Cch vit mt bi bo khoa hc (Tng quan)

Mi y trn Tp ch Hot ng Khoa hc, tc gi Phm Duy Hin nu vn v s c mt rt khim tn ca cc

nghin cu khoa hc Vit Nam trn cc tp san khoa hc quc t. y l mt u t rt chnh ng. Trong ngnh y
sinh hc, trong vng 40 nm qua, s lng bi bo t cc nh khoa hc Vit Nam ch trn di con s 300. Con
s ny cc k khim tn nu so vi 5.000 t Thi Lan hay trn 20.000 t Singapore. Trong thc t, nc ta c
nhiu cng trnh nghin cu c gi tr v hp dn, nhng t khi no c mt trn trng quc t. Vn t ra l ti
sao c tnh trng ny, v lm sao chng ta c th ci thin tnh th.

Qua kinh nghim c nhn v tip xc vi ng nghip trong nc, ngi vit bi ny tin rng mt phn ca vn
l cc nh khoa hc nc ta thiu k nng phn tch d kin v thiu k nng thng tin (communication skill). V phn
tch s liu, ti s bn trong mt dp khc, y ti ch bn n vn thng tin, m c th l son mt bi bo khoa
hc.

i a s cc tp san khoa hc quc t s dng ting Anh truyn t thng tin. Mt phn khng nh cc nh
khoa hc nc ta cha quen vi ting Anh, v l mt tr ngi ln. Nhng ngay c trong s cc nh khoa hc
tho ting Anh, th h li thiu k nng vit bo khoa hc. Bi vit ny mun gp mt phn nh trong n lc ci thin
tnh th , bng cch chia s mt s kinh nghim vit bo co khoa hc vi cc ng nghip v bn tr trong nc.
Bi vit ny ch l mt tm lc ca mt ti liu bng ting Anh di hn (khong 40 trang) m ngi vit dng
ging dy cho cc nghin cu sinh M v c. Ti liu ny cng in trong sch trong chng sau.

Mc lc

[n]

1 Ti sao phi cng b bo co khoa hc?

2 Bo co khoa hc: kh hnh
3 Vn s khi u nan
4 Tp trung vo nhng thng tin chnh
5 Ta v tm tt
6 Bng s liu v biu
7 Pht tho mt cch lm c h thng
8 Dn nhp (Introduction)
9 Phng php (Methods)
10 Kt qu (Results)
11 Tho lun (Discussion)
12 H tr t ng nghip
13 Ci tin
14 Tc gi, ngun
15 Xem thm
16 Bi lin quan
17 Lin kt n y

Ti sao phi cng b bo co khoa hc?

Trong hot ng nghin cu khoa hc, cc bi bo khoa hc ng mt vai tr rt quan trng. N khng ch l mt
bn bo co v mt cng trnh nghin cu, m cn l mt ng gp cho kho tng tri thc ca th gii. Khoa hc tin
b cng nh mt phn ln vo thng tin t nhng bi bo khoa hc, bi v qua chng m cc nh khoa hc c dp
trao i, chia s v hc hi kinh nghim ln nhau.

Mt cng trnh nghin cu thng c ti tr t cc c quan nh nc, v s tin ny l do dn chng ng gp.

Khi tin hnh nghin cu, nh nghin cu c khi phi nh n s tham gia ca tnh nguyn vin hay ca bnh nhn.
Trong trng hp , tnh nguyn vin v bnh nhn phi b th gi, tm b qua cng n vic lm t nguyn
cung cp thng tin v c khi hi sinh mt phn da mu cho nh nghin cu. Nu mt cng trnh nghin cu hon
tt m kt qu khng c cng b, th cng trnh nghin cu c th xem l c vn v y c v o c khoa
hc, v nh nghin cu c th xem nh cha hon thnh ngha v ca mnh vi s ng gp ca qun chng. Do
, bo co khoa hc trn cc din n khoa hc quc t l mt ngha v ca nh nghin cu, l mt cch gin tip
cm n s ng gp ca bnh nhn v gip ca dn chng qua s qun l ca nh nc.

i vi c nhn nh khoa hc, bo co khoa hc trn cc tp san khoa hc quc t l mt currency (n v tin t).
l nhng vin gch xy dng s nghip ca gii khoa bng. Ti cc i hc Ty phng, s lng v cht lng
bi bo khoa hc l tiu chun s mt trong vic xt bt ln chc ging s hay gio s. V th cng b bo co
khoa hc, i vi gii khoa bng Ty phng, l mt vic lm u tin hng u ca h. Chnh v th m cc i hc
Ty phng c ci vn ha gi l publish or perish (xut bn hay l tiu tan). Nu trong vng 1 hay 2 nm m nh
khoa bng khng c mt bi bo no ng trn cc tp san khoa hc quc t, ban gim hiu s mi v tr li cu
hi ti sao. Nu c l do chnh ng th cn gi chc v; nu khng c l do chnh ng th c nguy c mt chc
nh bn.

Ni tm li, bo co khoa hc trn cc din n khoa hc quc t (khng ch trong nc) l mt vic lm chnh
yu, mt ngha v, v mt iu kin tn ti ca mt nh khoa hc. Nhng t lc tin hnh nghin cu, thu thp
d kin n lc c bo co l mt qu trnh gian nan. Mt cng vic cn gian nan hn na l lm sao m bo bo
co c ng trn mt tp san khoa hc c uy tn trn th gii. V th, cc nh khoa hc cn phi c bit ch
n vic son tho mt bo co khoa hc sao cho t tiu chun quc t. Bi vit ny mch bo mt cch thn mt
nhng mo v k nng t tiu chun .

Bo co khoa hc: kh hnh

Mi bi bo khoa hc l mt cng trnh kh hnh. Kh hnh y phi c hiu theo ngha va au kh, va
hnh phc. au kh trong qu trnh chun b v vit thnh mt bi bo, v hnh phc khi nhn thy bi bo c cng
b trn mt tp san c nhiu ng nghip c v chia s. t kt qu sau cng ny, tc gi phi phn u lm
sao gi s cn bng gia tnh trong sng v [nhng] ni dung phi y . Bi bo phi lm sao hp dn ngi
c v ngi c nhp cuc. Bi bo phi c vit bng mt vn phong cc k sc tch, nhng phi y .
l nhng yu cu rt kh m khng phi tc gi no cng t c.

Nu khng tip cn vn mt cch c vic h thng, tt c nhng n lc cho mt bi bo khoa hc c th tr nn

v dng, thm ch em li nh hng xu v mt cng trnh nghin cu s khng c c hi xut hin trn cc tp
san chuyn mn. Mc d cc nc phng Ty, ngi ta c nhiu bi vit ch dn thm ch c sch dy
cch vit mt bi bo khoa hc, nhng nc ta, hnh nh vn cha c mt ti liu ch dn nh th. Bi vit ny,
v th, c son ra nhm mc ch duy nht l cung cp cho bn c nhng ch dn n gin v thc t sao
cho bn c c th t mnh vit mt bi bo khoa hc t yu cu ca cc tp san khoa hc quc t.

Vn s khi u nan
Vit mt bi bo tt l mt vic lm khng n gin cht no, nu khng mun ni l phc tp. N i hi ngi vit
phi sng to v suy tng trong lng l. Con ng dn n mt sn phm hon ho khng bao gi l mt con
ng thng, m l mt con ng vi nhiu ng ngch, nhiu ng cng, v nhiu chng gai. Ni mt cch ngn
gn, vit cn phi c thi gian. Thnh ra, cch tt nht l phi khi cng vit cng sm cng tt, ng bao gi
cho n giai on cui ca nghin cu mi vit.

Tc gi c th vit ngay nhng phn cn vit ra ca bi bo trong khi cng trnh nghin cu vn cn tin hnh. Pht
ha ra phn dn nhp (introduction) ngay t khi cng trnh nghin cu ang c thai nghn. Vit phn phng php
(methods) ngay trong khi cng trnh nghin cu cn d dang. Lm n u, vit ngay n . Sau cng l mt pht
ha nhng biu , bn thng k cn phi c trong bi bo.

Vit ra nhng tng v phng php sm gip cho nh nghin cu rt nhiu trong nhng ln sa cha sau ny.
Chng hn nh lm sng t ng c v l do nghin cu trong phn dn nhp gip cho nh nghin cu nhn ra bi
cnh m cng trnh nghin cu c th ng vai tr. Vit ra nhng phng php nghin cu gip cho nh nghin cu
khi phi tn cng xy dng li nhng bc i, nhng th tc m cng trnh nghin cu hon tt. Vic pht tho
ra nhng biu v bn s liu gip cho nh nghin cu tp trung vo n lc phn tch d kin. V quan trng hn
ht, khi ngi xung vit, t vic lm , to c hi cho [hay ni ng hn l bt buc] nh nghin cu phi suy ngh
nghim tc v vic lm ca mnh.

Mt iu quan trng khc l tc gi cn phi b ra mt thi gian tnh tm suy ngh v ci thng ip ca cng trnh
nghin cu cho cng ng khoa hc. Trong phn ny, tc gi nn chu kh vit ra nhng im chnh nhm tr li
nhng cu hi sau y: ti sao mnh lm nhng g mnh lm; thc t mnh lm g; mnh pht hin iu g
mi l; v nhng iu ny c ngha g?

Tp trung vo nhng thng tin chnh

Mc d thnh phn c gi ca cc tp san khoa hc c th rt a dng, mt c tnh m gii chuyn mn u c
chung l: bn rn. Gii khoa hc gia, bc s, k s, nh qun l, lnh o c l ch nhn qua bi bo khoa hc mt
cch nhanh chng, ch t khi no c th gi nghin ngm tng chi tit trong bi bo. Tuy rng phn ln tc gi nghin
cu bit iu ny, nhng h c th khng ngh n khi t bt xung son bi bo khoa hc. Do , tc gi nn t
t mnh vo vai tr ca ngi c v suy ngh nh ngi c bng cch ch n nhng g m ngi c mun
tm hiu: ta bi bo, bn tm tt (abstract), nhng bn s liu, v biu .

Ta v tm tt
xem thm - Phn Gii thiu

Ta v bn tm tt l hai phn chiu u tin p vo mt ca ngi c. y cng l phn m i a s ngi

c c trc khi quyt nh c nn c tip hay khng. Tt nhin, ta v bn tm tt l hai phn c a vo
danh mc ca th vin in t. Do , nh nghin cu cn phi tm suy ngh cn thn khi son hai phn ny sao
cho thu ht s ch ca ngi c. Hai phn ny cn phi c vit trc ht, trc khi c t bt vit cc phn
khc ca bi bo.

Bng s liu v biu

Yu t th gic rt quan trng. Nu ngi c quyt nh c bi bo (sau khi xem qua ta v bn tm tt), h
s tip tc xem n cc bng thng k v biu . Cc bng thng k s liu thng c dng trnh by nhng
s liu mang tnh trang trng, tnh chnh xc cao, tnh chnh thc. Cc bng thng k c th dng tng hp v so
snh s liu ca cc cng trnh nghin cu trong qu kh, gii thch mi lin h gia cc nhn t trong cng trnh
nghin cu, hay trnh by nhng cu hi c s dng trong cng trnh nghin cu.

Ngi Trung Hoa tng ni Mt biu c gi tr bng mt vn ch vit. Mc ch ca biu l cung cp mt n

tng v pht hin chnh ca cng trnh nghin cu. Biu c khi c dng lm ti liu ging dy. V th biu
l mt phng tin hu hiu nht nhn mnh thng ip ca bi bo. Biu thng c s dng th hin
xu hng v kt qu cho tng nhm, nhng cng c th dng trnh by d kin mt cch gn gng. Cc biu
d hiu, ni dung phong ph l nhng phng tin v gi. Do , nh nghin cu cn phi suy ngh mt cch sng
to cch th hin s liu quan trng bng biu .

Pht tho mt cch lm c h thng

Tip cn v phc ha cu trc ca mt bi bo trc khi t bt vit to iu kin d dng cho tc gi sau ny. Bc
u tin i hi tc gi phi bit tp san m mnh mun gi bi bo, bi v mi tp san c nhng yu cu khc nhau
v hnh thc cng nh ni dung. Mt khi xc nh c tp san i tng, tc gi cn phi xem qua phong cch
v hnh thc bi bo m tp san qui nh. c bit l phi xem qua cc bi bo c cng b trn tp san ,
nh s lng ch l bao nhiu, biu phi trnh by nh th no, bng s liu phi vit ra sao, trnh by phn ti
liu tham kho theo cch g, v.v... Phn ln cc tp san y khoa v sinh hc u tun th theo cc qui nh c cng
b trong ti liu Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals.

C nhiu chin lc thu ht ngi c theo di bi bo ca mnh. Cch tt nht v hiu qu nht c l l ngn
gn. Khng nn nhm ln gia s phc tp vi tnh tinh vi. Cu vn cn phi ngn gn, n gin, nhng chnh xc
v trc tip i thng vo vn . Cng cn phi nhn thc rng c c mt bi bo khc chit nh th khng phi
l iu d dng cht no n i hi nhiu thi gian v suy ngh.

Mt bi bo khoa hc hay cng cn phi c cu trc gn gng. Mi on vn cn phi c mt mc ch hay phi

ni ln c mt tng. Mi cu vn phi phc v cho mc ch . Cc on vn phi lin kt vi nhau thnh
mt chui tng phn nh l lun cho mt thng ip no . Cch t chc hin nhin cho mt bi bo khoa hc
t l cu trc m cc tp san y khoa v sinh hc thng s dng: dn nhp, phng php, kt qu, v tho lun.
Cu trc ny cn c gi bng ting Anh l IMRAD (Introduction Methods Results And Discussion).

