~ CooLinG Tower INSTITUTE CTI CODE TOWER Standard Specifications ClTl I cS For THE DESIGN Or CooLING TowrrRs With Repwoop LuMBER PARTI: SCOPE, BBREVIATIONS, OTHER STANDARDS, AND D. INITIONS PART II: GRADES OF REDWOOD LUMBER PART IE: DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS October 1986 C11 Bultetin STD-103 (86)CTI CODE TOWER Standard Specifications Cc In the interest of obtaining uniform standards in the cooling tower industry, the Cooling Tower Institute has developed a series of individual Standards which taken together constitute a specification for a CTL CODE TOWER. Adherence to these standards is strictly on a voluntary basis. Any manufacturer may use them in whole or in part but their existence does not in any respect preclude any party who has approved of the standard from manufacturing or scll- ing an industrial cooling tower not conforming to the standard. However, when reference to this CTI Code Tower Stan- dard Specification is made in proposals, contracts, labels, invoices or advertising literature, the provisions of the stan- dard are enforceable through usual legal channels as part of the sales contract. Services of the Cooling Tower Institute may be arranged to assist any and all users and manufacturers of industrial cooling towers in the application of these Standard Specifications. Printed copies of all CTI CODE TOWER Standard Specifications are available at nominal cost. FOREWORD This standard is based on accumulated knowledge and experience of manufacturers and users of timber structure cooling towers. The object of this publication is to provide a standard for design of timber cooling tower structures and for specification of timber grades with corresponding allowable stress values to be used for cooling tower structures Design criteria or ete given ete ae recommended as minimum standards. Inched in thi standard ae sain tsferenced herein, These more restive criteria, sbch a ecommended allowablesressesareconsiered Neeser fe gy ay be referenced in purchase specifications to set basic requirements for design and construction mufacturers may use this standard as a basis for proposals. ‘This publication 1 and cooling tower # This Cooling Tower tnsiute {CTH publications published asaa ato purchasers and designers. Himay be used by anyone desing te dos, al ef foushave been madeby € IIo assucetheaceuracy and ecisbilty af thedita contained herein. However.CT maker NO WARRANTY OFFIt NESS FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR MERCHANTABILITY nor any other warranty expresel,imptied ur samutory ty naevent shall Ube table ‘responsible for INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL OR COMMERCIAL losses or damage of any kind resulting fiom this plication roe state. or municipal enulaion with which this standasd aay confit or forthe infringement of ay patent ening fos the violation of any fee use of this standard, Nothing contained hers fto be construc as granting any cght, Foe the manufacture, sales oF wee connection with any method, apparates, or product covered by leters patent, nor as insuring anyone again! Hablity for infingsment of levers pater Supercedes CTI Bulletins STD-101 and STD-102, both dated 1 May 1955 ei and STD-10%, Lannar'y 1965, S1D-103, lanwary 1971. STD-108, October 1998, and STAD, February 1983 Copyright 1956 Approved by the by Cooling Tower Institue CTI Executive Board Printed in U.S CTT Bulletin STD. 1032.0 5.0 PARTI SCOPE, ABBREVIATIONS, OTHER STANDARDS AND DEFINITIONS SCOPE 1.1 This standard sets forth recommended timber design specifications; the recommended grades: and the specifications and grading rules for red- wood lumber to be used in construction of water cooling towers. ABBREVIATIONS ICBO International Conference of Building Of ficials, 5630 So. Workman Mill Rd., Whittier, California NDS National Design Specification for Wood Construction NFPA National Forest Products Association, Washington, D.C. 20036 RIS Redwood Inspection Service, Mill Valley, California 94941 UBC Uniform Building Code OTHER STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS 3.1 Other standards or specifications as listed below are referenced in the body of this standard. * ANSI A58.1-1982, American National Standard, Building Code Requirements for Minimum Design Loads in Buildings and