
tc
27,27T / m 2 d 1,2 R tc 1,2.29,3 35,16T / m 2
V tbtc 23,87T / m 2 d R tc 29,3T / m 2
t yu cu, vy kch thc mng chn F=axb = 2x1,6m l hp l.
V d II-3: Xc nh s b kch thc mng bng di tng dy 20cm vi t hp ti
trng chnh ti mt mng l: N=30T/m, M=2,5Tm/m. Nn t gm hai lp c cc ch
tiu c l nh v d 2.
Gii:
+ Chn vt liu : mng b tng ct thp
+ Chn su chn mng : hm = 1,2m
+ Chn kch thc ban u: b rng mng b=1,5m
+ Xc nh ng sut di y mng (vi mng bng ta ct ra 1m di tnh
ton):

N otc 6e
V max,
tc
min (1 r b ) J tb .h m
1xb b
M otc 2,5 / 1,2
Vi : eb 0,083m , ea =0
N otc 30 / 1,2
N otc 6e 30 / 1,2 6.0,083
Vy : V max
tc
(1 b ) J tb .hm (1 ) 2.1,5 25,22T / m 2
1xb b 1.1,5 1 .5
No tc
6e 30 / 1,2 6.0,083
V min
tc
(1 b ) J tb .hm (1 ) 2.1,5 14,13T / m 2
1xb b 1.1,5 1,5
N otc 30 / 1,2
V tbtc J tb .hm 2.1,5 19,67T / m 2
axb 1.1,5
+ Xc nh Rtc theo TCXD 45-78 nh v d 2 ta c: Rtc = 29,15T/m2
+ Kim tra iu kin:
V max
tc
25,22T / m 2 d 1,2 R tc 1,2.29,15 34,98T / m 2
V tbtc 19,67,2T / m 2 d R tc 29,15T / m 2
t yu cu, vy b rng mng bng chn b = 1,5m l hp l.
4 TNH TON NN THEO TRNG THI GII HN V BIN DNG

(TTGH II)
4.1. Khi nim:
Sau khi xc nh c kch thc y mng theo iu kin p lc tiu chun,
ta phi kim tra li nn theo trng thi gii hn v bin dng, hay cn gi l TTGH II.
Ni dung ca phn tnh ton ny nhm khng ch bin dng ca nn, khng
cho bin dng ca nn ln ti mc lm nt n, h hng cng trnh bn trn hoc lm
cho cng trnh bn trn nghing lch ln, khng tho mn iu kin s dng. m
bo yu cu trn th ln ca nn phi tho iu kin:
Stt d [Sgh] (2.27)
Trong : Stt - ln tnh ton ca cng trnh thit k
[Sgh] - Tr s gii hn v bin dng ca cng trnh, tr s ny ph thuc
vo:
+ c tnh ca cng trnh bn trn: Vt liu, hnh thc kt cu, cng khng
gian v tnh nhy cm vi bin dng ca nn...
+ Ph thuc vo c tnh ca nn: Loi t, trng thi v tnh bin dng ca t,
phn b cc lp t trong nn...
+ Ph thuc vo phng php thi cng.
Tr s ln gii hn [Sgh] theo TCXD quy nh tu thuc vo tnh hnh c th
ca cng trnh, ly theo bng sau:
Bng 2.6 Tr s gii hn v ln ca mng

Kt cu nh v kiu mng Tr s [Sgh] (cm)
Trung bnh Tuyt i

1. Nh Panen ln, nh Blc khng c khung 8 -

2. Nh bng tng gch, tng Blc ln, mng n
c:
L:H 2,5 ( L chiu di tng, H chiu cao 8 -
L:H d 1,5 10 -
3. Nh tng gch, tng Blc ln c ging BTCT
hoc gch, ct thp. 15 -
5. Nh khung trn ton b s 10 -
5. Mng BTCT kn khp ca l nung, ng khi, 30 -
thp nc.
6. Mng nh cng nghip mt tng v nh c kt
cu tng t khi bc ct l:
6m - 8
12m - 10
Ngoi ra ta cn c bit ch n chnh lch ln hay ln khng u ca cc
mng trong cng mt cng trnh. Nu tr s ny ln s gy ra s phn b li ni lc
trong kt cu bn trn, lm nt gy kt cu. chnh lch ln c nh gi qua cc
i lng:
- ln lch tuyt i:
'S = S2 S1 d ['Sgh] (2.28)
- nghing ca mng hoc cng trnh: L t s gia ln ca cc im bn
ngoi ca mng ( hoc cng trnh) vi kch thc (chiu di, chiu rng) qua im y:
S2 S1
tgD (2.29) L
L
S S
Gc nghing: D arctg 2 1 (2.30) S1 D S2
L
Tr s gc nghing ny phi b hn tr s gc
nghing gii hn, quy nh theo quy trnh. Hnh 2.20
4.2. Tnh ton ln ca mng
Hin nay c nhiu phng php khc nhau tnh ton ln ca nn mng,
mt s phng php c trnh by k trong gio trnh C hc t. Trong ni dung
ny ch gii thiu nhng bc c bn ca phng php cng ln tng lp. y l mt
trong nhng phng php c ch nht v cho kt qu gn st vi thc t nht.
Ni dung ca phng php cng ln tng lp:
1. Chia nn t di y mng thnh nhiu lp c chiu dy hi d (0,2 - 0,4)b
hoc hi d 1/10 Ha, vi b l b rng mng, Ha l chiu su vng nn p.
2. Tnh v v biu ng sut do trng lng bn thn t:
V zibt J i hi (2.31)
gl
3. Xc nh p lc gy ln: V
V gl
V tb J .hm (2.32)
Trong : V tb - p lc trung bnh ti y mng do ti trng cng trnh v trng

lng mng, t p trn mng gy ra:

N otc G
V tb (2.33)
axb
J - Dung trng ca lp t t mng
hm - Chiu su chn mng
4. Tnh v v biu ng sut do ng sut gy ln gy ra:
V zi K oi .V gl (3.34)
Vi Koi =f(a/b,2z/b) tra bng trong sch C hc t.
5. Xc nh chiu su vng nh hng Ha, theo TCXD 45-70, Xc nh Ha da
vo iu kin ni c : V zibt d 0,2.V zigl
6.Tnh ton ln ca cc lp t phn t Si theo cc cng thc:
e1i e2i
Si .hi
1 e1i
ai
Si . pi .hi
1 e1i (2.35)
Si aoi . pi .hi
E
Si . pi .hi
Eoi
7. Tnh ton ln cui cng ca mng:
n
S S i 1
i (2.36)
Xc nh e1i v e2i tng ng vi cc tr s p1i v p2i vi
V btzi 1 V btzi
p1i (2.37)
2
V glzi 1 V glzi
p 2i p1i (2.38)
2
e
hm
2
p(kG/cm)
b
e1i
p2i
ng cong nen lun
i e2i
Ha
hi
p1i
O p1i p2i p(kG/cm)

2
V Vz
bt
z
5. TNHHnh
TON 2.21:
NNS chia lp
THEO t v ng
TRNG THIcong nn
GII ln V CNG
HN
(TTGH I)

5.1. Khi nim

Khi ti trng ngoi vt qu kh nng chu lc ca nn t, nn b ph hng v
mt cng , n nh, lc ny nn c xem l t n trng thi gii hn th
nht.
i vi nn , khi t n TTGH1 th nn khng cn kh nng chu ti na
v nn b ph hoi.
i vi nn t, khi t n TTGH1 th xy ra hin tng ln t ngt, lm ph
hng cng trnh bn trn.
Phm vi s dng tnh ton nn theo TTGH1:
+ Nn .
+ Nn st rt cng, ct rt cht, t na .
+ Nn st yu, bo ha nc v t than bn.
+ Nn t mng thng xuyn chu ti trng ngang.
+ Nn ca cng trnh trn mi dc.
Ti trng tnh ton: Dng ti trng tnh ton v t hp b sung.
iu kin kim tra: Mun cho nn t khng b ph hng, mt n nh (trt,
tri) th ti trng truyn ln mng cng trnh tc dng ln nn t phi c cng nh
hn cng gii hn ca nn t y.
)
Nd (2.39) 2
K at Pgh Pgh p(kG/cm)
Trong :
N - Ti trong cng trnh tc dng ln mng
) - Kh nng chu ti ca nn theo phng Nn t cng
tc dng ca ti trng
Kat - H s an ton, do c quan thit k quy Nn t mm yu
nh, h s ny ph thuc vo cp nh, cp cng
trnh, ngha v hu qu ca vic nn mt kh nng
S(mm)
chu ti, mc nghin cu cc iu kin ca nn
t, thng chn >1. Hnh 2.22: Quan h P-S
Khi tnh ton nn theo TTGH1, lc ny ti 2
p(kG/cm)
trng khi gn t n TTGH1 l rt ln, ti nhiu
vng trong nn t quan h ng sut bin dng
khng cn bc nht na, lc ny khng th gii quyt
Nn a
bi ton theo kt qu ca l thuyt n hi na m Nn t
phi gii quyt theo hai hng s trnh by cc
mc sau.
5.2. Sc chu ti ca nn
i vi nn , tnh nn ln ca n rt b,
S(mm)
khng ng k, moun bin dng ca c th ln
hn moun bin dng ca t hng ngn ln. C khi
ng sut tc dng ln nn gn t n tr s ph Hnh 2.23
hoi m bin dng ca n cn rt b. V vy ngi ta
khng cn kim tra bin dng ca nn m ch cn tnh ton v kim tra nn theo
TTGH1 v cng .

Sc chu ti tnh ton R ca nn c xc nh theo biu thc:
R = k.m.Rn (2.40)
Trong :
Rn - Cng ph hoi ca mu khi b nn mt trc trng thi bo ho
nc.
k - H s ng nht
m - H s iu kin lm vic
i vi cc trng hp c th, cn tin hnh th nghim xc nh cc tr s
cn thit. Khi khng c s liu, ngi ta thng ly k.m = 0,5.
5.3. Sc chu ti ca nn t
5.3.1. Phng php gii tch
Vic tnh ton sc chu ti ca nn t c gii thiu k trong C hc t . y
ch gii thiu li mt s biu thc tnh ton sc
chu ti c bn: p
5.3.1.1. Phng php ca Xocolovski

a: nn t chu ti trng thng ng, lch
pgh
tm (Hnh 2 - 24) q=Jh
Ti trng gii hn trong trng hp ny

Y
c tnh theo cng thc sau:
b
pgh = pT .(c + q.tgM)+ q (2.41)

Trong : z
pT : h s khng th nguyn ph thuc Hnh 2.24

vo YT v M, tra bng (2-7)
J
YT = .y Vi: 0 d y d b (2.42)
q . tgM c
T cng thc (2-41), ta suy ra cc trng hp c bit sau:
+ Khi mng t trn mt t dnh ( h=0, cz0) th:
pgh= pt .c (2.43)
J
Trong : pT ph thuc vo YT = .y
c
Khi mng t trn t ct ( c=0, qz 0, h/b< 0.5)
pgh =q(pT .tgM+ 1) (2.44)
J
Trong : pT = .y
q. tgM
Bng 2- 7: Tr s ca pT.

M()
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
YT
0 6,49 8,34 11,0 14,8 20,7 30,1 46,1 75,3
0,5 7,73 0,02 12,5 17,9 27,0 43,0 73,8 139
1,0 6,95 9,64 13,8 20,6 32,3 53,9 97,1 193
1,5 7,17 10,20 15,1 20,1 37,3 64,0 119 243
2,0 7,38 10,80 16,2 25,4 41,9 73,6 140 292
2,5 7,56 11,30 17,3 27,7 46,4 82,9 160 339
9,0 7,77 11,80 18,4 29,8 50,8 91,8 179 386
3,5 7,96 12,30 19,4 31,9 55,0 101,0 199 432
4,0 8,15 12,80 20,5 34,0 59,2 109 218 478
4,5 8,33 13,20 21,4 36,0 63,8 118 237 523
5,0 8,50 13,70 22,4 38,0 67,3 127 256 568
5,5 8,67 14,10 23,3 39,9 71,3 135 275 613
6,0 8,84 14,50 24,3 41,8 75,3 143 293 658
b. Nn t chu ti trng nghing, lch tm (hnh 2 - 25):
Thnh phn thng ng ca ti trng gii hn (pgh) trong trng hp ny c

xc nh nh sau:
pgh = NJ.J.y + Nq.J.h + Nc.c (2.45)
Trong : NJ, Nq, Nc- cc h s sc chu P
ti ca t ph thuc vo gc ma st trong M q=Jh

G
ca t v gc nghing G ca ti trng, ly
theo bng (2.8). b Y
Thnh phn nm ngang Wgh ca ti trng
gii hn xc nh theo cng thc: G Pgh
Wgh = pgh . tgG (2 .46) Z

Wgh
Biu ti trng tnh theo cng thc
(2.45) c dng hnh thang, cc tr s ca pgh ti Hnh 2-25
im y = 0 v y = b c tnh nh sau (b: chiu rng ca mng hnh bng)
p gh y 0 = Nq.J.h + Nc.c
(2.47)
p gh y b
= p gh y 0
+ NJ.J.b
Hai thnh phn thng ng v nm ngang ca tng hp lc ti trng gii hn
xc nh theo cc cng thc sau y:

1
pgh = .(pgh(y=0) + pgh(y=b)).b
2
(2.48)
Wgh = pgh.tgG
i vi trng hp ti trng lch tm nh trn (c hai trng hp a v b) thc
ra nu mun tnh ton sc chu ti ca nn cho cht ch th khng nhng ch kim tra
tr s pgh v p, m cn phi kim tra c im t ca ti trng na (im t ca pgh
phi trng vi im t ca p do ti trng ngoi tc dng. Nhng theo li gii ca
V.V.Xcolovxki th ti trng gii hn pgh ch c mt im t nht nh vi lch
tm egh:
b 2 . p gh y b p gh y 0 3
egh = . (2.49)
3 p gh y b p gh y 0 2
Bng 2-8: Tr s ca Nq, Nc v NJ

M
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
G
Nq 1,57 2,47 3,94 6,40 10,70 18,4 33,30 64,20 134,50
0 Nc 6,49 8,34 11,0 14,90 20,7 30,2 46,20 75,30 133,50
NJ 0,17 0,56 1,4 3,16 6,92 15,32 35,16 86,46 236,30
Nq 1,24 2,46 3,44 5,56 9,17 15,60 27,90 52,70 96,40
5 Nc 2,72 6,56 9,12 12,52 17,50 25,40 38,40 61,60 95,40
NJ 0,09 0,38 0,99 2,31 5,02 11,10 24,38 61,38 163,30
Nq 1,50 2,84 4,65 7,65 12,90 22,80 42,40 85,10
10 Nc 2,84 6,88 10,00 14,30 20,60 31,10 49,30 84,10
NJ 0,17 0,62 1,51 3,42 7,64 17,40 41,78 109,50
Nq 1,77 3,64 6,13 10,40 18,10 33,30 65,40
15 Nc 2,94 7,27 11,00 16,20 24,50 38,50 64,40
NJ 0,25 0,89 2,15 4,93 11,34 27,61 70,58
Nq 2,09 4,58 7,97 13,90 25,40 49,20
20 Nc 3,00 7,68 21,10 18,50 29,10 48,20
NJ 0,32 1,19 2,92 6,91 16,41 43,00
Nq 2,41 5,67 10,20 18,70 26,75
25 Nc 3,03 8,09 13,20 21,10 35,75
NJ 0,38 1,50 3,84 9,58 24,86
Nq 2,75 8,94 13,10 25,40
30 Nc 3,02 8,49 14,40 24,40
NJ 0,43 1,84 4,96 13,31
Nq 3,08 8,43 16,72
35 Nc 2,97 8,86 15,72
NJ 0,47 2,21 6,41
Nq 3,42 10,15
40 Nc 2,88 9,15
NJ 0,49 2,60
45 Nq 3,78

Nc 2,70
NJ 0,50
5.3.1.2. Phng php ca Terzaghi

K.Terzaghi a ra
cng thc tnh ti trng gii b
hn trng hp bi ton
q=Jh q=Jh
phng nh sau: p
SM SM M M SM SM

J.b
p gh NJ . N q .J.h N c .c
2
(2.50)
Z
Trong : NJ, Nq v Nc
- Cc h s sc chu ti, ph Hnh 2-26: S tnh ton i vi bi ton
thuc vo gc ma st M v phng ca K.Terzaghi
tnh theo biu (hnh 2.27).
Ngoi ra K.Terzaghi cn a ra cc h s kinh nghim vo cng thc (2-50)
tnh ti trng gii hn trong trng hp bi ton khng gian.
- i vi mng vung c cnh l b:
pgh = 0,4.NJ.J.b + Nq.J.h + 1,3Nc.c (2.51)
- i vi mng trn c bn knh R:
pgh = 0,6.NJ.J.R + Nq.Jh + 1,3.Nc.c (2.52)
o Mo
40
Nq
o
30
NJ
Nc
o
20
o
10
o
0
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 20 40 60 80
Nc , Nq NJ
Hnh 2-27: Biu tra NJ, Nq v Nc
5.3.2. Phng php gi xc nh kh nng chu ti ca t

Trong trng hp khng th dng phng php gii tch xc nh kh nng chu
ti ca nn c, lc ny ta phi s dng phng php gii. Mt s trng hp hay
gp l:
- Nn t khng ng nht, gm hai hoc ba lp t c ch tiu c l khc nhau
- Ph ti hai bn mng chnh lch nhau qu 25%
- Mng t trn mi dc, mt di mi dc hoc mng t trn mt tng t phn
b rt dc.

Trong nhng trng hp trn ta b
dng phng php gii vi gi O
thit mt trt l mt tr trn. Theo
R
phng php ny, ngi ta tnh theo
Di
s bi ton phng: Ct ra mt D pgh
A
on di 1 n v tnh ton. Vi p
nhng mng bng, tng chn t,
B
nn ng c chiu di ln mi ph C
bi
hp vi bi ton phng. Nhng vi li
mng hnh ch nht ngi ta vn c.li
tnh theo s bi ton phng Di
gi.sinDi
thun tin v thin v an ton. gi gi.cosDi
Ni dungca phng php nh sau:
+ Gi thit mt trt l mt cung Hnh 2.28
trn i qua mp mng tm O1, bn
knh R1. Chia lng th trt thnh nhiu mnh bng cc mt ct thng ng (Hnh2.28)
+ Ta xt mnh th i:
- Tng cc lc tc dng ln mnh i:
G i = pi + qi (2.53)
Trong : qi 'Fi .J
pi p.'bi
Vi 'Fi - Din tch mnh th i
J - Dung trng ca t
p Cng ng sut tnh ton ti y mng.
'bi b rng mnh th i
i vi nhng mnh nm ngoi phm vi y mng th khng c pi
Lc gy trt mnh th i: g i . sin D i
Lc gi mnh th i: Lc ma st: g i . cos D i .tgM i
Lc dnh: ci .'l i
Trong : Di gc nghing ca bn knh vI tm trt i
'li Chiu di cung trt
ci,Mi tr s lc dnh v gc ni ma st trong on cung trt th i
H s n nh Ki cho mnh trt i:
M gi R( g i cos D i tgM i ci 'li )
Ki (2.54)
M gtri R.g i sin D i
Xt ton b lng th trt gm n mnh, ta c h s n nh:
n
Mg R( g i cos D i tgM i ci 'li )

Ki i 1
n
(2.55)
R.g
M gtr
i sin D i
i 1
Trong : Mg, Mgtr l mo men gi v momen gy trt ca lng th trt

Sau khi xc nh c cc tr s K i vi mi cung trt, ta chn tr s nh nht Kmin
xt n nh ca nn. Mun nn n nh phi tha mn iu kin sau:
K min ! K (2.56)
Trong K - h s n nh cho php, ly t 1,2-1,5.
5.4. Kim tra lt v trt cho mng
5.4.1. Kim tra n nh lt
Trong qu trnh chu lc, nu di y No
mng xut hin biu ng sut m, tc Vmin < 0
Qo Mo
th mng c kh nng b lt, do vy cn phi kim
tra n nh lt ca mng.
Vic kim tra n nh lt c tin hnh
hm
so vi trc i qua mp ngoi ca y mng (im
O) di tc dng ca t hp ti trng tnh ton bt O
a
li nht.
iu kin kim tra: Vmin<0
K
M t >K @
gi
(2.56)
Vmax>0
M
l
gl
Hnh 2.29
Trong : M - Tng
gi momen gi mng
khng b lt, ly vi mp mng.
M gl - Tng momen gy lt cho mng, ly vi mp mng.
>K l @ - H s n nh lt cho php, thng thng ly t 1,5.
Nu cng trnh c thit k nm trn nhiu mng v tng hp lc khng nm
ngoi li ca din tch y mng c lin kt cng vi nhau bng cc kt cu chu lc
th cng trnh c th khng b lt .
5.4.2. Kim tra n nh trt No
Di tc dng ca ti trng ngang Q s lm
Qo Mo
cho mng c xu hng b trt mt phng y
mng.
m bo mng khng b trt th phi
hm
tha mn iu kin sau: G

N tt
. f .n o t n.Q (2.57)
O
Trong : N tt - Tng ti trng thng ng T
tnh ton tnh ti y mng Hnh 2.30
N tt
N G tt
o
vi: G J tb .F .hm
no h s vt ti ca ti trng thng ng (ly < 1).
n H s vt ti ca ti trng ngang (ly >1).
Q tng ti trng ngang tc dng ln mng.
f H s ma sat gia t v nn ph thuc vo nhm ca y mng v loi
t. Tr s f ca hoc b tng vi cc loi t khc nhau ly theo bng sau:
Bng 2.9: Tr s ca f

Loi t di y mng Tr s f
1. t st v nham thch c b mt b bo mn 0,25
2. t st trng thi cng 0,3
3. t st trng thi do 0,2
4. Ct m t 0,55
5. Ct m 0,45
6. st trng thi cng 0,45
7. st trng thi do 0,25
8. ct trng thi cng 0,5
9. ct trng thi do 0,35
10. t 0,75
Trong thc t i vi cc mng ca cc cng trnh xy dng dn dng v cng

nghip, cc iu kin lt v trt u tha mn. iu kin ny cn c kim tra cht
ch i vi cc cng trnh c din tch y mng hp, chiu cao ln, chu ti trng
ngang, ti trng nh ln nh thp ngten, thp nc, tr in
6. TNH TON MNG THEO TRNG THI GII HN I

6.1. S tnh ton
Ta xt trng thi chu lc ca mt mng n nh hnh v. B qua lc ngang v ma
st trn mt bn ca mng. Vt th mng chu tc
dng ca cc lc sau: No
- Lc tc dng do ti trng cng trnh tc dng
Qo Mo
trn ton din tch y mng trn mt din tch hp
(chn ct hoc chn tng chu lc).
- Phn lc nn tc dng trn ton din tch y
Vt nt
mng, c chiu ngc li.
D D
Trong iu kin chu lc nh vy, mng c kh 1 2
nng b ph hng theo cc kiu sau:
Vttmax
1. Mng b chc thng bi ng sut ct trc Vttmin
tip trn tit din xung quanh chn ct hoc
chn tng (ng 1 trn hnh v). Hnh 2.31: Cc hnh thc ph
2. Mng b chc thng do tc dng ca ng hoi ca mng khi chu ti
sut ko chnh, lc ny mt ph hng l mt nghing 45o so vi phng thng
ng. (ng 2 trn hnh v).
3. Mng b nt gy do tc dng ca momen un. Trong phm vi chn ct hoc
chn tng, cng ca kt cu mng rt ln, nn c th xem mng b ngm ti
, phn mng cha ra ngoi chn ct (hoc chn tng) b un nh dm cng
xn.
Tnh ton mng theo trng thi gii hn I, hay ni cch khc l tnh ton bn ca
mng. Ni dung chnh l xc nh kch thc ca mng v cu to cho hp l, m
bo cho mng khng b ph hng theo nhng kiu nu trn. Vic tnh ton gm hai
ni dung chnh sau y:
- Tnh ton chiu cao ca mng, bc mng.

- Tnh ton v b tr ct thp i vi mng b tng ct thp
Khi tnh ton mng theo TTGH I dng ti trng tnh ton, t hp b sung.
6.2. Xc nh chiu cao ca mng cng
6.2.1. Xc nh chiu cao mng cng theo iu kin ct trc tip
Xt s mng cng chu tc dng ca ti trng nh hnh v:
iu kin bn ca mng: No
N ott
W d Rc (2.58) Qo Mo
u.hc
Trong : W - ng sut ct do ti trng cng trnh gy ra
N ott -tng ti trng thng ng tnh ton ca
hc
cng trnh tc dng ln mng ti mt nh mng.
u- chu vi tit din ngang ca ct hay tng t Mt pha hoai
ln mng
hc chiu cao ca mng tnh theo iu kin Hnh 2.32: Dng
bn chng ct ph hoi th nht
T iu kin bn ta c: No
tt
N
hc t o
(2.59) Qo Mo
u.Rc
Theo kinh nghim cho thy nu mng c cu to
hp l th iu kin ph hoi ny lun tha mn. Trong
thit k mng c th tnh ton chiu cao mng t cng
hu
thc (2.59) hoc chn mt gi tr ri kim tra li theo
tt
cng thc (2.58). Vmax
Vmin
6.2.2. Xc nh chiu cao mng theo iu kin I
bn chng un
Xt mt mng chu un nh hnh v (2.33). Khi II II
chu tc dng ca ti trng ngoi (N,M,Q), di y
bc
b
mng pht sinh phn lc nn, phn lc ny gy ra ac
momen un phn cha ra ca mng (phn ny lm
I
vic nh dm cng xn) nn c th gy ra nt gy a
mng.
iu kin bn: Hnh 2.33
M
d Rku (2.60)
W
Trong :
M momen un do phn lc nn gy ra ti tit din tnh ton (I-I) v (II-II)
a ac a ac
M I I V ttmax .b. . 0,125V ttmax .b.(a a c ) 2
2 4
b bc b bc
M II II V ttmax .a. . 0,125V ttmax .a.(b bc ) 2
2 4
(Lu : y thin v an ton ta s dng V ttmax tnh ton momnen ti tit din)
W momen chng un ca tit din tnh ton:

b.hu2
W I I
6
a.hu2
W II II
6
Rku cng chu ko khi un ca vt liu mng
T thay vo (2.60) ta tnh c chiu cao ca mng theo iu in bn chu
momen un nh sau:
V max
huI t 0,87(a a c ) tt (2.61)
Rku
V ttmax
huI t 0,87(b bc ) (2.62)
Rku
Chiu cao mng chn: hu max(huI , huII )
Lu : khi tnh ton mng b tng chu un, dng iu kin (2.60) khi xc nh
momnen chng un W, c k n tnh khng n hi ca vt liu. Theo TCXD 41-70
cho php tnh gn ng nh sau:
b.hu2
W
3,5
T kt hp vi iu kin (2.60) ta rt ra:
V ttmax
hu t 0,66(a a c )
I
(2.63)
Rku
V ttmax
huI t 0,66(b bc ) (2.64)
Rku
6.2.3. Xc nh chiu cao mng theo iu kin chng chc thng trn mt phng
nghing
Theo iu kin ny ngi ta cho rng nu mng b chc thng th s chc thng
xy ra theo b mt hnh chp ct c cc mt bn xut pht t chn ct, v nghing mt
gc 45o so vi phng thng ng.
mng khng b chc thng th sc chng chc thng ca thn mng phi ln
hn lc gy ra chc thng.
iu kin bn: o
Pct d 0,75.Rk .U tb .hn

tt
(2.65) Qo Mo
Trong : Pct - Lc chc thng tnh ton,
tt
c tnh bng hiu s gia lc dc tnh ton N ott o

D D
v phn lc nn trong phm vi y thp chc thng.
hn
Pcttt N ott V tbtt .Fct tt

Vmax
Vmin
V max
tt
V min
tt
N ott
vi: V tt
tb
2 a.b
Fct din tch y thp chc thng
bct
bc
ac
act
nng 9/2006 CHNG II a TRANG 45
Hnh 2. 34
Fct = act.bct , vi : a ct a c 2hn tgD , bct bc 2hn tgD ; ac, bc cnh di v rng ca ct.
0,75 h s thc nghim, k n s gim cng chc thng ca b tng so vi
cng chu ko.
Utb Chu vi trung bnh ca thp chc thng
Ut Ud
U tb
2
Vi Ut = 2(ac + bc), Ud = 2(act + bct)= 2(ac + bc+4hntgD)
Utb = 2(ac + bc+2hn) (vi D=45o, tgD = 1)
hn chiu cao mng tnh theo iu kin chng chc thng
Rk cng chu ko tnh ton ca b tng
Thay cc gi tr tm c vo (2.65) v gii phng trnh bc hai, tm c gi tr ca
hn, hoc c th chn trc gi tr ca hn ri thay vo (2.65) kim tra cho tha iu
kin bn.
Chiu cao mng chn cui cng h=max(hc, hu, hn)
V d II-4: Xc nh chiu cao mng ca mng la chn kch thc trong v d 1
Gii:
Cc thng s s b: axb= 2,4x1,7m, hm=2m, Ntt = 120,3T, Mtt=3,2Tm
Vt liu mng: B tng ti ch mac 200, cng tnh ton: Rn=900T/m2,
Rku=65T/m2
ng sut tnh ton ti y mng: V max tt
33,68T / m 2 , V min
tt
25,28T / m 2 ,
V tttb r 29,48T / m 2 .
+ Chiu cao mng xc nh theo iu kin bn chng un:
r 29,48
h mI I t 0,66.(a a c ) 0,66(2,4 0,65) 0,77 (m)
RK 65
r 29,48
h mII II t 0,66.(b b c ) 0,66(1,7 0,30) 0,62 (m)
RK 65
V mng thit k l mng B tng ct thp, ton b ng sut ko do momen un gy ra
do ct thp tip thu nn ta chn chiu cao mng hm = 0,7m.
+ Chiu cao mng bo m bn chng chc thng
iu kin bn: Pcttt d 0,75.Rk .U tb .hn
Vi: - Pct = NTT - r (ac + 2hn) . (bc + 2hn)
Pct = 120,3 - 29,48. (0,65 + 2hn) . (0,30 + 2hn)
- Ut = 2(ac + bc), Ud = 2(act + bct)= 2(ac + bc+4hntgD)
Utb = 2(ac + bc+2hn )=2(0,95+2hn)
hn = ho Chiu cao lm vic ca mng
Thay vo iu kin bn, ta c bt phng trnh sau:
120,3 - 29,48 (0,65 + 2ho) . (0,30 + 2ho) d 0,75.65. 2 . (0,95 + 2ho).ho
Gi s chn ho = 0,65 (m), thay vo bt phng trinh ta c:
120,3 - 29,48 (0,65 + 2.0,65) . (0,30 + 2. 0,65) d0,75. 65. 2 . (0,95 + 2.0,65).0,65
28,32 < 142,6 tha mn
Vy ta chn chiu cao mng hm = ho + 0,05=0,65+0,05 = 0,7 (m)

S tnh ton chu un v chc thng nh hnh v:
No No
Qo Mo Qo Mo
o
D D
ho
hu
tt tt
Vmax Vmax
Vmin Vmin
I
II II
1700
1700
bct
bc
bc
ac ac
2400 I act
2400
Hnh 2.35
6.3. Tnh bn ca mng b tng ct thp
6.3.1. Xc nh chiu cao ca mng Btng ct thp
Chiu cao ca mng btng ct thp phi c No
tnh ton v kim tra theo iu kin chc thng (2.65)
v ch thay chiu cao hn bng chiu cao ho. S d Qo Mo
vy l v mc d l mng btng ct thp nhng
ngi ta vn t ra yu cu l mng bn chng
chc thng m khng c ct thp. o
D D
6.3.2. Tnh bn chu un ca mng BTCT
ho
Tnh bn chu un ca mng BTCT tc l tnh tt
ton xc nh hm lng ct thp cn t trong mng Vmin Vmax
chu momen un. Khi tnh ton ct thp trong
mng ngi ta da vo hai gi thit sau: Hnh 2.36
- Ton b ng sut ko do ct thp tip thu.
- Cnh tay n ngu lc ly bng 0,9ho vi ho l chiu cao lm vic ca mng:
ho= h-c, vi c l chiu dy lp btng bo v.
Din tch ct thp trong mng tnh theo biu thc:
M tdtt
Fa (2.66)
0,9.ho .ma .Ra
Trong : Ra Cng chu ko tnh ton ca ct thp
ma H s iu kin lm vic ca ct thp trong mng ly t 0,85-0,95.
M tdtt - Momen ti cc tit din tnh ton (MI-I, MII-II).
Sau khi xc nh c hm lng ct thp, chn ng knh ct thp, tnh
ton s thanh v b tr ct thp cho mng.