Dn nhp (Introduction)
xem thm - Phn Dn nhp

Nhim v thit yu nht trong phn dn nhp l phi lm sao lm cho ngi c tip nhn bi bo v quan tm n
kt qu ca cng trnh nghin cu. Hn na, phn dn nhp cn gip cho ngi bnh duyt bi bo hay tng bin
tp tp san thm nh tm quan trng ca bi bo. Trong phn dn nhp, tc gi phi ni r ti sao cng trnh nghin
cu ra i v ti sao ngi c phi quan tm n cng trnh . S 1 sau y phc ha ci khung cho phn dn
nhp c vit vi 3 on vn.

an vn th nht m t mt vn chung hay yu t chung lm ng c cho cng trnh nghin cu. c bit l
cu vn u tin phi mnh m v lm sao thu ht ch ca ngi c. on vn th hai tp trung vo vn c
th m cng trnh nghin cu phi gii quyt. Trong on vn ny, tc gi c th nu ra nhng vn m ngi c
c th cha tng bit qua. on vn th hai cng cn nu ln ci khong trng tri thc m cho n nay vn cha c
cu tr li. on vn th ba m t cc mc tiu ca cng trnh nghin cu. Phn dn nhp phi c lm sao m
c n on th ba, ngi c cm thy ho hc v thit tha c cc phn k tip ca bi bo.
S 1. Khung bi cho phn dn nhp (3 on vn)
on
Cu hi V d 1 V d 2 V d 3
vn

Vn chung Long xng l mt bnh

C nhiu bng chng cho thy Tiu ng thn (diabetic
l g, tnh hnh nghim trng trong ngi c
1 carotid endarterectomy c th lm nephropathy) l nguyn nhn s mt
hin nay ra tui v n l nguyn nhn dn
gim nguy c bnh tim. ca bnh thn vo giai on cui.
sao? n gy xng.
Mt xng (BMD) l mt
Vn c th yu t quan trng trong vic
Thng tin v carotid
l g, v trong chn on long xng trong Mc d microalbumin c ngh
endarterectomy vn cn rt hn
kho tng tri ngi u M. Tuy nhin trong dng truy tm bnh tiu ng
2 ch. Do , cho n nay quyt nh
thc cn ngi Vit s chnh xc ca thn, nhng phn ln bc s vn
lin quan n phu thut ny vn
khong trng BMD trong vic tin on gy khng tun theo qui nh chung ny.
cn cha c r rng.
no? xng vn cha c nghin
cu.
Nhm mc ch pht trin mt
gip cho bc s thm nh li
Nghin cu kh nng ng phng php mi v n gin hn
Th th cng ch ca carotid endarterectomy,
dng BMD trong ngi Vit hay cho vic chn on tiu ng thn,
trnh nghin chng ti tnh ton s ca phu
3 mt dn s khc s gip cho chng ti ng dng mt m hnh
cu ny s thut cn thit ngn nga mt
vic pht trin mt tiu chun quyt nh (decision making model)
ng gp g? ca bnh tim trong nhng iu kin
chn on mi. v phn tch h qu ca thut cha
khc nhau.
tr ACE

Phng php (Methods)

xem thm - Phn Phng php

Phn phng php phi cung cp mt cch chi tit nhng g tc gi lm v lm nh th no trong cng trnh
nghin cu. y, tc gi phi cn thn qun bnh gia hai nhu cu: sc tch (v khng th m t tt c cc k thut
vi nhng chi tit chi li) v y (tc gi phi trnh by y thng tin sao cho ngi c bit c nhng g
lm). t c s cn i gia sc tch v y l mt thch thc ca ngi vit, v c th ca c bin tp v
nh xut bn. Phn phng php cn phi cho ngi c nhng thng tin lin quan n tnh khi qut ha (chng
hn nh i tng nghin cu l ai, c tiu chun no tuyn chn i tng hay khng, hay cch thc chn mu
nh th no )

C th bi bo ra mt phng php mi, v trong trng hp , tc gi cn phi ch nhng tn gi (v

tng) xut hin nhiu ln trong bi bo. Tc gi nn suy ngh k v nhng tn gi ny: phi dng ch ngn gn m
d hiu. Nn gi phng php iu tr l g? Phi s dng t g m t ch tiu ca nghin cu? Kinh nghim
ngi vit bi ny cho thy trc khi vit cn phi lit k ra danh sch nhng t hay s dng trong bi bo. Khng
c g ln ln v kh chu ngi c hn l dng nhiu t khc nhau gi mt hin tng!

Mt cu trc cng nhc s lm cho phn phng php tr thnh my mc. Nhng li l cu trc m cc tp san
y khoa i hi cho cc nghin cu lm sng i chng ngu nhin (randomized clinical trial). Trong cu trc ny, tc
gi phi vit di cc tiu nh khi qut, ni lm nghin cu, tiu chun tuyn chn i tng, ch tiu chnh ca
nghin cu, ch tiu ph, cch o lng, phng php phn tch d kin...
Trong cc nghin cu khc, tc gi c th t mnh sng to ra nhng tiu thch hp vi cng trnh nghin cu.
Ngay c nu tc gi sau ny phi xa b cc tiu ny th s b cc ca chng gip ch cho tc gi rt nhiu. C
th dng mt biu nh l mt cch m t qui trnh nghin cu (chng hn nh thit k, tuyn chn bnh nhn,
v phn tch d kin). Nu cn, tc gi c th thm phn ph lc cung cp chi tit v phng php phn tch, m
(codes) dng trong my tnh, hay phng php thu thp d kin cng phng php o lng (y l nhng phng
php c th gip cho ngi duyt bi hay ngi c c th lp li th nghim).

Kt qu (Results)
xem thm - Phn Kt qu

Phn kt qu phi c vit mt cch ngn gn v i thng vo vn nu ra trong phn dn nhp. Tc gi phi tr
li cho c cu hi pht hin g? Cn phi phn bit r u l kt qu chnh v u l kt qu ph. Phn kt
qu phi c biu v bng s liu, v nhng d kin ny phi c din gii mt cch ngn gn trong vn bn.
Nhng s liu ny phi trnh by sao cho ln lt tr li cc mc ch m tc gi nu ra trong phn dn nhp.

Tt c cc bng thng k, biu , v hnh nh phi c ch thch r rng; tt c nhng k hiu phi c nh
vn hay ch gii mt cch c th ngi c c th hiu c ngha ca nhng d kin ny. Trong phn kt
qu, tc gi ch trnh by s tht v ch s tht (facts), k c nhng s tht m nh nghin cu khng tin on trc
c hay nhng kt qu tiu cc (ngc li vi iu mnh mong i). Trong phn kt qu, tc gi khng nn bnh
lun hay din dch nhng kt qu ny cao hay thp, xu hay tt, v.v.. v nhng nhn xt ny s c cp n
trong phn tho lun (Discussion).

Tho lun (Discussion)

xem thm - Phn Bn lun

i vi phn ln nh nghin cu, y l phn kh vit nht v n khng c mt cu trc c nh no c. Ni mt cch

ngn gn, trong phn ny, tc gi phi tr li cu hi Nhng pht hin ny c ngha g?. Tuy khng phi theo cu
trc c nh no, tc gi c kinh nghim thng vit tho lun theo mt cu trc nh sau: (a) gii thch nhng d
kin trong phn kt qu; (b) so snh nhng kt qu ny vi cc nghin cu trc; (c) bn v ngha ca nhng kt
qu; (d) ch ra nhng u im v khuyt im ca cuc nghin cu; (e) v sau cng l mt kt lun sao cho ngi
c c th lnh hi c mt cch d dng.

Trong phn tho lun, tc gi phi gii thch, hay ngh mt m hnh gii thch, ti sao nhng d kin thu thp c
c xu hng quan st trong cuc nghin cu. Nu khng gii thch c th nh nghin cu phi thnh tht ni y
nh th: khng bit. Tc gi cn phi so snh vi kt qu ca nhng nghin cu trc v gii thch ti sao chng
(nhng kt qu) khc nhau, hay ti sao chng li ging nhau, v ngha ca chng l g. Ngoi ra, nh nghin cu
cn phi c trch nhim t mnh vch ra nhng thiu st, nhng trc tr, kh khn trong cuc nghin cu, cng
nhng u im ca cuc nghin cu, cng nh a ra cc gii php khc phc hay nhng xut hng nghin
cu trong tng lai. S 2 sau y c th dng lm dn bi vit phn tho lun.
S 2. Khung bi cho phn tho lun
Cu hi cn phi tr li Ni dung
Pht biu nhng pht hin chnh; t nhng pht hin ny vo bi cnh ca cc nghin
Pht hin chnh l g?
cu trc y.
 Xem xt nhng yu t sau y: thiu khch quan trong o lng v thu thp s liu? S
Pht hin c kh nng sai lm
lng i tng t? Cch chn mu c vn ? Cc yu t khc cha xem xt n? Phn
khng?
tch cha y ? Cha iu chnh cho cc yu t ph? V.v
t kt qu ca nghin cu vo bi cnh ln hn, v so snh vi cc nghin cu trc
ngha ca pht hin l g? y. Suy lun v c ch (nhng khng nn qu li hay qu xa x trong khi suy lun, m phi
nm trong khun kh ca d kin tht).
Kt lun phi r rng, nhng khng nn i ra ngoi khun kh ca d kin. Chng hn nh
Kt lun c ph hp vi d kin
nu kt qu cho thy ht thuc l lm tng ung th phi, tc gi khng nn kt lun rng
hay khng?
ngng ht thuc l s gim ung th phi.

H tr t ng nghip
xem thm - Cch vit bnh duyt

Nhng bi bo khoa hc c gi tr thng l nhng bi bo c xem xt v duyt i duyt li nhiu ln, k c

nhng ln phn hi (response) hay phn bin li nhng ph bnh ca nhng ngi bnh duyt. iu ny i hi bi
bo, trc khi gi i cho mt tp san, phi c cc ng nghip ni b c v ph bnh. Tc gi khng nn ngn
ngi tip nhn nhng ph bnh gay gt t ng nghip. lm vic ny, tc gi cn phi c mt danh sch nhng
ng nghip c th duyt bi. Nhng ng nghip ny khng hn phi l nhng tn tui ln nh gio s, m c th
l nghin cu sinh. Tht ra, cc gio s t khi no c th gi c k; chnh cc nghin cu sinh hay ng nghip cp
thp thng l nhng ngi c kh nng v c th gi chm ch, c ng c cho kin mt cch nghim chnh.
C hai nhm ng nghip c th lm ngi duyt bi ni b:

Nhng ngi bnh duyt chung, nhim v chnh ca h l xem xt cch vit ca tc gi c d hiu hay khng.
Bt c ai, k c nhng ngi khng cng chuyn mn, cng c th l ngi duyt bi trong nhm ny, nhng ngi
duyt bi l tng nht l ngi c n lc suy ngh cn thn.

Nhng ngi bnh duyt c cng chuyn mn, nhim v ca h l gip tc gi chun b i ph vi nhng
ngi bnh duyt ca tp san v ban bin tp. Trong nhm ny, tc gi cn mt hay hai thnh vin trong cng chuyn
mn v c kh nng soi mi chi tit hay nu ra nhng sai st ca bi bo hay cng trnh nghin cu (chng hn nh
nghin cu c ng phng php khng, din dch c logic khng, kt lun c i ra ngoi d kin khng ). Trong
nhm ny, ngi duyt l tng l mt ngi "kh tnh " sn sng ni thng vi tc gi nhng g h ngh, thm ch
khng my c cm tnh vi tng ca tc gi.

Ci tin
xem thm - Cch tr li bnh duyt

Mun tr thnh mt tc gi khoa hc tt cn phi c thi gian. Mt bi bo khoa hc thng nhm vo mt vn

hp. Nhng tc gi phi c mt ci nhn rng v ln hn khi c bi bo ca mnh. Cn phi t bi bo v kt qu
nghin cu vo mt bi cnh ln hn thy thnh qu ra sao hay nhng g cn phi lm tip trong tng lai.

S 3 sau y phc tho vi cch tip cn tc gi c th t mnh ci tin. Nhiu tc gi thiu kin nhn v h
ch mun gi bi bo i cng sm cng tt, nhng khng phi l mt hnh ng c hiu qu cao. Do , iu th
nht l khng nn hp tp trong khi vit. Sau khi vit xong bn tho, c th vi ngy hay vi tun. Sau , c
li v xem xt nhng chi tit no cn thm hay cn b i. c i c li vi mt ci nhn mi xem c g cn phi
phn tch thm hay khng, hay cch din dch s liu c hp l hay khng. Kim tra li cch vit v cc on vn c
n khp vi nhau hay khng, tng c tri chy hay khng...

Sau l xem xt n nhng chi tit. Hai im quan trng cn phi y. Th nht, kim tra tnh nht qun:
c s liu hay d kin v cc ch thch phi nht qun vi vn bn, bng thng k, v biu . Th hai l loi b
nhng nhiu tc l nhng im lp i lp li hay nhng im lm cho ngi c sao lng ci thng ip chnh
trong bi bo. C khi cn phi kim tra tng ch mt xem n c thch hp vi mc ch ca bi bo hay khng. Trnh
dng nhng t ng ti ngha, nhng bit ng kh hiu, hay nhng vit tt m ngi ngoi chuyn mn cha quen
bit.

Mt bi bo thng phi qua bnh duyt t ban bin tp ca tp san. Nu tp san cho tc gi c hi tr li nhng
ph bnh ny, l mt bc tin tch cc. Tuy nhin, vic tr li nhng ph bnh ca ban bin tp khng phi lc
no cng l vic lm thoi mi, d sau khi phn bin th bi bo s tt hn. Trong khi tr li ph bnh, iu ti quan
trng l khng nn c thi qu chng ch, hay qu cng kch ngi ph bnh. Tc gi c nhim v phi tr li
tng cu hi mt, tng im ph bnh mt, v tr li mt cch lch s. Nu tc gi khng ng vi ngi bnh
duyt, tc gi c quyn ni thng. Thng thng, sau khi tr li bnh duyt, bi bo phi c sa i, v tc gi phi
thng bo cho ban bin tp bit nhng ch no thay i v ti sao thay i.

Khoa hc l mt trng hot ng kh bnh ng. Cng trnh ca tc gi c ngi khc bnh duyt, v tc gi cng
c c hi bnh duyt cng trnh ca ngi khc. Thnh ra, gip ng nghip v t mnh ci tin, tc gi
nn nhn li bnh duyt cng trnh nghin cu ca cc ng nghip. Nu tc gi cm thy hc hi c mt vi iu
t vic tr li ph bnh ca ngi khc, tc gi cng c th hc hi nhiu iu t vic c v ph bnh cng trnh
ca ng nghip. Qua c v xem xt cn thn, tc gi s cm thy mnh trng thnh v thoi mi vi cc nguyn
l v s sp xp ca cc l gii trong mt bi bo khoa hc. Lm ngi bnh duyt l mt hnh thc t mnh trao di
k nng nghin cu: nhn dng nhm ln ca ngi khc cng c ngha l nng cao k nng nhn dng nhm ln
ca chnh mnh.

Ai trong chng ta cng mun l tc gi ca nhng bi bo khoa hc tt, nhng bi bo m chng ta c th t ho,
v hi vng s c lu truyn rt lu trong tng lai. Tuy nhin, d chng ta c cn thn cch my, v bt k bao
nhiu ln chng ta c i c li, r sot, xc sut bi bo c t nht l mt sai lm hay li nh u rt cao. Mt c
nhn rt kh m pht hin tt c cc li lm ca chnh mnh. iu c ngha l tc gi cn ng nghip, nhng
ngi c v ph bnh mt cch nghim tc v thnh tht. Tc gi cn phi b tnh t i, v khng nn s hi trc
nhng ph phn. Theo kinh nghim ca ngi vit bi ny, nhng ph phn ca ng nghip, d ln hay nh, d
gay gt hay thn thin, lc no cng gip cho bi bo tr nn hon ho hn.

phn u ti nu ra vi l do ti sao cn phi cng b bo co khoa hc trn cc din n khoa hc quc t,

y ti mun ni thm mt l do quan trng hn na. i vi quc gia, cng b bo co khoa hc trn cc din n
khoa hc quc t l mt cch khng ch nng cao s hin din, m cn nng cao nng sut khoa hc, ca nc ta.
phng Ty ngi ta thng m s lng bi bo khoa hc m cc nh khoa hc cng b trn cc tp ch khoa
hc o lng v so snh hiu sut khoa hc gia cc quc gia. Hin nay, trong bt c lnh vc no, phi nhn
nhn mt thc t l hiu sut khoa ca nc ta cha cao. Phn ln cc cng trnh nghin cu ti nc ta ch c
kt thc bng nhng bui nghim thu hay lun n. i vi hot ng khoa hc, cho d cng trnh c nghim
thu hay a vo lun n, nu cha c cng b trn cc din n khoa hc quc t th cng trnh coi nh cha
hon tt, bi v n cha qua th la vi mi trng rng ln hn.

kt thc bi vit ny, ti xin mn mt cu ni ca mt ngi thng thi, Khng T: Nu dng ngn ng khng
ng, th nhng g c pht biu s b hiu sai; nu nhng g pht biu b hiu sai, th nhng g cn phi lm s
khng thc hin c; v nhng g khng thc hin c, o c v ngh thut s tr nn ti t hn. V ti cng
c th thm rng, nc nh s thit thi hn.
S 3. Ci tin
Cch tip cn cn bn Ch thch

Cn phi dnh thi gian, suy ngh li, lnh hi vn , c li mt ln na vi mt

Ci tin bi bo: Khng hp
cch nhn hon ton mi
tp; c v sa li lin tc.
Xem xt li cu trc bi bo; xem c phn no thiu nht qun hay khng; c mu
thun trong l gii hay khng; xa b nhng phn lp i lp li.

