A.

KHI QUT V NC & CC CH TIU NH GI

I/ VAI TR & TC DNG CA NC TRONG I SNG & SN

XUT THC PHM
- Nc c vai tr quan trng i vi s sng. Nc chim 60%-80% c th
ngi & l hp phn phong ph trong cc thc phm trng thi t nhin.
- Nc tham gia vodip
phn
lc
ng quang hp to nn cc cht hu c
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
- Trong c th ngi & ng vt nh n m cc phn ng thu phn mi tin
hnh c.
- Nc l nguyn liu cn thit i vi cng nghip ha hc & cng nghip
thc phm. Nc c dng nho ra nguyn liu, vn chuyn & x l nguyn
liu ch to sn phm & x l sn phm ln cui. Nc cn dng lin kt cc
nguyn liu & cc cht trong sn phm.
- Nc l thnh phn c bn ca mt s sn phm nh bia, nc gii kht..
- Nc tham gia vo phn ng ha hc & tr thnh phn ca sn phm
phn ng iu ch acid SO3 + H2O H2SO4
phn ng vi ti CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2
phn ng iu ch ru CH2 - CH2 + H2O C2H5OH
- Nc lm tng cng qu trnh sinh hc nh h hp, ny mm, ln men
- Nc lm tng cht lng & tng gi tr cm quan ca thc phm, cc tnh
cht cm quan nh bng, mn, dai, do & v p nhiu sn phm thc
phm ph thuc vo s c mt ca nc.

II/ C IM, THNH PHN, TNH CHT CA NC NGM

Nc cung cp cho hot ng ca con ngi c khai thc ch yu t
hai ngun chnh: nc ngm & nc mt. Mi ngun nc c c trng v thnh
phn ha hc ring.
Nc ngm thng c dng nh ngun cung cp chnh cho cc qu
trnh ch bin thc phm do n c nhng c im sau:
o Ngun nc ngm t chu tc ng ca con
ngi, cht lng nc thng tt hn cht lng nc b mt
o Trong nc ngm khng c cc ht keo hay
cc ht cn l lng
o Ch tiu vi sinh vt thp hn nc b mt
o Nc ngm khng cha rong to (th d gy
nhim ngun nc)
Bng -Nhng im khc gia nc ngm & nc b mt

Thng s Nc b mt Nc ngm
Nhit Thay i theo ma Tng i n nh
Hm lng cht rn l Thng cao & thay i Thp hoc hu nh khng
lng theo ma thay i
Thay i theo cht lng t thay i, cao hn nc
Cht khong ha tan
nc ma b mt cng mt vng
Hm lng st (Fe2+), Rt thp tr di y h Thng xuyn c

1
 mangan(Mn2+)
Rt hp hoc gn bng Xut hin nng cao
Kh CO2 ha tan
khng
Kh O2 ha tan Thng gn bo ha Thng khng tn ti
Xut hin ngun nc Thng c
Kh NH3
nhim bn
SiO2 C nng trung bnh Thng c nng cao
Thng thp Thng nng cao do
Nitrat
phn bn ha cht
Vi trng (nhiu loi gy Cc vi trng do st gy ra
Cc vi sinh vt
bnh), virus cc loi & to thng xut hin

III/CC THNG S NH GI CHT LNG NC &TIU CHUN

CHT LNG NC

1. Cc ch tiu vt l
1.1 c
Nc c c cao lm cho kh nng truyn nh sng qua nc gim
C nhiu phng php xc nh c. Vd: JTU(Jackson Turbidity Unit),
FTU(thang Nephelmeter)
Tiu chun Vit Nam, c c xc nh bng chiu su lp nc thy c
1.2 mu
Nc nguyn cht khng mu
Nc c mu l do cc cht ha tan, ch yu l cht hu c ngun gc t ,
thc vt sng trong nc hoc phn hy
1.3 cng
i lng biu th hm lng ion Ca2+,Mg2+ trong. C ba loi cng: ton
phn, tm thi, vnh cu
Tc hi: ion Ca2+,Mg2+ kt hp vi acid bo to ra cc hp cht kh ha tan
Nc mm: < 50 mg CaCO3/l
Nc thng: thng cha n 150 mg CaCO3/l
Nc cng: cha n 300mgCaCO3/l
1.4 Hm lng cht cn
Tng hm lng cn l lng TTS
Cn l lng SS
Cht rn ha tan DS=TSS-SS
Cht rn bay hi VS
1.5 Mi v nc
C ba nhm cht gy mi v
Ngun gc v c: NaCl, MgSO4(gy v mn), mui ng c v
tanh, mi clo, mi trng thi H2S
Ngun gc hu c: du m, phenol
Ngun gc sinh ha: hot ng ca vi khun, rong to
1.6 phng x:
Nc nhim x ch yu l nc thi