30d
4
Ct thep s 1: Chu lc do mo men tai mt ngam I-I

3 Ct thep s 2: Chu lc do mo men tai mt ngam II-II
Y cu: Ct thep co I! mm, khoang cach a = 10-25cm
2 Ct thep 3- Ct thep chu lc cua ct, b tr oan ch trn cot
mt oan L = 30d (d - ng knh ct thep)
100 100
Ct thep 4 - Ct thep ai, II, a = 20cm
1
100
ac
II II
bc
b
2
I 1
a
Hnh 2.37: B tr ct thp cho mng

V d II-5: Tnh ton v b tr ct thp cho mng xc nh kch thc nh v d
II-4:
Gii:
Chn s dng thp mng loi AII c Ra=26000T/m2
Tnh mmen un ln nht

- Theo phng cnh di
II
M Max 0 ,125 . r . b. ( a a c ) 2 0 ,125 . 29 , 48 .1,7 . ( 2 , 4 0 ,65 ) 2 19 ,19 (Tm )
- Theo phng cnh ngn 4I

540
4
II II
M Max 0,125. r. a. (b bc ) 2
0,125. 29,48 . 2,4. (1,7 0,3) 2
17,33 (Tm )
Ia200
3
Tnh v b tr ct thp I
2
a210
Theo phng cnh di
II 100 350 100
I M Max 19,19.10 5
F a 12,6cm 2 I
0,9.h 0 .R ct 0,9. 0,65.26000
a135 1
100
I
Chn 13 I 12 c Fa = 14,69 cm2
Bc ct thp theo phng cnh di 400
II II
l:
1700
300
170 2.3,5 I

a 13,58 cm a210
2
12
I I
2400 a135 48
Hnh 2.38
chn a = 13,5cm=135mm
Theo phng cnh ngn
II II
II M Max 17,33
F a 11,39 cm 2
0,9.h 0 .R ct 0,9. 0,65.26000
Chn 12 I 12 c Fa = 13,56 cm2
Bc ct thp theo phng cnh ngn l:
240 2.3,5
a 21,18 cm
11
chn a = 21cm=210mm
B tr ct thp nh hnh v bn.
7. TNH TON MNG MM

7.1. Khi nim v mng mm v m hnh nn
7.1.1. Khi nim
Tnh ton mng mm thuc phn Tnh ton dm trn nn n hi mt b phn
ca c hc cng trnh. B phn c hc ny xt n vic tnh ton cc loai kt cu nh:
mng bng, mng bng giao thoa, mng bn, mng hp, mng p thy in, tm trn
ng t, tm sn bay
Hin nay, cc cng trnh nh cao tng, ti trng ln c xy dng ngy cng
nhiu, nhiu khi phi xy dng trn nn t yu. Do vy cc loi mng bng, mng
bng giao thoa, mng b, mmg hp c s dng nhiu. Do vy vic nghin cu tnh
ton lai mng ny l cng vic ht sc cn thit phc v cng tc thit k nn
mng. m bo nn mng cng trnh iu kin chu lc v bin dng.
Khc vi mng cng, mng mm c kh nng b un ng k di tc dng ca
ti trng cng trnh, Bin dng un ny c nh hng nhiu n s phn b li ng
sut tip xc (phn lc nn) di y mng. Do vy khi tnh ton ta khng th b qua
bin dng un ca bn thn kt cu mng, hay ni cch khc l cn phi xt n
cng ca mng. Tuy nhin n gin trong tnh ton, ngi ta ch xt n cng
ca mng trong nhng trng hp mng c bin dng un ln n mt mc no .
Theo QP 20-64 nhng mng tha iu kin sau:
E0 l 3
t 10 . 3 ! 10 (2.67)
E h
th cn xt ti cng ca mng. Trong : Eo Moun bin dng ca t nn, E
Moun n hi ca vt liu lm mng, h chiu dy ca mng, mng c t t10 c
xem l mng mm, mng c t s hai cnh l/b t 7 coi nh mng dm, l/b<7 coi nh
mng bn.
Trong phm vi phn ny, ta nghin cu vic xc nh phn lc nn v ln (
vng) ca mng. Khi bit c ti trng ngoi v biu phn b phn lc nn th c
th tnh ton kt cu mng theo cc phng php tnh dm v bn thng thng.
t vn ta xt mt mng dm t trn nn t nh sau:

q(x)
w(x)
x
x p(x)
w
Hnh 2.39: S tnh dm trn nn n hi
Di tc dng ca ngoi lc q(x) v phn lc nn p(x), mng dm b un, trc

vng ca dm c xc nh theo phng trnh vi phn sau:
d 4 w( x)
EJ [q ( x) p( x)].b (2.68)
dx 4
Trong : b b rng dm
W(x) chuyn v ng ( vng) ca mng
EJ cng chu un ca mng
Di tc dng ca p lc y mng (bng nhng ngc chiu vi phn lc nn
p(x)) mt nn b ln xung. Gi S(x) l ln ca nn th iu kin tip xc gia
mng v nn sau khi ln l:
W(x) = S(x) (2.69)
Nh vy ta c hai i lng cha bit l W(x) hay S(x) v p(x) m ch c mt
phng trnh (2.68) gi th cha . Do vy d gi c bi ton cn phi thit lp
thm mt phng trnh th hai th hin quan h gia ln ca nn v p lc y
mng, ngha l:
S(x) = F1[p(x)] (2.70)
Hoc p(x) = F2[S(x)] (2.71)
Mi quan h ny th hin c ch lm vic ca nn di tc dng ca ngoi lc
m ngi ta cn gi l m hnh nn. Ngha l nn t c m hnh sao cho gn st vi
thc t nht m bo s lm vic ca mng trong nn t gn ging vi m hnh.
7.1.2. Cc loi m hnh nn
7.1.2.1. M hnh nn bin dng cc b (Winkler)
M hnh ny cho rng ln ca nn, mng ch xy ra trong phm vi gia ti.
Gi thit ca loi m hnh nn ny l mi quan h bc nht gia p lc v
ln (m hnh ny do gio s ngi c Winkler xut nm 1867)
C ch ca m hnh ny c biu din bng quan h:
P(x) = C.S(x) (2.72)
Trong : C l h s t l, cn gi l h s nn, th nguyn l lc/th tch (T/m3,
kN/m3, N/cm3) v c coi l khng thay i cho tng loi t, c th tra bng theo
cc ti liu tham kho hoc tnh ton t kt qu th nghim.
S(x) ln ca t trong phm vi gia ti
Quan h (2.72) ngha l cng phn lc ca t nn ti mi im t l bc nht vi
ln n hi ti im .

M hnh nn Winkler c biu
din bng mt h thng l xo t thng Lo xo
chu nen
ng, di bng nhau v lm vic c lp P
Lo xo
vi nhau (Hnh 2.40). Bin dng ca l xo
(c trng cho ln ca nn) t l bc
nht vi p lc tc dng ln l xo. Theo
m hnh ny ch nhng l xo nm trong
phm vi phn b ca ti trng mi c bin
dng. Do vy m hnh ny cn gi l m Hnh 2.40: C ch m hnh nn Winkler
hnh nn bin dng cc b.
M hnh ny c nhc im nh sau: Quan nim cho rng ln ch xy ra
trong phm vi din gia ti cha ph hp vi thc t, di tc dng ca ti trng bin
dng xy ra c trong v ngoi phm vi gia ti.
Tuy nhin phng php ny tnh ton n gin, khi mng c kch thc ln, cng nh
khi mng trn nn t yu cho kt qu kh ph hp vi thc t nn c s dng
nhiu.
7.1.2.2. M hnh na khng gian bin dng tuyn tnh
Theo m hnh ny nn t c xem nh
mt na khng gian n hi vi nhng c trng P
d
l moun bin dng Eov h s poisson Po. V t
khng phi l vt th n hi tuyt i nn thay
s(x)
cho moun n hi, ngi ta dng moun bin
dng Eo l t s gia ng sut v bin dng
ton phn ca t (bao gm c bin dng n hi
v bin dng d).
Dng kt qu ca l thuyt n hi, ta c Hnh 2.41a
phng trnh lin h gia ti trng P v ln
S(x) ca nn nh sau:
Trng hp bi ton khng gian (Hnh 2.41), theo li gii ca J.Bossinesq ta c:
2
P(1 P 0 )
S( x ) (2.73a)
S.E o .d
Trong : Eo, Po Moun bin dng v h s poisson ca nn
P ti trng tc dng
d khong cch t im ang xt n im
P
t lc tc dng D
d
S(x) ln ca nn.
B
Trng hp bi ton phng, theo li gii
ca Flamant, ln ca im A so vi im B l:
y
A
2
2.(1 P 0 ) D
y P ln (2.73b)
S.E o d
Trong : A, B hai im ang xt (h.2.41b)
Nhn xt: M hnh nn na khng gian bin dng
n hi xt n tnh phn phi ca t (tc
Hnh 2.41b
bin dng ca nn xy ra c ngoi im t ti) v vy m hnh ny cn gi l m
hnh nn n hi bin dng tng qut.
Tuy nhin m hnh ny nh gi qu cao tnh phn phi ca t. Theo m hnh ny
nhng im nm xa v cng mi ht ln. Trong thc t t khng phi l vt liu n
hi nn tnh phn phica n km. Kt qu
th nghim cho thy l tuy ngoi phm vi P
t ti c ln nhng ch trong phm vi nh 1 3
m thi.
Hnh v bn so snh kt qu bin
2
dng ca hai m hnh va nu v kt qu
th nghim thc t. Hnh 2.42: 1 Theo m hnh nn
M hnh ny nh gi qu cao tnh Winkler; 2- Theo m hnh na khng
phn phi ca t nn tr s ni lc trong gian bin dng tng th; 3 Theo th
kt cu rt ln, thiu chnh xc. nghim thc t.
7.2. Xc nh kch thc y mng v kch thc s b ca mng mm
Kch thc s b ca mng c xc nh theo mc 2.2, sau khi chn kch
thc cn kim tra li theo iu theo iu kin bin dng v n nh, sc chu ti (nu
cn) m bo s lm vic hp l ca mng theo iu kin bin dng.
Khi tnh ton mng ta cn bit cng EJ M P
ca tit din dm, di hoc cng tr D ca bn,
bi cng ny tham gia vo cc biu thc tnh
ton. Mun bit cng ta phi xc nh cc kch
thc ca tit din. Kch thc mng ta xc nh
nh trn, cn cc kch thc ca tit din nh chiu P1 P1
rng, cao ca dm, cnh, sn th ngi thit k c
th t chon theo iu kin cu to ca kt cu
BTCT, sau kim tra li.
2b
Cch khc: Kch thc s b ca tit din tnh ton
da theo gi thit s b l phn lc t nn phn b 2l
theo quy lut ng thng. Ta xt dm trn nn n
hi nh hnh v: Hnh 2.43
Vi gi thit trn th ta xc nh ng sut di y
mng nh sau:
p1, 2
N 6M o
r 2 q
p r 6M o
(2.74)
2
F bl lb bl
Trong : b, l l chiu rng v chiu di ca dm;
N tng cc lc thng ng tc dng ln dm;
M momen ca tt c cc lc ng vi trng tm y dm;
F Din tch y dm;
Vi mt tit din bt k, ta xc nh tr s momen v lc ct. Theo tr s Mmax,
ta xc nh momen chng un ca dm theo iu kin bn:
Mx max
Wx (2.75)
V
Vi V - ng sut cho php ca vt liu lm dm.

7.3. Phng php xc nh h s nn

tnh ton kt cu dm, bn trn nn n hi theo m hnh nn Winkler, vic
xc nh h s nn C l ht sc quan trng. y ta xt mt s cch xc nh sau
7.3.1. Phng php th nghim
Trong nhiu phng php xc nh h s nn, Vmin V
2
V(kG/cm)
phng php th nghim ngoi hin trng cho kt
qu chnh xc nht. Smin
Dng mt bn nn vung kch thc 1mx1m,
cht ti trng nn v tm quan h gia ng sut v
ln ca nn.
H s nn xc nh bng cng thc:
V min
C (kG / cm 3 ) (2.76)
S min S(mm)
Trong : Vmin - ng sut gy ln giai on

Hnh 2.44
nn n hi (kG/cm2) ng vi ln bng 1/4 - 1/5
ln cho php.
Smin- ln trong giai on nn n hi, ng vi ng sut Vmin.
7.3.2. Phng php tra bng
a. Da vo phn loi t v cht ca lp t di y mng
Bng 2.10
c tnh chung nn Tn t C (kG/cm3)
1. t t cht t chy, ct mi lp, st t 0,1-0,5
2. t cht va Ct p, si p, st m 0,5-5
3. t cht Ct p cht, si p cht, cui, st t m 5-10
4. t rt cht Ct, st c nn cht, st cng 10-20
5. t cng mm, nt n, vi, sa thch 20-100
6. t cng, tt 100-1500
7. Nn nhn to Nn cc 5-15
b. Da vo phn loi t, thnh phn ht, h s rng, st

Bng 2.11
c tnh ca nn Tn t, trng thi C (kG/cm3)
1. t khng cng - St v st chy do 0,6-0,7
2. t t cng - St v st do mm (0,5<B<0,75) 0,8
- ct do (0,5<B<0,1) 1,0
- Ct bi no nc, xp, cht D>0,8 1,2
3. t cng va - St v st do qunh (0,25<B<0,5) 2,0
- ct do (0,25<Bd0,5) 1,6
- Ct bi cht va D<0,8 1,4
- Ct nh, th va v th, khng ph 1,8
thuc D,W
4. t cng - St v st cng B<0 3,0
- t ct cng B<0 2,2

- dm, si, sn 2,6
c. Phng php thc hnh xc nh h s nn.

Phng php tra bng c nhiu ngi cp n, tuy nhin, kt quae ca n
khng c chnh xc, bi v ch da vo phn loi t v mt s ch tiu c l ca t
t mng l cha hp l, mt khc phm vi tra bng li rt rng nn kh chn lc ng
tr s C. Do vy ta c th s dng phng php thc hnh sau xc nh h s nn.
* C s l thuyt:
Da v cch tnh ln theo phng php:
h1
S a o .V.h t (2.77)
Trong : S- ln ca mng (cm);
h2
2ht
V - ng sut gy ln (kG/cm2);
z1
ht Chiu dy ca lp tng ng;
z2
ao H s nn ln tng i (cm2/kG);
hi
E
zi
a0 (2.78)
E0
Hnh 2.45
2.P 2
E 1 (2.79)
1 P
Vi P - H s n hng ca t, ph thuc vo loi t, tra bng.
Bng 2.12: Bng tr s P, E, A ca cc loi t
Loi t P E A
1. t bn 0,25 0,83 1,125
2. t ct 0,3 0,74 1,225
3. t ct, st 0,35 0,62 1,408
4. St 0,42 0,39 2,103
E Moun bin dng tiu chun (kG/cm2), c xc nh theo s liu th

nghim, nu khng c s liu th nghim th cn c vo loi t trng thi tra bng.
Bng 2.13: Tr s Etc ca nn t ri

Loi t Etc (kG/cm2) ng vi H s rng e
0,41-0,5 0,51-0,6 0,61-0,7 0,71-0,8
1. Si ct to, cht va 500 400 300 -
2. Ct nh 480 380 280 180
3. Ct bi 390 280 180 110
Bng 2.14: Tr s Etc ca nn t st

Loi t B Etc (kG/cm2) ng vi H s rng e
0,41-0,51 0,51-0,6 0,61-0,7 0,71-0,8 0,81-0,9 0,91-1,0 1,01-1,1
1. ct 0-1 320 240 160 100 70 - -
0-0,25 340 270 220 170 140 110 -
2. st 0,25-0,5 320 250 190 140 110 80 -

0,5-0,1 - - 170 120 80 60 50

3. St 0-0,25 - 280 240 210 180 150 120
0,25-0,5 - - 210 180 150 120 90
0,5-1 - - - 150 120 90 70
Nu trong phm vi 2ht c nhiu lp t, cng thc (2.77) c vit:

S a otb .V.h t (2.80)
Trong : a otb
a oi zih i
(2.81)
2h 2t
Vi hi Chiu dy ca lp t th i (cm);
Zi Khong cch t trng tm lp t thi n nh tam gic ng sut gy ln
su 2ht.
* Phng php xc nh h s nn C
Theo phng php lp tng ng:
h t AZb (2.82)
(1 P) 2
Trong : A (2.83)
1 2P
Z - h s ng vi ln trung bnh, ph thuc vo t s hai cnh ca mng, vi mng
hnh vung, cnh b, ta c Z = 0,95, lc ny cng thc (2.82) tr thnh:
h t 0,95Ab (2.84)
Thay (2.78), (2.84) vo (2.77) ta c:
h1
E
S 0,95 A.V.b (2.85)
E
h2
Thay tr s E v A trong bng (2.11) vo (2.85) ta c: 2b
z1
0,89
- Vi t bn: S .V.b (2.86)
z2
E
hi
0,863
zi
- Vi t ct: S .V.b (2.87)
E
0,83 Hnh 2.46
- Vi t ct, st: S .V.b (2.88)
E
0,782
- Vi t st: S .V.b (2.89)
E
T (2.86) (2.89) c th tnh ln ca mng vung cc loi t xp x bng:
V.b
S (2.90)
E
V
T cng thc (2.76) ta c cng thc xc nh h s nn C vi Vmin = , v Smin = S/4
2
2E
Ta c: C (2.91)
b
Nu trong phm vi chiu su 2b (3b vi t st pha, 4b vi t st) c nhiu lp t th:
2E tb
C (2.92)
b

Vi E tb
E h zi i i
(2.93)
2
2b
7.4. Tnh ton mng mm theo phng php h s nn
7.4.1. Phng trnh c bn
Xt mt dm t trn nn x
x
n hi nh hnh v (Hnh 2.47).
Dm c chiu di 2l>> b rng b v P q(x)
w(x)
chiu cao h. Gi thit rng tit din
ngang ca dm lun phng v c
cng chng un EJ. Gi ti trng y
p(x)
ngoi tc dng ln dm (quy v
ng trc dm) l q(x), Po, Mo v Hnh 2.47: S tnh dm trn nn n hi
phn lc nn tng ng (quy v
ng trc dm) l r(x).
Theo m hnh nn Winkler phn lc nn ti mi im t l thun vi ln n
hi ti im , ngha l:
r(x) = c.b.w(x) (2.94)
Vi: c H s nn ca nn t
Phn lc nn r(x) c th coi l ti trng lin tc, khng ng u v hng ln
trn, trong khi w(x) hng xung di.
dm khng b tch khi nn th vng ca dm ti im xt phi bng
ln ca nn ti im , ngha l w(x) = y(x).
Phng trnh vi phn ca trc dm b un:
d 4 y ( x)
EJ q( x) c.b. y ( x) (2.95)
dx 4
d 4 y ( x)
hay EJ c.b. y ( x) q( x) (2.96)
dx 4
c.b
t a 4 (1/m) (2.97)
4 EJ
a - c trng ca dm trn nn n hi, ph thuc vo cng ca dm v tnh cht
n hi ca nn.
chia phng trnh (2.96) cho EJ ta c:
d 4 y ( x) q ( x)
4
4a 4 y ( x ) (2.98)
dx EJ
Phng trnh (2.98) l phng trnh vi phn c bn tnh ton dm trn nn n hi.
* Trng hp ti trng ngoi q(x)=0
Nu dm khng chu tc dng ca lc phn b tc q(x)=0 th ta c phng
trnh thun nht:
d 4 y ( x)
4
4a 4 y ( x ) 0 (2.99)
dx
Phng trnh c trng:
K4 + 4a4 = 0
Gii ra c: K = ra v K= r ia

Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh (2.99) c dng:
y ( x) C1e ax cos ax C 2 e ax sin ax C 3 e ax cos ax C 4 e ax sin ax
(2.100)
Trong : Ci l cc hng s xc nh t iu kin bin c th ca tng bi ton.
7.4.2. Trng hp dm di v hn chu ti trng tp trung thng ng ti mt
im.
Chn gc ta im t ti trng, bi ton i xng qua gc ta . Cc iu kin
bin sau nghim ng:
* Ti x = f, y=0
Thay x = f vo (2.100) ta c:
y ( x) C1e ax cos ax C 2 e ax sin ax 0 hay C1 =C2 = 0, nghim tng qut (2.100) vit li
thnh:
y ( x) C 3 e ax cos ax C 4 e ax sin ax (2.101)
Phng trnh (2.101) biu din vng ca dm di v hn.
* Ti x = 0, gc xoay M = y = 0
Ta c:
y ' ( x) C 3 { ae ax cos ax ae ax ( sin ax)} C 4 { ae ax sin ax ae ax cos ax}
y ' ( x) ae ax C 3 (cos ax sin ax) ae ax C 4 ( sin ax cos ax)
thay x = 0, ta c:
y(x=0) = a(C4 C3) = 0 C3 = C4 = C
Phng trnh (2.101) tr thnh:
y ( x) e ax C (cos ax sin ax) (2.102)
P0
* Ti x = 0+, lc ct Q( x) EJy ' ' ' ( x)
2
ax ax
y ' ( x) ae C (cos ax sin ax) ae C ( sin ax cos ax)
y ' ( x) 2ae ax C sin ax
y ' ' ( x) 2a 2 e ax C sin ax [2ae ax C (a cos ax)]
y ' ' ( x) 2a 2 e ax C[sin ax cos ax]
y ' ' ' ( x) 2a 3 e ax C[sin ax cos ax] 2a 2 e ax C[a cos ax a sin ax]
y ' ' ' ( x) 4a 3 e ax C cos ax
P0 P0
y ' ' ' ( x 0) 4 a 3 C C
2 EJ 8a 3 EJ
Vy vng ca dm di v hn chu ti trng tp trung thng ng ti mt im c
phng trnh:
Po
y ( x)3
e ax (cos ax sin ax) (2.103)
8a EJ
Po a ax
Do : r ( x) b.c. y ( x) e (cos ax sin ax) (2.104)
2
P
Q( x ) o e ax cos ax (2.105)
2

Po ax
M(x) e (cos ax sin ax ) (2.106)
4a
t : K1 e ax (cos ax sin ax )
K2 e ax (cos ax sin ax )
K3 e ax cos ax
Ta c:
Po
y ( x) .K1 (2.107)
8a 3 EJ
Po a
r ( x) K1 (2.108)
2
Pa
Q( x) o .K 3 (2.109)
2
Po
M(x) .K2 (2.110)
4a
Cc h s K1 ,K 2 ,K 3 - ph thuc v h s ax, c th tnh ton hoc tra bng (bng
3.15) (hc vin c th lp hm trong exel lp bng tra v ni suy).
Kho st bin thin cc hm ni lc dm theo x ta thy th hm s c dng
song tt dn vi bc al = 2S, c bin gim nhanh (xem hnh v). Cch im t lc
khong 2S/a vng ca dm xp x 0,2% vng ti im t lc (al = 0). Do vy
dm c coi l di v hn nu u mt cch im t lc ln hn mt khong lm t
2S/a .
P
x
y
3S/4a S/a
Y
P
8a3EJ
S/a
T
S/4a S/a
M
P
4a
S/2a
Q
P
4a
Hnh 2.48: Cc biu chuyn v, gc xoay, momen, lc ct ca

dm trn nn n hi chu ti trng tp trung
7.4.3. Dm di v hn chu momen tp trung ti mt im.
Gc ta chn nh hnh v, chuyn v trc dm phn i xng

Mo
oo O oo x
Hnh 2.49: S dm trn nn n hi chu momen tp trung
* Ti x = 0, y = 0, thay x = 0 vo (2.101) ta c:
y(x=0) = C3 = 0 hay
y ( x) C 4 e ax sin ax (2.111)
Mo
* Ti x = 0, momen M(x) EJy ' ' ( x)
2
y ' ( x) ae ax C 4 sin ax ae ax C 4 cos ax ax
ae C 4 (cos ax sin ax)
y ' ' ( x) a 2 e ax C 4 (cos ax sin ax) a 2 e ax C 4 (sin ax cos ax) 2a 2 e ax C 4 cos ax
M0
M ( x 0) 2a 2 C 4 EJ C 4
4a 2 EJ
Vy ng trc vng dm c phng trnh:
M0
y ( x) 2
.e ax . sin ax (2.112)
4a EJ
Tng t ta c:
r ( x)a 2 M 0 .e ax . sin ax (2.113)
aM 0 ax
Q( x) .e (cos ax sin ax) (2.114)
2
M 0 ax
M ( x) .e cos ax (2.115)
2
t K 4 e ax . sin ax (2.116)
M0
Ta c: y ( x) .K 4 (2.117)
4a 2 EJ
r ( x) a 2 M 0 .K 4 (2.118)
aM 0
Q( x) .K1 (2.119)
2
M0
M ( x) .K 3 (2.120)
2
Cc h s K1 , K 2 , K3 , K 4 - Ph thuc v h s ax, tra bng (2.15)
Cc biu phn lc nn r, momen M, lc ct Q ca dm di v hn chu tc dng ca
momen tp trung th hin nh hnh v sau:

Mo
oo O oo
x
y Hnh 2.50: Cc
biu momen,
M
lc ct v phn lc
nn ca dm trn
nn n hi chu
tc dng ca
Q momen tp trung
Bng 2.15: Tr s K tnh dm mng di v hn

ax K1 K2 K3 K4 ax K1 K2 K3 K4
0 1 1 1 0 3.6 -0.0366 -0.0124 -0.0245 -0.0121
0.1 0.9907 0.81 0.9003 0.0903 3.7 -0.0341 -0.0079 -0.021 -0.0131
0.2 0.9651 0.6398 0.8024 0.1627 3.8 -0.0314 -0.004 -0.0177 -0.0137
0.3 0.9267 0.4888 0.7077 0.2189 3.9 -0.0286 -0.0008 -0.0147 -0.0139
0.4 0.8784 0.3564 0.6174 0.261 4 -0.0258 0.0019 -0.012 -0.0139
0.5 0.8231 0.2415 0.5323 0.2908 4.1 -0.0231 0.004 -0.0095 -0.0136
0.6 0.7628 0.1431 0.453 0.3099 4.2 -0.0204 0.0057 -0.0074 -0.0131
0.7 0.6997 0.0599 0.3798 0.3199 4.3 -0.0179 0.007 -0.0054 -0.0124
0.8 0.6354 -0.0093 0.3131 0.3223 4.4 -0.0155 0.0079 -0.0038 -0.0117
0.9 0.5712 -0.0657 0.2527 0.3185 4.5 -0.0132 0.0085 -0.0023 -0.0109
1 0.5083 -0.1108 0.1988 0.3096 4.6 -0.0111 0.0089 -0.0011 -0.01
1.1 0.4476 -0.1457 0.151 0.2967 4.7 -0.0092 0.009 -0.0001 -0.0091
1.2 0.3899 -0.1716 0.1091 0.2807 4.8 -0.0075 0.0089 0.0007 -0.0082
1.3 0.3355 -0.1897 0.0729 0.2626 4.9 -0.0059 0.0087 0.0014 -0.0073
1.4 0.2849 -0.2011 0.0419 0.243 5 -0.0045 0.0084 0.0019 -0.0065
1.5 0.2384 -0.2068 0.0158 0.2226 5.1 -0.0033 0.0079 0.0023 -0.0056
1.6 0.1959 -0.2077 -0.0059 0.2018 5.2 -0.0023 0.0075 0.0026 -0.0049
1.7 0.1576 -0.2047 -0.0235 0.1812 5.3 -0.0014 0.0069 0.0028 -0.0042
1.8 0.1234 -0.1985 -0.0376 0.161 5.4 -0.0006 0.0064 0.0029 -0.0035
1.9 0.0932 -0.1899 -0.0484 0.1415 5.5 0 0.0058 0.0029 -0.0029
2 0.0667 -0.1794 -0.0563 0.1231 5.6 0.0005 0.0052 0.0029 -0.0023
2.1 0.0439 -0.1675 -0.0618 0.1057 5.7 0.001 0.0046 0.0028 -0.0018
2.2 0.0244 -0.1548 -0.0652 0.0896 5.8 0.0013 0.0041 0.0027 -0.0014
2.3 0.008 -0.1416 -0.0668 0.0748 5.9 0.0015 0.0036 0.0025 -0.001
2.4 -0.0056 -0.1282 -0.0669 0.0613 6 0.0017 0.0031 0.0024 -0.0007
2.5 -0.0166 -0.1149 -0.0658 0.0491 6.1 0.0018 0.0026 0.0022 -0.0004
2.6 -0.0254 -0.1019 -0.0636 0.0383 6.2 0.0019 0.0022 0.002 -0.0002
2.7 -0.032 -0.0895 -0.0608 0.0287 6.3 0.0019 0.0018 0.0018 0
2.8 -0.0369 -0.0777 -0.0573 0.0204 6.4 0.0018 0.0015 0.0017 0.0002
2.9 -0.0403 -0.0666 -0.0534 0.0132 6.5 0.0018 0.0011 0.0015 0.0003
3 -0.0423 -0.0563 -0.0493 0.007 6.6 0.0017 0.0009 0.0013 0.0004
3.1 -0.0431 -0.0469 -0.045 0.0019 6.7 0.0016 0.0006 0.0011 0.0005
3.2 -0.0431 -0.0383 -0.0407 -0.0024 6.8 0.0015 0.0004 0.001 0.0006
3.3 -0.0422 -0.0306 -0.0364 -0.0058 6.9 0.0014 0.0002 0.0008 0.0006
3.4 -0.0408 -0.0237 -0.0323 -0.0085 7 0.0013 0.0001 0.0007 0.0006

3.5 -0.0389 -0.0177 -0.0283 -0.0106
7.4.4. Dm ng thi chu nhiu ti trng tp trung
Trng hp dm chu ng thi nhiu ti trng tp trung, ni lc trong dm
c xc nh theo nguyn l cng tc dng, tc l ni lc ti mt tit din bt k do
tt c cc ti trng gy ra bng tng ni lc ti tit din do cc ti trng ring r gy
ra.
Pi Mi
xi
O Oi x
xk K
y
Hnh 2.51: S dm di v hn chu tc dng ng thi ca nhiu ti trng
Gc ta chn nh hnh v, ta tit din cn xc nh ni lc K l xk, ta
im t lc th i l xi.
Chuyn v ng ti K l yki do ti trng t ti xi xc nh theo cng thc:
Pi M
y ki 3
.e aGi [cos aG i sin aG i ] 2 i .e aGi . sin aG i (2.121)
8a EJ 4a EJ
Trong : G ki ( x i x k )
Chuyn v ng ti K do tt c cc ti trng gy ra l:
n
y( x k ) y
i 1
ki (2.122)
n
Pi n
Mi
Hay: y( x k )
i 1 8a 3
EJ
.e aGi
[cos aG i sin aG i ]
i 1 4a 2
EJ
.e aGi . sin aG i (2.123)
Lc ct v mo men:
n
Pi aGi n
aM i aGi
Q( x k ) .e cos aG i .e .[cos aG i sin aG i ] (2.124)
i 1 2 i 1 2
n
Pi aGi n
M
M(x k )
i 1 4a
.e [cos aG i sin aG i ] i .e aGi . cos aG i
i 1 2
(2.125)
7.4.5. Dm di na v hn trn nn n hi chu lc tp trung P v mo men Mo.