Tr li tng im mt, tuyt i khng chi b bt c im no;

Tr li nhng ph bnh ca
Phi lch s trong khi tr li, khng dng nhng t mang tnh thch thc v tn cng
ngi duyt bi
c nhn; nu cn bt ng kin vi ngi duyt bi, c ni thng nh th;

Thng bo cho bin tp bit nhng g thay i trong bi bo v gii thch ti sao
phi thay i.

Sn sng phc v lm ngi bnh duyt bi cho cc tp san khoa hc;

Ci tin k nng ph bnh cng
trnh ca ngi khc Cng bng v v t trong vic ph bnh;

Thng bo cho bin tp bit nhng g thay i trong bi bo v gii thch ti sao
phi thay i.Khng duyt bi nu cm thy mnh c mu thun quyn li c nhn.

Cch vit mt bi bo khoa hc (Gii thiu)

y l bn dch ca mt bi ch dn cch vit mt bi bo khoa hc m ti vit cng trn 15 nm. Bn gc vit
bng ting Anh cho nghin cu y khoa. Nay ti dch sang ting Vit v c vi chnh sa. iu kh vui l khi dch li
ti mi pht hin c vi sai st nh trong bn c! Th mi bit phi c i c li th mi hon chnh c. V bi vit
kh di v hn ch th gi, nn ti ch dch tng phn, v s post ln cc bn no quan tm tham kho. C coi
nh l ti mun chia s kinh nghim vi cc bn, mt hnh thc ngi i trc mch mo cho ngi i sau, ch
chng phi l ging bi hay ln lp g y. Ti hi vng cc bn s rt ra vi kinh nghim. NVT

Mc tiu s 1 ca vic vit bi bo khoa hc l truyn t thng tin v mt vn khoa hc n cc ng nghip,

v tng trnh nhng phng php hay cch tip cn gii quyt vn . Cc tp san y sinh hc l phng tin
cc nh khoa hc chuyn ti thng tin. Thng tin thng c trnh by di dng mt bi bo khoa hc, v bi
bo c vit theo mt cu trc c th m cng ng khoa hc phi tun theo. Do , thnh cng trong khoa
hc, nh khoa hc phi nm c k nng vit bi bo khoa hc. Ti son bi ny trc ht l a mt s li khuyn
v cch thc vit mt bi bo khoa hc, v sau l mt cch chia s mt s kinh nghim vit lch trong khoa hc.
Ti vo v th may mn l v ti bit ting Vit v ting Anh, v cng phc v trong cc ban bin tp cc tp san y
khoa quc t, nn c th chia s cng cc bn nhng kinh nghim m c l ngi nc ngoi khng th chia s.
Bi ny c vit cho nghin cu sinh y khoa v sinh hc, nhng ti ngh bn c cc ngnh khoa hc thc nghim
khc cng c th rt ra vi kinh nghim.

Mc lc

[n]

1 Ta (title) bi bo
2 Phn 1. Ni dung mt bi bo khoa hc
3 Tc gi, ngun
4 Xem thm
5 Bi lin quan
6 Lin kt n y

Ta (title) bi bo
Ta bi bo c vit trn trang u ca mt bi bo, thng v tr trung tm. Khng nn gch ch hay vit
nghing ta . Pha di ta bi bo l tn tc gi v ni lm vic ca tng tc gi.

Chng ta mun ta bi bo phi bt mt ngi c, cho nn cn phi u t mt cht thi gian vo vic chn
ch v chin lc chn tn cho bi bo. Ta khng nn qu ngn, nhng cng khng nn qu di, m phi ni
ln c ni dung chnh ca nghin cu. Nu ta khng ni ln c ni dung bi bo, c gi s khng ch
n cng trnh nghin cu, v chng ta mt ngi c. c mt ta sng to, ti ngh cc bn nn tun th
hay t ra l xem xt n mt s kha cnh sau y:

Khng bao gi s dng vit tt. Nn nh rng nhiu ngi ngoi lnh vc chuyn mn c bi bo ca bn, v vit
tt c th lm cho h kh chu v h khng quen hay khng bit n nhng ch vit tt chuyn ngnh.

Khng nn t ta theo kiu nghch l hay ta m h. Ta nghch l v m h rt nguy him, v n biu

hin nghin cu ca bn chng gii quyt c vn g, hay chng c cu tr li g, v do ngi c c th
ngh s rt ph th gi c bi bo.

Khng nn t ta di. Ta bi bo khng nn di hn 20 t. Ta di c th lm cho ngi c mt ch

. Ta nh Genetic determination of bone mineral density in adult women: a reevaluation of the twin model and
the potential importance of gene -environmental interaction on heritability estimates chng nhng di dng mt cch
khng cn thit, m nhng ch nh "potential", "estimates", "adult" cng khng thit yu. Tc gi c th vit li nh
Roles of gene-environmental interaction in the estimation of heritability of bone mass: a reevaluation of the twin model.

Ta bi bo nn c yu t mi. Yu t mi lc no cng c hiu qu thu ht s ch ca ngi c. Chng hn

nh ta A new family of mathematical models for describing the human growth (ch ch new, tc mi) chc
c nhiu ngi ch hn l ta A family of mathematical models for describing the human growth.

Khng nn t ta nh l mt pht biu. Thnh thong ti vn thy nhng ta nh Smoking causes cancer",
"Oestrogen is associated with bone loss, Physical activity is not a predictor of mortality, v.v. Nhng ta ny lm
cho ngi c bc mnh. Trong khoa hc, khng c mt ci g xc nh v chc chn. Chng ta khng th no
chng minh mt gi thuyt. Do , dng ch cause, hay chia ng t hin ti nh is (tc l ni n chn l) l mt
cch vit th hin s thiu hiu bit khoa hc ca tc gi. Nh khoa hc l ngi i tm chn l, ch khng phi
tm c chn l.

V ta bi bo c s dng trong cc c s d liu, nn khi t ta cn phi n nhng t kha

(keywords). Phn ln nhng c s d liu dng tiu v ta lm thut ng tm kim. Chng hn nh bi bo
vi ta The effects exercise on free fatty acids in the blood s c phn loi di thut ng "fatty acids",
"metabolism of fatty acids", "exercise", v "blood". Nhng nu bi bo vi ta The effects exercise on free fatty
acids in the blood: a study in rats using chromotographic techniques, th s c phn qua di thut ng
"composition of fatty acids", "chromotographic technique", "fatty acids in rats" v do s thu ht nhiu c gi hn.

V d: Sau y l v d trang u ca mt bi bo khoa hc. V d ny tng i tiu biu, v tp san (tiu ng)
i hi tc gi phi cung cp nhng thng tin lin quan n bi bo nh s t, s biu v bng s liu. vit tt,
ta ngn (cn gi l running title), v.v Tp san ny cho php tc gi vit nguyn h, nhng tn th ch c vit
tt (chc tit kim mc!)

Ch rng nhm tc gi t ta ni ln c ba kha cnh chnh ca nghin cu, l tiu ng (diabetes),

huyt p, v t s vng eo-mng. Ch thm rng, trc ch diabetes, nhm tc gi thm tnh t undiagnosed
gy ch cho ngi c, m cng phn nh mt thc trng hu ht cc qun th bnh nhn.

Ta bi bo ny qua 4 ln chnh sa. Ba ln u l do chnh nhm tc gi chnh sa. n khi bn tho c

bnh duyt, mt chuyn gia ngh sa li mt ln na. i khi tc gi cn phi u t kh nhiu th gi cho mt
ta bi bo.

Phn 1. Ni dung mt bi bo khoa hc

Mt bi bo khoa hc thng c nhng phn sau y: dn nhp (introduction), phng php (methods), kt qu (results), v bn lun
(discussion). Cu trc ny c gi tt l cu trc IMRAD. Tuy nhin, mi bi bo khoa hc lc no cng c phn tm lc (abstract)
-- nh tn gi -- tm tt cc kha cnh chnh ca mt cng trnh nghin cu hay mt bi bo.

I. Tm lc (Abstract)

C 2 loi tm lc: khng c tiu v c tiu . Loi tm lc khng c tiu l mt on vn duy nht tm tt
cng trnh nghin cu. Loi tm lc c tiu -- nh tn gi l bao gm nhiu on vn theo cc tiu sau y:
Background, Aims, Methods, Outcome Measurements, Results, v Conclusions. Tuy nhin, d l c hay khng c tiu
, th mt bn tm lc phi chuyn ti cho c nhng thng tin quan trng sau y:

Cu hi v mc ch ca nghin cu. Phn ny phi m t bng 2 cu vn. Cu vn th nht m t vn m tc

gi quan tm l g, v tnh trng tri thc hin ti ra sao. Cu vn th hai m t mc ch nghin cu mt cch gn
nhng phi r rng.

Phng php nghin cu. Cn phi m t cng trnh nghin cu c thit k theo m hnh g, i tng tham gia
nghin cu n t u v c im ca i tng, phng php o lng, yu t nguy c (risk factors), ch tiu
lm sng (clinical outcome). Phn ny c th vit trong vng 4-5 cu vn.

Kt qu. Trong phn ny, tc gi trnh by nhng kt qu chnh ca nghin cu, k c nhng s liu c th ly lm
im thit yu ca nghin cu. Nn nh rng kt qu ny phi c trnh by sao cho tr li cu hi nghin cu t
ra t cu vn u tin.

Kt lun. Mt hoc 2 cu vn kt lun v ngha ca kt qu nghin cu. C th ni phn ln c gi ch tm vo

cu vn ny trc khi hc c cc phn khc, cho nn tc gi cn phi chn cu ch sao cho thuyt phc v thu
ht c s ch ca c gi trong 2 cu vn quan trng ny.

Nu ta bi bo pht biu v ni dung ca cng trnh nghin cu, th bng tm lc cho php bn m t chi tit
hn ni dung ca cng trnh nghin cu. di ca bng tm lc thng ch 200 n 300 t (ty theo qui nh
ca tp san). Bng tm lc gip ngi c nn c tip bi bo hay b qua bi bo. Do , tc gi cn phi cung
cp thng tin mt cch ngn gn, nhng c d liu (ch khng phi ch ha sung) v i thng vo vn (ch
khng phi vit lng vng). Thng thng bng tm lc c vit sau khi hon tt bi bo. Kinh nghim ca ti
trong nhng nm u nghin cu sinh cho thy c khi tn n c ngy ch vit mt abstract vi 200 ch. Ti xem
abstract nh mt bi th, tc l tc gi phi chn t ng rt cn thn phn nh mt c ng nhng iu mnh
mun chuyn ti n cng ng khoa hc.

Sau y l mt bn tm lc tiu biu c tiu . Bi bo ny trnh by mt cng trnh nghin cu v mi lin h

gia cc thnh phn c th (m, nc, xng) mt nhm ph n Vit Nam sau mn kinh (LT Ho-Pham, et al.
Contributions of lean mass and fat mass to bone mineral density: a study in postmenopausal women. BMC
Musculoskeletal Disorders 2010, 11:59). Bn tm lc c 4 tiu : dn nhp, phng php, kt qu v kt lun.
Phn dn nhp ch tm gn trong 2 cu vn, vi cu u nu vn vn cn trong vng tranh ci, v cu 2 pht biu
v gi thuyt v mc ch ca nghin cu. Phn phng php m t s ph n tham gia, tui, ni nghin cu,
phng php o lng, v phng php phn tch. Phn kt qu i thng vo kt qu chnh vi nhng con s c
th. ng nhin, nhng con s ny s c lp li chi tit hn trong bi bo. Phn kt lun ch mt cu vn c tnh
cch tr li cu hi nghin cu.

Background
The relative contribution of lean and fat to the determination of bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women
is a contentious issue. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that lean mass is a better determinant
of BMD than fat mass.

Methods

This cross-sectional study involved 210 postmenopausal women of Vietnamese background, aged between 50 and 85
years, who were randomly sampled from various districts in Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam). Whole body scans, femoral
neck, and lumbar spine BMD were measured by DXA (QDR 4500, Hologic Inc., Waltham, MA). Lean mass (LM) and
fat mass (FM) were derived from the whole body scan. Furthermore, lean mass index (LMi) and fat mass index (FMi)
were calculated as ratio of LM or FM to body height in metre squared (m2).

Results

In multiple linear regression analysis, both LM and FM were independent and significant predictors of BMD at the spine
and femoral neck. Age, lean mass and fat mass collectively explained 33% variance of lumbar spine and 38% variance
of femoral neck BMD. Replacing LM and FM by LMi and LMi did not alter the result. In both analyses, the influence of
LM or LMi was greater than FM and FMi. Simulation analysis suggested that a study with 1000 individuals has a 78%
chance of finding the significant effects of both LM and FM, and a 22% chance of finding LM alone significant, and zero
chance of finding the effect of fat mass alone.

Conclusions

These data suggest that both lean mass and fat mass are important determinants of BMD. For a given body size --
measured either by lean mass or height -- women with greater fat mass have greater BMD.

Bn tm lc di y l mt abstract tiu biu khng c tiu (LT Ho-Pham, et al. Similarity in percent body fat
between white and Vietnamese women: implication for a universal definition of obesity. Obesity 2010; 18:1242-6). Ton
b bn tm lc ch l mt on vn. Nhng nu ch k s thy nhng thng tin c trnh by trong abstract tun
th theo cu trc IMRAD. Phn dn nhp gm 2 cu vn: cu u tin nu vn nghin cu; cu th hai pht biu
mc ch nghin cu. Cc cu k tip m t phng php nghin cu, kt qu, v kt lun.

It has been widely assumed that for a given BMI, Asians have higher percent body fat (PBF) than whites, and that the
BMI threshold for defining obesity in Asians should be lower than the threshold for whites. This study sought to test this
assumption by comparing the PBF between US white and Vietnamese women. The study was designed as a
comparative cross-sectional investigation. In the first study, 210 Vietnamese women ages between 50 and 85 were
randomly selected from various districts in Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam). In the second study, 419 women of the same
age range were randomly selected from the Rancho Bernardo Study (San Diego, CA). In both studies, lean mass (LM)
and fat mass (FM) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (QDR 4500; Hologic). PBF was derived
as FM over body weight. Compared with Vietnamese women, white women had much more FM (24.8 +/- 8.1 kg vs.
18.8 +/- 4.9 kg; P or=30, 19% of US white women and 5% of Vietnamese women were classified as obese.
Approximately 54% of US white women and 53% of Vietnamese women had their PBF >35% (P = 0.80). Although white
women had greater BMI, body weight, and FM than Vietnamese women, their PBF was virtually identical. Further
research is required to derive a more appropriate BMI threshold for defining obesity for Asian women.