2
 2. Cc ch tiu ha hc
2.1 Hm lng oxy ha tan DO(Dissolued oxygen)
Ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: p sut, nhit , c tnh ca ngun nc(vi
sinh,ha hc, thu sinh)
Oxy ha tan khng tc dng vi nc
ho tan tng khi p sut tng, ha tan gim khi nhit tng
2.2 Nhu cu oxy ha hc COD(Chemical Oxygen Demand)
L lng oxy cn thit d oxy ha cc hp cht hu c trong nc, to thnh
CO2,H2O
Dng nh gi mc nhim bn ca ngun nc
2.3 Nhu cu oxy sinh hc BOD(Biologycal Oxygen Demand)
L lng oxy cn thit vi khun phn hu cc cht hu c trong iu kin
hiu kh
L ch tiu dng nh gi mc nhim bn ca ngun nc
2.4 Kh H2S: lm cho nc c mi thi
2.5 Cc hp cht ca nit:
Da theo mc c mt cc hp cht nit m ta nh gi mc nhim ngun
nc
2.6 Cc hp cht ca axit cacboxylic
n nh ca nc ph thuc vo trng thi cn bng gia cc dng ion ca
axit
2.7 pH: c ngha quan trng trong cc qu trnh l ha
2.8 St: hm lng st cao hn 0,5g/l c mi tanh kh chu, lm vng qun o
2.9 Cc hp cht ca axit silic :s tn ti ph thuc vo gi tr pH
2.10 Cc hp cht clorua: >250mg/l c v mn
2.11 Cc hp cht sunfat: >250mg/l gy tn hi sc khe con ngi
2.12 Cc hp cht phosphat: do nhim bn phn rc
2.13 Hp cht florua: ging nc su cha 2-2,5mg/l dng CaF2 &
MgF2. Thng xuyn dng nc c hm lng florua >1,3mg/l hoc <0,7mg/l
gy ra bnh loi men rng
Bng-Cc tc hi do ha cht trong nc gy ra
Ha cht Tc hi
c cho ngi, cc loi thu sinh.
Asen
Cho phn ng to tricloetan l cht c hi, nguy him cho c &
Clo
thu sinh
Lm cng nc, gy bm cn trong ng dn thit b, lm h
Canxi
hng qun o,khng tt cho c, thu sinh
Nit, Kch thch qu trnh ph dng trong nc, lm pht trin cc tp
NH3,NH4+ cht trong nc, c cho thu sinh
c cho tr em,kch thch qu trnh ph dng, lm tng tp cht
Nitrat
trong nc
Oxy ha tan Nng thp c hi cho c, thiu oxy kh c mi trong nc
Phenol Gy mi v trong nc ung, c cho thu sinh
Lu hunh Gy mi kh chu trong nc, c cho thu sinh
Sunfat Nc c v mn

3
 Phosphat To iu kin cho qu trnh ph dng
3. Cc ch tiu vi sinh
a. Vi trng
Vi trng trong nc gy bnh: l, thng hn, dch t, bi lit
Vic xc nh s c mt ca vi trng gy bnh thng rt kh. Ngi ta da vo
s tn ti ca E.Coli xc nh, do n kh nng tn ti cao hn cc loi vi
khun khc
b. Cc loi rong to
Rong to pht trin trong nc lm nhim bn ngun nc, lm nc c mu
xanh
i vi nc sinh hot, nc ch bin thc phm thng thng cc nc
trong cng ng chu u quy nh 66 ch tiu xp vo 6 nhm: cm quan(4 ch
tiu), ha l(15 ch tiu), ch tiu cn phi c khng ch v nng (24 ch
tiu), c t(13 ch tiu), vi sinh(6 ch tiu), ch tiu cn phi c: pH, oxy ho
tan(4 ch tiu)
Bng ch tiu i vi nc ca cc nc EU, M, WHO, Vit Nam

Thng s n v VN EU USA WHO

Mu mg/lPt/Co _ 20 15 15
c NTU 1.5 4 2 5
pH - 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 _
dn s/cm 200C _ 400 _ _
Cl mg/l 300 250 250 250
SO4 mg/l 250 250 250 250
Ca mg/l 75 100 _ _
Mg mg/l 50 50 _ _
Na mg/l _ 150 _ 200
K mg/l _ 12 _ _
Al mg/l 0.2 0.2 _ 0.2
Cn kh mg/l 1000 1500 _ 1000
Nitrat mg NO3/l 5 50 45 50
Nitrit mg NO2/l 0.1 0.1 3.3 3
Amoni mg NH4/l 3.0 0.5 _ 1.5
Nit seldahl mg N/l _ 1 _ _
oxy ha mg O2/l 2 5 _ _
(KMnO4)
H2S mg/l _ _ _ 0.05
Phenol g/l _ 0.5 _ _
Bor g/l _ 1000 _ 300
Fe mg/l 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3
Mn mg/l 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.5
Cu mg/l 0.1 0.01 1 2
Zn mg/l 5.0 0.01 5 3
P mg P2O5/l 2500 5000 _ _
F mg/l _ 1.5 2 1.5
Ba mg/l _ 0.1 2 0.7

4
 _
Ag g/l 10 0 _
_
As g/l 50 50 100
_
Be g/l _ 4 _
_
Cd g/l 5 5 3
_
CN 50 200 70
g/l _
Cr 50 100 50
g/l 10
Hg 1 2 1
Ni g/l 10
50 100 20
g/l 100
Pb 50 15 100
g/l _
Sb 10 6 5
g/l _
Se 10 50 10
g/l _
Va _ _ _