Xt mt dm trn nn n hi chu tc dng ca lc Po v momen Mo ti u
mt tri, cn u kia di v hn (hnh 2.50). Dm nh trn gi l dm di na v hn.
Ly gc ta ti O Po
im t ti trng. Dng cc Mo
iu kin bin:
Mx=0 = Mo O oo
x
Qx=0 = -Po
Ta tm c:
Mo y
C4
2EJa 2 Hnh 2.52: Dm di na v hn chu lc tp trung v
Po - aM o momen
C3
2EJa 3
Do ta tm c:

1
y (PK3 aM o K 2 ) (3.126)
2EJa 3
1
M ( PK 4 aM o K1 ) (3.127)
a
Q (PK1 2aM o K 4 ) (2.128)
Cc h s K1, K2, K3, K4 ph thuc ax Tra bng (2.12).
V d II-6: Tnh dm di 20m, rng 1m, cao 0,3m, chu hai lc P1 = 80kN v P2 =
100kN. Lc P1 t ti gia dm, lc P2 t cch P1 mt khong 1,0m. Dm t trn nn
t c h s nn C=50000kN/m3.
P1 = 80kN
P2 = 100kN
0,3m
x
8m 1m 7m
16m
Hnh 2.53: S bi ton

Gii:
Momen qun tnh ca tit din dm:
b.h 3 1.0,33
J 0,00225m 4
12 12
Chn b tng mc 200 c Rn = 9000kN/m2; thp AII, cng tnh ton Ra = 260000
kN/m2; Fa = 10cm2=10-3m2, moun n hi b tng Eb=21000000 kN/m2.
Eb.J=21000000.0,00225=47250 kN/m2
K=c.b=50000.1=50000 kN/m2
K 50000
a 4 4 0,717
4E b .J 4.47250
2.S 2.3,14
Xt iu kin: l t 8,76 m
a 0,717
y P1 t cch u dm 10m, P2 t cch u dm 9m u ln hn 8,76m
nn dm c coi nh di v hn.
Mo men gia dm do P1 v P2 gy ra:
M = M 1 + M2
Pi
Ta c: M ( x ) .K 2
4a
i vi lc P1 th x=0, ax=0, K2 = 1
P1 80
M1 .K 2 .1 27,894kNm
4a 4.0,717
i vi lc P2 th x=1m, ax=0,717.1=0,717, K2 = 0,0472
P2 100
M2 .K 2 .0,0472 1,64kNm
4a 4.0,717

M = M1 + M2 = 27,894+1,64=29,534kNm
Kim tra tit din:
iu kin: M d R b .b.x (h o x )
R a .Fa 260000.0,001
x 0,029m
R b .b 9000.1
ho = 0,3-0,029=0,271m
R b .b.x (h o x ) 9000.1.0,029(0,271 0,5.0,029) 66,95kNm ! M 29,534kNm
Nh vy dm m bo iu kin bn khi chu momen do lc P1 v P2 gy ra.
7.4.6. Dm chu ti trng gn u mt Phng php b ti trng.
Xt dm chu ti trng tp trung (Po, Mo) ti im A cch u mt mt on v
bn tri v khng vt ra ngoi yu cu dm di v hn: ax d S/2 nh hnh v. Chuyn
v v ni lc trong dm c xc nh theo phng php b ti trng nh sau:
Ta bit rng, vi ti trng ang xt, ti u mt tri dm c chuyn v, ni lc
trong dm bng khng. Gi s ta ko dm v pha tri tr thnh dm v hn, ni lc
ti O tn ti khc khng. Chn mt dm di v hn c cc c trng tng t, chu ti
trng (P*, M*) ti O sao cho tng ni lc ti O trong hai trng hp trit tiu th ti
trng (P*, M*) c gi l ti trng b ca (Po, Mo) v ni lc bi ton ban u l tng
ca hai bi ton dm di v hn chu ti trng (Po, Mo) ti A v (P*, M*) ti O.
Po Mo
a) O A x
x
y
Po Mo
b)
O A x
y
P* M*
c) O x
Hnh 2.54: a) S bi ton dm bn v hn chu ti trng gn u mt; b) S bi ton

1: dm di v hn chu ti trng ban u; c) S bi ton 2: dm bn v hn chu ti
trng b.
Xc nh gi tr ca P* v M*:
- Gi momen v lc ct ti O do bi ton 1 gy ra l Q1 v M1:
Po ax aM o ax
Q1 .e cos ax .e .[cos ax sin ax ] (2.129)
2 2
Po ax M
M1 .e [cos ax sin ax ] o .e ax . cos ax (2.130)
4a 2
- Mo men v lc ct ti O do bi ton 2 gy ra:

P * aM *
Q2 (2.131)
2 2
P* M*
M2 (2.132)
4a 2
Tng ni lc ti O phi bng 0:
Q 1 + Q2 = 0
M 1 + M2 = 0
- Gii ra ta c ti trng b P* v M*:
2Q1 4aM 1 2Q 1
M* 4M 1 (2.133)
a a
P* 4Q1 4aM 1 (2.134)
- Ni lc do ring ti trng b gy ra xc nh theo biu thc:
P* aM *
Q b .K3 .K1 (2.135)
2 2
P* M*
M b .K 2 .K3 (2.136)
4a 2
- Tng momen ti mt tit din bt k xc nh theo cng thc:
n
Ni
Mx M b .K 2 (2.137)
i 1 4a
V d II-7: Tnh ton ni lc trong mng bng di dy ct, kch thc mng bng v
ti trng cho nh hnh v 2.55, cho h s nn c=0,5kG/cm3.
P=35T P=35T P=35T P=35T P=35T
1,5m 3,5m 3,5m 3,5m 3,5m

0,35m
0,6m
0,3m
1,2m
Hnh 2.55: S bi ton ca v d 2.7
Gii:
b.c
Xc nh h s bin dng a ca mng: a 4
4EJ
Vi: b = 1,2m, c=0,5kG/cm2 = 500000kG/m3 = 500T/m3
b.c = 600T/m2
E = 2,1.106T/m2
1 bh 3 1,2.0,6 3
J| . 0,5. 1,08.10 2 m 4
2 12 12
EJ = 2,268.104 Tm2

600
a 4 0,285m 1
4.2,268.10 4
S 3,14
Chiu di ti hn: L th 11,01m nn ba ti trng u tin phi xt n nh
a 0,285
hng khng v hn bng ti trng b, cc ti trng cn li xem nh ti trng ln dm
v hn, s phn tch a v s tng ng nh sau:
P=35T P=35T P=35T P=35T P=35T
P 1 M1 P=35T P=35T P=35T P=35T P=35T
Hnh 2.56
Xc nh ti trng b:
Ta chn gc ta mt tri dm, ta cc im t lc l xi = 1,5+3,5(i-1); ta
tng i: ax = 0,4275+0,998(i-1).
Mo men v lc ct do cc ti trng gy ra mt tri (theo s v hn) ln lt l:
n
Ni n
M1 i 1 4a
.K 2i 30, 7
i 1
K 2i
n
Ni n
Q1
i 1

2
.K 3i 17 ,5
i 1
K 3i
Vi n=3, ta c:
M1 = 30,7.(0,3231-0,2031-0,1252)=-0,2Tm
Q1 = -17,5.(0,5934+0,0348-0,0668)=-9,82T
Ti trng b ti mt tri :
2Q1 2.(9,82)
M* 4M 1 4.(0,2) 69,71Tm
a 0,285
P* 4Q1 4aM 1 4.(9,82) 4.0,285.(0,2) 39,508T
Biu thc momen do ring ti trng b gy ra xc nh theo biu thc :
P* M* 39,508 69,71
M b .K 2 .K3 .K 2 (ax ) .K3 (ax ) 34,66.K 2 (ax ) 34,85.K3 (ax )
4a 2 4.0,285 2
Tng momen ti tit din bt k xc nh theo cng thc:
n
M M b 30,7. K 2i
i 1
Trong : K 2i K 2 (a ( x x i )
* Ti x=0: ax = 0, K2(0)=1, K3(0)=1
Momen b: Mb = -34,66+34,85=0,195Tm

xi 1,5 5,0 8,5 12,0

a(xi x) 0,4275 1,425 2,4225 3,42
K2i 0,3231 -0,2031 -0,1252 -0,0225
30,7. K2i 9,92 -6,235 -3,844 -0,691
Tng momen: M=0,195+9,92-6,235-3,884-0,691=-0,695Tm
* Ti x = 1,65: ax =0,4275; K2(0,4275)=0,3231, K3(0,4275)=0,5934
Momen b: Mb = -34,66.0,3231 + 34,85.0,5934 = 9,48Tm
xi 1,5 5,0 8,5 12,0
a(xi x) 0 0,9975 1,995 2,9925
K2i 1 -0,11 -0,18 -0,057
30,7. K2i 30,7 -3,377 -5,526 -1,75
Tng momen: M = 9,48 + 30,7 -3,377 5,526 1,75 = 29,53Tm.
* Ch : Nhng dng bi ton tnh dm trn nn n hi theo phng php h s nn,
tnh ton nhanh v cho kt qu chnh xc, hc vin c th lp chng trnh trn my
tnh trn c s cc cng thc trn. Ngoi ra c th s dng chng trnh tnh ton kt
cu Sap2000 m hnh ha dm lin kt vi nn bng cc l xo c cng K = c.b.li
ri tnh ton.
7.5. Tnh ton mng bng theo phng php ca B.N. Jemoskin
7.5.1. C s v s tnh ton
Phng php da trn gi thit
P P P
nn l na khng gian bin dng tuyn
b
tnh trnh by mc (7.1.2.2).
Ta chia dm thnh n on bng
nhau v bng li sao cho phn lc nn
trong mi on phn b u. li li li li li li
S tip xc gia dm v nn P P P
trn din tch li.b (b b rng dm)
c thay th bng cc lin kt gi ta
trn nhng thanh cng, nhng thanh
cng t ti gia mi on li v chu
ti trng do dm truyn xung ri Hnh 2.57
truyn ti trng ln nn. P P P

h khng bin hnh ta t
thm thanh ngang chng chuyn v
ngang. X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6
H tm c gm dm chu ti a1
t trn cc gi ta cng (Hnh 2.57). a2
iu kin thit lp phng
trnh l: vng ca dm yi v ln MR
ca nn Wi ti im t thanh ta bng
yo
nhau: yi = Wi. H trn hnh (2.57) l h

siu tnh thng thng, gi ta s ak
nng 9/2006 CHNG II Hnh 2.58 TRANG 66

dng phng php hn hp. Ta chn h c bn bng cch a ngm quy c vo u
dm, loi b cc thanh ta v thay vo bng cc phn lc thng ng.
Gi X1, X2, X3, ln lt l ni lc trong cc thanh ng ta c h c bn
nh hnh (2.58).
n s ca h ny gm X1, X2, X3,, y0 v M0.
Trong : y0 vng ca dm ti tit din t ngm quy c;
M0 gc xoay ti tit din .
Phng trnh chnh tc nh sau:
G11 X 1 G12 X 2 G13 X 3 ... G1i X i ... y o a 1M o ' 1p 0
G 21 X 1 G 22 X 2 G 23 X 3 ... G 2i X i ... y o a 2 M o ' 2 p 0
...............................................................................................
(2.138)
G n1 X 1 G n 2 X 2 G n 3 X 3 ... G ni X i ... y o a n M o ' np 0
X 1 X 2 X 3 ... X i ... P i
a 1 X 1 a 2 X 2 a 3 X 3 ... a i X i ... M p
Trong : 'kp chuyn v ti im k do cc ngoi lc P gy ra, l s hng t do ca k

Gki chuyn v ti k khi cho lc Xi =1 t ti i gy ra
a1, a2, a3, an khong cch t ngm quy c n cc thanh ta
+ Xc nh chuyn v n v Gki: Gki gm hai thnh phn: vng ca dm yki v
ln ca nn Wi.
Gki = yki + Wi (2.139)
yki
- vng ca dm yki c xc nh theo
cng thc ca Maxwell Mohr ai K
Xi = 1
M i .M k
y ki EJ dx (2.140) wki
n gin, xem cc lc tc dng

ak
ln dm khng phi l phn b u m l ak-ai/3
lc tp trung. V cc biu Mi v Mk do Mk
cc lc n v gy ra nh hnh v (2.59). Xi = 1
ak
Nu ak > ai :
a i2 a 1 a i2 (3a k a i ) Mi
y ik (a k i ). Xi = 1
ai
2 3 EJ 6EJ
ai/3
Nu ai > ak th hon v ak v ai
trong cng thc trn
Hnh 2.59
a 3a a
t: y *
ki ( i ) 2 .( k i )
li li li
3
li
Ta c: y ik .y *ki (2.141)
6E b J
y *ki - ph thuc ai/ li v ak/ li tra bng (2.17).
- ln ca nn Wki c xc nh nh sau:
+ Trng hp bi ton khng gian:

1 P o2
Wki .Fki (2.142)
SE o l i
Trong : Fki l hm ph thuc vo b/ li v x/ li tra bng (2.16).
Vi x- khong cch t k n i
Vy chuyn v n v Gki c xc nh theo cng thc:
G ki Fki D kz .y *ki (2.143)
4
SE 0 l i
Vi: D kz (2.144)
6E b J (1 P o2 )
+ Trng hp bi ton phng:
G ki Fki D f .y *ki (2.145)
3
SE 0 l i (1 P 2b )
Vi: Df (2.146)
6E b J (1 P o2 )
b
+ Ch : chiu di mi on chia nn ly d l i d 2b
2
7.5.2. Trnh t tnh ton
1. Thit lp s tnh ton;
2. Lp h c bn, tnh h s D;
3. Tnh cc h s 'ki, Gki v lp phng trnh chnh tc;
4. Gii phng trnh chnh tc;
5. Tnh ni lc;
6. V cc biu ni lc.
Bng 2.16. Tr s Fki theo khong cch t k ti i theo b/ li
x/ li 0,5 0,7 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
0 5 4,27 3,53 2,9 2,42 2,08 1,87 1,7 1,54 1,43 1,32
1 1,077 1,062 1,032 0,986 0,94 0,894 0,848 0,802 0,756 0,71 0,664
2 0,519 0,515 0,508 0,498 0,488 0,477 0,467 0,456 0,446 0,436 0,425
3 0,342 0,34 0,338 0,335 0,331 0,328 0,324 0,321 0,317 0,314 0,31
4 0,253 0,252 0,251 0,25 0,249 0,248 0,246 0,245 0,244 0,242 0,241
5 0,202 0,202 0,201 0,2 0,199 0,199 0,198 0,197 0,196 0,195 0,194
6 0,17 0,17 0,17 0,17 0,17 0,17 0,17 0,165 0,165 0,165 0,165
7 0,14 0,14 0,14 0,14 0,14 0,14 0,14 0,14 0,14 0,14 0,14
8 0,13 0,13 0,13 0,13 0,13 0,13 0,13 0,12 0,12 0,12 0,12
9 0,11 0,11 0,11 0,11 0,11 0,11 0,11 0,11 0,11 0,11 0,11
10 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1
Bng 2.17. Tr s y *ki - ph thuc ai/ li v ak/ li

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10
0.5 0.25 0.63 1 1.38 1.75 2.125 2.5 2.875 3.25 3.625 4 4.375 4.75 5.125 5.5 5.875 6.25 6.625 7 7.375
1 2 3.5 5 6.5 8 9.5 11 12.5 14 15.5 17 18.5 20 21.5 23 24.5 26 27.5 29
1.5 6.75 10.1 13.5 16.88 20.25 23.63 27 30.38 33.75 37.13 40.5 43.875 47.25 50.63 54 57.375 60.75 64.125
2 16 22 28 34 40 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 88 94 100 106 112
2.5 31.3 40.63 50 59.38 68.75 78.13 87.5 96.88 106.3 115.63 125 134.4 143.75 153.13 162.5 171.88

3 54 67.5 81 94.5 108 121.5 135 148.5 162 175.5 189 202.5 216 229.5 243
3.5 85.75 104.1 122.5 140.9 159.3 177.6 196 214.38 232.8 251.1 269.5 287.88 306.25 324.63
4 128 152 176 200 224 248 272 296 320 344 368 392 416
4.5 182.3 212.6 243 273.4 303.8 334.13 364.5 394.9 425.25 455.63 486 516.38
5 250 287.5 325 362.5 400 437.5 475 512.5 550 587.5 625
5.5 332.8 378.1 423.5 468.88 514.3 559.6 605 650.38 695.75 741.13
6 432 486 540 594 648 702 756 810 864
6.5 549.3 612.63 676 739.4 802.75 866.13 929.5 992.88
7 686 759.5 833 906.5 980 1053.5 1127
7.5 843.8 928.1 1012.5 1096.9 1181.3 1265.6
8 1024 1120 1216 1312 1408
8.5 1228.3 1336.6 1445 1553.4
9 1458 1579.5 1701
9.5 1714.8 1850.1
10 2000
7.6.Tnh ton mng b

7.6.1. Phng php mng tuyt i cng
Do mng b c kch thc ln theo b ngang cng nh chiu dy, do vy c th
xem l mng tuyt i cng.
Xc nh cng ca bn t mnh O theo cng thc ca Hetenyi (1946) :
c.B m
O 4 (2.147)
4E c I
Trong : c - H s nn
Bm B rng ca mng b
Ec- Moun n hi ca vt liu mng
I Momen qun tnh ca tit din mng
Trnh t tnh ton:
1. Tnh tng cc lc thng ng N do cc ct truyn xung
N N 1 N 2 N 3 ... N i
2. Xc nh v tr trng tm ca cc lc, tc l v tr ca tng lc N
3. La chn kch thc Lm v Bm ca mng b, xc nh lch tm eB, eL.
4. Tnh phn lc nn theo cng thc ca Sc bn vt liu:
V
N r
M x .y M y .x
r (148)
B m .L m Jy Jx
Trong :
B m .L3m
Jy - momen qun tnh ca tit din mng vi trc x
12

B 3m .L m Lm
Jx - qun tnh ca tit din
12 BiL
y
mng vi trc y
M x N.e L - momen quanh trc x
My N.e - momen quanh trc y
B
BiB
+ Kim tra sc chu ti ca nn t
Bm
di y mng b x
5. Chia mng b thnh tng di theo
phng x hay phng y bng cc
ng trung bnh gia cc ct
6. Tnh p lc truyn xung mt di
mng i :
N i V tb .B iB .L m Hnh 2.60: S chia di tnh mng b
Hay : p i V tb .B iB .L m (2.149)
Vi : V tb
N (2.150)
B m .L m
7. Hiu chnh p lc :
Tng p lc N ly trc tip t cc ct trn di i s khng bng vi N i , do cc
lc ct bn hng di khng c a vo tnh ton. Do vy phn lc ny phi c
hiu chnh bng tng lc bnh qun :
N N
N
i
tb (2.151)
2
p lc trung bnh c hiu chnh :
V *tb
N tb
hay V *tb
N tb
(2.152)
B iB .L m B iL .B m
H s p lc c hiu chnh :
F
N tb
(2.153)
N i
H s ny nhn cho cc lc Ni tc dng trn di i (F.Ni) v dng tr s ny tnh ton.

8. Tnh ton ni lc M, Q trong mng
9. Tnh bn ca mng :
- Kim tra iu kin chc thng trn mt phng nghing ti v tr chn ct :
iu kin bn :
N max d 0,75R k .u tb .h 0 (2.154)
Vi Nmax - Lc chc thng ln nht;
Rk - Cng chu ko ca B tng;
ho - Chiu cao lm vic ca ac+2ho ac+2ho ac+ho
mng ;
ac ac ac
utb Chu vi trung bnh ca
bc+2ho
thp chc thng, ty vo v tr ca

bc
bc
bc+ho
bc+ho
ct utb s khc nhau :

Hnh 2.61
Ct gia : utb = uc + 4ho
Ct cnh : utb = uc + 3ho
Ct gc : utb = uc + 2ho
- Tnh ct thp chu un : Ct thp c tnh t cc gi tr ni lc trong bi ton
tnh mng bng.
7.6.2 Phng php tnh nh tm trn nn n hi
Phng php ny tnh ton ni lc trong mng b theo cch gn ng, xem
mng b nh tm trn nn n hi.
Ni dung phng php gm cc bc sau :
1. Xc nh cc kch thc c bn ca mng v chiu dy h ca mng b
2. Xc nh h s nn c ca nn t
3. Tnh cng D ca mng :
E.h 3
D (2.154)
12(1 P 2 )
Trong : E moun n hi ca btng
P - h s poisson ca vt liu btng
4. Xc nh bn knh cng hu hiu L
D
L 4 (2.155)
c
Bn knh nh hng ca mi ct l 4L
5. Xc nh momen theo ta cc (r,M): 0,5
Gm momen hng tm Mr v momen y
tip tuyn Mt (trn mt n v b rng Mt Mr
0,4
bn) v bin dng w ti im bt k : r
r
Z 3' ( ) M
r L
0,3
Mr Z 4 ( ) (1 P) r (2.156) x
L
( )
L 0,2
r
Z 3' ( )
r L 0,1
Mt PZ 4 ( ) (1 P) r (2.157) Z'4(r/L) Z3(r/L)
L
( )
L 0
Z'3(r/L)
PL2 r -0,1
w Z3 ( ) (2.158)
4D L
Z4(r/L)
Trong : P ti trng trn ct, r khong -0,2
cch t ct tc dng ti trng n im

ang xt, Z3 , Z 3' , Z4 l cc h s xc nh -0,3
t cc hm hyperolic (Hetenyi, 1946)

c thit lp thnh ton tra theo t s -0,4
r
x nh hnh (2.62).
L -0,5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
6. Chuyn momen hng tm v momen
Hnh 2.62
tip tuyn quan h ta vung gc:
M x M r cos 2 M M t sin 2 M (2.159) y
M y M r sin 2 M M t cos 2 M (2.160)
7. Vi gc M c nh ngha nh hnh v (2.63). Mt Mr
Tnh lc ct Q cho mi n v b rng bn
r
P ' r
Q Z4 ( ) (2.161)
4L L
M
Z '4 - tra ton (2.62).
x
8. Tnh ton bn ca mng.
Hnh 2.63

CHNG III: MNG CC

1. CC KHI NIM V PHN LOI
1.1. Khi nim.
1.1.1.Lch s pht trin.
Mng cc l mt trong nhng loi mng c s dng rng ri nht hin nay.
Ngi ta c th ng, h nhng cy cc ln xung cc tng t su, nh lm tng
kh nng chu ti trng ln cho mng.
Mng cc c s dng t rt sm khong 1200 nm trc, nhng ngi
dn ca thi k mi ca Thy S bit s dng cc cc g cm xung cc h
nng xy dng nh trn cc h cn (Sower 1979), cng trong thi k ny, ngi ta
ng cc cc g xung cc vng m ly chng qun xm lc, ngi ta ng cc
cc g lm quai chn t, ngi ta dng thn cy, cnh cy lm mng nh
.v.v.
Ngy nay, cng vi s tin b v khoa hc k thut ni chung, mng cc ngy
cng c ci tin, hon thin, a dng v chng loi cng nh phng php thi cng,
ph hp vi yu cu cho tng loi cng trnh xy dng.
1.1.2. Mt s u im v phm vi s dng.
Mng cc s dng hp l i vi cc cng trnh chu ti trng ln m lp t tt
nm di su, gim c bin dng ln v ln khng u.
Khi dng mng cc lm tng tnh n nh cho cc cng trnh c chiu cao ln,
ti trng ngang ln nh cc nh cao tng, nh thp, ...
Mng cc vi nhiu phng php thi cng a dng nh : Cc ng, cc p, cc
khoan nhi .v.v. nn c th s dng lm mng cho cc cng trnh c iu kin a cht,
a hnh phc tp m cc loi mng nng khng p ng c nh vng c t yu
hoc cng trnh trn sng ...
Mng cc s dng rng ri trong cc ngnh xy dng dn dng v cng nghip,
cu ng, thu li - thu in.
1.1.3. Cc b phn a) b)
chnh ca mng cc. Cng trnh bn trn
Mng cc gm
hai b phn chnh l ai coc
cc v i cc.
- Cc : L kt Coc
cu c chiu di ln so
vi b rng tit din
ngang, c ng hay
thi cng ti ch vo
lng t, , truyn
ti trng cng trnh
xung cc tng t,
su hn nhm cho
cng trnh trnh bn
trn t cc yu cu Hnh 3.1: a) Mng cc i thp; b) Mng cc i cao
ca trng thi gii hn
nng 9/2006 CHNG III TRANG 73
quy nh.
- i cc : L kt cu dng lin kt cc cc li vi nhau v phn b ti trng
ca cng trnh ln cc cc.
Nhim v ch yu ca mng cc l truyn ti trng t cng trnh xung cc lp
t di v xung quanh n.
1.1.4. Mt s nh ngha v thut ng.
- Cc chim ch: L loi cc c a vo lng t bng cch y t ra xung
quanh. Bao gm cc loi cc c ch to trc, c a xung su thit k bng
phng php ng, p, rung hay cc nhi ti ch m l to bng phng php ng.
- Cc thay th: L loi cc c thi cng bng cch khoan to l, v sau lp
vo bng vt liu khc (nh b tng, b tng ct thp) hoc a cc cc ch to sn
vo.
- Cc th nghim: L cc c dng nh gi sc chu ti hoc kim tra cht
lng cc (siu m, kim tra cht lng b tng).
- Nhm cc: Gm mt s cc c b tr gn nhau v cng chung mt i.
- Bng cc: Gm nhng cc c b tr theo 1-3 hng di cc mng bng.
- B cc: Gm nhiu cc, c chung mt i ln vi kch thc ln hn 10x10m.
- Cc chng: L cc c sc chu ti ch yu do lc chng ca t, ti mi
cc.
- Cc ma st: L cc c sc chu ti ch yu do ma st mt bn ca cc v t
v phn lc ca t nn ti mi cc.
- Lc ma st m: L gi tr lc do t tc dng ln thn cc, c chiu cng vi
chiu ca ti trng cng trnh tc dng ln cc khi chuyn dch ca t xung quanh cc
ln hn chuyn dch ca cc.
- Sc chu ti cho php ca cc: L gi tr ti trng m cc c kh nng mang
c bng cch chia sc chu ti cc hn cho h s an ton quy nh.
- Sc chu ti cc hn: L gi tr sc chu ti ln nht ca cc trc thi im
xy ra ph hoi, xc nh bng tnh ton hoc th nghim.
- Ti trng thit k ca cc: L gi tr ti trng d tnh tc dng ln cc.
- Mng cc i thp: L mng cc c i cc nm di mt t thin nhin, s
lm vic ca mng ny vi gi thit ton b ti trng ngang do t t y i tr ln
chu.
- Mng cc i cao: L mng cc c i cc nm cao hn mt t t nhin, lc
ny ton b ti trng ng v ngang u do cc cc trong mng chu. Thng gp
mng cc cc m tr cu, cu cng, .v.v.
S lm vic ca mng cc i cao v mng cc i thp khc nhau nn tnh ton
cng khc nhau.
1.2. Phn loi cc, mng cc
1.2.1. Da vo vt liu ch to cc, ngi ta phn thnh cc loi :
Cc g: Vt liu s dng l g, chiu di t 5 y 7m, ng knh 20 30cm .
Cc tre: S dng cc loi tre gc, c chc.
Cc b tng: Vt liu l b tng, s dng cho cc chu nn.
Cc B tng ct thp: Loi cc ny c s dng nhiu nht.

Cc thp: Vt liu thp I, H, C, loi cc ny d b g khi tip xc vi nc, c
bit l nc mn.
Ngoi ra cn c cc loi cc thp b tng, cc lin hp, tuy nhin cc loi cc
ny t c s dng.
1.2.2. Da vo c im lm vic ca cc.
Da vo c im lm vic ca cc trong nn t ngi ta phn thnh cc
chng v cc ma st. nh ngha cc loi cc ny trnh by mc (1.1.4).
1.2.3. Da vo phng php thi cng.
Tu theo phng php thi cng h cc n su thit k m ngi ta phn
ra cc loi cc sau y:
a. Cc h bng
ba: l cc ch to sn,
c h xung bng ba
treo hoc ba Diezel hoc
h xung bng ba my
rung, p hoc xon c th
khoan dn hoc khng.
Thuc loi cc ny gm
cc g, cc b tng ct
thp ch to sn, cc ni,
cc thp, cc nm, cc Cc
i trng
xon, cc nng, cc ng b
tng ct thp, cc ct, cc
thp, ...
* Mt s u im v phm
vi s dng. Ray dc
- Mng cc loi ny T vt
c th h su 30 35m Khung Bailey
trong nn t ct hoc ct
pha. Tit din cc t R
20x20 40x40, nu cc c
chiu di ln th c thnh Hnh 3.2: S thi cng cc ng BTCT
tng t ri h xung
su thit k.
- Thi cng d dng v c gii ha hon ton trong thi cng h cc.
- Chi ph xy dng mng khng cao.
- Cht lng cc m bo.
b. Cc h bng phng php xi nc.
Thng gp i vi cc cc c tit din ln, cc h qua cc lp t cng, bin
php h cc gp kh khn khi dng phng php thng thng.
c im ca phng php thi cng ny l dng tia nc c p lc cao, xi t
di mi cc, ng thi v c p sut ln, nc cn theo dc thn cc ln trn lm
gim ma st xung quanh cc, kt qu l cc s tt xung khi dng ba ng nh ln
u cc.
Vi tia nc xi t c th dng h cc 3
trong cc loi t ri, d xi nh ct, ct, si, h 3
tr trong cc cng ngh h cc khc nh ng cc, 4
rung cc, cc ng c ng knh ln, khi ng cc
bng ba trn t ct cht, lc cn s rt ln, ba
khng nng lc s khng gii quyt ni, ng
mi s v cc. Do vy nu dng kt hp vi xi
nc trong phm vi mi cc th s loi tr bt
nhng tr lc chnh, gip cho ba ng h cc d 2 2
dng hn. m bo kh nng chu lc ca cc
thi khi cn cch su thit k 1 y 2m th kt thc 1 1
xi nc v dng ba ng nt xung su thit
k.
* u im ca loi cc ny :
- Nng sut h cc cao.
- t gy h hng nh gy mi cc, hng u,
nt, gy cc, ...
- D vt qua chng ngi vt trong t.
- Thit b v kt cu ph tr khng i hi Hnh 3.3: S h cc bng
nhiu. phng php xi nc
- Cng ngh khng phc tp. 1-Cc; 2-ng xi nc;
c. Cc xon. 3- Ba ng; 4- ai gi
Cc xon bao gm hai b phn l thn cc
bng b tng ct thp hay ng thp v bng kim
loi c hay hn vi 1,25 vng xon. ng knh vng
vt xon bng 3 y 8,5 ng knh thn cc.
Cc c h xung t nh thit b quay c bit
quay bng ng c in v nh h thng bnh rng
truyn ng lm cho cc b xoay v xuyn vo t. Loi 1
cc ny c s dng cho cc cng trnh cu cng, ct

in, cao th...
u im ca loi cc xon l vic h cc xon
c m thun, khng c rung ng. Thun li khi xy
dng cng trnh gm cc cng trnh c trong thnh ph.
Cc xon chu ti trng dc trc rt ln v c y m
rng, c bit kh nng chng nh ca cc xon cng 2
rt ln. Tuy nhin s dng cc xon th thit b thi cng
phc tp v ch s dng cho cc loi t nn mm yu,
khng th dng vi cc loi t ln nhiu si hoc Hnh 3.4: Cc xon
1-Cc; 2-Vng xon
st qu cng.

d. Loi cc h bng my chn ng :

Loi cc h bng phng php ny ch yu l cc ng b-tng ct thp, h vo
t nh tc dng rung ca my chn ng. Bng phng php ny cc ng c th h
c vo chiu su kh ln trong nn t, do vy sc chu ti ca cc ln. ng knh
cc thng t 0,6 y 3m.
So vi cc loi mng su, cc
ng c cc u im sau :
- C th p dng cc phng
php cng nghip ho trong xy dng
v c gii ho trong ton b cc cng
tc thi cng.
- Tn t vt liu v khng cn
phi lp y b-tng vo lng ng.
- S dng ti mc cao nht kh
nng lm vic ca vt liu mng.
- C th h cc n su rt ln Hnh 3.5: Cc ng v lp y b tng
m khng cn n mng ging chm trong cc
hoc ging chm hi p nh hng sc
kho cng nhn.
- C th s dng vi bt k tnh hnh a cht thy vn.
- C th thi cng quanh nm v ton b cng tc thc hin trn mt nc, do
vy nng cao c nng sut thi cng.
Cc ng c p dng rng ri trong khong 20 y 25 nm tr li y. nc ta
mng cc ng c s dng khi xy dng li cu Hm Rng, ng knh cc c
D=1,55m.
d dng trong vic sn xut v vn chuyn, ngi ta ch to cc ng thnh
tng t 5 y 12m v khi h ni li vi nhau.
e. Loi cc ti ch (Cc khoan nhi) :
y l loi mng su thnh hnh nht trong xy dng nc ta trong 10 nm
tr li y.
ng knh cc t 60 y 300 cm, cc cc c ng knh <76 cm c xem l cc
nh, cc c ng knh >76 cm c xem l cc ln. Vic to l c nhiu cch: C th
o bng th cng, hoc khoan bng cc t hp my khoan hin i. Vi vic s dng
cc t hp khoan hin i ngi ta c th h cc n su rt ln v ng knh ln
(Cu Thun Phc cc khoan nhi ng knh 2.5m, chiu su h cc 50 70 mt,
Cu M Thun: Cc khoan nhi ng knh 2.5m, chiu su h cc n hng trm
mt). Hin nay mt s cu ln ang xy dng nh cu Rch Miu, cu Cn Th
cng dng cc khoan nhi ng knh ln lm mng.
Quy trnh thi cng cc khoan nhi cho mng cng trnh gm cc bc ch yu
sau:
- Chun b thi cng (Preparation work);
- Khoan to l (Drilling hole);
- Lm sch h khoan (Cleaning the Bored hole);
- Gia cng lp dng lng thp (Producing and erecting steel cage);
- Thi cng b tng cc khoan nhi (Placing concrete for Bored Pile);
- Hon thin cc;
- Kim tra cht lng cc khoan nhi;
- p u cc;
- Thi cng b mng.
Hnh v sau th hin trnh t cc bc thi cng cc khoan nhi:
1. Chun b mt bng 2. a may vao v tr thi cng
3. Khoan l 4. Thi cng tha lng thep
5. b tng thn coc 6 Hoan thin coc khoan nhi
Hnh 3.6: Cc giai on ch yu khi thi cng cc khoan nhi.