Cch vit mt bi bo khoa hc (Dn nhp)

Tun qua ti bn v cch t ta bi bo v cc vit mt abstract; tun ny, ti s ch cch vit phn dn nhp
(introduction hay background). Phn dn nhp l phn tng i quan trng, v n ni ln kin thc ca tc gi n
u trong chuyn ngnh. Ngi kinh nghim ch cn c qua phn dn nhp c th nh gi s qua v kh nng
ca tc gi n u, c cp nht ha kin thc nh th no, v k nng vit lch ra sao (ch nhn qua cch dng thut
ng l c th on c).

Do , tc gi cn phi nhn c hi vit phn dn nhp thuyt phc ngi c v chng minh cho h thy rng
mnh cng bit cu chuyn. Ti s ly vi v d minh ha cho phn ny, v gi khch quan, ti s khng nu
tn tc gi.

Mc lc

[n]

1 Dn nhp (introduction)
2 Cch vit
3 Mt vi v d
4 Nhng nu chng ta xem xt phn dn nhp sau y:
5 Tc gi, ngun
6 Xem thm
7 Bi lin quan
8 Lin kt n y

Dn nhp (introduction)
Trong phn ny, tc gi cn phi tr li cu hi Ti sao lm nghin cu ny? (Why did you do this study?) Phn dn
nhp phi cung cp nhng thng tin sau y: (a) nh ngha vn ; (b) nhng g c lm gii quyt vn ;
(c) tm lc nhng kt qu trc c cng b trong y vn; (d) v mc ch ca nghin cu ny l g.

i vi cc tp san y khoa ln v tng qut (nh New England Journal of Medicine, JAMA, Annals of Internal Medicine,
v.v) th nh ngha vn rt quan trng, bi v c gi khc ngnh c th nm c vn v bit c tc gi
ng trn gc no. Chng hn nh mt nghin cu v gene v long xng, th on u tin c th nn (a) nh
ngha long xng l g (v nhiu ngi vn cha rnh), (b) tm quan trng ca long xng ra sao (cu ny
nhn mnh y l vn ln, v v ln nn phi cng b trn cc tp san ln!) Chng hn nh, tc gi c th vit
Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and deteriorated bone architecture which ultimately lead
to increased susceptibility of fragility fracture. Cu k tip s ni tm quan trng ca gy xng nh th no, nh
tng nguy c t vong, ti gy xng, gim cht lng cuc sng, v.v Nhng i vi cc tp san chuyn ngnh
long xng v ni tit, th cu nh ngha trn c khi khi hi. Khi hi l v i a s c gi cc tp san u
bit long xng l g, v h s thy kh chu nu tc gi ln lp h v mt nh ngha s ng! Thng thng,
nhng tc gi vit cu nh ngha trong cc tp san chuyn ngnh l nghin cu sinh, ch chuyn gia cp cao hn
khng ai vit nh th.

Trong phn dn nhp, tc gi cn phi nu cho c tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu. nu tm quan trng,
tc gi c th trnh by nhng thng tin nh tn s ca bnh (prevalence) trong cng ng, h qu ca bnh n
nguy c t vong, tng nguy c mc cc bnh khc (bin chng), nh hng ca bnh n nn kinh t nc nh,
gim cht lng cuc sng. Chng hn nh cu In postmenopausal women, one in three women will sustain a fragility
fracture during their remaining lifetime l mt cch nu ln qui m ca vn gy xng; nhng nu h qu th
c th vit mt cu khc nh Fragility fracture is associated with increased risk of pre-mature mortality (cu ny nhn
mnh pre-mature mortality, tc l cht sm!) nn s gy ch .

Trong phn im qua y vn, tc gi cn phi trnh by nhng thng tin c bn cho ngi c nm c vn ,
ngha v tm quan trng ca vn , v hiu mc tiu ca cng trnh nghin cu. Ch nn trnh by nhng thng
tin c lin quan trc tip n vn , ch khng nn im qua nhng thng tin gin tip.

Phn ln nhng tng trong phn dn nhp xut pht t y vn, tc nhng cng trnh cng b trc y. Khi
im qua y vn, nn gii hn trong nhng nghin cu cng b trong vng 5 nm tr li y, trnh nhng nghin
cu trn 20 nm hay trnh nhng thng tin trong sch gio khoa v c th nhng thng tin nh th khng cn hp
thi na. Tuy trnh by thng tin qu kh, nhng phi l nhng cu ch ca chnh tc gi, ch khng phi trch dn
qu nhiu hay lp li cu ch ca ngi i trc. Tt c nhng thng tin trong phn dn nhp phi n khp vi ti
liu tham kho. Tc gi nn c nhng ti liu tham kho , ch khng nn trch dn theo nhng nhng bi bo trong
y vn (secondary citation).

Cch vit
V mt cu trc, phn dn nhp bao gm mt s on vn khng cn tiu (heading). Tuy nhin, vit tt phn
dn nhp, kinh nghim ca ti cho thy cn phi ch n mt s im cn bn sau y:

(a) Khng nn vit qu di. Vit qu di rt d lm cho ngi c sao lng vn chnh, v c khi lm mt th gi
ngi c phi c nhng thng tin khng cn thit.

(b) Khng nn im qua y vn theo kiu vit s. Phn ln nhng ngi c bi bo l ng nghip chng ta, cho
nn h c mt s kin thc c bn. Do , tc gi khng cn phi im qua y vn t thi Hippocrate hay Khng
T, cng khng cn phi ln lp [hay khoe vi] ngi c v nhng khi nim c bn m ngi lm trong ngnh
phi bit. Mt iu quan trng l nhng thng tin trnh by trong phn dn nhp phi c lin quan n vn nghin
cu.

(c) Phn dn nhp phi pht biu mc ch nghin cu. on vn cui ca phn dn nhp l ni tc gi, sau khi
im qua vn v y vn, pht biu mc ch ca cng trnh nghin cu. C gng duy tr nguyn tc t tng quan
n c th, tc l trong phn pht biu vn th cu vn mang tnh chung chung, nhng phn mc ch th phi c
th. Trong nhiu trng hp, trc phn mc ch, tc gi nn pht biu gi thuyt nghin cu. Chng hn nh We
hypothesize that blah blah blah, ri mt cu k tip This study was designed to test the hypothesis by addressing the
following specific aims: blah blah blah.

(d) V vn phm, phn dn nhp nn vit bng th qu kh, nht l khi m t nhng kt qu trong qu kh. Tuy nhin,
khi cp n nhng thng tin mang tnh c in m c cng ng chuyn ngnh chp nhn, tc gi c th dng
th hin ti.

Mt vi v d
Trong bi bo sau y, tc gi vit phn dn nhp mt cch ngn gn, ch 1 on vn, nhng cung cp y thng
tin cn thit bn c bit vn .

Fragility fracture is a serious public health problem, because it is prevalent in the elderly and is associated with increased
risk of mortality [1]. Measurement of bone mineral density predicts subsequent risk of fractures among the elderly [2-
4]. However, bone mineral density in later decades of life is a dynamic function of peak bone mass achieved during
growth and its subsequent age-related rate of loss [5]. It has been estimated that over a lifetime, a typical woman loses
about half of her trabecular bone and one third of her cortical bone [6], although some women experience greater loss
than others.

It is not clear whether the rate of bone loss is an independent risk factor for osteoporotic fractures. We hypothesized
that patients with excessive bone loss are at increased risk of fracture. The present study was designed to test the
hypothesis by assessing the contribution of bone loss to the risk of osteoporotic fractures in elderly women

Cu u (Fragility fracture is a serious public health problem, because it is prevalent in the elderly and is associated
with increased risk of mortality) tc gi nh ngha vn v c gng thuyt phc rng gy xng l vn nghim
trng v lm tng nguy c t vong.

Trong cu th hai (Measurement of bone mineral density predicts subsequent risk of fractures among the elderly) tc
gi cho bit mt xng l mt yu t tin lng gy xng.

Hai cu k tip (However, bone mineral density in later decades of life is a dynamic function of peak bone mass
achieved during growth and its subsequent age-related rate of loss. It has been estimated that over a lifetime, a typical
woman loses about half of her trabecular bone and one third of her cortical bone [4], although some women experience
greater loss than others) tc gi cho bit mt xng thay i thay tui, v ty thuc vo hai thng s: mt
xng ti a trong thi xun th, v t l mt xng sau thi k mn kinh.

Cu k tip tc gi cung cp thng tin c th hn, cho bit mt ph n trung bnh mt khong 50% xng xp v
1/3 xng c, v t l mt xng dao ng ln gia cc ph n. Cu vn th t (It is not clear whether the rate of
bone loss is an independent risk factor for osteoporotic fractures) cho chng ta bit khong trng trong y vn: l
cha ai bit t l mt xng c lin quan g n gy xng hay khng.

Sau khi t vn , tc gi pht biu gi thuyt nghin cu (We hypothesized that patients with excessive bone loss
are at increased risk of fracture), v mc ch nghin cu (The present study was designed to assess the contribution
of bone loss to the risk of osteoporotic fractures in elderly women.)

y l mt dn nhp c th ni l rt logic, v tng ni kt nhau. Cu vn u cho n cu vn cui l mt vng

trn khp kn. C l ci hay ca tc gi l ch tm gn phn dn nhp trong mt on vn duy nht vi 114 t! Vit
dn nhp ngn gn v sc tch nh th i hi kinh nghim chuyn mn tt v cch dng ch mt cch chin lc.

Nhng nu chng ta xem xt phn dn nhp sau y:

It is well recognised that nonsocomial infection is associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality together with a
significant economic cost [1]. Patients in Intensive Care units develops nonsocomial infections more frequently than
other hospitalised patients [2]. This is a result of severity of illness, multiple exposure to invasive procedures and
multiple therapies [3]. Patients in surgical and orthopaedic wards are also at a high risk of developing nonsocomial
infections. These patients are exposed to various invasive procedures (including surgical wounds) which may be similar
to those in ICU. Because of the expected differences in the nature of risk factors, patients' illnesses in the therapeutic
and infection control measures in the above wards, it was necessary to conduct a study to assess the nonsocomial
infection rates.

Cch vit ny khng t, nhng kh c th xem l tt. Cu vn u tin (It is well recognised that nonsocomial infection
is associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality together with a significant economic cost [1]) tc gi cho bit
vn quan trng v lin quan n t vong v tn km. Nhng cu vn sau, tc gi c gng gii thch vn nhim
trng bnh nhn cp cu v bnh nhn qua phu thut chn thng chnh hnh, m h ngh rng c cng nguy c.
Tuy nhin, tc gi khng cho bit vn l g, c ai nghin cu g, v khong trng ca tri thc l g. y th m
n cu vn k tip, tc gi gii thch l do cho nghin cu! (Because of the expected differences in the nature of risk
factors, patients' illnesses in the therapeutic and infection control measures in the above wards, it was necessary to
conduct a study to assess the nonsocomial infection rates). Tht ra, mc ch nghin cu cng cha r rng, v tc
gi khng pht biu gi thuyt lm nn tng cho nghin cu l g. Sau khi c xong phn dn nhp, c l ngi c
khng bit ngha v tm quan trng ca nghin cu ny ra sao. Tht vy, tc gi cha thuyt phc c gi ti sao
h thc hin cng trnh nghin cu! Nn trnh cch vit nh th ny.

on vn di y cng l phn dn nhp ca mt bi bo trn mt tp san ton Vit Nam. Bi bo ny tht ra

khng phi l mt cng trnh nghin cu ton, m l mt bi vit v lch s pht trin b mn ton c tn l complex
analysis (cha bit dch sang ting Vit l g) Vit Nam.

In the development of contemporary mathematics in Vietnam complex analysis occupies a special place. In this note
we give a brief survey of the development of complex analysis in Vietnam. We describe how complex analysis in
Vietnam developed under very special conditions: the anti-French resistance, the struggle for the reunification of the
country, the American war, the economic crisis, and the change toward a market economy.

ng trn quan im vit bo khoa hc, phn dn nhp ny cha t. Tm b qua nhng sai st v ting Anh v
vn phm ting Anh (kh hin nhin), c th thy rng cc cu vn khng mang tnh ni tip v khc chic. Trong cu
vn u, tc gi khng nu vn l g, m i thng vo v tr c bit ca complex analysis Vit Nam. Nhng cu
th hai th khng thy tac gi ni c bit nh th no; thay vo , tc gi gii thiu ni dung bi vit! n cu th
3 th chng ta mi bit c bit l g (l pht trin trong bi cnh chin tranh). Ni cch khc, phn dn nhp ny
cha t, v cha ni ln c vn , cha tr li cu hi ti sao phi c bi bo ny. Cch trnh by tng cng
cha mch lc. Nn trnh cch vit ny.

C ngi ngh rng ch cn vit ngn gn, nhng i vi vn chng khoa hc th ti ngh quan im khng
ng. Vit phn dn nhp qu ngn lm cho ngi c cm nhn rng tc gi thiu suy ngh su, thiu tng, hay
thiu thng tin (nn chng bit vit/ni g thm). Vit di qu th c gi li ngh tc gi c l do thiu tng nn c
tnh ko di cu chuyn! Do , cch vit dn nhp tt nht l va , khng qa di v cng khng qu ngn. Theo
kinh nghim ca ti, phn dn nhp ca mt bi bo y khoa ch nn gii hn trong vng 1 trang A4. iu quan trng
nht l sau khi c xong phn dn nhp, ngi c bit c tm quan trng ca nghin cu, v ti sao tc gi lm
nghin cu. c nh th th c th xem nh tc gi t c mt mc tiu ca mnh: l lm cho ngi
c phi c phn k tip (phn Phng php).

Cch vit mt bi bo khoa hc (Phng php)

C l phn quan trng nht ca mt bi bo khoa hc l phn phng php. Kinh nghim lm bin tp ca ti cho
thy tp san ti tham gia ph trch trong ban bin tp (tp san Journal of Bone and Mineral Research) t chi khong
75% nhng bi bo gi n; trong s bi bo b t chi, gn 70% l do khim khuyt trong phn phng php. Ti
thy v c rt nhiu bi bo gi n cho tp san m kt qu rt th v, nhng nh phi t chi v phn phng
php c m t qu s si, hay m t mt cch xem thng ngi c. C th tc gi khng c xem thng ai,
nhng v cch vit v trnh by cha t chun mc nn gy ra n tng . Trong phn 3 ny, ti s ch cc bn
vit phn phng php mt cch chun mc v chc chn s khng b ai ph bnh l vit d. :-)

Phng php (Methods)

Phn phng php nghin cu c l l phn quan trng nht trong mt bi bo khoa hc. Khong 70% bi bo khoa
hc b t chi ch v phng php nghin cu khng thch hp hay sai lm. Nhiu ngi c c thi quen c
phng php trc, ri sau h c cc phn khc. Nu h thy phng php nghin cu c cht lng, h s
c tip; nu khng, h s b qua mt bn! Do , y l phn m tc gi cn phi u t nhiu th gi vit cho
t.