Tiu chun nc dng trong cng nghip thc phm

1 Ch tiu vt l Tiu chun
Mi v khng
trong(ng Dienert) 100ml
Mu sc(thang mu Coban) 5o
2 Ch tiu ha hc
pH 6-7,8
oC
cn c nh(t 600 ) 75-150mg/l
cng ton phn( c) <15o
cng vnh vin 7o
CaO 50-100mg/l
MgO 50mg/l
Fe2O3 0,3mg/l
MnO 0,2mg/l
3-
BO4 1,2-2,5mg/l
SO42- 0,5mg/l
+
NH4 0,1-0,3mg/l
-
NO2 khng c
-
NO3 khng c
Pb 0,1mg/l
As 0,05mg/l
Cu 2,00mg/l
Zn 5,00mg/l
F 0,3-0,5mg/l
3 Ch tiu vi sinh vt
Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh <100con/ml
Ch s Coli <20con
Chun s Coli(1) >50
Vi sinh vt gy bnh khng c

(1)ch s Coli:S con vi khun coli trong mt lt nc, chun s coli: lng ml
nc c 1 vi khun coli

5
B- PHNG PHP X L NC

I. PHNG PHP CHUNG

Rt t cc ngun nc trong t nhin p ng c cht lng cho mt
mc tiu c th no . Mi ngun nc c c trng v thnh phn ho hc
ring, khng ngun no ging ngun no. Mi mc tiu s dng i hi cht
lng khc nhau. V vy chn la mt hay t hp cc phng php x l nc
lin quan n nhiu yu t.Nhng yu t gm:
c trng tp cht ca ngun nc.
Cht lng nc c x l ph hp vi mc tiu s dng.
Kh nng v thit b.
Tnh linh hot ca thit b khi nc thay i cht lng.
Yu t cht thi.
Gi thnh xy dng v gi thnh tiu hao.
Mt s phng php chnh trong k thut x l nc gm: sc kh, keo t,
lc, lng, tuyn ni, hp ph, trao i ion, kt ta, mng, oxy ha ha hc, kh
trng.
Hu ht cc phng php x l nc c mc tiu l loi b thnh phn tp
cht trong nc hoc bin i chng thnh dng d chp nhn hn hoc d tch
hn.
Tp cht dng kh ho tan (CO2, H2S, metan). Cc cht gy mi v, hp
cht hu c d bay hi c th loi b bng phng php sc kh.
Cht khng tan c loi b theo phng php lc, lng, gn, tuyn
ni v thc y nhanh qu trnh ngi ta kt hp vi phng php keo
t.
Cc hp cht tan c nhiu dng: hu c, v c v cc ion. loi b
chng c th p dng nhiu phng php v t hp cc phng php khc
nhau: hp ph, trao i ion, kt ta, oxy ho, mng.
m bo an ton v mt vi sinh ngi ta phi tin hnh kh trng,
ch yu l vi ho cht. Kh trng bng ho cht l phng php oxy ho
ho hc vi tc nhn oxy ho ch yu l clo v ozon

Cc phng php x l nc:

1. Sc kh:
Nc, c bit l nc ngm, thng cha cc kh ho tan: oxy, nit, dioxit
carbon, hydro sunfua. Tr oxy, nit, trong mt s trng hp c bit l CO 2, s
c mt ca cc kh tan trong nc l cn c loi b. tan ca cc kh trong
nc khc nhau v gim khi nhit tng.
Sc kh, lm thong kh l phng php x l nc trong ngi ta to iu
kin nc tip xc vi khng kh nhm mc ch:
Tng nng oxy tan trong nc
Gim lng dioxit carbon t do
Loi b H2S, metan, cc cht hu c bay hi, cc cht gy mi, v kh
chu. tan ca oxy, nit trong nc khng cao, ca oxy thng gp 2
ln ca nit trong khong nhit kh rng