Vic gi vch cho cc c th dng ng vch h xung khoan l, n khi

b tng th rt ln, cch ny m bo cht lng cc nhng vi cc c chiu su ln th
vic h v rt ng vch s gp kh khn, nhiu lc li trong nn t th chi ph thp
ng vch cng kh ln. Do vy ngi ta h ng vch mt an 5-10m vo t, cn
su tip theo gi thnh h khoan ngi ta dng dung dch Bentonite gi thnh h
thnh h khoan khng b st.
* u khuyt im ca cc khoan nhi:
u im chnh :
- Rt bt c cng on c cc, do khng cn cc khu xy dng bi c,
lp dng vn khun ...
- V cc c ngay ti mng nn d thay i kch thc hnh hc ca cc nh
chiu di, ng knh ... ph hp vi thc trng t nn.
- C kh nng s dng trong mi loi a tng khc nhau, d dng vt qua cc
chng ngi vt nh , t cng bng cch s dng cc dng c nh khoan chong,
my ph , n mn...
- Cc khoan nhi thng tn dng ht kh nng lm vic ca vt liu, gim
c s cc trong mng, c th b tr ct thp ph hp vi iu kin chu lc ca cc.
- Khng gy ting n v tc ng n mi trng, ph hp xy dng cc
cng trnh ln trong th.
- Cho php trc quan kim tra cc lp a cht bng cch ly mu t cc lp t
o ln, c th nh gi chnh xc iu kin t nn, kh nng chu lc ca t nn
di y h khoan.
- Cho php ch to cc cc khoan nhi ng knh ln v su ln, ph hp
cho cc cng trnh cu ln.
Cc nhc im :
- Sn phm trong sut qu trnh thi cng u nm su trong lng t, cc khuyt
tt d xy ra.
- Thng nh cc nhi kt thc trn mt t nn kh c th ko di thn cc ln
pha trn, do phi lm b mng ngp su di mt t, do vy khng thun li cho
vic thi cng cc mng cc b cao v phi lm vng vy ngn nc tn km.
- D xy ra nhng khuyt tt nh hng n cht lng cc nh:
+ Hin tng co tht, hp cc b thn cc hoc thay i kch thc tit din khi
qua cc lp t khc nhau.
+ B tng xung quanh thn cc d b ra tri lp ximng khi gp mch nc
ngm hoc gy ra r mt thn cc.
+ L khoan nghing lch, st vch l khoan.
+ B tng thn cc d b khng ng nht v phn tng.
- Thi cng ph thuc nhiu vo thi tit nh ma ma bo... V vic b tr thi
cng thng hon ton ngoi tri.
- Hin trng thi cng d b ly li nh hng n mi trng.
- Chi ph th nghim cc khoan nhi qu tn km.
* Kim tra cht lng cc khoan nhi:
- Siu m kim tra cht lng b tng.
- Th nghim th ng bin dng nh PIT (Pile Integrity Test) kim tra
ton vn ca cc.
- Th nghim th ng bin dng ln PDA (Pile Dynamic Analysis) xc nh
sc chu ti ca cc.
- Th nghim nn tnh xc nh sc chu ti ca cc : i vi cng trnh cu,
thng s dng phng php th nghim Osterberg xc nh sc chu ti (Phng
php ny p dng th nghim cc cu M Thun, cu Cn Th, ) tuy nhin chi ph
ln.
* Nhn xt: Cc khoan nhi thuc mt trong nhng cng ngh thi cng mng cng
trnh tng i mi nc ta, n c nhiu u im nh phn tch trn. Tuy nhin
hin nay hu nh tt c cc cng trnh cu s dng loi mng ny u c vn v
cht lng cc, vic x l cc s c rt kh khn v tn km. Do vy khi s dng loi
mng ny cn qun l cht ch trong tt c cc bc ca quy trnh thi cng m bo
cht lng cc.
f. Mng cc Bart
Cc Bart thuc loi cc b tng ct thp ti bc
ch nh cc khoan nhi, tit din ngang thn cc c
dng hnh ch nht t 1,5x2,5m n 2,5x4m.
Quy trnh thi cng cc Bart v c bn ging
ac
nh thi cng cc khoan nhi, ch khc l thit b thi
b
cng o h v hnh dng lng thp. Thi cng cc
khoan nhi th dung li khoan hnh ng trn, cn thi
cng cc Bart th dng loi gu ngom hnh ch nht a
v lng thp c tit din hnh ch nht.
Hnh 3.7: Mng cc Bart
c im v phm vi s dng:
Cc Bart cng c cc c im chung ca cc nhi, tuy nhin do tit din hnh
ch nht nn cc Bart n nh rt cao so vi cc khoan nhi. Cc Bart thng c
s sng lm mng cc cho nh cao tng, mng cng trnh cu cn, cu vt trong
thnh ph.
g. Cc ng thp nhi b tng
Mng cc ny thng s dng khi xy
ng thp
dng mng cho cc cu dn, cu trung. ng
knh cc ng thp c th t n 0,9 -1,0m, B tng lp lng
chiu di cc h n su 35 40m. Cc M 300-400
bc thi cng cc nh sau:
- Ch to cc ng thp;
- ng cc ng thp bt kn mi xung
su thit k;
- t ct thp vo lng cc;
- b tng lp lng cc;
- Kim tra cht lng cc, th ti cc. Hnh 3.8: Mt ct ngang cc ng
Cc c thi cng theo phng php ng thp nhi b tng

cc bng ba ri t do. Cc ng thp c sn xut ti nh my theo cng ngh hn
xon c, vt liu lm cc ng thp, c chiu dy 12-14mm, mi cc c bt kn. Cc
c chia thnh tng on 15 20m v ni li bng cc mt bch khi h xung.
Sau khi h cc xung cao thit k, tin hnh lm sch, lp t ct thp v b
tng Mc 300 400 lp lng cc.
* Nhn xt: Loi cc ny c cht lng tt, rt tt v mt chu lc, pht huy ti a s
lm vic ca vt liu, thp chu ko v b tng chu nn. ngh nn thit k, so snh
v p dng loi cc ny cc cng trnh cu trung, cu ln trong cc iu kin ph
hp. Loi cc ny c s dng thi cng tr cu Bnh vi 231 cc ng thp vi
chiu di mi cc khong 40m.
h. Cc Shin-so
Mng Shin so l mt loi mng cc c ng knh ln, sc chu ti rt ln, p
dng ph hp khi xy dng cc tr cu chu ti trng ln, tr c chiu cao ln. y l
mt trong cc cng ngh mi trong xy dng mng su.
* u im:
- Cng ngh thi cng n gin, khng s dng my mc phc tp;
- Qu trnh thi cng ch yu s dng nhn cng lao ng ph thng;
- Cht lng cc rt tt v qu trnh thi cng h mng gi kh v khng c kh
nng b st vch;
- C th to ra cc c ng knh ln, sc chu ti ln;
- t nh hng n sc khe cng nhn.
* Nhc im:
- Qu trnh thi cng chu nh hng nhiu ca nc ngm, cn x l bm thot
nc tt khi o t;
- Thi cng chu nh hng ca thi tit;
- Kh thc hin c khi mng nm gia song v trng hp mc nc ngm
cao.
Qu trnh thi cng mng c th hin nh sau:
Thang ln xung
Thung cha
Ban vach
Vt liu ao
Cao hoan thanh
1. Cng tac ao t 2. Di chuyn vt liu ao 3. Lp t ban vach chng

sat l thanh vach

b tng
Bm va lp y
4. Lp t ct thep 5. b tng 6. Bm va
Hnh 3.9: Trnh t cc bc thi cng cc Shin-so
Trong cc bc trn, cng tc o t c thc hin bng nhn cng v cc

thit b nh nh xng v khoan tay. Cc bn vch bng thp c lp t xung quanh
chng p lc ngang ca t trong sut qu trnh o. Sau khi cng tc o c
thc hin xong, tin hnh lp rp ct thp, t v c nh v tr, sau tin hnh b
tng cc v bm va lp y.
* Nhn xt: Cng ngh thi cng mng Shin-so ny c nhiu u im nh trn, ph hp
lm mng trong xy dng cu ln nc ta. Cu
Bi chy Qung Ninh, phn cu dn s dng loi
mng ny.
i. Cc m rng chn :
M rng chn cc l mt trong nhng bin
php lm tng sc chu ti ca cc.
Vic m rng chn cc c th thc hin bng
nhiu phng php: Phng php n ph, phng
php khoan hoc cc phng php c hc khc.
Trong c phng php n ph c s dng rng Hnh 3.10: Cc m rng chn
ri nht.

2. CU TO CC
Nh gii thiu 1, hin nay c nhiu loi cc, ph thuc vo tng cch
phn loi. Trong khun kh chng ny ta i vo xt cu to chi tit ca cc g v cc
ng btng ct thp, l nhng loi c s dng rng ri hin nay.
2.1. Cc g
Cc g thng gp cc cng trnh ph tm, v kh nng chu ti theo vt liu
ca g khng ln v cc g ch gi c cht lng bn lu trong iu kin nm hon
ton di mc nc thp.
V mt thi cng u im ca cc g l nh, d ch to, ba v thit b h cc
kh n gin.
Cc g c lm bng cc loi g thng, g lim .v.v., khi ch to cn ch mt
s im sau: G thn thng, ng u, cng cao, trc thng, cong ln nht
khng qu 1% chiu di, khng vng qu 12 cm, ng knh chnh lch khng qu
1cm trn 1m di.
Nu l cc ln ng knh thng t 18 y 30cm, chiu di t 4,5 n 12m, nu
ghp ba hoc ghp bn chiu di c th n 20 y 25m.
Vic ch to tt nht l dng c gii, rc b ht v cy, ca u cc v vt mi
cc. nh cc phi c bo v bng ai thp bo v u cc. Mi cc vt nhn v
bt thp khng to khi ng. Khi chiu di ln c th ni cc, khi cn tit din ln
c th ghp 3 hoc 4 cy li vi nhau. Cu to th hin hnh v sau:
2 5
1/ Thn coc g S coc n

2/ ai thep
3/ Vo chup thep bt 9
D
mui coc 8
4/ Mui coc
5/ Khe ni 1 7
6/ Bu lng
8/ Lp lach
9/ ng thep ni 6
S ghep 3 coc
Hnh 3.11 Cu to cc g

2.2. Cu to cc b tng ct thp

Cc b tng ct thp c sn l loi cc c s dng rng ri nht trong xy
dng mng su v chu lc ngang ln.
u im: iu kin p dng khng ph thuc vo tnh hnh nc ngm, iu
kin a hnh, chiu di, tit din cc cu to tu theo mun, cng vt liu lm
cc ln, c th c gii ho trong thi cng, cht lng cc m bo tt v cc c c
vn d kim tra cht lng.
Nhc im: Khi tit din v chiu di ln th trng lng cc ln, gy kh
khn cho vic vn chuyn, a vo gi ba h cc. Mt khc do trng lng bn
thn ln nn tn nhiu thp cu to m bo chu lc khi vn chuyn v thi cng.
Vt liu lm cc: Cc btng ct thp thng dng btng Mc t 200, tuy
nhin khi thit k thng dng btng Mc 250 y 300 m bo an ton cht lng
cc. Cn vi cc btng ct thp ng sut trc th s dng btng mc t 400 i vi
mng cc i cao v btng M t 300 i vi mng cc i thp.
Chiu di cc btng ct thp c sn c th t 5 y 6m y 25m, c khi t n
40 y 45m (nu cc di th ch to tng t ri ni li vi nhau khi ng chiu di on
t 6 y 8m). Chiu di on cc c sn ph thuc ch yu vo iu kin thi cng (thit
b ch to, vn chuyn, cu lp, h cc...) v lin quan n tit din chu lc, chng hn
i vi cc tit din c thng hn ch chiu di nh trong bng sau :
Bng 3.1: Chiu di ti a ca cc c btng ct thp thng
Kch thc tit din (cm) 20 25 30 85 40 45
Chiu di ti a (m) 5 12 15 18 21 25
T s gia chiu di (l) trn b rng (b) hoc ng knh cc (d) gi l mnh
ca cc O
l
O= (3.1)
d
i vi cc thi cng bng phng php p bng kch thy lc th mnh O
khng nn qu 100 trng hp O vt qu 100 th cn m bo iu kin nn t
cho cc xuyn qua v iu kin thi cng gi cho cc khng b thay i dng hnh hc.
Tit din cc: Cc b tng ct thp c nhiu loi tit din khc nhau nh: Trn,
vung , ch nht, ch T, ch I, tam gic, a gic hoc vung c l trn, trong loi
cc c tit din vung c s dng nhiu nht.
Hnh vanh khn Hnh vung Hnh vung khoet l Hnh tam giac Hnh ch I
Hnh 3.13: Cc dng tit din ngang thn cc BTCT c sn

Loi cc c tit din vung c s dng rng ri hn c v n c u im ch
yu l ch to n gin v c th ch to ngay ti cng trng. Kch thc tit din
ngang ca loi cc ny thng l: 20 u 20cm, 25 u 25cm, 30 u 30cm, 35 u 35cm,
40 u 40cm. Chiu di ca loi cc ny khng vt qu tr s cho bng (3.1), ng thi
ph hp khi thi cng thng thng ngi ta ch to kch thc cc nh sau:
Cc tit din 20 u 20 y 30 u 30 cm chiu di <10m
Cc tit din 30 u 30 y 30 u 30 cm chiu di >10m
Cu to ct thp cho cc :
0,207L 0,207L
4 5 2 1 3
100 150 b 100 50 30-40

ai a5 ai a10 ai a15 ai a10 ai a5 ai xon
L
Hnh 3.14:Cu to chi tit cc b tng ct thp, kch thc ghi cm

1. Ct chu lc ; 2 Ct thp ai ; 3 Ct thp gia cng mi cc ; 4 Ct thp gia
cng u cc ; 5 Ct thp vn chuyn, cu lp.
- Chi tit ct thp chu lc:
40 400
1 1a
2 2
1
Khi coc tit din nho, chu nen Khi coc chu lc ln hoc tit
1, 1a/ Ct chu lc chnh; din ln
2/ Ct thep ai
Hnh 3.15: Mt ct ngang thn cc
- Ct thp s 1 l ct dc chu lc chnh ca cc khi vn chuyn, cu lp cng

nh chu lc ngang i vi mng cc i cao.
Qui nh ct chu lc c ng knh ) t 10mm , thp CII (AII).
- Ct thp s 2 - Ct thp ai dng chu lc ct v nh v khung thp, ct ai
ng knh I6, I8 , c th ch to ct ai theo dng ri hoc xon.
2 2
ai ri ai xon
Hnh 3.16: Cu to ct thp ai cho cc

Trong phm vi 1m tnh t u cc v 0,5m tnh t mi cc, bc ct ai a=5cm
tng cng cng ti u mi cc.
- Chi tit ct thp mi cc:
Ct thp s 3 ng knh
I t 20cm , L 750 y 1000mm , dng tng
cng mi cc v nh v tim cc.
Lu : Lp b tng bo v ca cc a c chiu
dy ti thiu l 3cm.
- Chi tit li thp u cc.
Li thp u cc b tr li I6 a=5cm 3
chng ng sut cc b ti u cc khi ng Han chum u ct thep

cc, trnh v u cc khi ng hoc p.
Thep la day 8mm
Thng b tr 4 y 5 li cch nhau 5cm. Ct A-A
A A
Hnh 3.17: Chi tit ct thp mi cc
5x50
Li thng Li co neo Ct thep moc cu
Hnh 3.18: Li thp u cc v ct thp mc cu

- Khi cc di c th ni cc t cc t ch to sn, chi tit mi ni c th nh sau:
d- 2
0 x2 0x d d
d-2 2
ng han lin kt thep
chuva thep u coc
15-20cm
ai thep u coc day

>60
8-10mm
20 20 d
d
Hnh 3.19: Cu to thp ch v ai thp u cc khi cc cc mi ni

Chi tit mi ni: C th s dng thp bn tp lin kt hn u cc hoc dng
thp gc L tp vo v hn li.
Vic ni
cc thc hin khi
p xong on
trc , vi cc
Ban tap Thep goc L
chu nn th
khng cn kim
tra cng , vi
ng han ng han
cc chu momen
th phi kim tra
cng thp
ti mi ni
kh nng chu
lc.
d d
Sau khi
ni cc, cn qut
mt lp bitum Hnh 3.20: Chi tit mi ni cc
bo v thp
khng b g.
3. CU TO I CC
i cc l kt cu dng lin kt cc cc li vi nhau v phn b ti trng ca
cng trnh ln cc cc.
i cc thng c ch to bng b tng, b tng ct thp v c th ti ch
hoc lp ghp trong cc cng trnh cu ng, thu li, dn dng th phn ln i cc
c thi cng ti ch. i cc lp ghp t c s dng hn, ch yu vi cng trnh
xy dng dn dng v cng nghip.
Mc b tng khng c nh hn 200 i vi i cc lp ghp v khng c
nh hn 150 vi i cc c ti ch. Trong thc t thit k th nn chn mc b tng
i cc t 200.
Hnh dng v kch thc mt bng ca nh i ph thuc vo hnh dng, kch
thc ca y cng trnh. Hnh dng kch thc ca y i ph thuc vo din tch
cn thit b tr s cc trong mng. Theo nhng quy nh v khong cch ti thiu
gia cc cc cng nh quy nh khong cch t mp ngoi ca hng cc ngoi cng
n mp ngoi ca i.
Chiu su chn i i vi mng cc i thp ph thuc vo iu kin a cht,
ch yu l sc chu ti ca lp t gip vi y i v ph thuc vo c tnh cu to
ca cng trnh nh l c tng hm, kho cha, ...
Nu khng c cc hng mc trn th chiu su chn i m bo khong cch t
nh i n mt t t nhin t 30 y 40cm b tr h thng dm ging, mt sn nh
v trnh va chm gy nh hng xu n i cc.
- Chiu dy ca i cc h do tnh ton quyt nh, nhng phi c tr s cn thit
ti thiu m bo ngm su ca cc trong i.
- ngm su ca cc trong i a
khng c su hn 2d v khng c nh
hn 1,2m khi d > 60cm (d - ng knh hay
b rng cc). Trng hp p u cc
hm
L
ngm ct thp vo i th phi m bo ct
hd
thp dc n su vo i ln hn 20 I i vi
a
thp c g v ln hn 30-40 I i vi thp L L c
t
khng c g. d
- Khong cch t mp i n mp
hng cc ngoi cng c t 25cm i vi cc
cng trnh cu ng v thu li v c t 5cm
i vi cc cng trnh xy dng dn dng v
cng nghip.
- Khong cch t tim cc n tim cc
gn nhau trong i L t 3d i vi cc ma st
v L t 2d i vi cc chng (TCXD 205-
1998). Hnh 3.21: Cu to i cc
- Lp b tng lt mng chiu dy
t= 10 y 20cm , c th s dng b tng gch v hoc b tng 4x6.
- i vi cc trong mng chu ti trong ln nh mng cu, cn b tr ct thp
li trn nh cc, li thp I12 cch nhau 10 y 15cm hoc qun ct thp I6 quanh
thp ru tm.
- Cc cc nm gn mp i phi c tng cng cc thanh thp un mc cu.
- i vi mng cc i cao nn tng cng ct thp cho i bng cch cu to
cc bc thp I20 y 25 t cch nhau 20cm.
4. S LM VIC CA CC N V NHM CC
S lm vic ca mt cc n v mt cc trong nhm cc khc nhau rt nhiu.
Trong cc phng php tnh ton mng cc hin nay u coi sc chu ti ca cc trong
nhm cc nh sc chu ti ca cc n, nh vy chnh xc cha cao, do vy y l
vn cn nghin cu hon chnh a vo tnh ton v c bit cn ch i vi
cc ma st y ta nghin cu mt s vn tng tc gia cc cc trong nhm cc.
4.1. Hiu ng nhm.
Do s tng tc gia cc cc trong nhm nn ln ca nhm cng nh sc
chu ti ca cc trong nhm s khc vi cc n. Hiu ng ny cn c xt n khi
thit k. Chiu su v vng nh hng phn t di nhm cc ph thuc vo kch
thc ca nhm v ln ca ti trng.
4.2. ln ca nhm cc.
Ta phn tch trng thi ng sut trong t do cc n v nhm cc gy ra khi c
cng tr s ti trng P tc dng ln mi cc. Trng thi ng sut do cc n v nhm
cc gy ra nh hnh v. R rng nu cc cc cng gn nhau th ng sut V z do c
nhm cc gy ra s ln hn rt nhiu so vi ng sut do mi cc gy ra. V vy ln

ca nhm cc ln hn ln ca cc n. ln ca mt nhm cc ma st c s
lng cc nhiu s ln hn so vi nhm cc c t cc hn khi cng iu kin t nn.
Khi khong cch gia cc cc trong nhm t n mt tr s nht nh no
th thc t c th coi s lm vic ca cc n v cc trong nhm khng khc nhau.
Kinh nghim cho thy tr s ny ti thiu l 6d.
4.3. Kh nng chu ti ca nhm cc.
Trong nn t ri qu trnh h
cc bng phng php ng hay p P P P P P
thng nn cht t nn, v vy sc

chu ti ca nhm cc c th ln hn 25
tng sc chu ti ca cc cc n 75 75 75
trong nhm.
Trong nn t dnh, sc chu
ti ca nhm cc ma st nh hn
tng sc chu ti ca cc cc n
trong nhm. Mc gim sc chu
ti ca cc cc n trong nhm cc
trong trng hp ny ph thuc vo
khong cch gia cc cc trong
nhm, c tnh ca nn t, cng
ca i cc v s tham gia truyn ti
cng trnh xung i cc v t.
i vi cc chng, sc chu Coc n Coc trong nhom coc
ti ca nhm cc bng tng sc chu Hnh 3.22: Phn b ng sut do cc n
ti ca cc cc n trong nhm. v do nhm cc
5. XC NH SC CHU TI CA CC N
5.1. Khi nim chung
Mt cc khi ng ring r (gi l cc n) v khi nm trong nhm cc th sc
chu ti ca chng s khc nhau. Tuy nhin hin nay trong thit k mng cc, ngi ta
gi thit rng sc chu ti ca mi cc trong nhm cc bng sc chu ti ca cc n.
Sc chu ti ca cc n l mt i lng rt quan trng, c s dng trong
sut qu trnh s dng mng cc. Vic xc nh chnh xc i lng ny l mt cng
vic ht sc quan trng v n nh hng ln n s an ton ca cng trnh v gi thnh
ca cng trnh.
Cc trong mng c th b ph hoi do mt trong hai nguyn nhn sau:
- Bn thn cng vt liu lm cc b ph hoi;
- t nn khng sc chu ng.
Do vy khi thit k cn phi xc nh c hai tr s v sc chu ti ca cc: Sc
chu ti ca cc theo cng vt liu (Pvl) v sc ch ti theo cng t nn (Pn).
Tr s nh nht trong hai tr s ny c chn v a vo tnh ton v thit k. Tc
l Pchn =min(Pvl, Pn). Tuy nhin cn ch l hai tr s ny khng lch nhau qu nhiu

m bo iu kin kinh t, v trong mi trng hp th khng xy ra Pvl< Pn v
s lng ph v c th xy ra nt gy cc khi ng hoc p.
5.2. Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc theo phng dc trc
5.2.1. Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc theo cng vt liu
Sc chu ti ca cc theo cng vt liu c xc nh theo cc phng php
thng thng. y ta xt n sc chu ti ca hai loi cc thng dng l cc g v
cc B tng ct thp.
5.2.1.1 Xc nh sc hu ti ca cc g
Sc chu ti trong vt liu ca cc g c xc nh theo cng thc sau y:
P= K.m.F.Rg (3.2)
Trong : P - Sc chu ti tnh ton ca cc;
K - H s ng nht ca vt liu, ly bng 0,6;
F - Din tch tit din ngang ca cc;
Rg - Cng chu nn dc th ca g;
m - H s iu kin lm vic, ph thuc vo loi i cc v s cc
trong mng, ly theo bng sau:
Bng 3.2 Bng xc nh h s m
Loi i cc S lng cc trong mng
1-5 6-10 11-20 >20
i cao 0,8 0,85 0,9 1,00
i thp 0,85 0,9 1,00 1,00
i vi cc c ng knh d>2m ly m=1,00
5.2.1.2. Cc B tng ct thp tit din c
Sc chu ti ca cc B tng ct thp tit din c c xc nh theo cng
thc:
Pvl = M(Ra.Fa + Rb.Fb) (3.3)
Trong : P - Sc chu ti tnh ton ca cc theo vt liu;
Ra,Fa - Cng chu nn tnh ton v din tch ct thp dc trong cc;
Rb,Fb - Cng chu nn ca b tng v din tch mt ct ngang ca
thn cc (phn b tng);
M - H s un dc ca cc. Khi mng cc i thp, cc xuyn qua cc lp
t khc vi cc loi k di th M = 1. Khi cc xuyn qua than bn, t st yu, bn
cng nh khi mng cc i cao, s un dc c k n trong phm vi chiu di t do
ca cc. Chiu di t do (lo) ca cc c tnh t i n b mt lp t c kh nng
m bo cng ca nn hoc n y lp t yu. Tr s ca M ly theo bng (3.3).
Bng 3.3: H s un dc M.
ltt/b 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
ltt/d 12,1 13,9 15,6 17,3 19,1 20,8 22 24,3 26
M 0,93 0,89 0,85 0,81 0,77 0,73 0,66 0,64 0,59
ltt - Chiu di tnh ton ca cc, thng ly: ltt = lo + 6d.

Vi d - ng knh ca cc;
b - B rng ca cnh cc.
5.2.1.3. Cc ng b tng ct thp chu nn

Khi t s gia chiu di tnh ton v ng knh cc ltt/d < 12 th Pvl tnh theo
cng thc sau:
Pvl = M(Ra.Fa + Rb.Fb + 2,5.Rax.Fax ) (3.4)
Trong :
Fb - din tch tit din ngang ca li b tng (phn nm trong ct ai)
Rax - Cng tnh ton ca ct thp xon
Fax - Din tch quy i ca ct thp xon
S .Dn . f x
Fax (3.5)
tx
Dn - ng knh vng xon
fx - Tit din ca ct xon
tx - Khong cch gia cc vng xon
ltt/d > 12 th khng k n nh hng ca ct xon v sc chu ti ca cc xc
nh theo cng thc (3.3).
5.2.1.4. Cc nhi chu nn
Pvl = M(Ra.Fa + m1. m2.Rb.Fb) (3.6)
Trong : M, Ra,Fa,Rb,Fb - nh cng thc (3.3)
m1 - H s iu kin lm vic, i vi cc c nhi b tng qua ng dch
chuyn thng ng th m1 = 0,85.
m2 - H s iu kin lm vic k n nh hng ca phng php thi cng cc.
Khi thi cng trong t st c st cho php khoan to l v nhi b tng khng cn
ng vch, trong thi gian thi cng mc nc ngm thp hn mi cc ly m2 = 1,0. Thi
cng trong cc loi t cn phi dng ng chng vch v nc ngm khng xut hin
trong l (nhi b tng kh) th ly m2 = 0,9. Thi cng trong cc loi t cn dng ng
vch v b tng di huyn ph st th ly m2 = 0,7.
5.2.2. Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc theo t nn
5.2.2.1. Phng php th nghim
1. Phng php th nghim nn tnh
Th nghim cc bng phng php ti trng tnh p dc trc (gi l th nghim
nn tnh cc) c th c thc hin giai on thm d, thit k v kim tra cht
lng cc.
Th nghim c tin hnh bng cch: Sau khi h cc n su no ,thng
l su thit k, sau dng ti trng tnh nn p dc trc cc theo nguyn tc tng
dn tng cp sao cho di tc dng ca lc nn, cc ln su vo t nn. Ti trng tc
dng ln u cc c thc hin bng kch thu lc vi h phn lc l dn cht ti, neo
hoc kt hp c hai. Cc s liu v ti trng, chuyn v, thi gian... thu c trong qu
trnh th nghim l c s nh gi sc chu ti ca cc theo t nn.
u im ni bt ca phng php ny so vi cc phng php khc l c th
cho kt qu chnh xc nht, st vi iu kin lm vic thc t ca nn t. Tuy nhin
vic tin hnh th nghim thng tn km.
* Thit b th nghim:
Thit b th nghim gm h gia ti, h to phn lc v h o c, quan trc.