Trong phn phng php, tc gi phi tr li cho c cu hi: "tc gi lm g (What did you do?) tr li cu
hi ny, tc gi phi cung cp thng tin v thit k nghin cu, bnh nhn (hay i tng nghin cu), phng php
o lng, tin cy v chnh xc ca o lng, phng php phn tch d liu. Do , phn phng php nghin
cu c th c nhng tiu nh nh sau:

Thit k nghin cu (study design). Pht biu ngn gn v m hnh nghin cu. y l cu vn n gin, nhng ni
ln gi tr khoa hc ca cng trnh nghin cu. V d: The study was designed as a cross-sectional investigation, in
which 210 women aged between 50 and 85 were randomly sampled by the cluster sampling scheme.

i tng tham gia (Participants). Thng tin v c im ca i tng nghin cu ng vai tr quan trng ngi
c c th nh gi kh nng khi qut ha ca cng trnh nghin cu. Khi m t c im i tng nghin cu,
tiu chun tuyn chn v tiu chun loi. i khi tc gi cn phi cc bin s quan trng nh tui, gii tnh, sc
tc, trnh hc vn, tnh trng sc khe. V d: "All women requesting an IUCD (intrauterine contraceptive device)
at the Family Welfare Clinic, Kenyatta National Hospital, who were menstruating regularly and who were between 20
and 44 years of age, were candidates for inclusion in the study. They were not admitted to the study if any of the
following criteria were present: (1) a history of ectopic pregnancy, (2) pregnancy within the past 42 days, (3)
leiomyomata of the uterus, (4) active PID (pelvic inflammatory disease), (5) a cervical or endometrial malignancy, (6) a
known hypersensitivity to tetracyclines, (7) use of any antibiotics within the past 14 days or long-acting injectable
penicillin, (8) an impaired response to infection, or (9) residence outside the city of Nairobi, insufficient address for
follow-up, or unwillingness to return for follow-up."

a im v bi cnh nghin cu (setting). Cn phi cung cp thng tin v a im m cng trnh nghin cu c
thc hin, hay ni m d liu c thu thp, bi v a im c th nh hng n tnh hp l ngoi ti ca kt qu
nghin cu. Chng hn nh khi chng ti lm nghin cu v vitamin D, chng ti phi cung cp thng tin v thnh
ph m mnh thc hin cng trnh nghin cu. V d: The study was designed as a cross-sectional investigation, in
which the setting was Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon). The City is located at 1045'N, 10640'E in the southeastern
region of Vietnam. The City is in the tropic and close to the sea; therefore it has a tropical climate, with an average
humidity of 75%. There are only two distinct seasons: the rainy season, with an average rainfall of about 1,800
millimetres annually (about 150 rainy days per year), usually begins in May and ends in late November; the dry season
lasts from December to April. The average temperature is 28C (82F), the highest temperature sometimes reaches
39C (102F) around noon in late April, while the lowest may fall below 16C (61F) in the early mornings of late
December.

Qui trnh nghin cu (Procedures). Trong phn ny, tc gi phi tm lc tng bc nghin cu, k c nhng ch
dn cho i tng nghin cu nh th no. Vic phn nhm trong nghin cu, chi tit v can thip hay iu tr (nu
c). Nu cng trnh c lin quan n ngu nhin ha, tc gi cn phi m t c th qui trnh ngu nhin ha
(randomization) nh th no, k thut g c s dng m bo cc nhm cn i, v.v

V d: Patients with psoriatic arthritis were randomized to receive placebo or etanercept (Enbrel) at a dose of 25 mg
twice weekly by subcutaneous administration for 12 weeks ... Etanercept was supplied as a sterile, lyophilized powder
in vials containing 25 mg etanercept, 40 mg mannitol, 10 mg sucrose, and 1-2 mg tromethamine per vial. Placebo was
identically supplied and formulated except that it contained no etanercept. Each vial was reconstituted with 1 mL
bacteriostatic water for injection.
Ngoi ra, tc gi phi m t cn thn k thut o lng c s dng trong nghin cu, nh tn ca my, model g,
software phin bn no, v ni sn xut. Cn phi m t iu kin (nhit , nh sng) trong khi o lng, cng nh
cc h s v tin cy v chnh xc ca k thut o lng.

V d: Blood pressure (diastolic phase 5) while patient was sitting and had rested for at least five minutes was measured
by a trained nurse with a Copal UA-251 or a Takeda UA-751 electronic ausculatory blood pressure reading machine
(Andrew Stephens, Brighouse, West Yorkshire) or with a Hawksley random zero sphygmomanometer (Hawksley,
Lancing, Sussex) in patients with atrial fibrillation. The first reading was discarded and the mean of the next three
consecutive readings with a coefficient of variation below 15% was used in the study, with additional readings if required.

nh ngha ch tiu lm sng (measurements of endpoints). Mt cng trnh nghin cu lm sng phi c mt endpoint
hay outcome, m ti tm dch l ch tiu lm sng, l ci lm thc o ca mt thut can thip. Do , tc gi cn
phi nh ngha r rng ch tiu lm sng ca cng trnh nghin cu l g, v nht l phng php o lng (nh va
cp) ra sao. Thng thng, mt nghin cu c 2 ch tiu lm sng m ting Anh gi l primary endpoint (ch tiu
chnh) v secondary endpoint (ch tiu ph).

V d: The primary endpoint with respect to efficacy in psoriasis was the proportion of patients achieving a 75%
improvement in psoriasis activity from baseline to 12 weeks as measured by the PASI (psoriasis area and severity
index). Additional analyses were done on the percentage change in PASI scores and improvements in target psoriasis
lesions.

Nn nh rng phn ny tc gi ch m t nhng bin c lin quan n bi bo, ch khng phi m t tt c nhng
bin c thu thp trong cng trnh nghin cu. Chng hn nh nu bi bo ch ni v mt xng, th tc gi
khng cn phi ni n gy xng (v hai bin ny rt khc nhau). Nguyn tc l: ch m t nhng g c lin quan
n phn kt qu.

C mu (Sample Size). C mu l mt yu t rt quan trng trong mt nghin cu lm sng. Thng thng, cc

nghin cu randomized controlled trial (RCT) phi c mt cu vn m t cch tnh c mu. Khng phi l cng thc
tnh (nh ti thy nhiu bi bo Vit Nam), m l nhng gi nh ng sau cch tnh. iu ny quan trng, v qua
gi nh, ngi c c th nh gi kh nng m cng trnh nghin cu c th gii quyt cu hi t ra trong phn
dn nhp.

V d: We consider that the incidence of symptomatic deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism or death would
be 4% in the placebo group and 1.5% in the ardeparin sodium group. Based on 0.9 power to detect a significant
difference (p 0.05, two-sided), 976 patients were required for each study group. To compensate for nonevaluable
patients, we planned to enroll 1000 patients in each group.

Ngu nhin ha (Randomization). Trong cc cng trnh nghin cu lm sng i chng ngu nhin (randomized
controlled trial hay RCT), bnh nhn thng c phn nhm mt cch ngu nhin. C nhiu cch phn nhm bng
my tnh v thut ton, cho nn tc gi c trch nhim phi m t r phng php phn nhm ngi c c th
nh gi cht lng ca nghin cu. Nu cch phn nhm c hiu qu th kt qu thng cho thy cc nhm rt
tng ng v cc c tnh lm sng. Mt v d v cch m t phng php phn nhm c th thy trong on
vn sau y: Women had an equal probability of assignment to the groups. The randomization code was developed
using a computer random number generator to select random permuted blocks. The block lengths were 4, 8, and 10
varied randomly.

Mt ha (cn gi l Blinding). Trong cc cng trnh RCT, c khi c bc s iu tr v bnh nhn u khng bit bnh
nhn mnh (hay mnh) nm trong nhm no ca nghin cu. y l mt bin php nhm tng tnh khch quan khi
nh gi hiu qu ca can thip. Cng nh ngu nhin ha c th thc hin bng nhiu thut ton, cch mt ha
cng c th thc hin bng nhiu th thut. Cch m t th thut c th tm thy trong on vn sau y:: All
study personnel and participants were blinded to treatment assignment for the duration of the study. Only the study
statisticians and the data monitoring committee saw unblinded data but none had any contact with study participants.

Phn tch d liu (Data Analysis). Thit k v phn tch cc nghin cu lm sng u cn n cc phng php
thng k. Do , phn ny tuy l phn cui trong phn phng php ca bi bo khoa hc, nhng n ng vai tr
rt quan trng. Ti tng phc v trong ban bin tp v thy rt nhiu bi bo v cng trnh nghin cu rt tt nhng
v phn tch sai nn nh phi t chi. Con s bi bo b t chi v phn tch sai c khi ln n 50% (nh vi tp san
JAMA chng hn). Do , trong phn phn tch, tc gi phi pht biu cho c bin ph thuc (hay endpoints hoc
outcome) l g, bin c lp (hay risk factors hoc covariates) l g, v nh ngha r rng cc bin ny c x l ra
sao. Nu s liu qua hon chuyn th tc gi phi gii thch ti sao. V c nhiu phng php phn tch s liu v
kim nh gi thuyt, nn tc gi cn phi gii thch ti sao chn phng php A m khng l phng php B. i
khi tc gi cng phi ni ra dng software no cho phn tch. (Nh ng khoe software phn tch m c quan
hay c nhn tu mt cch bt hp php!)

V d v cch vit on vn ny nh sau: All data analysis was carried out according to a pre-established analysis
plan. Proportions were compared by using Chi-squared tests with continuity correction or Fisher's exact test when
appropriate. Multivariate analyses were conducted with logistic regression. The durations of episodes and signs of
disease were compared by using proportional hazards regression. Mean serum retinol concentrations were compared
by t-test and analysis of covariance ... Two-sided significance tests were used throughout. The analysis was performed
with the SAS system (SAS Institute, Inc, Cary, NC, USA.

Ni chung, phn Phng php thng di gp 2 hay 3 ln phn Dn nhp. S khng c vn g nu tc gi m t

phn Phng php mt cch chi tit, v nu tp san thy khng cn thit th h s ct b hay a vo phn ph ch
(appendix). Nhng s l vn nu tc gi c tnh m t phn Phng php mt cch m m v vn tt, bi v
ngi duyt bi s ngh tc gi hoc l mun du dim vn hoc l thiu thnh tht! Xin nhc li rng gn 70%
bi bo khoa hc b t chi l do phng php khng ng hay m t khng y . V th, tc gi cn phi ht sc
thn trng trong phn m t Phng php nghin cu, lm sao ni cho c l what did you do (bn lm g
trong nghin cu ny).

Trong cc phn k tip, ti s ch cch vit phn kt qu v m t cc d liu. Th theo yu cu ca nhiu bn c,

ti cng s c gng ch ra nhng ch, cu vn, nhng on vn quen thuc trong cch vit mt bi bo khoa hc.
Ti ngh nhng ch, cu vn v on vn c th ny s rt c ch cho cc bn ang mun hay trong qu trnh phi
c danh g vi ni sng (tc l cng b cho c mt vi bi bo khoa hc lu danh cng hu th.

Cch vit mt bi bo khoa hc (Kt qu)

Tip theo phn phng php l phn trnh by kt qu nghin cu. Mt kh khn m phn ln nghin cu sinh mc
phi l khng bit trnh by kt qu ra sao v nh th no trong ng rng d liu th nghim thu thp v phn tch.
V th, trong phn ny, ti s ch cho cc bn mt vi mo nh v cch thc vit phn kt qu sao cho thuyt phc
v nht l phi n khp vi phn dn nhp. y l phn 4 ca lot bi ny, m ti "mc n" vi rt nhiu bn
nghin cu trn th gii v trt ha l phi "ra l" mi bi mt tun!

Mc lc

[n]

1 Ch dn chung
 2 Ch dn c th
3 Nhng khng nn trong phn kt qu
4 Vi li khuyn v vn phong trong phn kt qu
5 Tc gi, ngun
6 Xem thm
7 Bi lin quan
8 Lin kt n y

Ch dn chung
V nguyn tc, trong phn kt qu, tc gi phi tr li cho c cu hi pht hin nhng g? (Tc l tr li cu
hi "What did you find?") Cn phi phn bit r u l kt qu chnh v u l kt qu ph. Phn kt qu phi c biu
v bng s liu, v nhng d liu ny phi c din gii mt cch ngn gn trong vn bn. Nhng s liu phi
c trnh by ln lt tr li cc mc ch nghin cu (hay cu hi nghin cu) m tc gi nu ra trong phn
dn nhp.

Phn kt qu phi c vit mt cch ngn gn v i thng vo vn nu ra trong phn dn nhp. Tt c cc bng
thng k, biu , v hnh nh phi c ch thch r rng; tt c nhng k hiu phi c nh vn hay ch gii
mt cch c th ngi c c th hiu c ngha ca nhng d kin ny. Trong phn kt qu, tc gi ch
trnh by s tht v ch s tht (facts), k c nhng s tht m nh nghin cu khng tin on trc c hay
nhng kt qu tiu cc (ngc li vi iu mnh mong i). Tc gi khng nn bnh lun hay din dch nhng kt
qu ny cao hay thp, xu hay tt, v.v.. v nhng nhn xt ny s c cp n trong phn tho lun (Discussion).

Ch dn c th
Phn kt qu c th v von l tri tim ca mt bi bo khoa hc. Ci kh khn ln nht l lm sao trnh by rt nhiu
d liu v phn tch trong vng vi trang giy. Thng thng, tc gi c th bt u trnh by nhng d liu n gin
nht, nhng d liu d hiu nht, v dn dn cung cp nhng d liu phc tp hn. Sau y l mt s ch dn c
th cc bn c th trnh by phn kt qu mt cch thuyt phc:

1. Trc ht, sp xp nhng kt qu quan trng trong mt lot bng s liu v biu m tc gi mun a vo bi
bo khoa hc. Tc gi nn vit xung giy nhng kt qu c xem l th v, l quan trng, nhng cha c c s
vng vng. Nhng kt qu ny s l u bn lun sau ny. Nu kt qu nghin cu n gin (nh bao nhiu
nam, bao nhiu n, tui trung bnh, v.v), th khng cn phi trnh by trong bng s liu, m ch cn m t trong
bi bo l . Nhng nhng kt qu mang tnh phc to th cn phi cn n bng s liu v biu .

Lm sao bit nn chn cch trnh by bng bng s liu hay biu ? Kinh nghim ca ti cho thy nu s liu chnh
xc l quan trng cho bi bo, th nn dng bng s liu; nu xu hng (pattern) l quan trng hn l chnh xc
th nn trnh by bng biu . D l bng s liu hay biu , cn phi cn thn t tn v ghi ch cn thn, sao
cho ngi c khng cn c phn chi tit trong bi bo vn c th nm c ngha ca d liu.

V d: bng s liu sau y c tiu r rng, ch ra nm thu thp d liu, a im, v ni dung ca d liu:
Biu di y, tc gi gii thch cc k hiu trong biu mt cch ngn gn m ngi c c th nm ly nhng
nt chnh ca m hnh:
C nhin, nhng bng s liu v biu bt buc phi cp trong phn kt qu. Dng ch s cp n biu
hay bng s liu. V d, nn vit: "An exponential increase in egg production of Acartia tonsa was found for algal
concentrations between 10 and 1,000 cells per ml r2 =0.779, p= 0.05 (Figure 1)", thay v vit "Figure 1 shows an
exponential increase in egg production of Acartia tonsa was found for algal concentrations between 10 and 1,000 cells
per ml r2 =0.779, p= 0.05."