6
 2. Lm trong nc:
Tch cht rn khng ho tan ra khi nc l mt qu trnh quan trng trong
cng ngh x l nc. Cht rn khng tan, cn gi l cht huyn ph gy c c
th tn ti sn trong ngun nc.
Hai phng php ch yu loi b cc cht gy c trong cng ngh x l
nc l sa lng v lc. Hiu sut ca qu trnh lng v lc tng nhiu khi lm cc
ht huyn ph to thnh cc tp hp ln hn. Keo t chnh l qu trnh to ra cc
tp hp ln (dng bng) t cc ht huyn ph nh nn c th coi n l giai on
u cn thc hin trc khi lc hay lng.
a. Keo t
Keo t c hiu l qu trnh hnh thnh cc tp hp ln t cc ht huyn ph
c kch thc nh hn, bng cch a vo nc mt hay nhiu loi ho cht
thch hp. Trong thc tin cng ngh, ngi ta dng mui nhm (Al 3+), mui st
(Fe2+, Fe3+), polyaluminum chloride (PAC) cng mt s cht tr keo t: oxit silic
hot tnh, polyme, bentonit, canxi carbonat.
Cht gy c trong nc c ngun gc v c (k nc) v hu c (a
nc).Chng c bn (khng d b sa lng) l do chuyn ng nhit v khi li
gn th chng y ln nhau do cc ht huyn ph (k nc)c lp v cha in
tch hoc lp v hydrat i vi ht huyn ph a nc.
Mun chng co cm li, to ra cc tp hp ht ln cn phi kh tnh bn
ca chng v to iu kin cho chng kt ni c vi nhau.
ph tnh bn c th lm gim dy ca lp khuch tn hay trung ho (lm
mt) lp in tch (c ch nn lp in kp, hp ph trung ho)
a polyme vo h hay to ra kt ta qut nhm to iu kin cho chng kt
ni vi nhau.
b. Sa lng
Sa lng l phng php tch cht rn dng huyn ph ra khi nc do tc
dng ca lc hp dn, c con ngi s dng t lu lm trong nc.
Sa lng l qu trnh chm xung ca cc ht huyn ph trong mi trng nc
v c chia thnh bn kiu m t khong nng v tnh cht keo t ca h
cht sa lng
Kiu 1(Lng ring r) : Sa lng ca cc ht huyn ph, tng ht ring r khng
ph thuc vo cc ht khc nhau trong qu trnh lng.Nng cc cht huyn
ph thp. Gia chng khng xy ra qu trnh keo t to thnh tp hp ln
hn.Tc lng ca tng ht, xut pht t khng, s tng dn n khi lc cn
ca nc ngang bng trng lc hu hiu ca ht.Sau ht lng vi tc
khng i gi l tc lng n nh. Tc lng n nh ph thuc vo nhiu
yu t ca ht huyn ph v mi trng lng.
Kiu 2 (Lng km hin tng keo t) : Trong qu trnh sa lng vi nng
thp, cc ht huyn ph ring r kt hp vi nhau thnh cc ht ln hn do hin
tng keo t. Tc lng ca cc ht ln hnh thnh nhanh hn ht ban u.
Kiu 3 (Lng vng) :Trong h huyn ph c nng cao, gy ra tng tc
ln nhau gia cc ht cht rn.Cc ht huyn ph to thnh tp hp ln th chng
s lng, li cun, to ra cc lp nc trong v cha huyn ph r rt. Ban u cc
ht huyn ph c s phn b kh u trong cht lng, chng to thnh tp hp
lng xung to nn 2 vng, vng pha trn trong, vng di c,tc lng ca

7
vng ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t ca h vi tc tng i nhanh, n
nh.Kiu lng ny cn c tn gi l lng b cn.
Kiu 4 (Lng nn) :Lng nn xy ra khi cc ht huyn ph ri xung n
y b v chng kt khi vi nhau vi mt c.Nn c th thc hin do tng
khi lng ca khi huyn ph do lun c b sung cc ht sa lng tip tc ln
n.
c. K thut lc
Lc l phng php loi b cht huyn ph ra khi nc.Cht huyn ph c
th tn ti sn trong mi trng nc hoc hnh thnh trong qu trnh x l.C
nhiu cch phn loi dng lc :lc su qua tng cha ct, than anthraxit (hoc kt
hp) hoc lc qua lp lt (cht lc mn nh bt diatomit, perlit c ph ln trn
mt tm gi v nc c lc qua , cc cht rn b gi li trn lp mng
)
Qu trnh lc cng c th phn chia theo thu lc : lc tnh v lc p sut. Lc
tnh thc hin c nh trng lc ca ct nc trong thit b m, nc chy t
trn xung di. Lc p sut l dng p sut lm ng lc cho dng chy khng
ph thuc vo hng ca dng, ch ph thuc vo chiu ca p sut, dng chy
t ni c p sut cao ti ni c p sut thp.
Qu trnh lc cng c th phn loi theo tc lc : lc nhanh, lc chm
Phn chia qu trnh lc theo c ch c lc su hay lc b mt.Lc su l trong
qu trnh lc cc cht bn gi li trong ct lc, chng c phn b u sut
chiu cao ca ct lc, cn lc b mt l cht bn ch tch t li trn b mt ca
lp lc.

3. Loi b mt s tp cht v c tan

Tp cht v c tan trong nc kh phong ph v c c trng kh ph bin l
chng tch in dng dng hoc m.Do bn cht ca tng loi, chng c th tn
ti trng thi n gin nh : Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, Br-, F-, Fe2+, Mn2+, dng
phc tp kh n nh nh SO42-, HCO3-, PO43-, [Fe(CN)6]4-, CrO42- hoc dng
phc cht kh xc nh :Fe-humat, Mn-humat. C nhng hp cht tn ti ng
thi nhiu dng trong th cn bng ph thuc vo iu kin ngoi cnh nh NH 3--
NH4+, H2S- HS--S2-, hoc H2CO3-HCO3-CO32-, H3PO4-HPO42--PO43-.
X l cc tp cht v c l nhm mc ch loi b n ra khi nc hoc
chuyn ho chng thnh dng t c, d chp nhn hn cho ngi s dng hoc
ph hp vi mc tiu s dng nc.
Loi b tp cht v c thng c tin hnh trc tip nh trao i ion, sc
kh, hay tm cch bin chng v dng t tan ri tch ra khi nc bng cc bin
php thch hp nh lng, lc hay keo t.
a. Kh cng ca nc :
cng ca nc ch yu l do s c mt ca ion Ca 2+ v Mg2+.Hai tp cht
trn khng gy c cho sc khe nhng gy hi cho cc thit b : ng cn trong
ni hi, ng dn nc, nh hng n cht lng ung, cc qu trnh ln men.
Loi b canxi, magie trong nc s dng vo mc ch cng nghip ch yu theo
2 phng php :kt ta v trao i ion.
Kh cng theo phng php kt ta
Phng php loi tr Ca2+, Mg2+ ra khi nc da trn c s tnh tan thp ca
CaCO3 v Mg(OH)2 v c th tch ra bng cc bin php lng, lc.