- H gia ti gm kch thu lc, bm v h thng thu lc, m bo khng r r
v hot ng an ton di p lc khng nh hn 150% p lc lm vic, v c kh nng
gi ti cp ln nht khng t hn 24 gi.
- H o c quan trc bao gm thit b, dng c o ti trng tc dng ln u
cc, o chuyn v ca cc, my thu chun, dm chun v dng c kp u cc.
- H to phn lc c th dng mt trong ba s sau:
+ Dng cc neo lm i trng, cc cc neo c lin kt bng dm thp, khong
cch gia cc cc neo v cc th nghim khng nh hn 5 ln ng knh cc neo.
+ Dng cc khi vt liu lm i trng: thng l cc khi b tng c sn
hoc dng phi thp...
+ Dng trng lng bn thn cc v ma st xung quanh cc lm i trng cho
kch thu lc (Th nghim hp Osterberg - thng s dng th ti tnh cc khoan
nhi ng knh ln).
1/ Coc th nghim
6 2/ Coc neo
3/ Kch thuy lc
4/ Thin phn k
5/ Dm gn TP k
6/ H dm lin kt
4 3
2
1
Hnh 3.23: Dng cc neo lm i trng

2
1/ Coc th nghim
2/ Cac khi b tng lam i trong
3/ Kch thuy lc
4/ Thin phn k
5/ Dm gn TP k
6/ H dm tai
4 3
Hnh 2.24: Dng cc khi b tng c sn l i trng

1/ Phn trn cua coc th nghim

2/ Phn di cua coc th nghim
3/ Cac ban thep day
4/ H thng kch thuy lc
3 4
Hnh 2.25: Dng trng lng bn thn ca cc lm i trng
* Chun b th nghim:
- Chun b cc th nghim: Cc th nghim phi ng cc tiu chun v thi cng
v nghim thu cc. Vic th nghim ch thc hin cho cc cc thi gian phc hi
cu trc t. Thi gian cc ngh t khi kt thc thi cng n khi th ngim c quy
nh nh sau: Ti thiu 21 ngy i vi cc khoan nhi v 7 ngy i vi cc ng
hoc p.
- Lp t h to phn lc, h dm dc, dm ngang, i trng.
- Lp t h gia ti: kch thu lc, bm du.
- Lp t h thng o chuyn v: dng c kp, g u cc, ng h o chuyn
v, mia, my thu bnh.
* Quy trnh gia ti:
Ti trng th nghim c tc dng theo tng cp tng dn, tr s mi cp ti t
10% n 20% ti trong thit k.
Vi mi cp ti trng cn theo di ln ca cc, khi no n nh v ln mi
c tng cp ti tip theo. Tc chuyn v c xem l n nh quy c khi ln
khng qu 25mm/1gi.
Gi cp ti trng ln nht ln u cc t n nh quy c hoc trong 24 gi.
Sau khi kt thc gia ti nu cc khng b ph hoi th gim ti v khng, mi
cp gim ti bng hai ln cp gia ti, thi gian gi mi cp ti l 30 pht, ring cp ti
khng gi lu hn nhng khng qu 6 gi.
Ti trong th nghim ln nht do n v thit k quy nh, thng c ly nh
sau:
+ i vi cc th nghim thm d: Ti trng th nghim bng 250-300% ti
trng thit k.
+ i vi cc th nghim kim tra: Ti trng th nghim bng 150-200% ti
trng thit k.
Cc th nghim c xem l ph hoi khi:
+ Tng chuyn v u cc vt qu 10% b rng hay ng knh cc.
+ Vt liu cc b ph hoi, nt v u cc.
+ ln ca cc tng t ngt v nhanh.
* Kt qu th nghim:
T kt qu ghi chp c, v biu quan h ti trng - ln phn tch,
nh gi, xc nh sc chu ti ca cc n, vic xc nh sc chu ti gii hn ca cc
c th dng cc phng php sau:
+ Trng hp ng cong quan h P-S (ti trng - ln) bin i nhanh (Hnh
3.26a), th hin r s thay i t ngt ca ln (im un), sc chu ti gii hn
c xc nh bng ti trng ng vi im c ng cong thay i t ngt dc.
+ Trng hp nu ng cong bin i chm, kh xc nh c im un
(Hnh 3.26b) th xc nh Pgh tng ng vi ln gii hn Sgh, vi Sgh=10%D hoc
Sgh = 2Smax (Smax tng ng vi tr s 0,9Ptk) hoc Sgh =2,5%D i vi cc khoan nhi
(TCXD 269-2002), hoc Sgh=[.[S] trong [S] l ln cho php ca nh hoc cng
trnh, [ l h s chuyn i k n s khc nhau gia thi gian tc dng ca ti trng
th nghim v ti trng thc t tc dng ln cng trnh, theo quy phm ly [=0,2.
a) b) c)
Pgh P(T) Pgh P(T) T
im un
Sgh
S(mm) S(mm) S(mm)
Biu quan h P-S Biu quan h P-S Biu quan h T-S

Hnh 3.26: Cc biu quan h trong th nghim nn tnh cc
V d III-1: Kt qu th nghim nn tnh cc BTCt tit din 30x30cm trong bng sau.
Hy xc nh ti trng gii hn ln cc v ti trng cho php ca cc theo TCVN.
ln cho php ca cng trnh [S] = 8cm.
P(Tn) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
S(mm) 2 3,6 6,8 8,9 13,5 17,9 24,5 32,8 39,8
Pgh=62T
Gii: 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 P(T)
Da vo kt qu th nghim, ta xy dng 0
5
th quan h S = f(P) nh hnh v (3.27), t
10
th, ng vi ln gii hn Sgh = 0,2[S] Sgh 15
=0,2.80=16mm, ta xc nh ti trng gii hn 20
tng ng l Pgh = 62T. 25
Sc chu ti cho php ca cc: 30
35
Pgh 62
[ P] 31T 40
Fs 2,0 S(mm)
Hnh 3.27: Quan h P-S
2. Phng php th nghim ti trng ng

Phng php th nghim ti trng ng da vo
nguyn l s va chm t do ca hai vt th n tnh, cng
sinh ra do s ri ca qu ba c truyn vo cc v lm
cho cc c mt ln nht nh vo t.
Ni dung phng php: Sau khi h cc n mt
su no (thng l su thit k) ta dng mt loi
ba c trng lng nht nh ng mt nht vo cc th
cc s b ln xung, tr s ln cn gi l chi ca
cc, k hiu l e.
xc nh chi e khi th nghim cn theo di
ln ca cc qua cc vch nh du sn trn thn cc. V Hnh 3.28: Cc vch
tc ng cc tng i nhanh nn khng th theo di quan st ln ca cc
ln sau tng nht ba m ngi ta thng ly ln
trung bnh sau mt s nht ba v tnh chi theo cng thc:
s
e (3.7)
n
Vi s - ln tng cng sau n nht ba;
n - S nht ba, vi cc loi ba c tc chm nh ba treo v ba n ng
thng ly e l ln trung bnh sau 10 nht ba. Vi ba Dieziel, ba song ng th
ly n l s nht ba trong mt pht ng cc.
Qua thc t cho thy, vi cng mt loi ba ri t cng mt cao nht nh
ng xung hai cc khc nhau, nu cc no c chi e ln hn th c th ni rng
cc c sc chu ti km hn.
Yu cu ca phng php l tm c mi quan h gia ti trng cc hn ca
cc v ln ca n: Pgh= f(e).
tm quan h ny nhiu tc gi nghin cu v xut mt s cng thc
trn c s nhng gi thit khc nhau. Hin nay nc ta hay dng cng thc ng ca
nh bc hc Lin x N.M.Gexevanov xc nh ti trng gii hn ca cc thng qua
chi e:
Cng thc ca N.M.Gexevanov:
nF nF 2 nF Q k 2q
Pgh ( ) QH (3.8)
2 2 e Qq
Trong : Pgh - Sc chu ti gii hn ca cc;
e - chi ca cc khi th nghim;
Q - Trng lng qu ba ri;
q - Trng lng cc+m cc+m cc+cc dn (nu c);
H - Chiu cao ba ri;
k - H s phc hi khi va chm, khi thp, gang va chm vi g ta ly
2
k=0,45, k =0,2;
n - H s ph thuc vo vt liu cc v iu kin ng cc;

Bng 3.5: H s n
Vt liu cc v iu kin ng cc H s n daN/cm2
Cc g khi khng c m cc 10
Cc g c m cc 8
Cc BTCT c m g 15
Cc thp khng c m 50
Sc chu ti tnh ton ca cc:
nF nF nF Q k 2q
Ptt K o .m.Pgh .[ ( )2 QH ] (3.9)
2 2 e Qq
Trong : Ko - H s ng nht ca cc, ly bng 0,7;
m - H s iu kin chu lc ca cc, ph thuc vo loi cc v s lng
cc trong mng ly theo bng sau:
Bng 3.6: Bng xc nh h s m
Loi i cc S lng cc trong mng/ h s m
1-5 6-10 11-20 >20
i cao 0,8 0,85 0,9 1,00
i thp 0,85 0,9 1,00 1,00
Cng thc xc nh chi e bin i t (3.9)
K o2 m 2 nFQH Q k 2 q
e . (3.10)
Ptt ( Ptt nF ) Q q
m bo cho cng thc tnh sc chu ti ca cc t sai s nn chn ba sao
cho chi e 2mm, nhng cng khng qu nng tc e 30 - 50mm.
Theo TCXD 205 - 1998 cng thc xc nh sc chu ti gii hn ca cc nh
sau:
nF 4QH Q k 2 q
Pgh [ 1 1] (3.11)
2 enF Q q
Cng thc ny s dng khi chi thc t e 2mm.
Trong trng hp chi o c e < 2mm th phi chn ba c nng lng
p mnh hn c e > 2mm.
Nhiu nc trn th gii dng cc cng thc n gin sau:
+ Cng thc ca H Lan tnh ti trong cho php xung cc:
1 Q2H
Pdyn (3.12)
K 1 e(Q q)
K1 - H s an ton, thng ly bng 6.
+ Cng thc ca Crandall
1 QH 2
Pdyn (3.13)
K2 e
(e 1 )(Q q)
2
Trong : e1 chi n hi;
K2 H s an ton, thng ly bng 4;
+ Cng thc theo tp ch Engineering New:

Lc cn khi ng cc:
12QH
Pgh (3.14)
(e c )
Ti trng cho php truyn xung cc:
Pgh 2QH
Pdyn (3.15)
6 (e c )
Trong : c - H s, i vi ba hi c=0,1 i vi ba ri t do c=1,0.
V d III-2: Tin hnh ng th cc bng ba ri loi 3,5tn t cao 1,4m cho e =
18mm. D bo sc chu ti gii hn ca cc t xc nh sc chu ti cho php, bit
cc c tit din 35x35cm, di 17m. Trng lng m u cc, m cc l 500kG.
Gii:
Ta c: Q=3,5T, H=1,4m, q=0,5T; Fc = 0,1225m2, e=0,018m ; n=15daN/cm2 =
150T/m2 ; k2 = 0,2.
Thay vo cng thc Gherxevanov, ta c :
150.0,1225 150.0,1225 2 150.0,1225 3,5 0,2.0,5
Pgh ( ) .3,5.1,4 58,5T
2 2 0,018 3,5 0,5
P tt Km.Pgh 0,7.0,85.58,5 34,8T
P P
* Hin tng chi gi khi ng cc:
Trong thc t th ti cc bng phng
php ng, nu sau khi va ng cc xong m
tin hnh th nghim ti trng ng ngay th kt
qu chi o c s khc vi chi thc,
c th ln hoc b hn chi thc, hin tng
ny gi l chi gi. Hin tng chi gi xy
ra trong t ct v t st c gii thch nh
sau:
+ Hin tng chi gi trong t st: Khi
ng cc trong nn t st, do chn ng ca
ba v cc lm cho t quanh cc b ph hoi
kt cu, ng thi t xung quanh cc b p
cht, nc thot ra nhiu pha xung quanh thn
cc lm cho lc ma st gia t v cc gim v
chi tng ln, cn gi l chi gi trong t
dnh (tc egi > ethc). khc phc th sau khi Hnh 3.28: M hnh ng cc
ng cc phi cho cc ngh mt thi gian t trong t ri v trong t dnh
phc hi kt cu ri mi tin hnh th ti ng
xc nh chi. Theo quy phm nc ta quy nh thi gian cc ngh trong loi t
ny l 15 n 20 ngy.
+ Hin tng chi gi trong t ct: Khi ng cc gy ra rung ng lm cho t
ct dn cht vo quanh thn cc, lm cho ma st gia cc v t tng ln, chi s

gim xung, cn gi l chi gi trong t ct (tc egi < ethc). Do vy phi cho cc
ngh 2 - 3 ngy trng thi ca t c phc hi ri mi tin hnh th ti ng.
* Chn ba khi ng cc:
xc nh chi e ta phi chn loi ba cho thch hp, vn ny cn c
ngha v thi cng rt quan trng m bo cht lng v khng ph v u cc.
Nu dng ba nh ng cc, ba phi nng cao, ng thi phi ng nhiu nht,
d lm ph hng vt liu u cc, cn dng ba nng ng cc th tt nhng khng
kinh t v di chuyn cng knh, phc tp.
+ Chn loi ba thng tu theo nng lng xung kch, c th ly nh sau:
E 25.Ptt (3.16)
E - Nng lng xung kch ca ba Nm;
Ptt - Sc chu ti tnh ton ca cc kN;
+ C th chn ba theo cng thc kinh nghim sau:
Qq
K (3.17)
E
K - H s thch dng ca ba
Vi ba hi song ng, Madut : K 5;
Vi ba hi n ng : K 3;
Vi ba treo : K 2;
Q - Trng lng ba;
q - Trng lng ca cc, m cc, m, cc dn.v.v.
5.2.2.2. Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc theo phng php thng k
Phng php ny da trn c s kt qu chnh l nhiu s liu thc t v th
nghim ti trng tnh h trong nhiu loi t khc nhau, nhng su khc nhau
tm ra mi tng quan gia lc ma st ca t xung quanh cc v phn lc t nn
mi cc vi mt s ch tiu c l ca t.
Gi thit lc ma st quanh thn cc phn b u theo chiu su trong phm vi
mi lp t v phn lc mi cc phn b u trn tit din ngang ca cc. Sc chu
ti ca cc c xc nh theo cng thc sau y:
Sc chu ti ca cc chu nn:
n
In m(mr .F .R m f .u. f i .l i ) (3.18)
i 1
Sc chu ti ca cc chu ko (nh):

n
In m.m f .u. f i .l i (3.19)
i 1
Trong : m - H s iu kin lm vic ca cc trong t, ly m=1;

mr, mf - H s k n nh hng ca phng php h cc n ma st
gia t vi cc v sc chu ti ca t mi cc, tra bng (3.9);
F - Din tch tit din ngang ca mi cc (vi cc c m rng y th ly
bng din tch tit din ngang phn m rng);
R - Cng gii hn trung bnh ca lp t mi cc, ph thuc vo
loi t v chiu su ca mi cc (T/m2), tra bng (3.7);
u - Chu vi tit din ngang thn cc;
fi - Lc ma st n v gii hn trung bnh ca mi lp t m cc i qua,
ph thuc vo trng thi v chiu su trung bnh ca mi lp t tnh t mt t t
nhin hoc mc nc thp nht tra bng (3.8);
li - Chiu dy ca lp phn t th i, trong tnh ton sc chu ti ca cc
thng chia nn t thnh cc lp phn t c chiu dy 2m;
n - S lp t c chia;
Sc chu ti tnh ton (thit k) ca cc c xc nh bng cch ly sc chu ti
xc nh theo cng thc trn chia cho h s tin cy.
In In
i vi cc chu nn: PnTK (3.20)
tc
Kn 1,4
Ik Ik
i vi cc chu nh: PkTK (3.21)
K tc
k 2,5
Trong : K ntc - H s tin cy ca cc chu nn, ly bng 1,4;
K ktc - H s tin cy ca cc chu ko, ly bng 2,5.
* i vi cc chng:
Cc chng l cc c mi cc t ln cc lp t c bin dng rt b v cng
rt ln nh cng, t na .v.v. Ti trng cng trnh truyn xung nn t thng
qua mi cc, cn ma st xung quanh thn cc v t th b qua, khng k n.
Sc chu ti ca cc chng xc nh theo biu thc:
P=m.R.F (3.22)
Trong : m - H s iu kin lm vic ca cc trong t, ly m=1;
F - Din tch tit din ngang ca thn cc;
R - Cng tnh ton ca t di mi cc, c ly nh sau:
- i vi cc c mi t ln cng, t cui si hoc st cng, ly R =
200T/m2.
- i vi cc khoan nhi ngm vo cng khng nh hn 0,5m th xc nh R
theo cng thc:
Rn hn
R ( 1,5) (3.23)
K dn
Trong : Rn - Cng chu nn mt trc ca iu kin bo ho nc;
K- H s an ton i vi t ly bng 1,4;
hn - su tnh ton ngm cc ca ;
dn - ng knh ngoi ca phn cc ngm vo ;
i vi cc ng t ln b mt cng m mt c ph mt lp t khng
xi l, c chiu dy khng nh hn 3 ln ng knh cc ng, xc nh R theo cng
thc:
Rn
R (3.24)
K

Bng 3.7: Bng tra R (Theo 20TCN 21-86)

su Cng tnh ton R ca t di mi cc (T/m2)
ca mi Ct c cht trung bnh (cht va)
cc (m) Ct si Ct th - Ct va Ct nh Ct bi -
t st c st B bng
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6
3 750 660 300 310 200 110 60
400 200 120
680 320 210
4 830 510 380 250 160 125 70
700 340 220
5 880 400 130 80
620 280 200
730 370 240
7 970 430 140 85
690 330 220
10 1050 770 500 400 260 150 90
690 350 240
15 1170 820 560 440 165 100
750 400 290
20 1260 850 620 480 320 180 110
25 1340 900 680 520 350 195 120
30 1420 950 740 560 380 210 130
1000 600 410
35 1500 800 225 140
Bng 3.8: Bng tra fi (Theo 20TCN 21-86)

su Lc ma st gii hn trung bnh gia cc v t (T/m2)
trung t ct cht va
bnh Ct th Ct Ct bi - - - - - -
ca lp v ct nh
t ht
trung
t st c st B bng
0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0
1 3,5 2 1,5 1,2 0,8 0,4 0,4 0,3 0,2
2 4,2 3 2,1 1,7 1,2 0,7 0,5 0,4 0,4
3 4,8 3 2,5 2,0 1,4 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5
4 5,3 3 2,7 2,2 1,6 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,5
5 5,6 4 2,9 2,4 1,7 1,0 0,8 0,7 0,6
6 5,8 4 3,1 2,5 1,8 1,0 0,8 0,7 0,6
8 6,2 4 3,3 2,6 1,9 1,0 0,8 0,7 0,6
10 6,5 4 3,4 2,7 1,9 1,0 0,8 0,7 0,6
15 7,2 5 3,8 2,8 2,0 1,1 0,8 0,7 0,6
20 7,9 5 4,1 3,0 2,0 1,2 0,8 0,7 0,6
25 8,6 6 4,4 3,2 2,0 1,2 0,8 0,7 0,6
30 9,3 6 4,7 3,4 2,1 1,2 0,9 0,8 0,7
35 10,0 7 5 3,6 2,2 1,3 0,9 0,8 0,7
Ghi ch:
1. Trong bng (3.7) cc tr s R ghi di dng phn s th t s ng vi t ct cn
mu s ng vi t st.
2. Trong bng (3.7) v (3.8), su ca mi cc l su trung bnh ca lp t
khi san nn bng phng php gt b hoc p dy n 3m, nn ly t mc a
hnh t nhin, cn khi gt b v p thm t 3- 10m th ly t ct quy c nm
cao hn phn b gt 3m hoc thp hn mc p 3m.
su h cc trong cc lp t vng c dng chy ca nc nn ly c l
n kh nng b xi tri mc l tnh ton.
Khi thit k cc cho cc ng vt qua h rnh th chiu su mi cc nu bng
(3.7) nn ly t ct a hnh t nhin v tr cng trnh.
3. i vi cc gi tr trung gian ca su v st B th xc nh R v fi t bng
(3.7) v (3.8) bng phng php ni suy.
4. Cho php s dng cc gi tr sc chng tnh ton R theo bng (3.7) vi iu kin
chn su ca cc trong t khng b xi tri hoc gt b khng nh hn:
- 4m i vi cng trnh thy li
- 3m i vi nh v cc cng trnh khc.
5. Khi xc nh ma st cc t fi theo bng (3.7) nn t c chia thnh cc lp
nh, ng nht c chiu dy khng qu 2m.
6. Ma st bn tnh ton fi ca t ct cht nn tng them 30% so vi gi tr ghi
bng (3.7).
* Sc chu ti ca cc nhi:
Sc chu ti ca cc nhi c v khng c m rng y v cc chu ti trng nn
ng tm xc nh theo cng thc:
P m(m r RF u m f .f i .l i ) (3.25)
Trong :
m H s iu kin lm vic. Trong iu kin ta ln t st c no nc G<
0,85 ly m=0,8, trong cc trng hp cn li ly m=1;
mr H s iu kin lm vic ca t di mi cc, ly mr =1 trong mi trng
hp. Vi cc c m rng y bng cch n mn th mr =1,3, khi thi cng cc c m
rng y bng phng php b tng di nc th ly mr =0,9;
R Cng chu ti ca t di mi cc (T/m2);
F Din tch mi cc (m2) ly nh sau:
- i vi cc nhi khng m rng y v i vi cc tr, ly bng din tch tit
din ngang ca chng;
- i vi cc nhi c m rng y v i vi cc tr, ly bng din tch tit din
ngang ca phn m rng ti ch c ng knh ln nht ca cc;
- i vi cc ng nhi b tng ly bng din tch tit din ngang ca ng k c
thnh ng;
- i vi cc ng nhn t (khng nhi b tng), ly bng din tch tit din
ngang ca thnh ng;
mf H s iu kin lm vic ca t mt bn ca cc, ph thuc vo phng
php to l khoan, ly theo bng (3.10);
fi Ma st bn ca t v thn cc, ly theo bng (3.8);
Bng 3.9: Bng h s iu kin lm vic mr v mf ca cc ng (Theo 20TCN 21-86)

H s iu kin lm vic ca
t khi xc nh sc chu ti
ca cc ng lm vic theo s
Phng php h cc v loi t cc ma st
Di mi cc Theo mt
mr xung quanh
cc mf
1. H bng cch ng cc c v rng bt mi bng ba 1,0 1,0
c hc (ba treo), ba hi, ba Diesel.
2. H bng cch ng cc vo h khoan dn v ng su 1,0 1,0
xung hn 1m vi y h khoan c ng knh:
a. Bng cnh cc tit din vung 1,0 0,5
b. Nh hn 5cm so vi cnh cc vung 1,0 0,6
c. Nh hn 15cm so vi cnh cc vung hay ng 1,0 1,0
knh cc trn (i vi tr in).
3. H vo ct c dng nc xi nhng mt cui cng h 1,0 0,9
khng dng xi.
4. H bng cch rung v p rung vo t
a. Ct cht va
- Ct th v ct trung 1,12 1,0
- Ct nh 1,1 1,0
- Ct bi 1,0 1,0
b. t st c st B = 0,5
- ct 0,9 0,9
- st 0,8 0,9
- St 0,7 0,9
c. t st vi st B d 0 1,0 1,0
5. H cc rng mi h bng loi ba bt k:
a. Khi ng knh lng ng khng qu 40cm 1,0 1,0
b. Khi ng knh lng ng trn 40cm 0,7 1,0
6. H bng phng php bt k loi cc ng bt mi n
su t 10m c to bu bng cch n mn trong ct
cht va v t st co st B d 0,5 khi ng knh
bu m rng bng:
a. 1,0m khng ph thuc vo loi t va nu 0,9 1,0
b. 1,5m trong t ct v ct 0,8 1,0
c. 1,5m trong t st v st. 0,7 1,0

Bng 3.10: Bng h s iu kin lm vic mf theo cng thc (3.25)(Theo 20TCN 21-
86)
Loi cc v phng php thi cng cc H s iu kin lm vic mf trong
Ct ct st St
1. Cc ch to bng cch ng ng thp c 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,7
bt kn mi ri rt dn ng thp khi b
tng
2. Cc nhi rung p 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,9
3. Cc khoan nhi c k c m rng y,
b tng
a. Khi khng c nc trong l khoan (phng 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,6
php kh hoc dng ng chng)
b. Di nc hoc dung dch st 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6
c. Hn hp b tng cng vo cc c m 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,7
4. Cc ng h bng rung c ly t ra 1 0,9 0,7 0,6
5. Cc tr 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,6
6. Cc khoan nhi, cc c l trn gia 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,7
7. Cc khoan phun ch to ng chng hoc 0,9 0,8 0,8 0,8
bm hn hp b tng vi p lc 2-4atm
i vi cc tr, cc ng h c ly t th R xc nh theo cng thc sau y:

- i vi t hn ln c ct chn lp trong l rng v i vi t ct trong
trng hp c v khng c m rng y, cc ng h c ly ht t bn trong:
R 0,75E( J 1 dA ok DJ 2 LB ok ) (3.26)
- Cng trong cc trng hp trn nhng cc ng khi h khng ly t bn trong:
R E( J 1 dA ok DJ 2 LB ok ) (3.27)
3
Trong : J1 Dung trng ca t (T/m ) pha di mi cc, khi t bo ha th c
k n lc y ni ca nc;
J1 Dung trng trung bnh ca t (T/m3) ca cc lp t nm trn mi cc, khi
t bo ha th c k n lc y ni ca nc;
d ng knh y cc (m);
L Chiu di cc (m);
E, A ok , B ok - Cc h s khng th nguyn, ly theo bng (3.11).
- i vi t st, trong trng hp cc nhi c v khng m rng y, cc ng
khi h c ly t ra v nhi b tng vo phn rng th R ly theo bng (3.12).

Bng 3.11: Cc h s E, A ok , B ok trong cc cng thc (3.26) v (3.27)

K hiu cc h Cc h s E, A ok , B ok v D khi gc ma st trong ca t l:
s 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39
Ak o 9,5 12,6 17,3 24,4 34,6 48,6 73,1 108 163
18,6 24,8 32,8 45,5 64 87,6 127 185 260
B ok
4 0,78 0,79 0,80 0,82 0,84 0,85 0,85 0,86 0,87
5 0,75 0,76 0,77 0,79 0,81 0,82 0,83 0,84 0,85
7,5 0,68 0,70 0,70 0,74 0,76 0,78 0,80 0,82 0,84
D khi 10 0,62 0,65 0,67 0,70 0,73 0,75 0,77 0,79 0,80
L 12,5 0,58 0,64 0,63 0,67 0,70 0,73 0,75 0,7 0,79
= 15 0,55 0,58 0,61 0,68 0,68 0,71 0,73 0,76 0,78
d
17,5 0,51 0,55 0,58 0,66 0,66 0,69 0,72 0,75 0,78
20 0,49 0,53 0,57 0,65 0,65 0,38 0,72 0,75 0,78
22,5 0,46 0,51 0,55 0,64 0,64 0,67 0,71 0,74 0,77
t25 0,44 0,49 0,54 0,63 0,63 0,67 0,70 0,75 0,77
E khi d0,8m 0,31 0,31 0,29 0,27 0,26 0,25 0,24 0,28 0,28
dp = <4m 0,25 0,21 0,23 0,22 0,21 0,20 0,19 0,18 0,17
Bng 3.12: Tr s ca R (T/m2)
Chiu Cng chu ti R di chn cc nhi khi t dnh c st B bng
su t
mi cc
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6
3 85 75 65 50 10 30 25
5 100 85 75 65 50 40 25
7 115 100 85 75 60 50 45
10 135 120 105 95 80 70 70
12 155 140 125 110 95 80 80
15 180 165 150 130 100 100
95
18 210 190 170 150 130 115
20 230 240 190 165 145 125 105
30 230 300 260 230 200 - -
40 450 400 350 300 250 - -
V d III- 3:
Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc n BTCT tit din 30x30cm, chiu di 8,5m, ng
xuyn qua cc lp t nh sau:
Lp 1: st dy 3m, st B=0,4;
Lp 2: ct dy 4m, st B=0,5;
Lp 3: Ct ht trung c chiu dy rt ln, trng thi cht va.
* Trnh t tnh ton:
- Chia cc lp t m cc i qua thnh cc lp phn t c chiu dy li 2m;
- Cn c vo su zi tnh t mt t t nhin n gia cc lp t phn t v
trng thi ca cc lp t phn t , tra bng (3.8) tm tr s ma st bn fi v phn
lc ca t nn mi cc R (bng 3.7), s liu tp hp vo bng sau:

Bng 3.12
Lp t li (m) zi (m) Trng fi fi. li z (m) R
thi (T/m2) (T/m) (T/m2)
st 1,8 2,1 B=0,4 2,1 3,78 9,2 390
(3m)
ct 2 4 B=0,5 2,2 4,4
(4m) 2 6 2,5 5
Ct ht 2,2 8,1 Cht va 6,2 13.64
trung
Ta c f i .l i = 26,82 (T/m)
Cc tit din 30x30cm c F= 0,09m2,
h=1m
chu vi u = 1,2m
Z1=2,1m
A set day 3m
Thay cc thng s tm c vo cng
Z2=4m
thc tnh sc chu ti ca cc ta c sc chu
1,8m
ti ca cc theo t nn nh sau:
Z3=6m
Pnn 1.(1.1,2.26,82 0,9.0,09.390) 62.112(T )
Z4=8,1m
2,0m
Z=9,2m
Pnn 62.112
Pntk 44,366(T)
A cat day 4m
K tc 1.4
2,0m
Cat hat trung
2,2m
Hnh 3.29: S tnh ton sc

chu ti ca cc n BTCT
V d III-4: Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc khoan nhi c ng knh D=1,2m, chiu
di d kin 25m h xuyn qua cc lp t sau:
Lp t 1: Ct ht trung dy 6m;
Lp t 2: st dy 8m, trng thi do cng B=0,4;
Lp t 3: St dy 4m, trng thi do mm B=0,6;
Lp t 4: ct dy 10m, trng thi do B=0,3.
* Trnh t tnh ton:
- Cng thc tnh ton sc chu ti ca cc nhi:
P m(m r RF u m f .f i .l i )
Trong : m = 1, mr = 1, mf = 0,6 (bng 3.10)
S.D 2 3,14.1,2 2
F 1,13m 2 , u=S.D=3,14.1,2=3,768m
4 4

R: Chiu su t mi cc z=25m, mi cc t vo lp t dnh c B=0,3, tra
bng (3.12) ta c R=197,5T/m2.
Xc nh fi:
+ Chia cc lp t m cc i qua thnh cc lp phn t c chiu dy li 2m
+ Cn c vo su zi tnh t mt t t nhin n gia cc lp t phn t v
trng thi ca cc lp t phn t , tra bng (3.8) tm tr s ma st bn fi , s liu
tp hp vo bng sau:
Lp t li (m) zi (m) Trng fi fi. li z (m) R
2
thi (T/m ) (T/m) (T/m2)
Ct ht 2 1 Cht va 3,5 7,0 25 197,5
trung 2 3 4,8 9,6
(6m) 2 5 5,6 11,2
st 2 7 B=0,4 3,2 6,4
(8m) 2 9 3,35 6,7
2 11 3,5 7,0
2 13 3,6 7,2
St 2 15 B=0,6 2,0 4,0
(4m) 2 17 2,0 4,0
ct 2 19 B=0,3 5,5 11,0
(10m) 2 21 5,7 11,4
2 23 5,8 11,6
1 24,5 6,0 12,0
Ta c f .l = 109,1 (T/m)
i i
Thay cc thng s tm c vo cng thc tnh sc chu ti ca cc ta c sc

chu ti ca cc theo t nn nh sau:
Pnn 1.(0,6.3,768.109,1 1.1,13.197,5) 469,8(T )
tk Pnn 469,8
Pn 335,6(T)
K tc 1.4
5.2.2.4. Xc nh chu ti ca cc theo cc cng thc l thuyt
Hin nay c nhiu cng thc l thuyt xc nh sc chu ti ca cc, tt c cc
cng thc ny u xc nh sc chu ti ca cc thng qua cc ch tiu, c trng c l
ca t nn (J, M, c...). Tuy nhin trong phn ln cc trng hp, kt qu tnh ton theo
phng php ny c khc nhiu so vi kt qu th nghim. y gii thiu mt s
cng thc l thuyt ca mt s tc gi c p dng mt s nc.
1. Cng thc ca A. Caqout
P = P f + Pp (3.28)
Trong :
+ Pf - Sc khng bn do ma st xung quanh thn cc to ra:
1 M
Pf = J t .h 2 .tg 2 (45 o ) f .u (3.29)
2 2