2. Phn kt qu nn trnh by nhng d liu ym tr cho cc mc tiu ra trong phn dn nhp. Phn kt qu
chnh l ni tc gi trnh by ci ca ca mnh. Do , s khc chit y rt quan trng. Tc gi cn phi thuyt
phc ngi c rng l gii ca mnh l logic. Nu ngi c cm thy ln ln do d liu trnh by, hoc khng th
no theo di nhng din gii ca tc gi, h c th khng chp nhn kt lun ca tc gi (v l mt iu nguy
him).

Chng hn nh tc gi t cu hi chiu cao ca nam sinh vin bng chiu cao ca n sinh vin theo hc ngnh
sinh hc, th vic u tin tc gi phi thu thp chiu cao t mt nhm sinh vin c chn ngu nhin trong cc
khoa sinh hc. Sau tc gi tnh ton cc ch s thng k (trung bnh, lch chun, v.v) v th hin cc d liu
ny bng biu . Gi d rng sau khi phn tch tc gi pht hin nam sinh vin cao hn n sinh vin 12.5 cm, v
chnh l cu tr li cho cu hi nghin cu.

Cn phi nhn vo d liu v suy ngh cn thn v ngha ca chng l g. Nu tc gi m khng bit d liu mnh
ni g, th ngi c cng kh c th hiu c ngha ca d liu. Mt khi tc gi bit d liu ca mnh ni ln
g, th mi c th thit k mt cch trnh by cho thch hp v r rng.

3. Khi m t kt qu nghin cu, cn phi cp n xu hng khc bit (directionality) v mc khc bit
(magnitude). Trong phn kt qu, tc gi nn cung cp thng tin quan trng v mi lin h, v khc bit. Hai c im
cn ch l xu hng v mc khc bit. Chng hn nh khng nn vit "groups A and B were significantly
different". Cu hi t ra l khc bit nh th no? Do , cu vn trn cn phi vit li cho c thng tin hn, v d
nh: "Group A individuals were 23% larger than those in Group B", hay, "Group B patients gained weight at twice the
rate of Group A patients."

4. Khi m t mt bng s liu, trnh cch vit lit k. Mt bng s liu c khi c rt nhiu s liu phc tp, m tc
gi c khi cm thy lng tng khng bit nn m t s liu no trc, v s liu no sau. Nguyn l l chn s liu
no ni tri, quan trng, v c lin quan n mc tiu nghin cu trnh by. Ni chung, khi trnh by bng s liu,
cn (a) ti thiu ha lp li nhng con s trong bng s liu; (b) cung cp cho c gi nhng thng tin b sung cho
bng s liu (nhng khng c trong bng s liu); v (c) c gng sc tch.

V d: "Data from 1194 women and 761 men, whose BMD measurements were available, were analysed. The average
(and standard deviation, SD) of age for both sexes was 69.5 (6.5) years old (Table 1), with an above-average
concentration of subjects in the younger age group of 60-69 years (58%), followed by 70-79 years (33%) and 80+ years
(9%). The distribution of body mass index (BMI) in the sample was normally distributed for both sexes, with mean of 26
(3.6) kg/m2 for men, almost identical to that of in women (25.4 (4.6) kg/m2). Approximately one-third of women and 36%
of men had BMI greater than 27 kg/cm2. Dietary calcium intake was skewed toward the lower level, with median for
men (592 mg/day) was not significantly different from women (573 mg/day). In both sexes, approximately 75% of intakes
was below 800 mg/day. Quadriceps strength in men (33 (13) kg) was significantly higher (p < 0.0001) than women (20
(8) kg). Physical activity index (PAI) in men was also higher (p < 0.001) in men (35 + 8.9) compared to women (30
(4.4)); 75% of men and women had PAI lower than 38 and 32, respectively."

i vi nhng bng s liu phc tp, tc gi cn phi vit vi dng gii thch trc khi m t d liu. Chng hn
nh trong bng s liu sau y trnh by v nh hng ca genes v mi trng n thnh phn c th (body
composition) v khi lng xng:
Trc ht, tc gi gii thch v mc tiu mt cch ngn gn: To assess whether the observed relationships between
BMD at various sites and body composition were attributable to genetic or environmental factors, multivariate genetic
model-fitting analysis (as described in Figure 1) was performed.

Sau l gii thch ngha ca cc kt qu trong bng s liu: Squared standardised path coefficients (Table 2) can
be interpreted as estimates of heritability of specific and decomposed in terms of the portion in common with and
independent of other genetic factors. Off-diagonal elements of this analysis were small relative to diagonal elements,
which indicate that the majority of heritability of each variable trait is due to specific genetic factors.

V sau cng l m t d liu trong bng s liu: The heritability of fat mass in this sample was 0.65, and the portion
of this due to shared genetic factors with lean mass was 0.02, whereas approximately a third of the environmental
variance of FM was due to shared environment with lean mass. This is consistent with the non-significant genetic
correlation between lean and fat mass (0.16; p = 0.24), and the significant environmental correlation (0.51; p < 0.001,
Table 3)."

5. Tc gi nn bo co kt qu m tnh (negative results) v y l nhng kt qu c khi rt quan trng! i khi kt

qu th nghim khng xy ra nh tc gi tin lng lc ban u, hoc khng ph hp vi gi thuyt nghin cu, v
tc gi s kh cng b bi bo nn c tnh du! Nhng l iu khng chp nhn c trong khoa hc. Nhng kt
qu nh th c th ni ln rng gi thuyt nghin cu khng ng v cn phi pht biu li, hoc phng php o
lng c vn , hoc tc gi ang ngi trn mt khm ph rt quan trng. Bt c l do g, tc gi cn phi thnh
tht trnh by nhng kt qu m tnh, v ng bao gi ngh rng ch v kt qu khng nh mnh tin lng l nhng
kt qu xu. Nu tc gi thit k cng trnh nghin cu tt, th nhng d liu kt qu l tht, v cn phi c
trnh by v din gii mt cch thch hp.

Nhng khng nn trong phn kt qu

1. Khng nn a vo bi bo nhng thng tin v d liu lt vt. Nhng thng tin khng quan trng v nh nht c
th lm ngi c lc hng vn . Chng hn nh nu trnh by kt qu v mi lin h gia gene v bnh tiu
ng, khng cn phi trnh by thnh phn kinh t ca i tng nghin cu trong bi bo. Nn nh rng lc no
cng ch tm n d liu nhm ym tr cho mc ch t ra lc ban u, ch khng nn t i ra ngoi mc tiu ca
cng trnh nghin cu!

2. Trnh trnh by mt lot d liu m khng c ngha g ln hay khng din gii. Chng hn nh cch vit sau y
l phi trnh: "Hours in sunlight significantly affected growth (Table 1). Soil moisture significantly affected growth (Table
2). Soil nitrogen also had a significant effect on plant growth (Table 3)." Thay v vit nh th, tc gi nn pht trin mi
tng trong bi bo: m t nh hng hay h qu; mc nh hng ra sao; v nhng thng tin lin quan n
n v so snh. Mt bi bo di nn c nhng tiu nh trong phn kt qu ngi c c th theo di v i
chiu vi phn phng php.

3. Khng nn dng nhng tnh t mang tnh p t trong phn kt qu. Chng hn nh khng nn vit "This difference
was highly significant (p = 0.001)," m ch cn n gin vit rng "This difference was significant (p = 0.001)." Ngi
c s rt kh chu khi tc gi dng t highly v h xem l cch t ch vo ming ngi c. Tc gi ch nn
trnh by con s, d liu; ngi c s nh gi d liu cao hay thp.

4. Khng nn din gii d liu trong phn kt qu. Nhng bnh lun nh "the data suggest that...." chng c ngha
g c, m cn mang ting l nht ch vo ming ngi c! Phn din gii d liu nn dnh cho phn bn lun
(discussion); trong phn kt qu, tc gi ch trnh by s tht.

5. Phn tch khng ch dy iu g c. Nhiu tc gi phm phi nhng li lm s ng nh cu "The ANOVA showed
that." Phng php phn tch thng k khng show, khng ch ci g c; tc gi mi chnh l ngi ch ra kt
qu c ngha g!

Vi li khuyn v vn phong trong phn kt qu

1. V cch vit trong phn kt qu, nn dng th qu kh v th th ng (passive voice). Phn ln cc tp san y
khoa v khoa hc ni chung yu cu tc gi dng th qu kh bo co nhng kt qu th nghim. Tuy phn ln
cc bi bo u vit theo th th ng, nhng cng c mt s t tp san (nh Lancet v New England Journal of
Medicine) yu cu tc gi vit theo th ch ng (active voice).

V d di y nhn mnh n xu hng (trend) v s khc bit m tc gi mun ngi c tp trung vo:

The duration of exposure to running water had a pronounced effect on cumulative seed germination percentages (Fig.
2). Seeds exposed to the 2-day treatment had the highest cumulative germination (84%), 1.25 times that of the 12-h or
5-day groups and 4 times that of controls.

Ngc li, trong v d di y, tc gi ngm din gii s liu v mun li ko ngi c tin vo m hnh / tng
ca tc gi.

The results of the germination experiment (Fig. 2) suggest that the optimal time for running-water treatment is 2 days.
This group showed the highest cumulative germination (84%), with longer (5 d) or shorter (12 h) exposures producing
smaller gains in germination when compared to the control group.

2. Khi trnh by cc kt qu phn tch thng k mang tnh m t (nh tn ca test, tr s P) nn vit trong ngoc cng
vi kt qu chnh m cc phng php test ym tr. Chng hn nh chiu cao ca nam sinh vin cao hn n sinh
vin, tc gi c th vit nh sau:
"Men (180.5 5.1 cm; n=34) averaged 12.5 cm taller than women (168 7.6 cm; n=34) in the AY pool of Biology
majors (two-sample t-test, t = 5.78, 33 d.f., p < 0.001)."

Nu cc s liu thng k c trnh by trong mt biu , cu vn trn c th vit li nh sau:

"Men averaged 12.5 cm taller than women in the AY 1995 pool of Biology majors (two-sample t-test, t = 5.78, 33 d.f., p
< 0.001; Figure 1)."

Ch rng cc kt qu chnh trnh by ngoi du ngoc, cn kt qu phn tch thng k th trnh by trong du ngoc.

3. Lun lun trnh by n v o lng (khng c g ng ght hn l c mt d liu m khng bit n v o

lng l g!). i vi gi tr n, tc gi c th vit "the mean length was 10 m", or, "the maximum time was 140 min".
Khi bo co cc ch s v dao ng v khc bit, nn vit r du pha sau l SD hay SE: 10 2.3 m (mean SD)".
Tng t, t n v o lng sau cng trong dy s liu c cng n v o lng, v d nh: "lengths of 5, 10, 15,
and 20 m", or "no differences were observed after 2, 4, 6, or 8 min. of incubation".

Tuy ng vai tr tri tim ca mt bi bo khoa hc, phn kt qu cng ch di khong 2-3 trang. Do , vic chn
d liu trnh by cng nh k thut vit rt quan trng trong vic vit phn kt qu cho y v thuyt phc. Hi
vng rng nhng hng dn trn y gip cho cc bn son bi bo khoa hc hay lun n tt hn. C nhin, nhng
hng dn ny thch hp cho ngnh y khoa v sinh hc, c th khng hn thch hp cho cc ngnh khc nh kinh
t hc chng hn. Tuy nhin, v nguyn tc, ti ngh cch vit cng khng khc nhau my gia cc ngnh khoa hc
thc nghim.

Cch vit mt bi bo khoa hc (Bn lun)

Phn Bn lun (Discussion) l phn cui ca ni dung ca mt bi bo khoa hc, v n c chc nng ging nh l
mt din gii kt qu nghin cu. Chng ta bit rng phn Dn nhp tr li cu hi Ti sao lm nghin cu ny;
phn Phng php tr li cu hi lm g v lm ra sao; phn Kt qu l nhm tr li cu hi pht hin
nhng g; v phn Bn lun tp trung vo tr li cho c cu hi Nhng pht hin c ngha g?

Trong bi bo khoa hc, phn Bn lun l phn kh vit nht. Cc nghin cu sinh khi mi bt u vit thng lng
tng khng bit bt u nh th no, m c nhng bi bo trong y vn th cng khng nm c ni dung v cu
trc ra sao. Ngay c nhiu gio s c kinh nghim cng c khi cm thy kh khn khi vit phn Bn lun, v h khng
bit nhn mnh vo kha cnh no, v vit nh th no cho thuyt phc. Mt trong nhng kh khn ln nht l phn
Bn lun khng c mt cu trc c th no. Tht vy, trong khi phn Phng php v Kt qu cn c cu trc, cn
phn Bn lun th tc gi c th vit bt c g mnh thch (nhng ngi c c thch hay khng l chuyn khc!)

Tuy khng c qui nh cu trc c th, nhng chng ta c th hc t bi bo hay i n mt qui lut. Kinh nghim
ca ti cho thy nhng bi bo hay thng vit phn bn lun theo cu trc 6 im sau y:

(a) tm lc gi thuyt, mc tiu, v pht hin chnh trong on vn u tin;

(b) so snh nhng kt qu ny vi cc nghin cu trc;

(c) gii thch kt qu bng cch ra m hnh mi hay gi thuyt mi;

(d) khi qut ha v ngha ca kt qu;

(e) bn qua nhng u im v khuyt im ca cng trnh nghin cu; v

(f) v sau cng l mt kt lun sao cho ngi c c th lnh hi c mt cch d dng.

Trong phn tho lun, tc gi phi gii thch, hay ngh mt m hnh gii thch, ti sao nhng d kin thu thp c
c xu hng quan st trong cuc nghin cu. Nu khng gii thch c th nh nghin cu phi thnh tht ni y
nh th: khng bit. Tc gi cn phi so snh vi kt qu ca nhng nghin cu trc v gii thch ti sao chng
(nhng kt qu) khc nhau, hay ti sao chng li ging nhau, v ngha ca chng l g. Ngoi ra, nh nghin cu
cn phi c trch nhim t mnh vch ra nhng thiu st, nhng trc tr, kh khn trong cuc nghin cu, cng
nhng u im ca cuc nghin cu, cng nh a ra cc gii php khc phc hay nhng xut hng nghin
cu trong tng lai. S 2 sau y c th dng lm dn bi vit phn tho lun.

Mc lc

[n]

1 S cho phn tho lun

2 Ch thch:
3 Tc gi, ngun
4 Xem thm
5 Bi lin quan
6 Lin kt n y

S cho phn tho lun

Cu hi cn phi tr li Ni dung

Pht biu nhng pht hin chnh; t nhng pht hin ny vo bi cnh ca cc nghin cu trc
Pht hin chnh l g?
y.