other Struc ‘ National Design Specification for Wood Con struction, 1986, by NEPA with January 1986 Supplement, Design Values for Wood Con: struction, PARTIE # Standard Specifications for Grades of fornia Redwood Lumber, August, 1984 edi- tion, by RIS, * Uniform Building Code, latest revision, with supplements, by ICBO 4.0 DEFINITION OF FRAMEWORK MEMBERS 4.1 Water cooling tower framework members in- clude the following: Columns: Verticat or inclined supporting mem- bers in the tower framework, used to resist axial compression or tension stresses in combination with flexural or shear stresses that may exist. Horizontal Ties and Struts: The main horizontal ‘members interconnecting columns or bracing elements Braces: Members in the framework whose pri mary function is to provide lateral stability to the structure ot individual members. These usually consist of diagonal members benween columns or be Joists and Beams: Horizontal members used to support gravity loads such as supports for fan deck Mooring, fll, drift eliminators, cold and hot water collection and distribution basins, flumes, piping and mechanical equipment, Also included! are beam-type members which resist wind or seismic Forces 4.2 Non-framework members of water coolinn Cowers arc all parts of subassemblies not included in paragraph 4.1 above. GRADES OF REDWOOD LUMBER PURPOSE 5.1 Structural grades of lumber defined in this standard are applicable for the framework members Of the tower. Proper application of principles of d sign a8 outlined herein may be used for structural grades other than those indivated below, providing, the reductions in desiga allowable stress are macte in accordance with the NDS and this standard 5.2 General Purpose Grades of the RIS specifica tions are intended for the non-framework members of the tower. CT? Bulletin STD-1036.0 10 10.0 10 APPLICATION OF RIS SPECIFICATIONS. 6.1 Grades of redwood to be used for the frame- work members in cooling tower construction shall be in accordance with the “RIS Specifications", Sections 7 and 8, Specifications for Structural Grades of California Redwood Lumber, except that boxed heart shall not be permitted. DEFINITION OF GRADES AND ‘TREATING REQUIREMENTS FOR FRAMEWORK MEMBERS, 7.1 Definitions of grades for framework members shall be as described in RIS Specifications paragraphs for each particular grade description as listed below in accordance with the General Provisions for Structural Grades, paragraph S04, and Knots, paragraph 505. Thickness and width references indicated are nominal dimensions. 7.2 Clear Structural: Paragraph 507 for dimen- sion and timbers two inches and thicker 7.3 Select Structural: Paragraph 605 and 613 for lumber two inches to four inches thickness, and paragraph 508 for timbers five inches and thicker PARTI 8.0 9.0 7.4 No. 1 Structural: Paragraph 606 and 614 for lumber (wo inches to four inches thickness and paragraph 509 for timbers five inches and thicker. 7.5 For treating requirements of framework members, see CTI Bulletin WMS 112, Non- treated material shall conform to requirements for All-Heart Redwood, RIS Specifications, paragraph 501. DEFINITIONS OF GRADES FOR NON-FRAMEWORK MEMBERS 8.1 Grades for non-framework members shall be in accordance with one or more of the grades de scribed in paragraphs 101 through 126, excluding 112 and 120, of the RIS Specifications. DEFINITION OF FILL 9.1 Definition of fill grades shall be as described in RIS Specifications, Paragraph 406 for Heart Fill Redwood and Para. 407 for A Fill Redwood DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS, SCOPE 10.1 This part establishes allowable design values for framework members and design criteria. 