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Chapter 1
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
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Power Measurements (dB, dBm)
TABLE 1-1 Decibel values for absolute power ratios equal to or greater than one
(i.e., gains)
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Power Measurements (dB, dBm)
TABLE 1-1 Decibel values for absolute power ratios equal to or less than one (i.e., losses)
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Power Measurements (dB, dBm)
z dBm is expressed as
P(Watts )
dBm = 10 log10
0.001 W
z Power gain can be expressed in term of voltage ratio
as 2
Vo / Ro
Ap ( dB ) = 10 log10 2
V
i / Ri
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Electronic Communication Systems
z The purpose of communication system is to transfer
information from one place to another.
z The basic elements of any communication system:
Information signal
Intelligent signal
Baseband signal
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Modulation and Demodulation
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Modulation and Demodulation
z Usually, the carrier is sinusoidal wave:
v(t ) = Ec sin ( 2 f c t + )
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EM Frequency Spectrum
Frequency Description Application
range
30 Hz - 300 Hz ELF (extremely Power
low frequencies) distribution
0.3 kHz - 3 kHz VF (voice Voice band
frequencies)
3 kHz - 30 kHz VLF (very low Submarine
frequencies) communications
30 kHz - 300 kHz LF (low Marine and
frequencies) aeronautical
0.3 MHz - 3 MHz MF (medium Commercial AM
frequencies) broadcasting
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EM Frequency Spectrum
Frequency Description Application
range
3 MHz - 30 MHz HF (high Short waves
frequencies) broadcasting
30 MHz - 300 MHz VHF (very high Commercial FM &TV
frequencies) broadcasting
300 MHz - 3 GHz UHF (ultra high TV broadcasting,
frequencies) mobile, certain radar
3 GHz - 30 GHz SHF (super high Microwave and
frequencies) satellite
30 GHz - 300 GHz EHF (extremely Sophisticated,
high expensive and special
frequencies) applications
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EM Frequency Spectrum
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Bandwidth & Information Capacity
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Bandwidth & Information Capacity
I Bt
I = Amount of information to be sent (bits)
t = Transmission time (seconds)
B = Bandwidth (Hertz)
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Bandwidth & Information Capacity
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External Noise
z Noise can be divided into two types:
z External, property of channel,
z External Noise
z Atmospheric Noise: called static electricity, caused
mainly by lightning, covers up to 30 MHz.
z Man-made Noise: generated by spark-producing
domestic and industrial electrical equipments.
z Space Noise (sun and stars).
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Internal Noise
z Noise is generated in all electronic equipments.
z Both passive and active devices can be noise
sources.
z There are many types of internal noise
z Thermal Noise
z Shot Noise
z Partition Noise
z Excess Noise
z Transit-time Noise
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Thermal Noise
z Thermal noise is generated by the random motion of
electrons in a conductor due to thermal agitation.
z The power density of thermal noise is constant with
frequency.
z Thermal noise is equal mixture of all noise of all
frequencies (white noise).
z Ways to reduce white noise:
z Decrease temperature (artificial cooling)
z Bandwidth reduction
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Thermal Noise
z The average power of thermal noise is given by
PN = kTB ( watts )
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Thermal Noise
PN = kTB ( watts )
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Thermal Noise
PN = kTB
R R = (1.38 10-23 ) ( 27 + 273) (10 103 )
= 4.14 10-17 W
Receiver
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Thermal Noise
Noise Voltage
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Thermal Noise
Noise Voltage
VL = PN R L
PN
= kTBR L
Noise Voltage
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Thermal Noise
Noise Voltage
RN = 300
300 300
RL = 300
Receiver
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Shot Noise
z Shot noise is usually represented by current
source.
z Noise current for junction diode is given by
I N = 2qI 0 B
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Partition Noise
z Partition noise is similar to shot noise in its spectrum
and mechanism of generation.
z Partition noise occurs in devices when single current
separates into two or more paths.
z Bipolar junction transistor.
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Excess Noise
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Addition of Noise from Different Sources
I Nt = I N2 1 + I N2 2 + I N2 3 + L
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Addition of Noise from Different Sources
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Addition of Noise from Different Sources
RN = 300
RL1
100
RL = 300
RL2
200
( ) +( )
2 2
= 4kT1 BRL1 4kT2 BRL 2
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Noise Figure
z NF indicates how much a component, stage, or series
of stages degrades the S/N.
z By definition, NF is defined as
( S / N )i
NF =
( S / N )o
z NF expressed in decibels:
NF ( dB ) = 10 log NF
( S / N )i
= 10 log = 10 log ( S / N )i 10 log ( S / N )o
( S / N )o
= ( S / N )i ( dB ) - ( S / N )o ( dB )
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Noise Figure
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Equivalent Noise Temperature
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Equivalent Noise Temperature
No
NF = N o = ( NF ) N i A
Ni A
z Total noise at input of noiseless amplifier is (NF)Ni.
z Assuming Ni as thermal noise, then
N i = kTB
z Equivalent noise generated by amplifier is
N eq = ( NF ) N i - N i
= ( NF ) kTB - kTB = ( NF -1) kTB
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Equivalent Noise Temperature
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Cascaded Amplifiers
z In cascaded stages, noise of first stage is the most
important in determining noise performance of the
system.
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Cascaded Amplifiers
*****
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