8
 cng ca nc gy bi cc ion kim loi a ho tr, cc ion kim loi c ho
tr cao hn li d b thu phn, chuyn thnh dng hydroxit nn cng ca
nc ch yu l do cc cation Ca2+ v Mg2+. Cc anion i km theo chng l
HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, NO3-, SiO32-.Ngoi canxi v magie, cc nguyn t khc nh
Sr2+, Fe2+, Mn2+ cng gy tnh cng ca nc nhng do hm lng thp nn s
ng gp ca chng l khng ng k.
Kh cng theo phng php vi sa l nhm lm tng pH ca mi trng
(vi) v ion CO32- t sa. Cc phn ng ho hc chnh xy ra trong qu trnh
kh cng bao gm :
H2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + 2H2O
2+ -
Ca + 2HCO3 + Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 + 2H2O
Ca + ( SO4 + Cl ) + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2Na+ + (SO42- + Cl-)
2+ 2- -

Mg2+ + 2HCO3- + 2Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 + Mg(OH)2 + 2H2O

Mg2+ + (SO42- + Cl-) + Ca(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 + Ca2+ + (SO42- + Cl-)
Canxi carbonat hnh thnh trong qu trnh kt ta c th s dng lm cht tr
keo t. thc hin, qu trnh kt ta cn c tin hnh trc qu trnh keo t.
Kh cng theo phng php trao i ion
Nguyn tc hot ng ca qu trnh kh cng l dng cationit dng natri, ion
natri ca nha s trao i vi Ca 2+, Mg2+ trong nc. Kt qu l ion Ca 2+, Mg2+
trong nc gim, ion Na+ trong nc tng theo t lng ca Ca 2+, Mg2+. Do tnh
chn lc ca cc ion ho tr hai cao hn ca ion Na + trong nha nn s trao i
gia chng xy ra thun li ngay vng nng Ca2+, Mg2+ thp.
Dng cationit dng H+ cng c th trao i c vi ion Ca 2+, Mg2+ vi tc
nhanh hn v chn lc so vi cation dng Na+.
b. Loi b st, mangan
St, mangan trong nc ngm l i tng hay gp nhiu vng trn lnh
th Vit Nam.
loi b mangan v st c th s dng nhiu phng php n l hay phi
hp: loi b trc tip bng k thut trao i ion, oxy ha chng v dng kh tan
Mn(IV), Fe(III) hoc phng php vi sinh vt.
Phng php trao i ion t c s dng trong thc tin do chn lc cao,
giai on ti sinh kh thc hin v cht trao i ion d mt hot tnh.
Phng php oxy ho: Fe2+, Mn2+ c chuyn ho v dng Fe3+ v Mn4+
thng qua phn ng vi mt cht oxy ha.Cht oxy ha hay s dng ozon, clo v
hp cht ca n, KMnO4, H2O2, oxy cng nh mt s loi cht rn c tnh oxy
ha nh MnO2, Fe2O3, Mg2O2.
Fe3+ + e- Fe2+
MnO2 + 4H+ + e- Mn2+ + 2H2O
c. Loi b flo trong nc
Flo l thnh phn cn thit trong nc sinh hot vi nng ti u l 0,4-
1,0mg/l. S c mt ca n thc y qu trnh to men rng v chng su rng.
Nu nng cao s lm ph hu men rng, gy rng rng, dn xng v nh
hng n bnh thn kinh.
Dng tn ti ch yu ca flo trong nc l ion florua F -. Mt s k thut c
th s dng loi b flo:
Kt ta vi canxi photphat:

9
 3Ca3(PO4)2 + NaF + Ca(HCO3)2 [Ca9(PO4)6Ca]F2 + 2NaHCO3
Hp ph trn Mg(OH)2
Hp ph trn Al(OH)3
Trao i ion
d. Loi b amoniac
Amoniac l tp cht d gp trong nc ngm. X l amoniac trong nc c
th tin hnh theo phng php ho hc, c hc hay sinh hc.
Phng php c hc c p dng trn nguyn tc gii hp ph amoniac.
Phng php oxy ha : mt s cht oxy ho kh nh clo, clodioxit, ozon,
cloamin, kali permanganat u c th oxy ha amoniac thnh nitrit, nitrat v
thnh dng kh nit.
e. Loi b nitrit
Nitrit hnh thnh ch yu do qu trnh vi sinh nhng mt phn cng do qu
trnh ho hc v quang ho. Nitrit c th xem l hp cht trung gian ca qu trnh
oxy ho amoniac thnh nitrat. Qu trnh oxy ho nitrit thnh nitrat c th thc
hin bng phng php ho hc :
NO2- + 2OH- NO3- +H2O + e-
f. Loi b photphat
Trong mi trng nc, photphat dng ho tan ch yu l orthophotphat nn
vic loi b chng c th thc hin bng cch l bin chng thnh dng kt ta.
Khi s dng Fe3+, Al3+ lm cht kt ta ngoi hp cht st, nhm photphat kh
tan hnh thnh cn xy ra ng thi qu trnh hp ph photphat v qu trnh keo
t trn hydroxit st, nhm hnh thnh do phn ng thu phn.