10.2 Structural grades of lumber shall conform to the definitions of gradesas set forth in parageaphs 7.1 dhrough 7,5 of this standard, DESIGN CRITERIA AND ALLOWABLE DESIGN VALUES, IL-1 Except where mote restrictive design requiee- ments are indicated herein, timber design shatl be in accordance with provisions of the National Design Specification for Woot Construction, 19R6, by the National Forest Products Association, 11.2 The recommended design values for the structural grades of redwood described in the RIS, Specifications and referenced in this standard are derived from Table 4A of the NDS. NOTE: Com pression perpendicular, Fe,, values are based on the 1977 NDS. 11.3 The recommended allowable design values shown in Table 103-A for close-grain material and in Table 103-8 for open: are for men bers exposed (0 maximum temperatures of 68: Except for modulus of elasticity, B, the Table 103A and 1038 values have bech rechiced t0 95% of the wet-use values derived from NDS Table 44 to pro- vide for a filty-year duration of operational loads in cooling tower framework members (NDS Figure B. 1). For loads of lesser duration, the Table 103A and 1O3B values, except for modulus of elasticity. may be inultiplied by the following factors: 1.21 for two months cumulative duration as for snow 1,32. for seven days cumulative duration 1.40 for wind or earthquake 2.10 for impact CTT Bulletin S1D-103 oO} 3 However, in no case shall the resulting member size be smaller than required for the permanent load alone, For compression members subjected to normal op- crating loads and whose capacity for such loading is, dependent on the modulus of elasticity, the loads as, computed from NDS long-column formula using the Table 103-A or 103-B modulus of elasticity values shall be multiplied by 0.9 to determine the allowa- ble compression member load. For such compres- sion members whose capacity is dependent on the modulus of elasticity, no increase in the modulus shall be taken for shorter durations of loading. 11.4 For members in cooling towers which are subjected to extended periods of operation at temperatures greater than 68°F, the allowable design values of Tables 103-A and 103-B shall be reduced to account for reduced properties at the higher temperatures. These reduced design values shall be obtained by multiplying the Table 103. and 103-B stresses by the temperature-moisture correction factors listed in Table 103-C. The temperature to be used is the actual temperature to which the member under consideration is ex- posed when the tower is at design heat load at design wet-bulb temperature. An acceptable op- tom is to use the design hot-water temperature in the top half of the flooded portion of the tower and the average of the design hot-water and-cold- water temperatures in the lower half, A statement indicating the design temperature distribution shall be included as part of the manufacturer's proposal Values for all timber fastenings indicated in NDS. shall be reduced by the fifty-year load duration factor of .95 and by the temperature/moisture correction factors listed in Table 103-C in addition fo any reduction factors for wet use listed in Part VIILof the NDS. The temperature to be used is the same as described in the preceeding paragraph. NOTE: Ifthe design wet bulb islower than the 5% summer design data wet bulb, the owner must be warned against operation of the cooling tower at higher wet bulb temperatures with design heat toad. 11.5 Compression members such as columns oF bracing to resist axial Ioads shall be restrained from buckling by ties, struts, or other suitable bracing. Such bracing shall be capable of resisting at least three percent of the compression member axial load in addition to any forces resulting from induced Nexural stcesses, 120 11.6 Design of axially loaded members shall take into account the stresses and the long-term deflec. tion effects resulting from eccentricity of load ap- plication. Bow and crook permitted by RIS Specification for the grade used shall be included in determining such eccentricity except that smaller bow and crook than limited by RIS Specifications may be used if such smaller bow or crook is assured by cooling tower manufacturer's quality control. 11.7 Design of axially loaded members shall take into account flexure resulting from the eccentri ty of axial load application from bolted or other inds of connector-joined shear connections, where shear transfer to another member is ac complished by connection at only one side of the member considered. Such eccentricity shall be taken as not less than one-sixth the member cross- sectional dimension along the bolt axis and perpendicular (o the load direction for bolted con- nections or, for other kinds of connections, from. the center of gravity of the shear connector bear- ing area within the considered member to the neutral axis of such member parallel to the side connected, Shear connector, as used herein, shall ‘mean split-ring timber connector, shear plate timber connector, oF toothed ring, Nails or spikes shall not be used for connecting framework members, 11.8 The designer shall take into account the ef fects of any lack of end restraint on effective length; the effeet of the location of column splices; the effect of eccentricity due to connec tion, framing, and material tolerances; and the ef fect of field construction tolerances on the overall column performance. 