Kt qu c nht qun
Gii thch ti sao khng nht qun. C phi do vn a phng, bnh nhn, chn on, o lng,
(consistent) vi nghin cu
phn tch, v.v Phi suy ngh v gii thch.
trc?

y l on vn kh nht, v tc gi phi suy ngh, vn dng kin thc hin hnh, v tm m hnh
Gii thch ti sao c kt qu
gii thch kt qu nghin cu ca mnh. Nu kt qu l mt mi tng quan (nh gien v bnh), phi
nh trong nghin cu, mi
thuyt phc ngi c rng mi tng quan ny khng phi ngu nhin, m c c ch sinh hc. Bn
lin h c ph hp vi gi
v c ch ca mi lin h mt cch thuyt phc bng cch s dng cc nghin cu trc hay ra
thuyt?
gi thuyt mi.

y l phn generalization, khi qut ha. t kt qu ca nghin cu vo bi cnh ln hn, v so

ngha ca kt qu nghin
snh vi cc nghin cu trc y. Suy lun v c ch (nhng khng nn qu li hay qu xa x trong
cu l g?
khi suy lun, m phi nm trong khun kh ca d kin tht).

Pht hin c kh nng sai

Xem xt nhng yu t sau y: thiu khch quan trong o lng v thu thp s liu? S lng i
lm khng? im mnh v
tng t? Cch chn mu c vn ? Cc yu t khc cha xem xt n? Phn tch cha y ?
khim khuyt ca nghin cu
Cha iu chnh cho cc yu t ph? V.v
l g?

Kt lun phi r rng, nhng khng nn i ra ngoi khun kh ca d kin. Chng hn nh nu kt

Kt lun c ph hp vi d
qu cho thy ht thuc l lm tng ung th phi, tc gi khng nn kt lun rng ngng ht thuc l
kin hay khng?
s gim ung th phi.
1. M u phn bn lun bng cch tm tt bi cnh, gi thuyt, mc tiu v pht hin chnh ca nghin cu. y
thc cht l mt on vn tm tt nhng chnh trong phn dn nhp v kt qu mt ln na nhn mnh rng
gi thuyt ca tc gi c minh chng. Ngi c cm thy d theo di khi nhng kt qu chnh c tm
lc trong phn m u ca bn lun. Do , tc gi cn phi vit ra kt qu bng con s (c th lp li phn kt
qu) nhn mnh. Ch rng, mt bi bo khoa hc i khi cng cn ip khc nhn mnh, nhng ng c
qu nhiu ip khc nh nhc v s gy phn cm.

V d: on sau y m u bng cu vn ni v l do nghin cu, k n l cu vn m t kt qu chnh, v nhn

mnh n ci mi ca kt qu: "There has been little doubt that BMD measured at various sites is one of the
best measureable determinants of fracture risk [28-30]. BMD is, in turn, regulated by genetic, hormonal, dietary
and mechanical factors. The present study addressed a small part of this complex system by using the
classical twin design. It was found that (i) both lean mass and fat mass were associated with areal BMD;
however, fat mass alone appeared to have an independent effect on BMD/height ratios and volumetric BMD;
(ii) both lean mass and fat mass as well as BMD were under strong genetic influence and (iii) the association
between fat mass (and lean mass) and BMD were mainly mediated through environmental influences."

2. So snh kt qu ca nghin cu vi cc nghin cu trc. Trong on vn ny, ngoi so snh, tc gi cn phi

c trch nhim phi gii thch ti sao kt qu ca nghin cu khc (hay khng nht qun) vi nghin cu trc. Khi
bn lun v kt qu nghin cu trc, nu cn, tc gi c th trch dn con s c th v gii thch kt qu c tht
s nm trong s k vng chung ca vn . Khi xem xt n cc yu t c th gii thch s khc bit gia cc kt
qu nghin cu, cn ch n nhng khc bit v qun th nghin cu (tui, gii tnh, c tnh lm sng ), iu
kin a phng, phng php o lng, phng php phn tch, v.v Nu khng th gii thch ti sao c s khc
bit, tc gi c th thnh tht ni nh th: khng bit!

V d: "This study confirms the familial influence on bone density with estimates of heritability for the lumbar
spine, femoral neck and total body BMD of 78%, 76% and 79%, respectively, comparable with previous
estimates [12-16]. However, the present study also indicates that a common source of genetic and...."

3. Gii thch kt qu v c ch ca nhng mi lin h pht hin trong nghin cu. Trong phn ny, tc gii phi gii
thch nhng kt qu c th gii thch bng kin thc hin hnh. Trong on vn ny, tc gi c th trch dn cc
nghin cu khc v h thng ha thng tin gii thch kt qu ca nghin cu mnh. Tc gi c th ra gi thuyt
mi gii thch. Chng hn nh nu nghin cu pht hin nh hng ca thuc bisphosphonates v ung th v,
th tc gi phi tm nhng thng tin nghin cu trc v c ch ca mi lin h. C th ni rng y cng l on
vn kh vit nht, v phi h thng ha nhiu kin thc hin hnh m khng i ra ngoi phm vi ca nghin cu.

V d: on sau y ti trch t mt bi bo mi nht t tp san Archives of Internal Medicine v nghin cu so snh

tc hi ca 2 thuc rosiglitazone v pioglitazone n bnh tim mch. Cc tc gi gii thch ti sao sao thuc
rosiglitazone gy tc hi cao hn thuc pioglitazone. Tht ra, h khng gii thch c, nhng h ngh gi thuyt
gii thch:

The potential mechanism(s) for cardiovascular (CV) harm from rosiglitazone use (and the differences from
pioglitazone use) remains to be elucidated, but there are several reasonable hypotheses. Rosiglitazone therapy
increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels as much as 23% in trials, leading to approval.21
Current FDA guidelines consider a drug that lowers LDL-C levels by at least 15% approvable for presumed
CV benefits. Although the FDA has not established a level of increase in LDL-C that is presumed to cause harm,
a drug that increases LDL-C levels would reasonably be expected to increase CV adverse events. Interestingly,
the lipid effects of the 2 marketed thiazolidinediones, pioglitazone and rosiglitazone, are markedly different.
4. Khi qut ha kt qu nghin cu v gii thch ngha ca kt qu. Trong on vn ny, tc gi cn phi bn v
kh nng m nhng pht hin ca nghin cu c th p dng cho mt qun th khc hay khng. Nu p dng cho
qun th khc, th phi da vo gi nh (assumptions) no. Nu l nghin cu v tin lng v chn on, tc gi
c th bn v gi tr kinh t v lm sng ca phng php chn on.

V d: on vn sau y c gng thuyt phc ti sao mi lin h gia vitamin D v TB l quan trng v c ngha
lm sng: The finding of high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in TB patients has a number of clinical
implications. Vitamin D in the form of cod liver oil and sunlight exposure was once a therapy for tuberculosis
prior to the Robert Kochs discovery of the etiology of this disease. The association between vitamin D
insufficiency and the risk of tuberculosis suggests that supplementation of vitamin D may help prevent and
reduce the severity of tuberculosis. Indeed, a recent randomized controlled trial has shown that the severity of
TB at the end of treatment was less for patients with normal vitamin D status at baseline than for those with
vitamin D insufficiency, without adverse effects. However, the vitamin D dose used in the intervention (100,000
IU) is probably too low to warrant a clinical effect. These results taken together suggest that low vitamin D
status in TB patients, whether cause or effect, might be an important determinant of treatment outcome and
comorbidities.

5. Bn lun v im mnh v im yu ca cng trnh nghin cu. Trong nghin cu khoa hc, bn cnh thnh cng,
lc no cng c hn ch. Mt trong nhng l do m ngi bnh duyt v ch bin tp san t chi bi bo l do tc
gi khng chu bn lun v nhng im mnh v hn ch ca cng trnh nghin cu. Do , trong on vn ny, tc
gii c gng suy ngh ra nhng li im v khuyt im ca nghin cu mnh. Nhng im ny (c mnh v yu) c
th l cch thit k, qun th nghin cu, bnh nhn, cch o lng, phng php phn tch, v.v Chng hn nh
nu nghin cu lm qun th ngi Vit, th im yu c th l kt qu ny khng th khi qut ha cho cc qun
th ngi da trng. C nhin, nhng kt qu khng nh d on cng bn c bn lun n ni n chn. M
u on vn ny bng mt cu nh "The present findings must be interpreted in the context of a number of
potential limitations. The data were obtained from a Caucasian population in Sydney, among whom, cultural
backgrounds and...." Ch l tc gi dng ch potential limitations!

Thnh thong, tc gi c th dng k thut tranh lun ngi rm (straw man argument). K thut ny c th nm n
m t nh sau: dng nn mt hnh nm bng rm, ri ph bnh hnh nm chng minh rng nghin cu mnh
khng c vn . V d: trong on vn sau y, tc gi t ra mt vn (m tht ra khng quan trng) lm nh
quan trng! A limitation of this study was that we could not measure vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and 1,25D in
this study; however, the occurrence of this vitamin D (less than 10% of sera) seems not to be a major
problem. on u, tc gi dng nn hnh nm 1,25D, ri ngay sau nh hnh nm bng cch l gii
rng khng c vn g c! Cch bn lun ny chng t cho ngi c, ngi bnh duyt thy rng tc gi suy
ngh trc mi tnh hung c th xy ra, xem xt ht nhng vn c th nh hng n nghin cu, nhng
chng c vn no c. Cch vit nh th cng chng t tc gi suy ngh n kt qu ca mnh mt cch nghim
chnh, v c tnh ton n cch din gii khc. Ch , c k thut ny, tc gi phi cn thn, ch nu khng th d
gy ra phn tc dng.

6. Sau cng l mt on vn kt lun, gi l "big" bottom line. y cng c th l on vn kh vit nht v n phi
mang tnh c ng (ch vi mi t thi), m phi chuyn ti c kt qu v ngha ca nghin cu. Ti thng
hay ni a rng phi vit lm sao m khi ngi ta c xong on vn ny, ban m v ng nm tay ln trn, h
vn nh n cng trnh nghin cu ca mnh! Ting Anh gi y l "take home message," tc l thng ip m tc
gi mun chuyn ti n ngi c.

V d v on vn kt lun: "In conclusion, these data indicate that the clinically relevant association between
volumetric BMD and body composition is mediated only through fat mass. Furthermore, lean mass and fat
mass, as with.... These data also suggest that modulation of environmental factors could translate to clinically
relevant changes in BMD and presumably fracture risk." Ch on vn ny c 2 cu: cu u (in conclusion)
tm lc kt qu, v cu hai (these data suggest) c ni dung din gii kt qu.

Trong on vn quan trng ny, c trnh cch vit v duyn (nhng rt ph bin trong cc tp san y khoa)
nh "Further research is needed", v cu vn ny chng nhng tha, m cn chng c ngha g. ng nhin l
trong khoa hc, mt nghin cu sao khi hon tt u m ra mt cnh ca mi, mt tng mi, cho nn chc chn
s c thm nghin cu. Cu vn nh th cn cho thy tc gi cha u t th gi suy ngh n ni n chn mnh
mun ni iu g!

Mt trong nhng cch vit cng c th lm ngi c bc mnh l cch vit qu bt nh trong phn kt lun,
nh "This seems to suggest..." (ch ch seem) v n cho thy tc gi khng chc chn v ngha ca nghin
cu mnh. Nu tc gi khng chc chn th tc gi lm ph th gi ngi c! Mt kt qu c nhiu cch din gii,
v ngi c mun bit theo quan im ca tc gi, cch din gi l g, ch khng phi seem (dng nh l)!

Cm t (Acknowledgments). Thng thng ngay sau phn bn lun l phn nh tc gi vit vi dng cm t. Cm
t nhng ng nghip gip cho cng trnh nghin cu, nhng h khng tiu chun ng tn tc gi.
Cm t nhng c quan ti tr cho nghin cu, hay nh ho tm gip tin bc cho tc gi trong qu trnh lm
vic.

My nm gn y, mt s tp san yu cu tc gi phi c s ng ca ngi c cm t. S d c trng hp

ny l v trong qu kh c tc gi li dng phn ny trng by nhng ci tn ln trong ngnh nhm tng gi tr
khoa hc ca bi bo (v mt phn nhm ngm thuyt phc ngi bnh duyt rng bi bo ca chng ti c s ng
h ca t s), nhng cc nhn vt c trng by khng h bit!

Nn nh rng phn bn lun l ni th hin s ng gp tri thc ca tc gi vo kho tng tri thc hin hnh. y l
phn m tc gi c th t ra gi thuyt mi, hoc m hnh mi, hoc qui lut mi gii thch hin tng qua kt
qu nghin cu ca mnh. Do , nu phn bn lun c vit tt, gi tr bi bo s tng rt cao.

Ring nhng ch dn trn y l kinh nghim ca c nhn ti c kt sau nhiu nm c st, m c l cc bn khng
tm thy trong bt c sch no hay bt c bi ch dn no t cc chuyn gia phng Ty. Ti lm th nghim vi
nhiu nghin cu sinh ca ti v ng nghip ca ti v cu trc , v ti c th hnh din ni rng rt c hiu qu.
Khi nghin cu sinh tun th theo nhng on vn theo ch dn trn y, h u c ngi bnh duyt khen l bi
bo well written. Li khen mi nht l cch y 3 tun! Do , cc bn c th lm th bng cch vit phn tho lun
theo cu trc trn v xc sut thnh cng c th ln n 95%, nu s ting Anh cho tt. Trong cc bi tip theo, ti
s ch cc bn cch s dng ting Anh trong tng phn ca bi bo khoa hc.