Vi Jt - Dung trng t nhin ca t t mi cc tr ln;

h - Chiu su ca cc trong t;
M - Gc ni ma st ca t ;
f H s ma st ca t, xc nh nh sau:
- f do ma st : f s sin 0,7M
1 c 2u
- f do dnh bm : f c cu .
1 7c 2u
u - Chu vi tit din ngang thn cc.
+ Pp - Sc khng mi do phn lc ca t mi cc gy ra
t ri:
M S .tgM
Pp 1,3.F .Po .tg (45 ).e
2 o
(3.30)
2
t dnh:
M c M
Pp 1,3.F . Po .tg 2 (45 o ).e S .tgM [tg 2 (45 o ).e S .tgM 1] (3.31)
2 tgM 2
Vi: F - Din tch tit din ngang thn cc
Po = J t .h
c - Lc dnh n v ca t.
2. Cng thc ca J.Benebened
Cng thc ca J.Benebened cng xc nh P nh cng thc ca A.Caqout, trong
Pf tnh tng t, cn Pp tnh theo cng thc sau:
M
Pp = F .Po .tg 4 (45 o ) (3.32)
2
3. Cng thc ca H.Porr
P = P f + Pp (3.33)
Trong :
1
Pf = J t .h 2 .(1 tg 2M ). f .u (3.34)
2
M
Pp = F .J t .h.tg 2 (45 o )
2
4. Cng thc ca A.Skempton
P = 9.c.F + 0,45.c.u.h (3.35)
Vi c l lc dnh n v ca t
5. Cng thc ca Meyerhof:
Theo tiu chun Vit nam TCVN 205-1998 cho php tnh kh nng chu ti ca
cc n theo cng thc ca Meyerhof; trong biu tra Nq ly theo Berrzantev
(1961):
Kh nng chu ti cc hn:
Qu = Qm + Qs = qm.Fc + u.fs.Lc (3.36)
Kh nng chu ticho php s dng h s an ton Fm = 3 cho mi, v Fs = 2
cho ma st bn.
+ tnh kh nng bm trt xung quanh ta dng cng thc:
fs c a V '.K s .tgM a (3.37)

Trong :
ca - Lc dnh gia cc v t, ly = (0,7 - 1)c;
Ma - Ma st gia cc v t, ly = (0,7 - 1)M;
V' - p lc hu hiu thng ng =
200
J'.Z ;
Ks - c th ly = (1.2 - 1.4).(1-sinM); 100 c)
+ tnh kh nng chu ti mi (co
50 Nc
Cac h s Nc, Nq, NJ

cc ta dng cng thc: 40
q m c.N c J '.z.N q J '.D.N J (3.38) 30
vun
g)
g
Trong :
20 mon
Nc(
N c , N q , N J - Cc h s ph thuc vo c) )
10 ( co ng
Nq u
g)
v
gc ni ma st M, tra theo ton ca g
n
5 on
vu
( m
Meyerhof (hnh 3.30); 4 Nq
g
on
(m
3
Gi tr ca Ma khi M > 15o c th ly
NJ
2
nh sau:
Ma = 0,75. M + 10o cho cc ng; 1
5 10 15 20 25 30
o
Ma = 0,75. M - 3 cho cc khoan nhi; g M
Goc ma sat tron
Cng thc ca Meyerhof c th tch
ra lm 2 dng tng ng cho hai loi t l Hnh 3.30
st (M=0) v t ct ( c=0). Nq
- Cc trong t st:
Qu = c.Nc.Fc + u.D.c.Lc (3.39) 100
Trong :
c - Lc dnh khng thot nc; 50
D = (0,3 - 0,45) cho st cng v cc khoan
nhi;
D = (0,6 - 0,8) cho st mm v cc khoan
nhi;
D = (0,8 - 1,0) cho cc p; 10
25 30 35 40
Nc = 9
- Cc trong t ct: Hnh 3.31: Bng tra Nq
Qu J '.z.F .N q u.V '.K s .tgM a .Lc (3.40) theo gc ma st M
Trong : Ks - H s p lc ngang trng thi ngh,
c th ly bng 0,5 cho cc khoan nhi.
V' - ng sut hu hiu su tnh ton ma st bn tc dung ln cc.
Cng tnh ton chu ti di mi cc v ma st bn trong t ct nhng
su ln hn su gii hn Zc ch ly bng gi tr ti su gii hn.
Chiu su gii hn c xc nh theo ton (3.32) t quan h gi a Zc/D v M
Nq - H s tra t ton (3.31) hoc t bng sau:

Bng 3.13: H s Nq
M 20 25 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 45
Nq (cc ng) 8 12 20 25 35 45 60 80 120 160 230
Nq (cc khoan) 4 5 8 12 17 22 30 40 60 80 115
Ks.tg(Ma
p
Coc e
1,0
20
g
on
15
c
0,5
Co
Zc/D
10 i
h
oc n
C
5
28 33 35 38 30 35 40
M
Quan h gia Zc/D va M Quan h gia Ks.tg(Mava M
Hnh 3.32
1m
V d III-5: Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc
B tng ct thp tit din 30x30, di 9,5m h t cat hat trung
qua cc lp t c ch tiu c l nh sau: J 19,5kN/m3,
3m
o
c=0, M 30
Gii: -4 MNN
S dng cng thc ca Meyerhof, t cat A set
Kh nng chu ti cc hn: J 20kN/m3,J'=10kN/m3
4m
o
c=70kN/m2, M 15
Qu = Qm + Qs = qm.Fc + u.fs.Lc
+ tnh kh nng bm trt xung -8
quanh ta dng cng thc: t cat A cat
2,5m
f s c a V '.K s .tgM a J 21kN/m3,J'=10kN/m3

o
-10,5 c=80kN/m2, M 18
Ti su -4m,Vbt = 19,5.3=58,5kN/m2
ca =c=0, Ma=0,7.M=21o,Ks=1,2(1-sinMa)=0,77 Hnh 3.33
o 2
fs = 58,5.0,77.tg(21 )=17,29 kN/m
Ti su -8m,Vbt = 58,5+10.4=98,5T/m2
ca =0,8c=56kN/m2, Ma=0,7M=10,5o, Ks = 1,2(1-sinM)=0,98
fs=56+98,5.0,98.tg(10,5o)=73,89 kN/m2
Ti su -10,5m,Vbt = 98,5+10.2,5=123,5T/m2
ca =0,8c=64kN/m2, Ma=0,7M=12,6o, Ks = 1,2(1-sinM)=0,94
fs =64+123,5.0,94.tg(12,6o)=89,9 kN/m2
Qs = 1,2.(17,29.3+73,89.4+89,9.2,5)=686,7kN
+ tnh kh nng chu ti mi cc ta dng cng thc:
qm c.N c J '.z.N q J '.D.N J
Vi Ma =0,7M=12,6o, tra ton 3.28 c : Nc = 35, Nq = 4, NJ =0
qm 64.35 123,5.4 0 2734kN / m 2
Qm = qm.F=2734.0,09=246,4kN
Sc chu ti cho php ca cc l :
Q m Qs 246,06 686,7
Qu 425,4kN
3 2 3 2
5.2.2.5. Phng php tnh kt qu t th nghim xuyn ng (SPT).
Th nghim xuyn ng (SPT) c thc hin bng ng tch ng knh 5,1cm,
di 45cm, ng bng ba ri t do nng 64kg, chiu cao ri l 76cm, thc hin trong
l khoan. Khi th nghim, m s ba ng cho tng on 15cm ng ln vo t,
15cm u khng tnh, ch dng gi tr s ba cho 30cm sau l N ba, c k hiu l
N30 c xem l s ba tiu chun N (Xem thm Chng VI 1 Th nghim xuyn
tiu chun SPT Sch C hc t L Xun Mai Hu o Trg 276).
1) cng thc ca Meyerhof (1956)
Qu K 1 .N .Fc K 2 .N tb .u.Lc (3.41)
Trong :
Qu Sc chu ti ca cc;
K1 = 400 cho cc ng v 120 cho cc khoan nhi;
K2 = 2 cho cc ng v 1 cho cc khoan nhi;
N - S ba di mi cc.
Ntb - S ba trung bnh sut chiu di cc;
H s an ton p dng cho cng thc trn l Fs =2,5 - 3,0;
Fc Din tch tit din ngang thn cc;
Lc Chiu di cc;
u Chu vi thn cc.
H s an ton khi tnh sc chu ti theo th nghim xuyn tiu chun ly t 2,5-3,0.
2. Theo cng thc ca Nht Bn:
1
Qa (DN a A p (0,2 N s L s CL c )Sd) (3.42)
3
Trong : Na Ch s SPT ca t di mi cc;
Ns Ch s SPT ca lp ct bn thn cc;
Ls Chiu di on cc nm trong t ct (m);
Lc Chiu di on cc nm trong t dnh (m);
C Lc dnh ca t dnh ;
d ng knh cc;
D - H s ph thuc vo phng php thi cng cc;
- Cc b tng ct thp thi cng bng phng php ng D = 30
- Cc khoan nhi: D = 15

V d III- 6: Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc ng BTCT tit din 30x30cm, c ng

vo nn t c kt qu khoan a cht v kt qu th ngim STT nh sau:
Nn gm 3 lp:
Lp 1: st dy 7m
Lp 2: Ct mn dy 9m
Lp 3: Ct ht trung cht
Ch s SPT nh sau:
su th nghim (m) 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
Gi tr N 3 3 15 16 16 15 15 30
Gii:
D kin chiu di cc 17m, mi cc ng vo lp ct ht trung trang thi cht.
S dng cng thc ca Meyerhof:
Qu K 1 .N .Fc K 2 .N tb .u.Lc
K1 = 400, K2 = 2, Fc = 0,09m2, Lc = 17m, u =1,2m, N=30, Ntb = 12
Qu 400.30.0,09 2.12.1,2.17 1488kN
Sc chu ti cho php ca cc:
Qu 1488
P 496kN
3 3
5.2.2.6. Phng php tnh kt qu t th nghim xuyn tnh
Th nghim xuyn tnh c thc hin bng mi cn tit din 10cm2, gc nh
600, xuyn trong t o sc chng xuyn Rp cho tng 20cm su di t (Xem
thm Chng VI 2 Th nghim xuyn tnh CPT Sch C hc t L Xun Mai
Hu o Trg 280).
T gi tr Rp tnh ra sc khng mi v sc khng bn ca cc nh sau:
+ Kh nng chu ti ca mi cc:
qm = Kc.Rp (3.42)
Trong : Rp - Kh nng chng xuyn ti mi cc;
Kc - H s mang ti, ph thuc vo loi t v loi cc, tra theo bng (3.14)
+ Kh nng bm trt xung quanh:
R pi
fs (3.43)
Di
fs c tnh cho tng lp i m cc xuyn qua tng ng vi sc chng xuyn
mi Rpi.
D - H s ly theo bng (3.14)
Sc chu ti cho php ca mt cc c xc nh bng cch ly sc chu ti gii
hn tnh theo quy nh trn chia cho h s an ton Fs=2-3.

Bng 3.14: H s Kc v D
Loi t Sc H s Kc H s D Gi tr cc i qp(kPa)
chng Cc nhi Cc ng Cc nhi Cc ng
mi Cc Cc Thnh Thnh Thnh Thnh Thnh Thn Thnh Thnh
qc(***) nhi ng b ng b ng b h ng b ng
(kPa) tng thp tng thp tng thp tng thp
t loi st <2000 0,4 0,5 30 30 30 30 15 15 15 15
chy, bn
t loi st cng 2000- 0,35 0,45 40 80 40 80 (80) (80) (80) 35
va 5000 35 35 35
t loi st cng >5000 0,45 0,55 60 120 60 120 (80) (80) (80) 35
n rt cng 35 35 35
Ct chy 0-2500 0,4 0,5 (60)** 120 (60) (120) 35 35 35 35
120 80 60
Ct cht va 2500- 0,4 0,5 (100) (200) 1000 (200) (120) (80) (120) 80
10000 180 180 250 80 35 80
Ct cht n rt >10000 0,3 0,4 150 (300) 150 (300) (150) (120) (150) 120
cht 200 200 120 80 120
phn, mm >5000 0,2 0,3 100 120 100 120 35 35 35 35
phong ha, >5000 0,2 0,4 60 80 60 80 (150) (120) (150) 120
mnh vn 120 80 120
Ghi ch : Cn ht sc thn trng khi ly gi tr ma st bn ca cc trong st mm v

bn v khi tc dng mt ti trng nh ln n, hoc ngay c ti trng bn thn, cng lm
cho loi t ny ln v to ra ma st m.
Cc gi tr trong ngoc c th s dng khi:
- i vi cc, thnh h c gi tt, khi thi cng khng gy ph hoi thnh h
v b tng t cht lng cao;
- i vi cc ng c tc dng lm cht t khi ng cc.
* Gi tr sc chng xuyn mi tng ng vi mi cn n gin
Bng 3.15: Tng quan gia qc v M
qc (105Pa) M () su
2m t5m
10 28 26
20 30 28
40 32 30
70 34 32
120 36 34
200 38 36
300 40 38
* Tng quan gia sc chng xuyn qc v sc chng ct khng thot nc ca t

dnh, cu, xc nh theo cng thc :
qc Vv
cu (3.44)
15
Trong V v l p lc thng ng do ti trng bn thn ca t nn.

V d III-7 : D bo sc chu ti theo t nn ca cc BTCT tit din 30x30cm, di
16m c thi cng theo phng php p xung nn t c a tng gm 4 lp nh sau
+ Lp 1: ct do dy 4m: sc khng
1m
mi xuyn qc = 18kG/cm2
+ Lp 2: St, do mm dy 5m: sc qc=18kG/cm2=1800kPa
4m
khng mi xuyn qc = 6kG/cm2
+ Lp 3: st, do cng dy 5m: sc
khng mi xuyn qc = 13kG/cm2
+ Lp 2: Ct ht trung, cht va: sc
5m
qc=6kG/cm2=600kPa
2
khng mi xuyn qc = 40kG/cm
Gii :
Theo kt qu th nghim xuyn tnh, ta xc
nh c chiu di ca cc qua cc lp t
5m
qc=13kG/cm2=1300kPa
v cc gi tr Wi v Rn nh sau :
q c1 1800
l1 =3m, D1=30, W1 60kPa
3m
D1 30 qc=40kG/cm2=4000kPa
q c 2 600
l2 =5m, D2=30, W 2 20kPa
D2 30
Hnh 3.34
q c3 1300
l3 =5m, D3=60, W 3 21,6kPa
D3 60
q c 4 4000
l4 =3m, D4=100, W 4 40kPa
D4 100
Ti mi cc Kc = 0,5 Rn =Kc.qc = 0,5.4000=2000kPa
Sc chu ti gii hn ca cc :
Pgh 1,2(3.60 5.20 5.21,6 3.40) 0,09.2000 789,6kN (=78,96T)
Sc chu ti cho php ca cc :
Qs Q m 609 180
[P] 478kN( 47,8T )
Fs1 Fs 2 1,5 2,5
Trong : Fs1 =1,5 l h s an ton i vi ma st xung quanh
Fs2 =2,5 l h s an ton i vi sc chng mi.
5.2. Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc theo phng ngang trc
V nguyn tc, vic xc nh sc chu ti ca cc cng c th theo ba phng
php: L thuyt, thc nghim v theo kinh nghim. Tuy nhin vic xc nh tnh ton
ti trng ngang tc dng ln cc thng rt phc tp. Hin nay cha c cng thc no
xc nh chnh xc ti trng ngang tc dng ln cc khi bit kch thc cc v iu
kin a cht. Vic tnh ton ti trng ngang ch yu da vo kinh nghim hoc phi
xc nh qua th nghim hin trng.
Theo kinh nghim, ti trng ngang ca cc c xc nh theo cng thc:
tb
H ng m.H ng (3.45)
Trong : tb
H ng - Sc chu ti trng ngang trung bnh ca cc;
m - H s iu kin lm vic, ph thuc vo s lng cc trong mng n:
n=1-5 m = 0,85
n = 6 - 10 m = 0,90
n = > 11 m = 1,00
Hng - Sc chu ti trng ngang ca cc ng vi tr s chuyn v ngang ca nh
cc 'ng, c xc nh theo nhim v thit k. Khi khng c s liu th nghim th tr
s Hng c th ly theo bng sau: ng vi 'ng = 1; khi 'ng< 1 th xc nh bng cch ni
suy gia 'ng = 1 v 'ng = 0. Khi 'ng > 1 th Hng ly theo th nghim ti trng tnh vi ti
trng ngang.
Bng 3.16: Bng tra tr s Hng
Loi t t y i n ngm su Tr s Hng
su c tr s kd ca cc Tit din cc BTCT Cc trn c ng
knh
Cc Cc 30x30 35x35 40x40 28 30 32
BTCT g
1. t ct cht va, ct 6d 4,5d 6,00 7,00 8,00 2,60 2,80 2,80
do cng
2. t ri, ct bi, ct
do. st, st do mm. 7d 5d 2,50 3,0 3,5 1,4 1,5 1,6
3. st, st do nho 8d 6d 1,0 1,0 2,0 0,5 0,5 0,6
iu kin kim tra:

H d H ng
tb
(3.16)
Vi H ti trng ngang ca cng trnh truyn ln cc
H
Q (3.47)
n
Q -Tng ti trng ngang tc dng ln mng cc
n - S lng cc trong mng

6. THIT K MNG CC I THP

6.1. Cc gi thit khi tnh ton mng cc i thp
Vic tnh ton, thit k mng cc i thp da trn c s cc gi thuyt nh sau:
1. i vi mng cc i thp, ti trng ngang hon ton do t t y i tr ln
tip nhn. Do vy, iu kin tnh ton theo s mng cc i thp l:
h t 0,7h min (3.48)
Trong : h- chn su ca y i;
h min
M
tg 45 0
2H (3.49)
2 J.h
Vi M, J - gc ni ma st v dung trng ca t t y i tr ln.
H - tng ti trng nm ngang;
b - cnh y i theo phng thng gc vi tng lc ngang H .
2. Sc chu ti ca cc trong mng c xc nh nh i vi cc n ring r,
khng k n nh hng ca nhm cc.
3. Ti trng cng trnh truyn qua i cc, ch truyn ln cc cc ch khng trc
tip truyn ln phn t gia cc cc ti mt tip gip vi i cc hay ni cch khc l
t ti mt tip gip vi i khng trc tip lm vic.
4. Khi kim tra cng ca nn t v khi nh ln ca mng cc th ngi
ta xem mng cc nh l mt mng khi qui c bao gm cc, i cc v phn t gia
cc cc.
5. V vic tnh ton mng khi quy c ging nh tnh ton mng nng trn nn
thin nhin nn tr s mmen ca ti trng ngoi ti y mng khi quy c c ly
gim i mt cch gn ng bng tr s m men ca ti trng ngoi so vi cao trnh y
i.
6. i cc xem nh tuyt i cng, cc v i cc xem nh lin kt ngm cng
vi nhau.
6.2. Chn vt liu lm cc v i cc
Chn vt liu lm cc phi m bo khi thit k c th chu c cc gi tr
ni lc sinh ra trong qu trnh cu, vn chuyn lp dng, thi cng h cc v chu ti vi
h s an ton hp l.
6.2.1. B tng
Nhng yu cu v B tng cc c ly theo cc tiu chun thit k kt cu b
tng hin hnh, b tng cc cn c thit k chng c cc tc nhn n mn c
trong nn t.
Da trn iu kin lm vic ca cc, mc ti thiu cho b tng cc c th ly
nh sau: (TCxD 205-1998).
+ Cc h trong iu kin bnh thng, d ng: M t 250
+ Cc phi ng n chi rt nh: M t 400 .
6.2.2. Ct thp
Ct thp cc phi tho mn cc iu kin quy nh v cht lng ct thp c
th chu c ni lc pht sinh khi bc d, vn chuyn thi cng v ni lc do cng
trnh truyn vo cc.
Ct thp ch cn ko di sut chiu di cc. Trng hp ct thp cn phi ni
th phi ng quy nh v ni ct thp.
Trong trng hp cn tng kh nng chu mo men, thp cn c tng cng
u cc (thng l cc nhi, mng cc i cao), nhng cn b tr sao cho s gin on
t ngt ca ct thp khng gy ra nt cc khi ng.
Ct thp c xc nh theo tnh ton, hm lng thp khng nh hn 0,8 %,
ng knh khng nh hn I14 . i vi nh cao tng hm lng ct thp dc trong
cc c th n 1 y 1,2% .
Ct thp ai c vai tr chu ng sut nay sinh trong qu trnh ng cc trong
khong 2 y 3d ti hai u cc hm lng ct ai t 6%, trong phn thn cc hm lng
ct ai t 2%.
Ct thp ai c th s dng I6 y I8 , dng mc, ai kn hoc xon. Vi i cc,
b tng M t 200, ct thp c th AI, AII, b tr theo tnh ton.
6.3. Chn kch thc cc, i cc
6.3.1. Chn kch thc cc
Vic la chn kch thc tit din ngang ca cc, chiu di ca cc ph thuc
vo ti trng cng trnh, tnh cht ti trng v iu kin a cht ni xy dng cng
trnh v kh nng thi cng. (V d cc thit k m bo cc yu cu k thut tuy nhin
sc chu ti qu ln, cng trnh trong thnh ph khng thi cng bng phng php
ng cc c, nng lc my p khng p cc xung su thit k, vy l cha
hp l).
Chn kch thc ca cc ng c th ly cc loi tit din v kch thc tit
din, chiu di nh mc (2.2) ca chng ny.
Vic chn la kch thc v chiu di ca cc khoan nhi i vi cc cng trnh
cu th cn xem xt cht ch hn n ti trng cng trnh, iu kin a cht v kh
nng thi cng la chn hp l.
6.3.2. Chn kch thc i cc
Chiu cao ca i cc xc nh bng tnh ton, nhng khng nh hn 0,5m (vi
i cc cng trnh dn dng). V phi m bo iu kin chiu cao ngm cc
hoc ct thp ru tm ca cc ngm vo mng.
- Vi cng trnh xy dng dn dng, cng nghip, chiu cao i t 0,6 y 1m .
- Vi cng trnh cu ng, chiu cao i thng t 1,5 y 2,5m .
- Kch thc y i ph thuc vo s lng cc cn thit b tr v cch b
tr cc trong mng. Thng thng vic chn kch thc y i sao cho ph hp b
tr cc ng thi tit kim vt liu nht.
6.4. Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc n
6.5.Xc nh s lng cc v b tr cc trong mng
6.5.1. Xc nh s lng cc
S lng cc trong mng c tnh ton theo cng thc sau:
n E
N tt
(3.50)
Pn
Trong : N tt
tng ti trng tnh ton ti y i.
Pn - sc chu ti tnh ton theo t nn
E - H s kinh nghim, k n nh hng ca momen, ti trng ngang v
s lng cc trong i. Thng thng E 1 y 1,5 vi mng cc i thp, E 1,6 vi
mng cc i cao, trng hp vi mng cc cu treo, cu dy vng th momen v ti
trng ngang rt ln nn tr s E c th ly cao hn.
6.5.2. B tr cc trong mng
Sau khi s b xc nh s lng cc th tin hnh b tr cc trong mng. Khi b
tr cc trong mng phi m bo hai yu cu chnh l thi cng d dng v chu lc tt.
V mt thi cng, phi m bo khong cch gia cc cc cn c la chn sao
cho hin tng nng cc v lm cht t gia cc cc l nh nht ng thi tn dng
ti a sc chu ti ca cc, khong cch ti thiu gia hai trc cc phi m bo c
th h cc n su thit k m khng lm h hng cc khc v cng trnh ln cn.
Khong cch gia hai cc k nhau c ly nh sau:
- Khi cc thng ng :
+ Cc chng khng nh hn 3d (d - ng knh cc).
+ Cc chng khng nh hn 2d.
+ Cc c m rng y khng nh hn 1,5 ln ng knh m rng d
hoc d+1m (d>2m).
- Khi cc xin :
+ Ti mt phng y i khng c nh hn 1,5d.
+ Ti mt phng mi cc khng c nh hn 3d.
Nu khng m bo cc khong cch trn th khng th h cc n su thit
k. Tuy nhin khong cch gia hai tr cc cng khng vt qu tr s 6d gim bt
khi lng o t v vt liu i cc.
V phng din chu lc th tu tnh hnh c th ca a cht, ti trng m b tr
cc cho thch hp.
Trng hp ch c ti trng thng ng tc dng th b tr cc thng ng v
cch u nhau.
Trng hp ti trng ngang v momen ln th phi tng cng ngang ca
mng bng cch b tr cc xin, c th xin mt chiu (hoc xin t 1:5 ; 1:7; 1:10)
hoc kt hp c cc ng v cc xin. Vic thi cng cc xin thng kh khn nu
momen v lc ngang khng u th nn b tr cc thng ng.
B tr coc thng B tr coc xin 1 phng B tr coc xin 2 phng B tr kt hp
Hnh 3.35: B tr cc trn mt ng

Khi b tr cc trn mt bng nn b tr cc u nhau d thi cng, c th b tr
theo hnh ch nht hoc b tr dng hnh hoa mai. Trng hp mng lch tm ln c
th b tr cc dy hn v pha lch tm. Lc ny s hng cc khong cch vn u
nhau, s cc trong mi hng khong cch khng u nhau.
3d
3d
a a a a c c a1 a1 a1 a2 a2
Hnh 3.36: B tr cc trn mt ng

B tr cc khi mng hnh vnh khuyn v mng hnh trn.
Hnh 3.37: B tr cc khi mng hnh vnh khuyn hoc hnh trn
6.6. Kim tra ti trng tc dng ln cc M
6.6.1. Trng hp mng ch c cc thng ng Q N

Trong trng hp ny, nu mng ch chu ti
trng ng tm th khng cn kim tra. Nu s lng
cc xc nh theo cng thc (3.50).
Khi mng chu ti lch tm s xy ra hin tng
mt s cc trong mng chu ti trng ln v mt s khc
chu ti trng b, i khi c cc chu ko. Nn thit k y
tt c cc cc u chu nn.
Vic kim tra ti trng tc dng ln cc tin hnh 1 2
nh sau :
y
- i vi cc chu nn : P0max Pnn (3.51) x

y
4
- i vi cc chu ko : P0min Pnk (3.52) 3
Trong : P0max , P0min ti trng tc dng ln cc chu nn xk xn

nhiu nht v chu ko nhiu nht.
Hnh 3.38
Pnn , Pnk - Sc chu ti tnh ton theo t nn ca cc chu nn v chu ko.

Cc tr s P0max v P0min xc nh nh sau :
P max N tt M.x max

n
(3.53)
0 n
n
x i2
1
P0min
N tt

M .xmax
k
(3.54)
n
x
n 2
i
1
Trong : N - tng ti trng thng ng tnh ton ti y i;

tt
n- s lng cc trong mng;

M- tng momen ca ti trng ngoi so vi trc i qua trng tm ca cc tit din
cc ti y i;
n
x max k
, xmax - khong cch t trng tm cc chu nn nhiu nht (2,3) v cc chu
ko nhiu nht (1,2) n trc ;
xi - khong cch t tm cc th i n trc .
* Kim tra ti trng ngang tc dng ln cc
Theo quy phm v mng cc, vic kim tra mng cc i thp chu ti trng
ngang tin hnh nh sau :
H 0 H ng (3.55)
Trong : H0 - lc ngang tc dng ln mi cc, ngi ta gi thuyt ti trng ngang
phn b u ln tt c cc cc trong mng.
H0
H (3.56)
n
Trong : H - tng lc ngang tc dng ln mng cc ti y i.
Hng - sc chu ti trng ngang tnh ton ca mi cc, xc nh nh mc (5.2).
6.6.2. Trng hp mng c cc xin.
Vic kim tra ti trng tc dng ln cc max
Po
max
Po
xin c tin hnh nh sau : 'min
Po
P0'max d Pnn (3.57)
E
P0'min d Pnk (3.58) E
H
Trong : P0max , P0min - ti trng nn ln D
H
D
nht v ko ln nht tc dng theo phng
dc trc cc, xc nh theo cng thc sau
y. 'max
cosE D max
Po
P0max .P0 (3.59) Hnh 3.39
cos E
cosD E min
P0min .P0 (3.60)
cos E

Vi : E - gc gia lc thng ng tc dng ln cc ang xt vi tng hp lc gia n

v lc ngang H tc dng ln cc , vi H c xc nh theo (3.56).
D goc nghing gia trc cc v trc thng
M
ng. Q
P0max , P0min xc nh tng t (3.53) v (3.54).
N
V d III-8: Xc nh ti trng ln nht tc dng ln
1,2m
cc trong mng cc i thp c thit k tip nhn ti
trng tc dng ti mt nh mng: N=250T, M=15Tm,
Q=10T. Bit s cc l n=12cc tit din 30x30cm, b
tr nh hnh v bn:
3,60
Gii: 0,3 1,0 1,0 1,0 0,3
Ti trng do trng lng bn thn i cc v t Y
0,3
p trn i:
G=(3,6.2,6.1,2).2,0=22,464T
1,0
X
250 22,464 (12 10.1,2).1,5
2,60
P max 25,1T
2.3.(0,5 2 1,5 2 )
1,0
12
250 22,464 (12 10.1,2).1,5
0,3
P min 20,3T
12 2.3.(0,5 2 1,5 2 ) Hnh 3.40
6.7. Kim tra cng nn t ti mt phng mi

cc
kim tra cng nn t ti mt phng
mi cc, ngi ta coi cc, i cc v phn t gia
cc cc l mt mng khi qui c nh hnh v. Mng
D D
khi ny c chiu su y mng t mt t n mt
phng i qua mi cc (hnh 3.41).
L
Din tch ca mng khi qui c.

Fqu A 1 2LtgD B1 2LtgD (3.61)
Trong :
A1, B1 - Khong cch t mp hai hng cc
ngoi cng i din nhau theo hai pha;
L- Chiu di cc, tnh t y i n mi cc; B1
D gc m rng so vi trc thng ng k t
Aqu=A1+2LtgD
mp ngoi hng cc ngoi cng:

M tb
A1
D (3.62)
4
Vi: M tb - tr s trung bnh ca gc ma st trong
tiu chun ca t.
M tb
M l i i
(3.63)
l i
Bqu=B1+2LtgD
M i - gc ni ma st lp t th i; Hnh 3.41

li - chiu dy lp t th i;
Trng hp cc xin th nu D ln hn gc nghing ca cc th ly nh trn,
nu D nh hn gc nghing ca cc th ly D D i (Di gc nghing ca cc).
Sau khi xc nh c kch thc mng khi qui c th kim tra nn t mi cc
thc hin nh vi mng nng.
- Trng hp ti trng ng tm
N
V dR (3.64)
Fq
- Trng hp ti trng lch tm
V max 1,2R (3.65)
V max V min
V TB dR (3.66)
2
Trong : N - Tng ti trng thng ng ti y mng khi qui c, bao gm c trng
lng cc, i cc v trng lng t gia cc cc;
Fq - Din tch y mng khi qui c;
R Cng tiu chun ca t nn ti y mng khi qui c, ph thuc vo
loi t, trng thi, v kch thc mng khi qui c xc nh theo TCXD 45-70 hoc
TCXD 45-78.
Tr s V max , V min xc nh nh sau :
N M
V max
min r (3.67)
Fq Wq
Vi : M - tng momen ca ti trng ngoi so vi trc trng tm y i;
Wq - Momen chng un ca tit din y mng khi qui c.
* Mt s quy nh khi xc nh kch thc mng khi quy c:
+ Trng hp nn t nhiu lp, ranh gii mng khi quy c xc nh nh sau:
- Pha di l mt phng AB i qua mi cc;
- Pha cnh l cc mt phng AD c BC i qua mp ngoi cng ca hng cc bin
thng ng khong cch L.tg(Mtb/4), cn khi c cc nghing th i qua mp mi
ca cc nghing;
- Pha trn l mt t CD;
- Tr s Mtb xc nh theo cng thc (3.63) (Hnh 3.42a).
+ Trng hp nn ng nht, kch thc ca mng khi quy c xc nh nh sau :
- Chiu rng v chiu di ca bn mng quy c bng cc cnh ca nhm cc;
- Chiu su t mng quy c bng 2/3 chiu di cc k t y i;
- ng sut ph thm do ti trng cng trnh c gi thit l truyn xung cc
lp t bn di mng quy c vi gc m bng 30o (Hnh 3.42b).
+ Trng hp khi cc xuyn qua lp t yu v ta vo lp t cng:
- Chiu rng v chiu di ca bn mng quy c bng cc cnh ca nhm cc;
- Chiu su t mng quy c bng 2/3 chiu di cc ngm trong lp t tt k
t b mt lp t trn;
- ng sut ph thm do ti trng cng trnh c gi thit l truyn xung cc
lp t bn di mng quy c vi gc m bng 30o. (Hnh 3.42c);
N N
M M
Q Q
C D C D
D Mtb
D Di
A B A B
Hnh 3.42a: Xc nh kch thc mng khi quy c trong trng hp nn nhiu lp
N N
M M
Q Q
t yu
2L/3
L
L
o
D
2L1/3
o
D t cng
L1
L/3
L1/3
AquxBqu
AquxBqu
Hnh 3.42b: Mng khi quy c trong Hnh 3.37c: Trng hp cc xuyn qua
trng hp nn ng nht lp t yu v ta vo lp t cng
6.8. Tnh ton ln ca mng cc
Cng nh i vi cc loi mng khc, khi thit k mng cc phi bo m u
kin sau y:
S d >S@ (3.68)
Trong : S - ln ca mng cc;
>S@ - ln cho php ca cng trnh.
Khi khong cch gia cc cc trong mng nh hn 4d, tnh ton ln mng
cc ngi ta xem mng cc nh mng khi qui c, vic tnh ton ln tin hnh
theo cc phng php nghin cu trong C hc t.