11.9 If mechanical incising is performed, then allowable stresses in Table [03-A and 103-B shall be adjusted by the appropriate factors DESIGN DATA, 12.1 Wind: Except where higher pressures are re quired by codes or regulations applicable to the cooling tower site, cooling tower structures shall be designed for a minimum total wind velocity pressure of 30 pounds per square foot on the horizontal projected area normal to the wind direction of all eased and louvered walls and on fan stacks. Consideration shall be given to in- creased wind pressures for that portion of the structure or its appurtenances which is greater than forty feet above the ground elevation aja: CTT Bulletin STD-103cent to the structure. When wind velocity in miles per hour is specified, the pressure in pounds per square foot shall be calculated by the following formula: Puy = 0.0083 (Vy)? where Pw is the wind pressure in pounds per square foot, ‘Vw is the wind velocity in miles per hour In design of the component portions of the struc- ture, consideration of positive and negative pressures on windward and leeward surfaces shall be taken into account. Design shall provide for the ‘maximum forces which would result from any id direction, There shall be no reduction of wind force taken for the possible shielding effect of structures adjacent to the cooling tower. Design shall take into account the various geometric shapes with corresponding shape factors to be ap- plied for wind force calculations. The dry weight of the tower shall be assumed to determine uplift forces and the weight of the por: tion of the tower resisting such uplift force shall be at least 1.33 times the calculated uplift force, or in lieu of the weight of the portion of the tower, ade. quate anchorage to foundations or supporting subgrade shall be provided to resist at least 1.33 times the calculated uplift force. 12.2 Seisinie: When design for seismic load is ap: plicable as indicated by Figures 1, 2 and 3 of Chapter 23 of UBC, the specified seismic loading and the wind foad shall be considered separately and design of the structure and its components, shall provide for the maximum forces resulting from either If seismic design is not otherwise specified, such design shall bein accordance with the methods in dicated by Chapter 23 of the UBC latest revision including the latest supplements thereto. 12.3 Gravity Loads: Such loads used for design of tower, framing, cold water basin, and founda- tions shall include wet weight of lumber; operat ing weight of tower including water in the distri bution system; snow and ice loads; and an allow ance for construction loads on the horizontal floor or deck surfaces. 12.3.1 Unless otherwise specitied by the Pur chaser, the water weight load in the hot water distribution basin shall be based on the overflow depth of the basin, The water weight load in distribution troughs shall be based on the overflow depth of the troughs. All piping water weight loads shall be based on pipes completely full n, the wet operating weight of redwood lumber shall be calculated on the basis of 48 pounds per cubic foot. Dry weight to be used. for wind uplift force calculations shall be not greater than 34 pounds per cubic foot. 12.3.3 Unless greater design snow loads are specified by Purchaser or required by codes or regulations applicable to the cooling tower site, the basic snow load on the fan deck or other similar exposed areas shall be assumed to be the loading shown by Fig. 4 of ANSI AS8.1-1982 fora 100 year mean recurrence interval with no reduc tion. For areas where snow loads are not indicated . 4 of ANSI AS8.1-1982 or specified by the Purchaser or local code, the design snow loads shall be determined by research and analysis of the effect of local climate and topography. The design shall provide for loading requirements of Section 7 of ANSI AS8.1-1982 as applied to roofs of buildings except that the basic snow load coeffi cient, Cy, shall not be less than 1,0. 