4. Kh trng
Nc l mi trng sinh sng v lan truyn ca nhiu loi vi sinh vt, trong
c nhiu loi gy hi cho sc kho ca con ngi hay l vt truyn nhim bnh
tt. Ngoi cc ch tiu v thnh phn ho hc ca nc, ch tiu vi sinh cng c
bit quan trng nht l i vi nc dng trong thc phm.Nc c an ton
v mt vi sinh l nc khng cha hoc c cha vi sinh gy bnh dng khng
hot ng.
C 2 phng thc thc hin :
-
Loi b vi sinh ra khi mi trng nc
-
Git cht hoc v hiu ho cc chng loi vi sinh vt gy bnh.
Cc phng php trn cng c th phn loi theo bn cht ca qu trnh : ho
hc, vt l, hay ho l.
a. Kh trng bng phng php ho hc :
Tuy c nhiu hp cht ho hc c s dng kh trng nhng trong cng
ngh x l nc ch yu dng clo v ozon, cc ho cht khc c s dng rt
hn ch.
Kh trng bng clo
Clo hay hp cht ca n c tnh nng kh trng l do kh nng oxy ho,tc l
kh nng nhn in t ca n, qu trnh kh clo c ho tr +1 xung clo c ho tr
-1
Trong nc tn ti nhiu tp cht c th b oxy ho hay phn ng vi clo : cc
cht v c Fe2+, H2S, NO2-, Mn2+, NH3, cc cht hu c c bn cht khc nhau.

10
c tc dng kh trng, lng clo d c quy nh i vi nc sinh hot l 0.4-
0.8mg/l sau khi ho trn vi nc l 30 pht.
Trong cc dng cht kh trng ca clo, axit hypoclor HOCl c tc dng cao
nht do kh nng khuch tn nhanh, d thm qua mng t bo.
Clo dioxit c s dng kh trng, kh mi v v. Khc vi clo, hiu qu
dit trng ca n khng ph thuc vo pH. Clo dioxit l mt cht oxy ho mnh,
n khng phn ng vi amoniac v phn ln cht hu c trong nc, n cng c
kh nng oxy ho mt s cht v c : H2S, Fe2+, Mn2+.
Kh trng bng ozon
O3 l mt kh c mu xanh nht, mi hc c th nhn bit rt r ngay c
nng di 1mg/l trong khng kh.
Ngoi tc dng dit trng ozon cn c kh nng : oxy ho st, mangan tan, loi
b mu, mi v ca nc ; keo t cc cht hu c tan ; oxy ho hp cht v c :
xyanua, sunfua, nitrit ; lm trong nc, loi b cht v c gy c.
S dng ozon cn c li th khng to ra cc sn phm ph hu c c hi, n
c th oxy ho nhiu cht hu c ti dng sn phm cui nh CO 2, H2O. Chng
khng gy mi kh chu khi dng liu lng cao.
Kh trng bng hydro peroxit
Sn phm hydro peroxit lu hnh dng thng phm l dung dch 30-50%
H2O2. H2O2 l mt cht oxy ho kh mnh, c tc dng dit khun nhng hiu
sut kh trng thp, d phn hu nhit cao v trong ngun nc bn nn
H2O2 ch c s dng lm cht oxy ho trong cng ngh x l nc.
Kh trng vi kali permanganat
KMnO4 c th a vo nc trc tip t dng rn hay t dung dch 1-2%. N
l cht oxy ho mnh, c th s dng phn hu cc cht hu c gy mi, v
trong nc cng nh oxy ho st, mangan, v hn ch s pht trin rong, to.Kh
nng kh trng ca kali permanganat ph thuc rt ln vo pH, ti pH= 5.9 n c
tnh nng kh trng cao nht, pH tng kh nng kh trng gim.Thi gian kh
trng di 12-24 gi
b. Kh trng bng phng php vt l :
Phng php chiu tia cc tm
Phng php chiu tia cc tm (UV, ultraviolet) ngy cng c quan tm v
khng phi a thm cc ho cht vo nc.Khi tip xc vi tia cc tm, cc axit
nucleic ca c th vi sinh vt b bin i theo chiu hng bt li.
Vng nh sng c tc dng dit khun cao nht l vng c bc sng 200-280
nm, l vng tia cc tm c axit nucleic hp th mnh nht v chu bin i
su sc.Khi cc t bo hp th tia cc tm v b phn hu chng s mt kh nng
pht trin v sinh si
Yu t nh hng mnh nht n hiu sut kh trng l trong ca nc.
Cc cht huyn ph, cht l lng trong nc lm gim truyn tia cc tm ca
nc.Ch khi nc c truyn qua trn 80% th qu trnh kh trng mi c hiu
qu v khi nh sng gp cc ht l lng n s b phn tn lm gim qung ng
truyn ca n trong nc.
Dng nc trong khoang chiu tia cn c khuy trn u mt s vi
khun tip xc vi tia cc tm.S dng phng php kh trng bng tia cc tm
c cc li th sau :