Di y trnh by trnh t tnh ln cho mng cc theo phng php cng ln
tng lp:
1. Chia nn t di y mng khi quy c thnh tng lp phn t.
2. Tnh v v biu ng sut do trng lng bn thn t gy ra.
3. Xc nh p lc gy ln:
V gl V tb J .hqu (3.69)
Trong : V tb ng sut trung bnh ti y mng khi qui c;
J - trng lng th tch trung bnh ca cc lp t t mi cc tr ln;
Hqu - khong cch t mt t n y mng khi qui c.
4. Tnh v v biu ng sut do ng sut gy ln:
V zigl k 0i .V gl (3.70)
5. Xc nh chiu su vng nh hng Ha, xc nh Ha im c V igl d 0,2V bt .
6. Tnh ton ln cho tng lp Si theo cng thc:
e1i e 2i
Si hi (3.71)
1 e1i
a i pi h i
Si (3.72)
1 e1i
S i a 0i p i h i (3.73)
E
Si pi h i (3.74)
E 0i
n
7. Tnh ln tng cng S = Si (3.75)
i 1
6.9. Tnh ton i cc
Vic tnh ton i cc theo ba s a b
sau: c c ak
- Tnh ton chc thng;
- Tnh ton ph hoi theo mt
ho
ho
h
phng nghing;
- Tnh ton chu un.
6.9.1. Tnh ton i cc di ct hoc
di tr
a. Tnh ton chc thng
Chiu cao lm vic tng cng c
ca i c xc nh t iu kin sau :
Khi b d a k 2 h 0 th
Pnp d a k b h 0 kR p (3.76)
ak
b
Khi:b>ak+2h0 th:
pnp d a k h 0 h 0 .k.R p (3.77)
Trong : b- cnh y i song song Hnh 3.43
vi ak
ak - Cnh ca tit din ct hoc tr song song vi mp ca lng th chc thng;
Pnp - Tng ni lc ti nh cc cc nm gia mp i v lng th chc thng;
h0 - Chiu cao lm vic ca i;
c
k - h s ph thuc t s tra bng, vi c l khong cch t mp ct hoc tr
h0
n mp hng cc ang xt (tra bng 3.17);
Rp - sc chu ko tnh ton ca b tng.
Vic tnh ton chc thng c tin hnh cho mi hng cc nm ngoi pham vi
ct hoc tr.
Bng 3.17: H s lm vic ca mt nghing
c/ho 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2
K 0.75 0.79 0.84 0.90 0.97 1.05 1.14 1.25 1.38
b. Tnh ton ph hoi trn mt phng nghing
Khi tnh ton theo s ny gi thit rng ng sut ko chnh phn b u trong
phm vi phn gia ca tit din i trn mt di c chiu rng bng ak+h0
Chiu cao lm vic ca i c xc nh t cc iu kin sau y:
- Khi b d a k h 0 th
Pnp
Pnp d bh 0 R p rt ra h 0 t (3.78)
b.R p
- Khi b ! a k h 0 th
Pnp d a k h 0 h 0 R p (3.79)
T rt ra
a a 2 Pnp
h0 = k (3.80) M
2 4 Rp
Q
Trong : Pnp tng ni lc ti cc nh cc N
nm ngoi mt phng nghing.
i vi i cc c nhiu bc, khi
F
b d a k h 0 th tr s b thay bng tr s b tb
h0
( F - din tch tit din ngang ca i).
Chiu cao lm vic ca i ly theo tr s I
ln nht nhn c t cch tnh theo hai s trn,
chiu cao i h=h0+ 10 y 15cm . 1 2
c. Tnh ton chu un r1
Vic tnh ton chu un ca i tin hnh II II
treo tr s momen un ti cc tit din thng ng
r2
3 4
ca i mp ct v ti v tr i c chiu cao thay
i. I
Tnh ton momen ti cc tit din:
M I I P2 P4 .r1
Hnh 3.44
(3.81)

M II II
P3 P4 .r2 (3.82)
Trong : P1, P2, P3, P4 - Ti trng tnh ton ca cng trnh truyn xung cc
r1, r2 - Khong cch t tim cc n cc tit din I-I v II-II.
M
Tnh ton ct thp : Fct (3.83)
0,9h 0 .m a R a
Trong : Fct - Din tch ct thp;
M- Momen ti cc tit din tnh ton ;
h0 - Chiu cao lm vic ca i;
Ra - Cng chu ko tnh ton ca ct thp;
ma - H s iu kin lm vic ca ct thp trong mng (ma =0,85 0,95).
V d III-9: Tnh ton kim tra chiu dy ca i cc trong v d 8 nu d kin chiu
cao ca i cc l 70cm, kch thc ct: 40x50cm, i cc b tng Mc 250 c Rk =
88T/m2. M
Gii: Q N
Mt phng nghing cn kim tra xut pht t
mp trong ca hng cc ngoi cng n mp ct; b
1,2m
ho
rng i b=2,6m; h0 = 0,7m; c=0,95m; c/h0 = 1,35, tra
bng (3.17), ly k=0,75; c=0,95m
Ti trng ph hoi P=3.Pmax = 3.25,1=75,3T

Kh nng chu p thng ca tit din: 3,60
Ta c: ac+2h0 =40+2.70=180cm<b=260cm 0,3 1,0 1,0 1,0 0,3
Y
k.Rk.(ac +ho).ho = 0,75.88.(0,4+0,7).0,7=50,82T
0,3
P=75,3T > k.Rk.(ac +ho).ho = 50,82T 1,0
Vy chiu cao ho chn bng 70cm khng , ta tng X
2,60
0,4
chiu cao ho = 100cm=1m
1,0
0,5
k.Rk.(ac +ho).ho = 0,75.88.(0,4+1).1=92,4T
0,3
P=75,3T < k.Rk.(ac +ho).ho = 92,4T t yu cu

Vy chiu cao ca i cc l: h = 1+0,2=1,2m Hnh 3.45
6.9.2. Tnh ton i cc dng bng
i cc dng bng c b tr di tng nh, c chiu di ln hoc cc mng
bng t trn 1 n 3 hng cc.
Khi cc b tr thnh nhiu hng, nu c mt, vi hng nm ngoi phm vi ca
tng th i cc c tnh ton chc thng v ph hoi trn mt phng nghing tng
t nh tnh ton vi i cc di ct. y ta xt vic tnh ton chu un ca i cc
di tng trong qu trnh s dng.
Ta xt phng n ca tnh ton i cc cho trng hp cc cc c phn b
theo mt hng. i cc xem nh dm k trn cc cc v chu ti trng do tng truyn
xung.
ai coc
Hnh 3.46: S
i cc dng bng.
Coc

Khi tnh ton i di tng, cn
do < L/2
xt n cc l ca, ca s trong tng v Po
v tr ca chng ta so vi cc cc v so
vi i . d do
Biu p lc xung i c dng L
ng cong. Thc t ta c th tnh gn Lt
ng bng cc biu tam gic c nh
nm trn mp ca cc. S a
Kch thc d0 ca tt c cc s
ti trng bn c xc nh gn ng nh
sau: Po do > L/2
E.J
d 0 3,3 (3.84)
Et bt do
Trong : EJ cng ca i; L
Et - Moun n hi ca vt liu Lt
tng;
bt - b rng tng. S b
- Tung ln nht ca biu ti trng ti
mp cc ca s hnh (a) v (b) xc nh Po do > L
nh sau:
E t .b t
P0 0,3qL tt (3.85) d
EJ L
hay: Lt
L
P0 q 1 tt (3.86)
2d S c
Vi q- Ti trng phn b u do nh 2s do < s
truyn xung su y i (trng lng Po
tng, sn, ti trng hu ch ...);

do
Ltt - Chiu di tnh ton ca nhp, L
ly Ltt=1,05L; Lt
L - Khong cch gia hai mp gn

S d
nht ca cc;
- Tung P0 s (c) ly bng: 2s do > s
Po
P0=q; Pa
- Sau khi xc nh ti trng P0, tin

do
hnh tnh ton mo men v lc ct ln L
nht ti mp cc: Lt
+ i vi s a,b,d,e:
P0 d 02 d S e
M= (2 0 ) (3.87) Hnh 3.47 Cc s tnh ton i cc dng bng
12 L tt
Pd
Q= 0 0 (3.88)
2
+ i vi s (c), tnh nh dm lin tc chu ti trng phn b u:
qL2tt
M= (3.89)
12
q.Lt
Q= (3.90)
2
Theo cc tr s momen v lc ct va tm c, tin hnh tnh chn tit din v
v tnh ton ct thp. bn chng ct ca khi xy trn cc kim tra theo cng thc:
P0
d 2R k (3.91)
bt
Vi Rk - Cng chng ct ca khi xy.
Ch : Vi ti trng trong thi k xy dng (do khi xy, tng cha ng kt),
momen un v lc ct c xc nh nh i vi dm ngm hai u, theo cng thc
sau y:
- Momen gi ta: qk
q k L2tt
Mg (3.92)
12 d L
- Momen nhp:
Mg
q k .L2tt
M nh (3.93)
24 Mnh
- Lc ct:
q k .L tt Hnh 3.48
Q= (3.94)
2
Trong : qk - Ti trng phn b u do trng lng khi xy.
Ltt = 1,05L.
3.10. Kim tra cc khi vn chuyn, cu lp v treo ln gi ba
Khi vn chuyn cc t bi c cc ra cng trng v khi treo cc t t ln gi
ba th cc s chu lc theo cc s sau:
3.10.1 S khi vn chuyn cc (hnh 2.49):
m bo bo iu kin chu lc tt nht khi vn chuyn th v tr mc cn b
tr sao cho momen dng ln nht bng tr s momen dng ln nht bng tr s
momen m ln nht. T iu kin ny ta xc nh c on:
a=0,207L (L- chiu di cc);
Tr s momen :
Ma=0,043q l 2 (3.95)
Vi q- ti trng phn b u do trng lng bn thn cc.
3.10.2 S khi treo ln gi ba (Hnh 3.50 ) :
Khi cc c chiu di >8m cn b tr thm mc cu th 3 khi thi cng treo cc
ln gi ba. Cng t iu kin cn bng mo men tnh c khong cch b:
b=0,294L.
Mo men :
Mb=0,086q L2 (3.96)

* Lu : V khi vn chuyn v cu cc, cc chu ti trng ng nn khi tnh momen
cn nhn vi h s vt ti (n=1,5).
- T momen tnh ton kim tra lng ct thp trong cc c m bo kh
nng chu lc khi thi cng hay khng.
- Cng ca ct thp mc cu cng c kim tra khi thi cng.
a L-2a a
q
2
Ma=0,043qL
M
Hnh 3.49: S tnh khi cu cc khi vn chuyn v cc biu ni lc
b
L-b
2
Ma=0,086qL
Hnh 3.50: S tnh khi cu cc khi treo ln gi ba v cc biu ni lc

7. TNH TON MNG CC I CAO

7.1. c im v phm vi s dng
Mng cc i cao thng c dng trong cc
P
cng trnh cu (mng m tr cu) hoc bn cng, cu
M
tu, cu cng, ... H
Khc vi mng cc i thp khi chu tc dng

ca ti trng ngang v momen th xem nh ti trng
ngang hon ton do t t y i tr ln tip nhn. Vi
mng cc i cao, khi chu ti tc dng ca ti trng
ngang v momen th cc ti trng ny s phn phi ln
cc cc v cc cc s tip thu cc lc ny.
Mng cc i cao theo quan im tnh hc c th
coi nh mt khung khng gian gm cc cc ng v
xin ngm n hi vo t v vi i cc (i cng hoc
mm). Khung thanh ngang (i cc) cng dng tnh
ton m tr cu v i c cng rt ln, khung thanh
ngang mm dng tnh ton mng cc cng trnh bn
cng (mng cc i cao, i mm).
tng cng cng cho mng cc i cao ta
c th b tr cc xin vi xin 1 :7 y 1 : 10 . Hnh 3.51: S mng
7.2. Cc gi thit tnh ton cc i cao
tnh ton ni lc mng cc i cao bt k da
vo cc gi thit sau :
- Cc lin kt ngm cng vi i cc;
- i cc coi nh tuyt i cng (EJ= f );
- Mi tit din ca cc coi nh i xng so vi trc bt k i qua trng tm n;
- Mi tit din ca cc u phng sau khi chu un;
- Cc ln kt ngm n hi vi t, ngm n hi ny c trng bng cc
chuyn v n v ca cc ti v tr ngm (mt t).
7.3. Phng php v s tnh ton
- Mc ch ca vic tnh ton l xc nh cc lc tc dng ln nh mi cc, bao
gm lc dc trc Pn, lc ngang H v mo men M. xc nh cc thnh phn ni lc
ny ta dng phng php chuyn v trong c hc kt cu.
Vic tnh ton ni lc trong mng cc i cao theo phng php chuyn v chia
lm 2 phng php, phng php tnh chnh xc v phng php tnh gn ng. Vic
tnh ton n gin hn nhng vn m bo kt qu sai s b.
Theo phng php gn ng, lin kt ca tng cc n c m t nh sau :
Gi thit : + Khi ch tnh vi lc dc trc Pn th xem cc nh mt thanh chu
nn c chiu di LN tnh t y i n su tng ng no , LN c gi l chiu
di chu nn tnh ton ca cc.
+ Khi tnh ton lc ngang H v mo men H th xem cc c lin kt trt ti v tr
no nm su trong t, cch y i mt khong gi l chiu di chu ung tnh ton
ca cc.
Nh vy s tnh ca mng cc i cao c m t nh hnh v (3.52).
P
a) Ngam tai ai coc b) M
Q
Lo
D D
LM
LM
LN
L
LN
Hnh 3.52: a) S lin kt gi nh gia cc v t; b) S tnh ton mng cc i cao
Trong tnh ton, chia h khng gian thnh khung phng tnh ton
7.4. H phng trnh chnh tc
Nh trn ni, xc nh cc chuyn
v ca i, ta dng phng php chuyn v i P
EJ= oo
vi khung siu tnh trong c hc kt cu. H c M
bn v s chuyn v nh hnh bn. H
Trong trng hp tng qut h phng o o'
trnh chnh tc c dng : u w
v
rvv .v rvu .u rvw .w N 0
LM

ruv .v ruu .u ruw .w H 0 (3.97)
r .v r .u r .w M 0
wv wu ww
Trong :
LN
rik - Phn lc n v ti cc lin kt ca

h c bn, ch s i ch phng ca phn lc. V
d ruw l phn lc ti lin kt chng chuyn v
D D!
ngang (u) do chuyn v n v ca lin kt cn
tr chuyn v xoay (w) gy ra;
u,v,w - Chuyn v ngang, chuyn v
ng v gc xoay ca i tuyt i cng;
N- Tng ti trng tc dng ti y i
(ti trng thng ng); Hnh 3.53: S chuyn v mng
H- Tng ti trng ngang tc dng; cc i cao khi chu ti trng
M- Tng mo men tc dng;
Trong trng hp cc phn b i xng, phng trnh chnh tc c dng.
v.rvv N 0

u.ruu w.ruu H 0 (3.98)
u.r w.r M 0
uw ww
gii h phng trnh chnh tc, cn tm cc tr s phn lc n v rik, vic

tnh ton cc tr s ny s c trnh by mc trnh t tnh ton.
7.5. Trnh t tnh ton
7.5.1. Xc nh chiu di chu nn tnh ton ca cc
Chiu di chu nn tnh ton LN ca cc ph thuc vo tr s ti trng dc trc
v tnh cht ca t nn. Tr s LN xc nh chnh xc theo cng thc sau:
SEF
LN (3.99)
P
Trong :
S- Chuyn v thng ng ca nh cc;
E- Mo un n hi ca vt liu lm cc;
F- Din tch tit din cc;
P- Ti trng tc dng ln cc.
Chuyn v thng ng ca nh cc S gm:
S S1 S 2 S 3 (3.100)
Vi: S1- Bin dng tuyt i ca on cc nm trn mt t, xc nh theo cng thc:
L0P
S1 3.101)
EF
L0- Chiu di t do ca cc.
S2- bin dng tuyt i ca on cc nm trong t:
h
1
P Tz dz
EF 0
S2 (3.102)
h- Chiu di t do ca cc;
Tz- Lc ma st xung quanh thn cc, phn b theo quy lut no theo chiu
su.
S3- ln ca t t mi cc tr xung, gm hai thnh phn mt phn do lc
ma st ca t quanh thn cc gy ra v mt phn do phn lc ca t mi cc gy
ra.
Vic xc nh quy lut phn b lc ma st xung quanh thn cc theo chiu su phc
tp nn vic xc nh S2, S3 kh khn. Do vy ta xc nh tr s LN gn ng nh sau:
- i vi cc chng: LN ly bng chiu di cc t y i n mi cc.
K
- i vi cc ma st: LN=L0+ h F EF (3.103)
C h F
Vi : KF - H s kinh nghim k n nh hng ca kch thc tit din mi cc.
1
kF d; ch- H s nn ca t ti mi cc. F- din tch tit din y cc.
5

7.5.2. Xc nh chiu di chu un tnh ton ca cc

Chiu di chu un tnh ton LM ca cc ph thuc vo ti trng tc dng ln
cc v tnh cht ca t nn.
Vi cng mt loi t v kch thc, cng ca cc nh nhau, trng hp c
tr s ti trng ln tc dng th phi ng vi tr s LM ln hn v ngc li.
Khi cng tr s ti trng, kch thc v cng, nu trng hp nn t yu
hn th tr s LM s ln hn so vi nn t tt.
Hin nay cha c cng thc chnh xc no xc nh chiu di chu un LM
ca cc. Ta xc nh theo cng thc gn ng sau:
- Khi h d 2Kd :
LM=L0+ 2Kd -0,5h (3.104)
- Khi h ! 2Kd :
LM=L0+ Kd (3.105)
Trong :
h - Chiu su cc cm vo t ;
K - H s kinh nghim, ly K 5 y 7 tu vo loi t (nu t tt th K nh, nu
t yu th K ln) ;
d - ng knh hay cnh cc ;
7.5.3. Tnh ton cc phn lc n v v gii h phng trnh chnh tc
Cc phn lc n v ca h phng trnh (3.97) do chuyn v n v gy ra.
Xc nh theo cc cng thc :
F n Sin 2D i n
Cos 2D i
ruu EJ 12 3
(3.106)
J i 1 LN i 1 LM
F n CosD i SinD i n
CosD
rww EJ xi 6 3 i (3.107)
J i1 LN i 1 LM
F n Cos 2D i n
1
ruw EJ xi2 4 (3.108)
J i1 LN i 1 LM
F n Cos 2D i
rvv EJ (3.109)
J i 1 L N
Trong :
F- din tch tit din ngang ca cc ;
E- mo un i hi ca vt liu cc ;
J- momen qun tnh ca tit din cc ng vi trc qua trng tm tit din cc ;
Di Gc nghing ca cc so vi phng phng thng ng ;
n S lng cc trong s tnh ;
LN, LM Chiu di chu nn v chu un tnh ton ca cc ;
xi - Ta tim cc ti cao trnh y i.
Thay cc gi tr rik vo h phng trnh (3.98) v gii ra tm c gi tr chuyn
v ca i :
Chuyn v ngang :

rww q.ruw
u .H (3.110)
ruu .rww ruw
2
Chuyn v thng ng :
P
v (3.111)
rvv
Gc xoay :
q.ruu ruw
w .H (3.112)
ruu .rww ruw
2
Trong : q Tay n lc ngang :

M
q (3.113)
H
Vi M, H - Momen v lc ngang tc dng ln mt hng cc.
7.5.4. Tnh ton ni lc trong cc cc
Lc dc :
EF
Ni (u. sin D i v. cos D i w.x i . cos D i ) (3.114)
LN
Lc ct :
12E EJ
Qi 3
(u. cos D i ( v w.x i ). sin D i ) 6 2 .w (3.115)
LM LM
Mo men ti v tr ngm u cc vo i :
6 w
M itr EJ[ 2
(u. cos D i v. sin D i w.x i . sin D) 4 ] (3.116)
LM LM
Momen ti v tr ngm vo t :
2.w
M i M tr (3.117)
LM
Kim tra kt qu tnh ton :
n
P Ni 0
i 1
H n.Qi 0 (3.118) P
M
n Q
M (n.M N i .xi )
tr
0
i 1
7.5.5. Trng hp mng cc i xng, ch gm cc cc thng

ng
Trng hp ny c : Di=0 nn ta c : sinDi=0 v cosDi=1
(Hnh 3.54).
Cc phn lc n v tnh nh sau:
12.EJ
ruu n. (3.119)
L3M
6.EJ
rww n. 3 (3.120)
LM
Hnh 3.54
F n 1 n
1
ruw EJ xi2 4 (3.121)
J i1 LN i 1 LM
F n 1
rvv EJ (3.122)
J i 1 LN
Cc gi tr chuyn v ngang v gc xoay :
T
Chuyn v ngang :
(q T).H w
u (3.123) v
12
T
u
n. 3 ( T c )
c
LM
x
Chuyn v thng ng :
P F
v . (3.124)
n J.L N
Gc xoay :
(q c).H
w (3.125)
6
n. 2 ( T c )
LM
Vi c V tr tm n hi : Khi lc ngang tc
dng, im c ch chuyn v ngang m khng xoay.
Hnh 3.55: V tr tm
Trng hp c cc xin :
n hi v im c
ruw
c (3.126) chuyn v bng khng
ruu
Trng hp khng c cc xin :
LM
c (3.127)
2
T - C ly t y b n im c chuyn v bng khng
rww
T (3.128)
ruw
n s cc trong mng.
+ Ni lc trong cc cc:
Lc dc :
EF
Ni ( v w.x i ) (3.129)
LN
Lc ct :
12 EJ EJ
Qi 3
u 6 2 .w (3.130)
LM LM
Mo men ti v tr ngm u cc vo i :
6 w
M itr EJ 2
u4 (3.131)
LM LM
Momen ti v tr ngm vo t :

2.w
M i M tr (3.132)
LM
Kim tra kt qu tnh ton :
n
P Ni 0
i 1
H n.Qi 0 (3.133)
n
M (n.M tr N i .xi ) 0
i 1
thun tin tnh ton c th lp thnh cc bng tnh trn phn mm Exel hoc
s dng cc phn mm tnh ton kt cu nh Sap2000 tnh ton.

CHNG IV: XY DNG CNG TRNH TRN NN T YU

1. KHI NIM
1.1. Khi nim v nn t yu
Nn t yu l nn t khng sc chu ti, khng bn v bin dng
nhiu, do vy khng th lm nn thin nhin cho cng trnh xy dng.
Khi xy dng cc cng trnh dn dng, cu ng, thng gp cc loi nn t
yu, ty thuc vo tnh cht ca lp t yu, c im cu to ca cng trnh m ngi
ta dng phng php x l nn mng cho ph hp tng sc chu ti ca nn t,
gim ln, m bo iu kin khai thc bnh thng cho cng trnh.
Trong thc t xy dng, c rt nhiu cng trnh b ln, sp h hng khi xy
dng trn nn t yu do khng c nhng bin php x l ph hp, khng nh gi
chnh xc c cc tnh cht c l ca nn t. Do vy vic nh gi chnh xc v cht
ch cc tnh cht c l ca nn t yu (ch yu bng cc th nghim trong phng v
hin trng) lm c s v ra cc gii php x l nn mng ph hp l mt vn
ht sc kh khn, n i hi s kt hp cht ch gia kin thc khoa hc v kinh
nghim thc t gii quyt, gim c ti a cc s c, h hng cng trnh khi xy
dng trn nn t yu.
1.2. Mt s c im ca nn t yu
Thuc loi nn t yu thng l t st c ln nhiu hu c;
Sc chu ti b (0,5 1kG/cm2);
t c tnh nn ln ln (a> 0,1 cm2/kG);
H s rng e ln (e > 1,0);
st ln ( B > 1);
Mo un bin dng b (E< 50kG/cm2);
Kh nng chng ct b (M, c b), kh nng thm nc b;
Hm lng nc trong t cao, bo ha nc G> 0,8, dung trng b;
1.3. Cc loi nn t yu thng gp
+ t st mm: gm cc loi t st hoc st tng i cht, trng thi bo
ha nc, c cng thp;
+ Bn: Cc loi t to thnh trong mi trng nc, thnh phn ht rt mn
(<200Pm) trng thi lun no nc, h s rng rt ln, rt yu v mt chu lc;
+ Than bn: L loi t yu c ngun gc hu c, c hnh thnh do kt qu
phn hy cc cht hu c c cc m ly (hm lng hu c t 20 80%);
+ Ct chy: Gm cc loi ct mn, kt cu ht ri rc, c th b nn cht hoc pha
long ng k. Loi t ny khi chu ti trng ng th chuyn sang trng thi chy gi
l ct chy.
+ t bazan: y cng l t yu vi c dim rng ln, dung trng kh b,
kh nng thm nc cao, d b ln sp.
1.4 . X l nn t yu
Vi cc c im ca t yu nh trn, mun t mng xy dng cng trnh
trn nn t ny th phi c cc bin php k thut ci to tnh nng xy dng ca
n. Nn t sau khi x l gi l nn nhn to.
Vic x l khi xy dng cng trnh trn nn t yu ph thuc vo nhiu iu kin
nh: c im cng trnh, c im ca nn t.v.v. Vi tng iu kin c th m
nng 9/2006 CHNG VI TRANG 136
ngi thit k a ra bin php x l hp l. Trong phm vi chng ny s cp n
cc bin php x l c th khi gp nn t yu nh:
+ Cc bin php x l v kt cu cng trnh;
+ Cc bin php x l v mng;
+ Cc bin php x l nn.
2. CC BIN PHP X L V KT CU CNG TRNH

Kt cu cng trnh c th b ph hng cc b hoc ton b do cc iu kin bin
dng khng tha mn: Ln hoc ln lch qu ln lm cho cng trnh b nghing,
lch, hoc do p lc tc dng ln mt nn qu ln trong khi nn t yu, sc
chu ti b.
Cc bin php v Kt cu cng trnh nhm lm gim p lc tc dng ln mt
nn hc lm tng kh nng chu lc ca kt cu cng trnh. Ngi ta thng dng
cc bin php sau:
+ Dng vt liu nh v kt cu nh;
+ Lm tng mm ca kt cu cng trnh;
+ Lm tng cng cho kt cu cng trnh.
2.1. Dng vt liu nh v kt cu nh
Mc ch: Lm gim trng lng bn
thn cng trnh, gim c tnh ti tc dng
ln mng.
Bin php: C th s dng cc loi
vt liu nh, kt cu thanh mnh, nhng
phi m bo cng cng trnh.
2.2. Lm tng mm ca kt cu cng
trnh
Mc ch: Lm tng mm ca kt
cu cng trnh k c mng kh c ng Khe lun
sut ph thm pht sinh trong kt cu khi
xy ra ln lch hoc ln khng u. Hnh 4.1: B tr khe ln
Bin php: Dng kt cu tnh nh
hoc phn ct cc b phn ca cng trnh
bng cc khe ln.
2.3. Tng thm cng cho kt cu cng
trnh
Mc ch: Lm tng cng cho kt
cu cng trnh sc chu cc ng lc sinh
ra do ln lch v ln khng u.
Bin php: Ngi ta dng cc ai b
tng ct thp tng kh nng chu ng sut
ko khi chu un, ng thi c th gia c ti Hnh 4.2: B tr ai BTCT
cc v tr d on xut hin ng sut cc b
ln.