12.3.4 Construction and Maintenance Loads: Design shall take account of construction and maintenance requirements which necessitate loading of fan deck or other areas with equipment or materials during initial construction or for maintenance operations. Unless otherwise ap. proved by the Purchaser, the minimum design load for such construction or maintenance shall be taken as 6 pounds per square foot over the whole fan deck area, or as approved by the Pur: chaser on those areas to be clearly defined on the manufacturer's design drawings. Unless other- wise specified by the Purchaser, such construction or maintenance load need not be combined with snow load, and the cum construction of maintenance load shall not be less than two months. Design loads shall consider necessity for removing tower components such as motors and gear boxes across the fan deck or ther surfaces, with resultant local concentrated loads, during maintenance or repair. tive duration of such 12.4 Member Sizes 12.4.1 Caleulations to determine required menuber size shall be based on net dimensions (ac- (ual size) and not on nominal dimensions. R 2es of dressed boards, strips, and dimen- sion lumber identified by nominal sizes shall not be less than the dressed dimensions in inches shown in the RIS Specifications, para. 15. 12.4.3 Manufacturing tolerances for nominal rough and dressed sizes shall be in accordance with the RIS Specifications CTT Bulletin STD-103, © Ows TABLE 103A ALLOWABLE STRESSES FOR CLOSE GRAIN REDWOOD" to # thick & 2 to thick and 5° and wider, SIZES ALL SIZES 2 to4" wide ‘and Timbers 5" & thicker GRADE |~Giear Heart | Sel Heat | No.tHeadt | Sei. Heat | No. 1H Structural | Structural, | Structural | Structural | Structural and Clear and Sel and No. 1 ‘and Sel. and No. 1 STRESS si) J Structurat_| structural] Structural_| Structural | Structural Bending, Fj Sv! mover vse 1880 1670 1390 1430 1225 _ Repetitive (NDS 42.42) 2165 3920 1590 1630 1390 Tension Parallel to Grain, Fy 1240 960 780 920% 780% Compression Parallel, Fe 1480 1165 930 1030 930 Compr. Perpendicular, Fe, 270 270 270 270 Horizontal Shear, Fy 135 75 75 75 Modulus of Elasticity, E 5,360,000 1,360,000 1,360,000 4,860,000 4,360,000 (1) Values apply to lumber used under wet conditions and 50-year load dur (@)Tabulated values apply to 5° and 6” widths. For 8° widths use 90% of tabulated tension parallel-to-grain values for Select Heart Structural and Select Structural and 80% for No. 1 Heart Structural and No. 1 Structural. For 10” and wider widths use 80% of tabulated tension parallel-io-grain values for Select Heart Structural and Select Structural and 60% for all other grades, (@) Actual MOE valves of visually-graded redwood vary widely. Mechanical measurement of MOE of individual members is recommended. TABLE 103-8 ALLOWABLE STRESSES FOR OPEN GRAIN REDWOOD"? 2° to 4” thick & 2 to 4” thick and 5” and wider, . 2" to 4" wide __|_ and Timbers 5° and thicker Sel. Heart’ | No.1Hoat | Sel. Heart | No.1 Heart Structural Structural Structural Structural and Sel, and No. t and Sel, and No. 1 STRESS (psi) “Structural | Structural | Structural 1305 1140 Bending, Fy Sna!membe se Repetitive OS 42.32) Tension Parallel to Grain, Fy Comer. Paral Fe 1,070,000 1,070,000 _ (1) Values apply to lumber used under wet conditions and S0.year load duration. 2) Tabulated values apply to 8” and 6" widths. For 8” widths use 99% of tabulated tension parailel-to-grain values for Select Heart Structural and Select Structural and 80% for No. 1 Heart Structural and No. 1 Structural. For 10" and wider widths use 80% of tabulated tension parallel-to.grain values for Select Heart Structural and Select Stivctural and 60% {or all other grades, (8) Actual MOE values of visually-graded redwood vary widely. Mechanical measurement of MOE of individual members is recommended. TABLE 103-¢ CORRECTION FACTORS FOR HOT WATER TEMPERATURES IN COOLING TOWERS. (See Notes 1 and 2) Notes: (1) Correction factors for temperatures intermestiate to tabla values may be obtained by linear interpolation, 2) Tabulated correction factors are based on 21% moisture content for Redwood lumber. 5 CT? Butterin STD-103