11
 - V v thnh phn khong ca nc khng thay i , khng to thnh cc hp
cht hu c Clo. an ton trong hot ng cao khng cn s dng ha cht
ph.Thi gian kh trng ngn.Khng c nguy c vt qu liu lng.
- Khng xy ra hin tng nhim do ho cht, khng gy n mn thit
b,thao tc n gin
Nhng phng php ny cng c mt s nhc im nh :
- Nc c truyn nh sng thp hn 80% c hiu sut kh trng thp
- Nhit d cao hn 25oC lm gim tnh nng kh ca tia UV
- Nc c kh trng c th nhim khun tr li
- Tp cht hu c v mt s mui tan hp th UV lm gim hiu sut kh trng
- Nc cha Nitrat khi kh trng bng tia cc tm c kh nng sinh ra Nitrit
Ngoi phng php ny cn mt s phng php vt l khc nh lc ct
chm, keo t, un si cng c s dng kh hay loi b vi sinh vt c hi
c. Kh trng bng phng php ho l :
Phng php oxy ha ant l phng php in ho, trong qu trnh in phn
sinh ra cc cht oxy ho mnh t cc cht tan c sn trong nc.Nc cn kh
trng c dn qua mt bnh in phn.Kh trng c tin hnh nh vo 2 hiu
ng xy ra trong qu trnh :
-
kh trng trc tip do dng in
-
kh trng gin tip bi cc cht oxy ha mnh sinh ra do in phn
Trong qu trnh in phn sinh ra oxy nguyn t c tnh nng oxy ha cao,n
phn hy cc cht hu c ca c th vi sinh.V oxy nguyn t c thi gian sng
rt ngn nn khong tc dng ca n rt hp ch trong vng khng gian hp bao
quanh cc ant.Do vy ch mt s lng nh vi sinh b tiu dit.Mt s cht gy
mi ,v trong nc cng b oxy ho.

5. Loi b cht hu c
Tp cht hu c trong nc rt a dng,c ngun gc t nhin cng nh nhn
to.Tp cht hu c trong nc tuy c nng thp, t khi vt qu 10mg/l trong
nuc t nhin nhng chng loi th v cng phong ph, rt kh nhn dng v
nh lng tng cu t.
loi b cht hu c trong nc c th s dng mt s phng php : sc
kh, oxy ho ( vi sinh, ho hc, quang ho) v hp ph trn than hot tnh.Hp
ph trn than hot tnh l phng php c s dng rng ri quy m cng
nghip hin nay.
Than hot tnh c s dng loi b cht hu c trong nc do tnh tng
ng v tnh cht khng phn cc ca b mt than vi cht hu c trong mi
trng c tnh phn cc cao ca nc.
Trong cng ngh x l nc, than hot tnh c dng theo 2 phng thc l
dng bt v dng ht. Dng than bt c khuy trn vi nc, sau lc tch
than ra khi nc, than ht c sp xp trong ct lc v cho nc cn x l
chy qua.
Than hot tnh l mt cht kh c th s dng loi b mt s cht oxy ho
nh clo, axit hypocloric, cloamin, ozon, penmanganat, ng vai tr xc tc cho 1
s phn ng oxy ho cht hu c.

12
II. PHNG PHP X L NC TRONG CNG NGH SN XUT
NC GII KHT
Xut pht t nhu cu v yu cu cao ca nc v cht lng v s lng
nn hu ht cc nh my sn xut nc gii kht u s dng ngun nc ging
khoan.
Cht lng nc sn xut nc gii kht c yu cu :
+ Nc trong sut, khng mu, khng mi v l.
+ m bo tiu chun vi sinh.
+ L loi nc mm, hm lng cc mui, kim loi phi tho mn ti thiu
yu cu sau :

Ch tiu Hm lng yu cu
cng chung (mg/l) 1.5
Hm lng Clo 0.5
Axit sunfuric 80
Hm lng Asen 0.05
Hm lng Ch 0.1
Hm lng Flo 3
Hm lng Km 5
Hm lng ng 3
Hm lng St 0.3
oxy ho 2

Mc ch ca x l nc : lm sch, lm mm nc gm cc cng on:

1. Lng: S dng cc phng php v thit b n gin, thng thng
tng hiu qu ca lng c th s dng thm phn, nhm, st
Al2(SO4)3 + 3Ca(HCO3)2 = 3CaSO4 + 2 Al(OH)3 + 6CO2
Al2(SO4)3 + 3Mg(HCO3)2 = 3MgSO4 + 2Al(OH)3 + 6 CO2
2. Lc : ch yu tch ct , bn, ct ht rn khc vi sinh vt . Trong b lc
c th cho thm vo ct vi kch thc trn ln di nh.
3. Kh khun : lng , lc c th loi c t 80%-85% sinh vt. hn
ch trit phn vi sinh vt cn li cn phi tin hnh cng on kh khun bng
cch s dng cc loi hp cht.Thng s dng l Cl 2, HClO, Ca(ClO)2, O3
dng tia phng x , , .n gin v thng dng nht hin nay l dung dch
Clorin Cl2
4. Lm mm nc :
Mc ch : loi hon ton hoc mt phn cc mui Mg 2+ v Ca2+ c trong
nc.C th s dng cc phng php sau :
-
Phng php ha hc : trao i ion v phng php trung ha bng axit
hoc lm kt ta ion Mg2+, Ca2+
+ Trung ha Canxi va Magie bng axit
t mc ch ny dng axit lactic chuyn ha cc mui ca Ca , Mg
thng mui lactat tng ng.
Ca(HCO3)2 + 2CH3CHOHCOOH = (CH3CHOHCOO)2Ca + 2H2O + 2 CO2
Mg(HCO3)2 + 2CH3CHOHCOOH = (CH3CHOHCOO)2Mg + 2H2O + 2CO2