3. CC BIN PHP X L V MNG
Khi xy dng cng trnh trn nn t yu, ta c th s dng mt s phng php x

l v mng thng dng nh sau:
+ Thay i chiu su chn mng;
+ Thay i kch thc mng;
+ Thay i loi mng v cng ca mng.
3.1. Thay i chiu su chn mng
Dng bin php thay i chiu su chn mng c th gii quyt v mt ln v
kh nng chu ti ca nn.
Khi tng chiu su chn mng s lm tng tr s sc chu ti ca nn. Tr s tng
ca p lc tiu chun 'R khi tng chiu su chn mng c th tnh theo cng thc:

S
'R 1 S .J .'h B.J .'h (4.1)
cot gM M
2
Trong :
J - Dung trng ca t nn;
'h tng thm chiu su chn mng;
B = f(M) tra bng;
Ngoi ra khi tng su chn mng th s gim c ng sut gy ln cho
mng nn gim c ln ca mng;
V gl V tbd J (h 'h) (4.2)
ng thi tng su chn mng c th t mng xung cc tng t pha
di cht hn, n nh hn. Tuy nhin vic tng chiu su chn mng phi cn nhc
gia hai yu t kinh t v k thut.
Mt s trng hp gim bt chnh lch ln gia cao trnh t mng thit
k vi cao trnh y mng sau khi ln n nh, thng phi nng cao trnh t mng
ln mt tr s d phng.
1
S dp ( S S tc ) (4.3)
2
Trong :
S ln n nh tnh ton;
Stc ln xy ra khi thi cng
(vi cng trnh dn dng Sdp =0,7S).
Trng hp nn t yu c chiu t yu
dy thay i nhiu, gim chnh lch
ln c th t mng nhiu cao trnh Hnh 4.3
khc nhau (Hnh 4.3).
3.2. Bin php thay i kch thc mng
Thay i kch thc v hnh dng mng s c tc dng thay i trc tip p lc
tc dng ln mt nn, v do cng ci thin c iu kin chu ti cng nh iu
kin bin dng ca nn.
Khi tng din tch y mng thng lm gim c p lc tc dng ln mt nn
v lm gim ln ca cng trnh. Tuy nhin vi t c tnh nn ln tng dn theo
chiu su th bin php ny khng tt.
Nu tng t yu chu nn c
chiu dy khc nhau, c th dng bin
php thay i chiu rng mng cn
bng ng sut cho ton b cng trnh
(Hnh 4.5).
3.3. Thay i loi mng v cng ca
mng
Khi thit k ty s phn b ti t yu
trng tc dng ln mng v iu kin a
cht m chon kt cu mng cho ph hp. Thay i b rng mong
Vi nn t yu, khi dng mng
n, ln chnh lch s ln, do vy
b1
b3
b2
gim nh hng ca ln lch ta c th
thay th bng mng bng, mng bng
giao thoa, mng b hoc mng hp.
Trng hp s dng mng bng Hnh 4.5
m bin dng vn ln th cn tng thm
cng cho mng. cng ca mng bn, mng bng cng ln th bin dng b v
ln lch s b. Ta c th s dng cc bin php nh: Tng chiu dy mng, tng ct
thp dc chu lc, tng cng kt cu bn trn, b tr cc sn tng cng khi mng
bn c kch thc ln.
4. CC BIN PHP X L NN T YU
4.1. Mc ch
X l nn t yu nhm mc ch lm tng sc chu ti ca nn t, ci thin
mt s tnh cht c l ca nn t yu nh: Gim h s rng, gim tnh nn ln, tng
cht, tng tr s moduynh bin dng, tng cng chng ct ca t .v.v.
i vi cng trnh thy li, vic x l nn t yu cn lm gim tnh thm ca
t, m bo n nh cho khi t p.
Cc bin php x l nn thng thng:
+ Cc bin php c hc: Bao gm cc phng php lm cht bng m, m
chn ng, phng php lm cht bng cc loi cc (cc ct, cc t, cc balat, cc
vi), phng php thay t, phng php nn trc
+ Cc bin phap vt l: Gm cc phng php h mc nc ngm, phng
php dng ging ct, bc thm, in thm
+ Cc bin php ha hc: Gm cc phng php keo kt t bng xi mng, va
xi mng, phng php silicat ha, phng php in ha

4.2. Phng php x l nn bng m ct

Lp m ct s dng hiu N
M
qu cho cc lp t yu trng thi Q
bo ha nc (st nho, st pha
nho, ct pha, bn, than bn) v
chiu dy cc lp t yu nh hn t p
3m.
Bin php tin hnh: o b D D
hd
mt phn hoc ton b lp t yu
(trng hp lp t yu c chiu dy Lp m cat
b) v thay vo bng ct ht
trung, ht th m cht. t yu
Vic thay th lp t yu
bng tng m ct c nhng tc
dng ch yu sau:
+ Lp m ct thay th lp Vbt Vp
t yu nm trc tip di y
mng, m ct ng vai tr nh mt Hnh 4.6: S b tr m ct
lp chu ti, tip thu ti trng cng
trnh v truyn ti trng cc lp t yu bn di.
+ Gim c ln v chnh lch ln ca cng trnh v c s phn b li ng
sut do ti trng ngoi gy ra trong nn t di tng m ct.
+ Gim c chiu su chn mng nn gim c khi lng vt liu lm
mng.
+ Gim c p lc cng trnh truyn xung n tr s m nn t yu c th
tip nhn c.
+ Lm tng kh nng n nh ca cng trnh, k c khi c ti trng ngang tc
dng, v ct c nn cht lm tng lc ma st v sc chng trt.
Tng nhanh qu trnh c kt ca t nn, do vy lm tng nhanh kh nng chu
ti ca nn v tng nhanh thi gian n nh v ln cho cng trnh.
+ V mt thi cng n gin, khng i hi thit b phc tp nn c s dng
tng i rng ri.
Phm vi p dng tt nht khi lp t yu c chiu dy b hn 3m. Khng nn s
dng phng php ny khi nn t c mc nc ngm cao v nc c p v s tn km
v vic h mc nc ngm v m ct s km n nh.
4.2. Xc nh kch thc m ct
Vic xc nh kch thc lp m ct mt cch chnh xc l mt bi ton phc
tp v tnh cht ca m ct v lp t yu hon ton khc nhau. tnh ton, ta xem
m ct nh mt b phn ca t nn, tc l ng nht v bin dng tuyn tnh.
4.2.1. Kim tra n nh v p lc ti mt tip xc gia m ct v lp t yu
m bo cho m ct n nh v bin dng trong gii hn cho php th phi
m bo iu kin sau:
V 1 V 2 d Rdy (4.4)
Trong :
V1 - ng sut do trng lng bn thn t trn ct y mng v ca m ct trn

mt tip xc gia m ct v lp t yu:
V1 = J.hm + J.h (4.5)
Vi: J, J l dung trng N
ca t v ca ct m. M
hm , h Chiu su Q
chn mng v chiu dy
ca lp ct m.
hm
t p J
V2 - ng sut do ti
trng cng trnh gy ra,
truyn ln mt lp t yu D b D Jd
hd
di tng m ct.
V 2 K o (V otc J .hm ) (4.6) V V Lp m cat
Vi: Ko = f(a/b,2z/b) tra bd
bng (Xem trong sch C t yu
hc t L Xun Mai
Hu o). Hnh 4.7: S tnh ton lp m ct
a, b Cnh di v
rng ca mng, z su ca im tnh ng sut.
V otc - ng sut trung bnh tiu chun di y mng.
V tc
J tb .hm
N tc
o
(4.7)
o
F
Trng hp mng chu ti trng lch tm:
V tc
J tb .hm
N tc
o
r
M tc
o
(4.8)
o
F W
Vi: N tc
o - Tng ti trng thng ng tiu chun ca cng trnh tc dng ln mng;
M - Tng momen tiu chun do ti trng cng trnh tc dng ln mng;
tc
o
F Din tch y mng F = axb;

W Mo men chng un ca tit din y mng;
Jtb Dung trng trung bnh ca mng v t p trn mng;
Ry Cng tiu chun ca lp t yu di y m:
m 1 .m 2
R dy (A.b y .J II B.H y .J 'II D.c IItc ) (4.9)
K tc
Trong : Cc h s m1, m2, Ktc, A, B, B gi thiu chi tit trong chng 2.
c IItc Lc dnh n v ca t nn di tng m ct;
J II - Dung trng trung bnh ca t yu di tng m ct;
J 'II - Dung trng trung bnh ca t t y tng m ct tr ln;
By Chiu rng ca mng khi quy c.
+ i vi mng bng:

by
N tc
o
(4.10)
V 2 .b
+ i vi mng ch nht:
by '2 Fy ' (4.11)
ab
' (4.12)
2
Fy
N otc (4.13)
V2
Hy Chiu cao ca mng quy c:
Hy = h m + h (1.14)
R1/R2
Vi: hm Chiu su chn mng 6,0
h - Chiu dy ca lp m ct, chiu dy h
c th t chn ri kim tra (1.5-2.5m) hoc c
5,0
th xc nh theo cng thc gn ng sau y:
a/b=1
h = K.b (1.15)
Trong : K H s ph thuc vo t s a/b v 4,0
R1/R2 tra trn biu (Hnh 4.8). a/b=2
Vi: R1 Cng tnh ton ca m ct, 3,0
xc nh bng th nghim nn tnh ngoi hin
trng hoc theo quy phm. 2,0
R2 Cng tnh ton ca lp t a/b=x
yu di lp m ct, xc nh bng th nghim K
1,0
nn tnh ngoi hin trng hoc tnh ton theo 0 0,5 1,0 1,5
quy phm.
4.2.2. Xc nh chiu rng ca m ct Hnh 4.8: Ton xc nh h s K
b = b + 2h.tgD (4.16)
Vi: D - Gc truyn lc, thng ly bng gc ni ma st ca ct hoc c th ly trong
gii hn 30-45o.
4.2.3. Kim tra ln ca m ct v nn
Sau khi xc nh kch thc m, cn phi kim tra li iu kin (4.4) v kim
tra ln ton b ca nn S:
S = S1 + S2 d Sgh (4.17)
Vi: S1 ln ca m ct;
S2 ln ca t yu di tng m ct;
Sgh ln gii hn cho php.
4.3. Thi cng v kim tra lp m ct
Thi cng m ct phi m bo cht cn thit (thng thng cht ca m
ct phi t D = 0,65-0,7 v khng lm ph hoi nn t thin nhin di y tng m
ct.
Sau khi o b mt phn lp t yu, tin hnh ct thnh tng lp c chiu
dy 20-25cm v m cht bng m ln v m xung kch.

Trng hp mc nc ngm cao c th h mc nc ngm hoc dng bin
php thi cng trong nc (lc xa ct trong nc).
4.3. Phng php m cht lp t mt
Khi gp trng hp nn t yu nhng c m nh (G<0,7) th c th s dng
phng php m cht lp t mt lm tng cng chng ct ca t v lm
gim tnh nn ln.
Lp t mt sau khi c m cht s c tc dng nh mt tng m t, khng
nhng u im nh phng php m ct m cn c u im l tn dng c nn t
thin nhin t mng, gim c khi lng o p.
m cht lp t mt, ngi ta c th dng nhiu bin php khc nhau,
thng hay dng nht l phng php m xung kch: Theo phng php ny qu m
trng lng 1-4 tn (c khi 5-7tn) v ng knh khng nh hn 1m. hiu qu tt,
khi chn qu m nn m bo p lc tnh do qu m gy ra khng nh hn
0,2kG/cm2 vi t loi st v 0,15kG/cm2 vi t loi ct.
Trong qu trnh m, qu m c ko ln 4-6m bi cn trc v ri t do.
Theo di chi ( ln do mt nht m gy ra) kt thc qu trnh m. i vi
t lai st th chi e ny khng nh hn 1-2cm, i vi t loi ct th e khng nh
hn 0,5-1cm.
Mc ch ca vic m l to nn lp t c cht ln, dy t 1,5 3,5m. Ty
thuc vo trng lng, kch thc, chiu cao v s ln m. Chiu dy ca lp mt
c m cht c th tnh theo cng thc:
h = K.D (4.18)
Vi: D - ng knh mt y qu m;
K H s, ly bng 1,55 vi t ct, K=1,45 i vi t st, K=1,2 vi t
loi st v K=1 i vi t st.
h thp mt t sau khi m:
eo 0,5(em etk )
'h .h (4.19)
1 eo
Vi: eo H s rng t nhin;
em H s rng sau khi m;
etk H s rng thit k y lp m t mt ( su h).
Qua m
4-5m
Hng dch
chuyn
Mt t trc
Mt t sau
khi m
khi m
Hnh 4.9: S b tr m xung kch

4.4. Phng php x l nn bng cc ct

4.4.1. c im v phm vi p dng
Khc vi cc loi cc cng N
khc (b tng, b tng ct thp, cc M
Q
g, cc tre) l mt b phn ca kt
cu mng, lm nhim v tip nhn
v truyn ti trng xung t nn, t p
mng li cc ct lm nhim v gia

c nn t yu nn cn gi l nn Lp m cat
cc ct.
Vic s dng cc ct gia c Coc cat
nn c nhng u im ni bt sau:
+ Cc ct lm nhim v nh
ging ct, gip nc l rng thot ta
nhanh, lm tng nhanh qu trnh c
kt v ln n nh din ra nhanh
hn.
+ Nn t c p cht do Hnh 4.10: S b tr cc ct
ng thp to l, sau ln cht t
vo l lm cho t c nn cht thm, nc trong t b p thot vo cc ct, do vy
lm tng cng cho nn t sau khi x l.
+ Cc ct thi cng n gin, vt liu r tin (ct) nn gi thnh r hn so vi
dng cc loi vt liu khc.
Cc ct thng c dng gia c nn t yu c chiu dy > 3m.
4.3.2. Thit k nn cc ct
Khi thit k s b c th chp nhn gi thit rng cc ct ch nn cht vng t,
th tch nn cht ng bng th tch cc.
Dng c: ng thp hay cc g ng h n su thit k.
Vt liu: Thng dng ct vng, ht trung, hy th, lc u t 1/2- 2/3 chiu
di ng ri rung hay m cht, ng thi ko dn ng ln, v (m) rung n khi hon
thnh cc ct.
Trc khi thit k cc ct, cn bit h s rng t nhin eo ca lp t yu. Sau
khi nn cht bng cc ct th t c h s rng nn cht l enc.
i vi nn t ct, sau khi gia c th phi t enc = 0,65 0,75.
i vi nn t dnh c nn cht bng cc ct th:
enc '(Wd 0,5I ) (vi I Wnh Wd ) (4.21)
Din tch cn nn cht Fnc rng hn y mng, theo kinh nghim din tch cn
nn cht rng hn y mng t 0,2b (b - B rng mng) v cc pha:
Fnc = 1,4b(a+0,4b) (4.22)
Trong : a,b - L cnh di v rng ca y mng.
T l din tch tit din ca tt c cc cc ct Fc i vi din tch t nn c nn cht
Fnc c xc nh nh sau:

F eo enc
: (4.23)
Fnc 1 eo 0,2b b 0,2b
0,2b
S lng cc ct cn thit nn cht nn
t yu di y mng:
:.Fnc
n (4.24)
fc
a
Trong : fc - Din tch tit din ngang ca mi cc
ct (ly bng din tch tit din ng khi to l). F
Cc ct thng c b tr theo li tam
Fnc
gic u, y l s b tr hp l nht m bo
0,2b
cho t c nn cht u trong khong cch gia
cc cc ct.
Khong cch gia cc cc ct i vi t Hnh 4.11: B tr cc ct v
dnh: phm vi nn cht t nn
J nc
L 0,95d (4.25)
J nc J o
i vi t ri:
L
1 eo
L 0,95d (4.26)
eo enc
d
Trong : d ng knh cc ct (400-500mm);
'
J nc (1 0,01W ) (4.27)
1 enc L
W m t nhin ca t;
Jo Dung trng t nhin ca t; Hnh 4.12: B tr cc
' - T trng ca t; ct theo s tam gic
- Trng lng cn thit ca ct cho mi mt di ca
cc.
f c .' c
G (1 0,01W ) (4.27)
1 enc
Vi: 'c T trng ca ct trong cc;
W1 m ca ct khi thi cng cc;
- Chiu su nn cht bng chiu di ca cc:
+ Vi mng ch nht : lc t 2b;
+ Vi mng bn: lc t 4b;
Khi b> 10m th: lc t 9m + 0,15b (nn st);
lc t 6m + 0,10b (nn ct);
Theo kinh nghim chiu di ca cc ct thng ly n su ca nn di y
mng c xem l ht ln (ti su c V gl d 0,2V bt ).
4.3.3. Thi cng v kim tra nn cc ct
Vic thi cng ng cc ct bng cc my chuyn dng. Nu l mng cng trnh cn
phi o th o cha li 1m sau khi thi cng th vt i v t v tr ny khng
c cht. Vic thi cng ng cc nh b phn chn
ng, my rung n ng thp (ng knh 40-60cm) a) b)
vo lng t n cao thit k. Sau khi ng xung
t, ng thp c u ng li (hnh 4.13a). Sau
ngi ta nhc b phn chn ng ra. Nhi ct vo ri
t my chn ng vo rung khong 15 20 giy. Tip
theo b my chn ng ra ri rt ng ln chng 0,5m
ri t my rung vo rung 10 15 giy cho u cc
m ra (hnh 4.13b) ct tt xung. Sau rt ng ln
dn u, va rt ng va rung cho ct c cht.
x Kim tra nn cc ct:
Sau khi thi cng cn kim tra li nn cc ct bng
cc phng php sau: Hnh 4.13
- Khoan ly mu t gia cc cc xc nh
Jnc, enc, c, M sau khi nn cht t tnh ra cng t sau nn cht.
- Dng xuyn tiu chun kim tra cht ca ct trong cc v t gia cc
cc.
- Th nghim bn nn tnh ti ti hin trng trn mt nn cc ct. Din tch bn
nn yu cu phi ln (t 4m2) chm t nht l 3 cc th nghim.
4.5. X l nn bng cc vi v cc t xi mng
Cc vi thng c
dng x l, nn cht cc
lp t yu nh: Than bn,
bn, st v st pha trng
thi do nho. Cn khoan
Vic s dng cc vi c
nhng tc dng sau: ng dn
- Sau khi cc vi
c m cht, ng knh
cc vi s tng ln 20% lm
cho t xung quanh nn May iu khin Xil
cht li.
- Khi vi c ti
trong l khoan th n ta ra 1 2
mt nhit lng ln lm
cho nc l rng bc hi
lm gim m v tng
nhanh qu trnh nn cht.
Sau khi x l bng Hnh 4.14: S my thi cng cc t - vi
cc vi nn t c ci
thin ng k:
+ m ca t gim 5-8%;
+ Lc dnh tng ln khong 1,5 3 ln;
+ Modun bin dng tng ln 3-4 ln;
+ Cng ca t gia cc cc vi c th tng ln n 2 ln;
Vi nhng u im nh trn cho thy rng x l nn t yu bng cc vi c
hiu qu ng k. Tuy nhin khi gp cc nn t qu nho, yu (t c B> 1) th hiu
qu nn cht ca cc vi b hn ch. Vi cc loi bn gc st nho yu th hiu qu nn
cht cng t v vi ti v t st u thm nc yu nn vic p thot nc l rng kh,
km hiu qu.
4.4.2. Thit k v thi cng cc vi
Vic tnh ton v thit k cc vi tng t nh cc ct, tuy nhin cn ch kh
nng thot nc ca chng khc nhau. Vi cc ct th kh nng thot nc u v
trong thi gian di cn vi cc vi th kh nng thot nc nhanh trong thi gian u
v sau gim i nhiu.
Thi cng cc vi : thi cng cc vi trc ht phi khoan to l, l khoan t
240-400mm, nu thnh l khoan b st l th h ng thp, sau cho tng lp vi sng
dy khong 1m xung l khoan v m cht tng lp cho n ht chiu su. Kt hp
va m va rt ng ln. Hiu qu nn cht ca ct vi ph thuc vo cht lng m
cht v thnh phn ha hc ca vi.
cht v cng ca nn cc vi c th kim tra nh i vi nn cc ct.
4.5.1. Cc t vi
a. Ch to cc t vi
Vic ch to cc t vi kh phc tp v phi s dng cc my chuyn dng
(Hnh 4.14). Cu to my gm hai b phn: Phn my iu khin v xi l ng vi bt.
(my Alimak ca Thy in sn sut)
Hot ng ca my nh sau:
Li khoan c ng knh
b/4 b b/4
khong 500mm c tc dng to l v
lm cho t ti ra ti ch, chiu su
Coc vi-t
khoan c th t ti 20m, khi khoan
n su thit k th bt u qu
trnh phun vi. Vi bt c cha
trong xi l dung tch 2,5m3. Khi my
vn hnh, mt b phn my nn kh
to nn mt p lc trong xil v p
lc y vi bt t xi l vo ng
cao su dn qua cn khoan vo l
khoan v chui ra mt l nh
I=30mm di li khoan v phun
vo t vi bt tc dng vi nc l
rng to nn lin kt ximng v cc
lin kt ny gn kt cc ht khong
vt trong t li v lm cho t cng
hn.
Hnh 4.15: X l nn t yu bng cc vi t

b. Hiu qu v ng dng
Khi to cc vi t th cng ca cc ny ph thuc vo lng vi v thi
gian.
Kt qu nghin cu cho thy lng vi cng nhiu th cng ca cc cng
tng nhanh.
nc ta vi t yu c m t nhin t 40-70% th dng hm lng vi t
6-12% l hp l. Vi t l th cng cc t 50% sau 1 thng v 70 80% sau 3
thng.
Cc t vi x l lm tng cng chng ct ca t ln hng 10 ln, c th
s dng cc t vi ny lm tng c hoc lm nn cho cng trnh. Khong cch gia
cc cc vi ty thuc c im nn v ti trng, theo kinh nghim ly bng 0,75m,
chiu di cc phi vt chiu su chu nn ca t, li cc trm ra din tch y mng
l b/4 vi b l b rng mng.
Vic kim tra sc chu ti ca nn khi x l cn xc nh bng th nghim nn
tnh ti hin trng, vi kch thc bn nn l 100x100cm.
4.5.4. Cc t ximng
Vic ch to cc t xi mng cng ging nh i vi cc t vi, y xi l
cha xi mng v phun vo t vi t l nh trc. Lu sn ximng trc khi vo
xil m bo ximng khng b vn cc v cc ht ximng c kch thc u
<0,2mm, khng b tc ng phun.
Hm lng ximng c th t 7 15% v kt qu cho thy gia c t bng
ximng tt hn vi v t bn gc ct th hiu qu cao hn t bn gc st.
Qua kt qu th nghim xuyn cho thy sc khng xuyn ca t nn tng ln t
4-5 ln so vi khi cha gia c.
nc ta s dng loi cc t ximng ny x l gia c mt s cng
trnh v hin nay trin vng s dng loi cc t ximng ny gia c nn l rt tt.
4.6. Phng php gia ti nn trc
Phng php ny c th s dng x l khi gp nn t yu nh than bn, bn
st v st pha do nho, ct pha bo ha nc.
Dng phng php ny c cc u im sau:
- Tng sc chu ti ca nn t;
- Tng nhanh thi gian c kt, tng nhanh ln n nh theo thi gian.
Cc bin php thc hin:
- Cht ti trng (ct, si, gch, ) bng hoc ln hn ti trng cng trnh d kin
thit k trn nn t yu, cho nn chu ti trc v ln trc khi xy dng cng
trnh.
- Dng ging ct hoc bc thm thot nc ra khi l rng, tng nhanh qu trnh
c kt ca t nn, tng nhanh tc ln theo thi gian.
Ty yu cu c th ca cng trnh, iu kin a cht cng trnh, a cht thy
vn ca ni xy dng m dn g bin php x l thch hp, c th dng n l hoc kt
hp c hai bin php trn.

4.6.2. Phng php nn trc khng dng ging thot nc

a. iu kin a cht cng trnh
t c mc ch lm cho t q
cht, p thot nc ra khi l rng th
nhng trng hp sau thch hp cho
phng php gia ti nn trc. t trng
a1. Cu to a tng nh hnh 4.16a trot
Trn cng l lp t trng trt, gia
l lp t yu cn gia c, di cng l lp t yu
ct t nhin. Khi chu ti trng nn trc q
th nc l rng ca t yu s b p thot
vo lp ct t nhin.
a2. Cu to a tng nh hnh 4.16b Cat
Trn cng l lp ct t nhin, gia
l lp t yu cn x l. Di cng l lp Hnh a
ct t nhin. Khi chu ti trng nn trc q, q
nc l rng rng trong lp b p thot ra
theo c hai chiu ln v xung vo hai lp
ct t nhin. Cat
a3. Cu to a tng nh hnh 4.16c
Trng hp ny khi chu ti trng
nn q, nc thot ra theo chiu ln vo t yu
tng ct, trng hp nu khng c lp ct
t nhin th c th lm mt lp m ct
nhn to sau tc dng ti trng nn
trc. Cat
b.Tnh ton ti trng nn trc
ln ca p lc nn trc c Hnh b
la chn nh sau:
- Dng ti trng nn trc ng q
bng ti trng cng trnh s xy dng.
Dng ti trng nn trc ln hn ti Cat
trng cng trnh s xy dng (ln hn
khong 20%) tng nhanh qu trnh c
t yu
kt, rt ngn thi gian gia ti, tuy nhin
cng khng ln qu d gy ph hoi nn
t yu.
ln d kin c xc nh theo Set khng thm
cng thc kinh nghim sau:
t Hnh c
St S (4.29)
D t Hnh 4.16
Trong : St ln d tnh thi gian t,
vi t l thi gian nn trc.
D - H s kinh nghim;
S
D .t1 t1 (4.30)
S t1
Vi:
S ln n nh trong qu trnh nn trc, xc nh theo ti liu quan trc
thc t.
t 2 t1
(4.31)
t2 t
1
S t 2 S t1
St1, St2 ln quan trc ng vi thi gian t1, t2 ;
c. Bin php thi cng
thi cng gia ti nn trc ta c th dng hai cch sau:
Cch 1:
Cht ti trng nn trc ln mt t ti v tr xy mng, i mt thi gian theo
yu cu thit k ln t n nh t ln n nh ri d ti o h mng
v thi cng mng (vi chiu su chn mng h d 1m). Nu chiu su chn mng ln th
o h mng n su b hn ct y mng 50cm ri cht ti trng nn.
Cch 2:
C th xy dng mng trc, sau cht ti ln mng mng ln n tr s n
nh, sau d ti v xy dng kt cu bn trn.
Trong hai bin php trn, ty theo iu kin c th m chn bin php thch
hp.
Ti trng nn trc phi c tng dn tng cp, mi cp tng ng ti trng
mt tng nh hoc bng khong 15 20% tng ti trng cng trnh. Cn b tr mc
quan trc ln trong sut thi gian gia ti.
4.6.3. Phng php nn trc c b tr ng thm thng ng
a. iu kin a cht cng trnh
Khi chiu dy nn t yu rt dy hoc khi thm ca t rt nh th c th b
tr cc ng thm thng ng tng tc c kt. Phng php ny thng dng
x l nn ng p trn nn t yu.
C hai loi ng thm thng ng: Ging ct (SW) v bc thm (PVD). Tc
dng ca ng thm thng ng l tng nhanh qu trnh thot nc trong cc l
rng ca t yu, lm gim rng, m, tng dung trng. Kt qu l lm tng nhanh
qu trnh c kt ca nn t yu, tng sc chu ti v lm cho nn t t ln quy
nh trong thi gian cho php.
tng nhanh tc c kt, ta thng kt hp bin php x l bng bc thm,
ging ct vi bin php gia ti tm thi, tc l p cao thm nn ng so vi chiu
dy thit k 2-3m trong vi thng ri s ly phn gia ti i thi im t m nn
ng t c ln cui cng nh trng hp nn p khng gia ti.
*Cu to chung ca nn ng p trn t yu c s dng thit b thot nc
thng ng (bc thm hoc ging ct) (Hnh 4.17).

Thit b quan trc Thit b quan trc
Hgt
Hgt
chuyn v ngang chuyn v ngang
2m 2m 3m 3m 2m 2m
Thit b quan 1:
n n
1: t p trc lun
m cat
hd
hd
PVD/ging cat
Vai KT
Lpvd
t yu t yu
Lp t cng
b. Tnh ton, thit k Hnh 4.17

Ni dung thit k h thng ging ct, bc thm gm c vic xc nh ng
knh ging ct hoc ng knh tng ng ca bc thm khi bit cc c trng
ca t yu v thi gian cn thit t c kt cho trc (tc l tnh ton ln
theo thi gian trong trng hp c b tr ng thm thng ng.
Trnh t tnh ton nh sau:
+ Chn hnh thc b tr h thng ging ct hoc bc thm theo mng li tam
gic hoc ch nht, xc nh ng knh d v khong cch gia cc ging ct hoc bc
thm L.
- i vi ging ct, d chnh l ng knh ca ging ct;
- i vi bc thm PVD th d tnh nh sau:
ab
Theo Hansbo (1979) th d (4.31)
S
ab
Theo Hansbo (1987) th d (4.32)
2
Vi : a Chiu dy ca PVD, thng t 3-5mm (c bit a=10mm);l
b Chiu rng ca PVD, hin nay b=100mm;
+ Tnh bn knh nh hng D ca SW hoc PVD.
D D.L (4.33)
Vi: L - Khong cch t tm n tm ca PVD hoc SW, chnh t chiu di ca cnh
tam gic u nu b tr theo li tam gic u hoc l chiu di ca cnh hnh vung
nu b tr theo li hnh vung.
D = 1,05 - Nu b tr PVD hoc SW theo li tam gic u;
D = 1,13 - Nu b tr PVD hoc SW theo li hnh vung.
+ Tnh nhn t thi gian
C r .t
Nr (4.34)
D2
Vi: Cr - L h s c kt hng tm, t thi gian c kt;
+ Tra ton hnh (4.18) xc nh c kt hng tm Ur theo Nr v n;
+ Tnh nhn t thi gian Nz v c kt thng ng Uz (tra ton 4.18):
C z .t
Nz (4.35)
h2
+ Tnh c kt chung theo cng thc:
1 U (1 U r ).(1 U v ) (4.36)
0
c kt Ur,Uz
10
20 Hnh 4.18:
30 n=
10
Ton xc
40 n= n= 0
20 40
nh c
n= n= 5
50
n=
10 7
kt Ur, Uz
15
n=
60
70
theo Nr v Nz
80 v n=D/d
90
100
-2 -1 -1
4 5 6 7 8 910 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 2 3
Nhn t thi gian Nr,Nz
c. Trnh t cc bc thi cng:

y gii thiu trnh t cc bc thi cng trong trng hp x l bng bc thm:
- nh v tr chn ta luy nn ng;
- o b mt phn t yu theo thit k, thng t 0,5-0,8m;
- Ri vi a k thut, nn ri vung gc vi tim ng, mp vi chng ln nhau 15-
20cm;
- t thit b quan trc ln thng ng;
- p lp m ct n cao thit k v to phng;
- t thit b quan trc chuyn v ngang quan trc chuyn v ngang ca nn ng;
- Tin hnh cm bc thm (cm PVD Phabricatied Vertical Drainage), vic cm bc
thm thc hin bng cc my cm bc chuyn dng. Sau khi cm, bc phi cao hn b
mt lp ct m t 15-20cm.
- p t: t c p thnh tng lp vi chiu dy mi lp 15, 20, hoc 25cm. Tc
p tun th theo thit k, kt hp quan trc ln x l kp thi trong trng hp
ln nhanh qu tc thit k.


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Trng I HC BCH KHOA NNG Nhm chuyn mn CH-Nn Mng

B mn C s k thut Xy dng Bi ging Nn v Mng

CHNG I. MT S VN C BN TRONG THIT K NN MNG

nng 9/2006 CHNG I TRANG1

2. PHN LOI MNG V PHM VI S DNG

nng 9/2006 CHNG I TRANG2

nng 9/2006 CHNG I TRANG3

1. Chun b mt bng thi cng 2. Lp t li ct bng thep

Cu banh xch Khoang ngi

3. b tng ln th nht 4. Cng tac ao t va lp t kt cu May ao chuyn dung

nng 9/2006 CHNG I TRANG4

B tng san trn

Chen b tng khoang lam vic B tng khoang lam vic

5. b tng khoang lam vic 6. B tng san trn

Hnh 1.4 Trnh t h mng Ging chm hi p

nng 9/2006 CHNG I TRANG5

3. KHI NIM V TNH TON NN MNG THEO TRNG THI

nng 9/2006 CHNG I TRANG6

nng 9/2006 CHNG I TRANG7

nng 9/2006 CHNG I TRANG8

4. CC TI LIU CN THIT THIT K NN MNG

5 XUT SO SNH V CHN PHNG N MNG

Vic la chn chiu su chn mng sao

nng 9/2006 CHNG I TRANG9

Hnh 1.7: Cc s in hnh ca nn t khi chn su chn mng

nng 9/2006 CHNG I TRANG10

Mong cu Mong mi Ging mong

Hnh 1.8: Mt s gii php t mng khi c mng cng trnh ln cn

5.1.6. nh hng ca bin php thi cng mng

nng 9/2006 CHNG I TRANG11

5.2. xut, so snh v chn phng n mng.

nng 9/2006 CHNG I TRANG12

CHNG II: MNG NNG TRN NN THIN NHIN

nng 9/2006 CHNG II TRANG 13

2. CU TO CC LOI MNG NNG THNG GP

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Hnh 2.1: Mt s loi mng n

Trng hp t ct thp bc cui cng th t s h/l ca cc bc pha trn phi

nng 9/2006 CHNG II TRANG 15

Hnh 2.4 Cu to mt s mng n BTCT ti ch

Di cc mng b tng ct thp, thng ngi ta lm mt lp m si c ti

Hnh 2.5: Cu to mng lp ghp

nng 9/2006 CHNG II TRANG 16

Hnh 2.6: Cu to mng bng di tng bng xy hoc BTCT

Hnh 2.7: Cu to mng bng lp ghp

2.2.2. Mng bng di ct

nng 9/2006 CHNG II TRANG 17

a. Mong bng di ct b. Mong bng giao thoa

Hnh 2.8: Mng bng di ct v mng bng giao thoa

Hnh 2.9: Mng bng lp ghp

nng 9/2006 CHNG II TRANG 18

Hnh 2.10: Cu to chi tit mng bng BTCT

Hnh 2.11: a) Mng b bn phng; b) Mng b bn phng c gia cng

Mng v c nghin cu v p dng cho cc

3 XC NH KCH THC Y MNG THEO IU KIN P LC

Vung bin dang deo S(mm) S(mm)

nng 9/2006 CHNG II TRANG 20

* Ghi ch: vi cc tr s e, B trung gian, xc nh Rtc bng cch ni suy. Cc tr s

nng 9/2006 CHNG II TRANG 21

nng 9/2006 CHNG II TRANG 22

Ct mn : - Kh v t m 1,3 1,1 1,3

nng 9/2006 CHNG II TRANG 23

14 0,29 2,17 4,69

nng 9/2006 CHNG II TRANG 24

ti ca t ph thuc vo gc ma st trong M q=Jh

SM SM M M SM SM

Mg R( g i cos D i tgM i ci 'li )

Pcttt N ott V tbtt .Fct tt

- Theo phng cnh ngn 4I

170 2.3,5 I