13
 cng Cacbonat ca nc chuyn thnh cng Lactat-mt loi
cng khng gy nh hng n tin trnh cng ngh v cht lng sn phm
S dng axit Lactic ngoi mch ch kh cng ca nc cn c mc ch
khc l lm gim pH ca dch Maltose tng cng hot lc ca h enzim thy
phn trong .
+ Lm mm bng phng php kt ta ion Ca2+,Mg2+
S dng vi ti lm mm cng tm thi :
Ca(OH)2 + Ca(HCO3)2 = 2CaCO3 + 2 H2O
2Ca(OH)2 + Mg(HCO3)2 = 2CaCO3 + Mg(OH)2 + 2H2O
Lc b CaCO3 v ly nc
Kh cng ton phn, cng vnh cu
Ca(OH)2 + Na2CO3 + MgSO4 = Mg(OH)2 + CaCO3 + Na2SO4
Na2CO3 + MgSO4 = MgCO3 + Na2SO4
CaSO4 + Na2CO3 = CaCO3 + Na2SO4
CaCl2 + Na2CO3 = CaCO3 + 2NaCl
+ Lm mm nc bng phng php trao i ion
Nguyn tc: thay th mt s ion ca mui trong nc bng mt ion
khc.Vt liu mang ion s thay th ion ca mui trong nc gi l ionit.Nu
thay th cation th gi l cationit , thay th anion gi l anionit.Anionit c dng
loi b axit v gc axit.Cationit c dng loi b cc ion gy nn
cng.
V d : Na-cationit
Na2-P + A(HCO3)2 = A-P + Na2CO3
Na2-P + ASO4 = A-P + Na2SO4
Na2-P + ACl2 = A-P + 2NaCl
Cation(A: Canxi , Magie ) b gi li trn b mt nhng lc ny n li mang
tnh axit v kh axit bng vic trao i anion ( OH-anioit)
OH-P + HCl = Cl-P +H2O
OH-P + H2SO4 = SO4-P + H2O
Sau thi gian lm vic hot tnh ca cc ionit gim ta phi hot ho li.Khi ny
cho dung dch NaCl hay axit thch hp i ngc li ra cc ion b bm gi
trn mt ht ionit.
5. Kh mi v ca nc :
Mi v to ra do s nhim bn ca mi trung tn ti dng cc mui, c th s
dng cc phng php :
-
Ha cht : s dng Cl2, KMnO4
2H2S + 5Cl2 + 4H2O = 2S + H2SO4 + 10HCl
3H2S + 2KMnO4 = 3S + 2MnO2 + K2O + 3H2O
Mi v ca hp cht thm c th kh bng KMnO 4 hoc than hot tnh vi liu
lng : KMnO4 0.1 0.25 mg/l nc
Than hot tnh 0.06 0.12 m3/1m3 nc/gi

S cng ngh x l nc ging khoan

14
 Nc
ging
(su 200m)

vi

Lng trong
1 clo

Lc qua ct 1
tct 1

Trao i ion
B
vi
cha
clo
Lng trong 2 (b)
(a) phn Lc than

Lc qua ct 2
Tit trng

Lc qua than

B
cha

(a) : p dng i vi ngun nc c cng thp, t vi sinh vt

(b) : p dng cho ngun nc c cng cao, nhiu vi sinh vt

Quy nh cht lng nc sau cc giai on x l :

ch tiu kim nghim Yu cu qua lc ct 1 Yu cu qua lc ct 2

pH 8.4 9.8 9.5 - 10.2
nng d Clo (ppm) vt 18 - 20
cng tm thi _ 85

Nu nuc giai on 1 khng t tiu chun c lng m a vo ra

chai th s to cn hay s c mt ca vi khun, vi sinh vt khc lm nh hng
n cht lng nc gii kht b c hay sn phm b chua
Nu nc x l m khng t tiu chun th s gim nng sut nu
ng (do cha t cng ) hoc to ra cc kt ta khc lm cn tr qu trnh
lc
Nu nc qua giai on 2 m vn cha t c tiu chun vi sinh khi
a vo pha ch s to iu kin cho vi sinh vt pht trin.

15
 Ti liu tham kho :

1. Qu trnh x l nc cp sinh hot v cng nghip

( Nguyn Th Thu Thu )
2. C s ho hc v k thut x l nc
( L Vn Ct )
3. Cng ngh sn xut Malt v Bia
(Hong nh Ho)
4. K thut sn xut hp, rau qu
(Nguyn Vn Tip - Quch nh - Ng M Vn)
5. Lun Vn : Tm hiu cht lng nc gii kht v phng php
kim nghim
(CBHD : Nguyn Chc
SV : V Th Minh Thin)

16