Ch thch:
Sau y l phn bn lun ca mt bi bo mi nht trn tp san Archives of Internal Medicine m ti ngh tiu biu
cho mt bn lun tt. Bi ny tht ra l mt phn tch tng hp (meta-analysis) v tc hi ca rosiglitazone (mt thuc
iu tr tiu ng) n cc bnh tim mch. Ti s trch v c vi ghi ch ngn:

M u phn bn lun tc gi cung cp bi cnh ca cu chuyn, v tm lc kt qu chnh:

The CV safety of rosiglitazone therapy has remained controversial after the publication of initial reports that suggested
that the use of rosiglitazone increases the risk for MI and other ischemic myocardial events.1, 14, 20 Despite 11 years
on the market, rosiglitazone has not been studied in any definitive randomized controlled CV outcomes trials.
Accordingly, a meta-analysis of existing clinical trials represents the most robust available approach to determining the
CV safety of this drug. The current study analyzed MI and CV mortality for 56 randomized trials involving 35 531 patients.
Using a study-level meta-analysis, the OR for MI was significantly increased but without evidence of an increase in CV
or all-cause mortality. An alternative analysis that included trials with no CV events found a similar hazard (Figure 3).
Subgroups classified by study duration and comparator drug also showed elevated OR estimates (Figure 2). These
findings are consistent with prior meta-analyses conducted by GSK, the FDA, and most independent investigators
demonstrating an increased risk of MI in patients treated with rosiglitazone.1, 10, 14, 20 The FDA has announced that
it will conduct an advisory committee meeting in July 2010 to consider whether to remove rosiglitazone from the market.

on di y, tc gi bn v ngha ca nghin cu, nh tuyn b trong cu vn u. Cc cu vn k tip nhm

chng minh cho cu tuyn b :

The public health implications of these results are considerable. There are more than 23 million persons with diabetes
in the United States alone and nearly 300 million worldwide.30-31 Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death
in patients with type 2 diabetes, representing approximately 68% of all causes of mortality.30 The estimated 28% to
39% increase in the risk for MI observed for rosiglitazone use in the current analysis and the NNH of 52 or 37 (with and
without the RECORD trial) represent a significant potential health burden. The magnitude of the observed effect is
larger than might be anticipated in a safety analysis using intent-to-treat (ITT) methods. In ITT efficacy studies,
discontinuation of therapy or crossovers between treatment groups bias the study toward the null hypothesis, thereby
favoring the control treatment. However, in safety studies, similar flaws in study conduct bias the investigation toward
a relative risk of 1.0, providing the potential for a false declaration of safety. Accordingly, using standardized ITT
methods, it is statistically much more difficult to conclude that a therapy is unsafe than to demonstrate efficacy. Because
we did not have access to patient-level data, we were unable to perform a useful alternative analysis that is commonly
used in drug-safety studies, a "per protocol" approach that includes events that occurred "on-treatment" or within 30
days after discontinuation of treatment.

on ny gii thch ti sao tc gi s dng phng php phn tch, v ch ra rng dng phng php no th kt qu
vn khng khc nhau:

We elected to present analyses with and without the RECORD trial. Several of the concerns about the RECORD trial
have been reported elsewhere.5-8 The study was an open-label, randomized noninferiority trial that compared
rosiglitazone with metformin or sulfonlyurea. The primary efficacy parameter was unconventional, CV hospitalization or
death. The study postulated an annual event rate of 11% but observed an event rate of only 2.6%, a large mismatch
that substantially reduced statistical power. The MI rate for the control group in the RECORD trial was 0.52% per year
compared with 1.38% for a similar population in the ACCORD trial, raising the concern that MIs may have been
incompletely ascertained. By the end of the trial, 40% of patients randomized to rosiglitazone therapy were no longer
taking the drug. Nonadherence to randomized therapy represents an important issue in a safety trial because, as noted
above, dropouts and crossovers bias the result toward the null hypothesis. Finally, the company compromised data
integrity by publishing an unplanned interim analysis32 and appears to have had access to ongoing study data at a
time when the trial should have remained blinded.2, 6-7

on ny tc gi bn v nhng hn ch ca nghin cu:

The limitations of our meta-analysis are notable. We had access to study-level data that were diclosed as a result of a
court settlement and subsequently posted on a company Web site. The unavailability of patient-level data precluded a
more statistically powerful analysis using time-to-event methods. However, it should be noted that the original 2007
meta-analysis was subsequently replicated by the FDA using time-to-event data, resulting a nearly identical relative
risk. There are important strengths to the study. The number of patients and studies included in the analysis is
substantially larger than was available for our original meta-analysis, which was completed in 2007. Furthermore,
because disclosure of all clinical trials by the maker of rosiglitazone was mandated by a court order, the common
problem of publication bias did not confound our analyses. The original 2007 analysis was criticized by some authors
because it did not include clinical trials in which there were no events.13 Therefore, in the current effort, we provided
an alternative approach that includes all 56 trials, regardless of whether there were adverse events. With both methods,
the OR was nearly identical.

A related issue involves the question of whether use of the other marketed thiazolidinedione, pioglitazone, carries similar
risks. A large CV outcomes trial with pioglitazone, the PROACTIVE (Prospective Pioglitazone Clinical Trial in
Macrovascular Events) trial, which was published in 2005, did not show statistically significant benefits.33 It showed a
trend toward reduction in the primary efficacy parameter, a broad composite of CV events (HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.80-
1.02; P =.10). However, a prespecified secondary end point of death, MI, and stroke showed a benefit (HR, 0.84; 95%
CI, 0.72-0.98; P =.03). A patient-level meta-analysis of CV outcomes with pioglitazone analyzed 19 trials, with a total
enrollment of 16 390 patients, and showed a statistically significant benefit on the composite of death, MI, and stroke
(OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.72-0.94; P =.005). These findings effectively rule out a CV hazard for pioglitazone use and suggest
the possibility of a CV benefit. However, it must be noted that the use of both rosiglitazone and pioglitazone has been
associated with an increased risk of congestive heart failure.

on ny tc gi bn v c ch ti sao rosiglitazone c th gy tc hi:

The potential mechanism(s) for CV harm from rosiglitazone use (and the differences from pioglitazone use) remains to
be elucidated, but there are several reasonable hypotheses. Rosiglitazone therapy increased low-density lipoprotein
cholesterol (LDL-C) levels as much as 23% in trials, leading to approval.21 Current FDA guidelines consider a drug
that lowers LDL-C levels by at least 15% "approvable" for presumed CV benefits. Although the FDA has not established
a level of increase in LDL-C that is presumed to cause harm, a drug that increases LDL-C levels would reasonably be
expected to increase CV adverse events. Interestingly, the lipid effects of the 2 marketed thiazolidinediones,
pioglitazone and rosiglitazone, are markedly different.34 In a comparative efficacy trial, rosiglitazone therapy produced
greater increases in LDL-C levels and raised triglyceride levels, while pioglitazone therapy reduced triglyceride levels.
Pioglitazone therapy also produced significantly greater increases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared with
rosiglitazone therapy. Thiazolidinediones are nuclear receptor agonists that modulate expression of a large number of
genes. There are major differences in the pattern of gene modulation for pioglitazone vs rosiglitazone.35 Rosiglitazone
activates a gene associated with production of matrix metalloproteinase 3, an enzyme linked to plaque rupture.36

V quay li phn ngha. Ti ngh tc gi mun vit theo cch ip khc, tc l nhc li tm quan trng ca nghin
cu:

There are also implications of these findings on the traditional approach used by regulatory authorities to approve drugs
that are used to treat diabetes. Historically, evidence of a glucose-lowering effect, with no evidence for obvious safety
issues, was sufficient for approval. In the wake of the rosiglitazone controversy, the FDA has mandated that sponsors
of all new diabetes drugs perform CV outcomes studies sufficient to rule out an HR with an upper 95% CI of 1.8 before
approval and 1.3 after approval.37 Had such requirements been in place at the time rosiglitazone was developed, it
seems likely that the drug would never have been approved.

V on kt lun. Nhng ti th ngh tc gi vit on ny di qu. ng l ngn hn. Nhng vn l ngi, nn c

th y l phong cch ca tc gi!

The results of the current meta-analysis suggest an unfavorable benefit to risk ratio for rosiglitazone use. The
implications of this finding warrant further discussion. Even a modest increase in the risk of MI in a diabetic population
would have serious consequences. Reviewers within the FDA Office of Surveillance and Epidemiology calculated the
number of major CV events potentially attributable to rosiglitazone therapy from 1999 to 2006, reporting a range from
41 000 to 205 000.2 More recently, using lower estimates of the rate of drug use after the 2007 controversy, FDA
reviewers have calculated the number of excess MIs (6000 annually) potentially attributable to rosiglitazone use relative
to treatment with the alternative thiazolidinedione, pioglitazone.3 Although hyperglycemia has been associated with an
increased risk of microvascular adverse events, there are now 12 classes of drugs that are approved to lower blood
glucose levels, including insulin. Because no unique benefits of rosiglitazone use have been identified, administration
of this agent solely to lower blood glucose levels is difficult to justify.

Mi nguyn l tng kh nng cng b bi bo khoa hc

Trc y, ti c vit mt lot bi ch ra nhng l do ti sao mt bi bo khoa hc b t chi. Nay ti xin trnh by 10
nguyn tc nng cao xc sut bi bo khoa hc c cng b trn cc tp san quc t. Bi ny da vo kinh
nghim c nhn (trong cc tp san y khoa) l phn ln, nn c th nhng nguyn tc ny khng hn p dng cho cc
ngnh khc.

Phi ni ngay rng khng c mt qui nh hay mt cng thc no m bo bi bo khoa hc c cng b trn
mt tp san quc t. Ty theo tp san, xc sut cng b bi bo khoa hc c khi ch l mt s may mn. Cng mt
cng trnh v cng mt ti, nhng c cng trnh c ng, cn cng trnh khc th nh xp trong ngn t. Tuy
nhin, nu chng ta chun b tt th xc sut c cng b vn cao hn l khng chun b. Chun b y c ngha
l tun th theo mt s ch dn m nhng ngi i trc hay tng phc v trong cc ban bin tp vch ra. Trong
thc t, c nhiu bi bo trn cc tp san ch dn cch thc tng c may cho cng trnh c cng b trn tp
san khoa hc. Thay v lm theo kiu bi bn , y ti ch mun chia s vi kinh nghim c nhn.

Mc lc

[n]

1 Nguyn l 1: Cu trc bi bo mt cch logic

2 Nguyn l 2: Pht biu cu hi nghin cu v l do nghin cu cho r rng
3 Nguyn l 3: Gii thch phng php v d liu mt cch c h thng
4 Nguyn l 4: Cu trc phn kt qu v phng php n khp nhau
 5 Nguyn l 5: Vit phn bn lun gn v khc chit
6 Nguyn l 6: Gii thch ti sao kt qu nghin cu l quan trng
7 Nguyn l 7: Trnh ni qu kt qu nghin cu
8 Nguyn l 8: Gii thch nhng hn ch ca nghin cu
9 Nguyn l 9: Vit v nhng kt qu ngoi d kin
10 Nguyn l 10: Tun th theo ngh ca cc chuyn gia bnh duyt
11 Tc gi, ngun
12 Xem thm
13 Bi lin quan
14 Lin kt n y

Nguyn l 1: Cu trc bi bo mt cch logic

Bi bo khoa hc, nht l trong y hc, thng c cu trc theo cng thc IMRAD (introduction - dn nhp, methods
- phng php, results - kt qu, v discussion - bn lun). Tuy nhin cng c vi tp san c cu trc khc vi cu
trc trn, vi phn dn nhp n kt qu v bn lun, cn phn phng php th sau cng. Do , cn phi xem
xt n qui nh ca tp san cu trc bi bo cho thch hp. Nhng d l cu trc no, th tt c nhng d liu
trong mi phn phi c trnh by mt cch logic v mang tnh lin tc. Nu phn dn nhp cp n 3 mc ch,
th phn phng php phi m t cch gii quyt 3 mc ch ra sao, phn kt qu phi trnh by kt qu cho tng
mc ch, v phn bn lun cng phi bm st vi 3 mc ch .

Ni th tng i d, nhng khi bt u vit th khng d cht no, bi v mt nghin cu c rt nhiu d liu, m
trnh by d liu no bin minh cho l gii ca mnh l mt quyt nh khng d dng. Mt qui c n gin l
nu phn kt qu phi n khp vi phn phng php. Chng hn nh nu phn phng php cp n o
ng trong mu, m phn kt qu khng ni g n ch s sinh ha ny th l iu khng chp nhn c. Do
, cu trc bi bo v d liu trong bi bo ng vai tr quan trng s 1 tng kh nng bi bo c chp nhn
cho cng b.

Nguyn l 2: Pht biu cu hi nghin cu v l do nghin cu cho r rng

Phn dn nhp cn phi tr li cho c 3 cu hi: cu hi chung, cu hi chuyn bit, v nghin cu ny
c xng ng khng?

Mt pht biu v cu hi nghin cu hay gi thuyt trong phn dn nhp rt quan trng cho ngi bnh duyt bi
bo hiu c nh ca tc gi l g v nghin cu ny nm u trong bc tranh tng th ca chuyn ngnh.
Cn phi vit bng c th v n gin (khng m t) nh "We set out to determine whether condition x produces
condition y" ngi c c th hiu d dng. Mt pht biu khng r rng, kiu nh "fishing expedition" hay "look-
and-see approach" rt nguy him v d b t chi ngay t u, v n cho thy tc gi khng nh v c nghin cu
ca mnh nm u. Ngi c, cng nh cc chuyn gia bnh duyt, thng t cu hi nh ti sao h lm nghin
cu ny, c cu hi no cha c tr li hay khng, cu hi c tm quan trng mnh quan tm, v.v. Nhng
nu vit chung chung v khng trc tip i vo vn th rt d lm cho chuyn gia bnh duyt bc b bi bo.

Mt yu t ph bin trong cc l do t chi bi bo l tc gi khng thuyt phc c tm quan trng ca nghin

cu. Ngoi cu hi c th m cng trnh nghin cu mun tr li, tc gi cn phi l gii tm quan trng ca nghin
cu, v gip cho ngi c cng nh ngi bnh duyt nhn thc c vn v t vo bi cnh ca h. Cch
thc nu tm quan trng l chng minh rng vn ph bin (hay tng i ph bin), h qu nghim trng v
kinh t v y t, c nh hng n thc hnh lm sng, v.v.

Nguyn l 3: Gii thch phng php v d liu mt cch c h thng

Mt trong nhng l do ph bin m chuyn gia bnh duyt t chi bi bo l h khng hiu y cng trnh nghin
cu c thc hin ra sao. Vn ny thng do tc gi khng m t y qui trnh lm th nghim hay qui
trnh thu nhp d liu, t lc o lng, cng c o lng, n phn tch d liu, nu khng m t y th ng
nghip s rt kh lp li nghin cu.

Mt cch vit phn phng php l vit theo qui trnh nu n. Qui trnh nu n i hi ngi th nu phi chun
b ni niu, nguyn liu, gia v, v.v. v sau l lm tng bc mt theo mt cng thc c nh trc. Tng
t, mt nghin cu y khoa cng cn phi m t nh th. Chng hn nh cch chn bnh nhn ra sao, tiu chun
loi tr v tiu chun chn, qui trnh theo di v xt nghim, phng php xt nghim, v.v. Phi m t sao cho ngi
c c th nm ly phng php.

Vit phn phng php cho t l mt iu kh khn cho mt tc gi. iu ny ng v i vi cc cng trnh c s
hp tc ca nhiu chuyn gia t nhiu chuyn ngnh, th khng ai c th vit cho thch hp. Nu vit qu chi tit v
mt phng php no (v d nh phng php xt nghim) th c th lm cho ngi c chuyn mn v laboratory
medicine bt b, hay nu vit qu chi tit phn phn tch d liu s lm cho cc ngi c nghi ng chc cng trnh
nghin cu c vn . Nu cng trnh nghin cu c thit k tt th khng cn n nhng phng php phn tch
phc tp. Do , ci kh l lm sao vit khng qu s ng nh sinh vin lm bi tp hay tr bi (kiu nh trnh by
c cng thc c tnh c mu!), nhng cng khng vit qu chung chung v s lm cho ngi c ngh rng tc gi
chng hiu vn . Ch c ngi trong chuyn ngnh c kinh nghim mi bit vit nh th no l . Trong vi
trng hp phc tp, cch tt nht l trnh by mt gin ngi c d theo di.

Nguyn l 4: Cu trc phn kt qu v phng php n khp nhau

Kinh nghim ca ti cho thy phn ln nhng khim khuyt trong phn kt qu c th nm trong 3 nhm sau y:
sp xp kt qu ln xn, trnh by khng y , kt qu khng n khp vi phn phng php.

Th nht, c nhng bi bo m kt qu c trnh by chng theo mt th t logic no c. Tnh trng ny dn n

ln ln cho ngi c, v h s rt d b cuc. Thng thng, cc nghin cu y khoa thng bt u phn kt qu
vi nhng thng tin v i tng nghin cu, sau l nhng kt qu chnh, v cui cng l nhng kt qu mang
tnh cng c cho phn kt qu chnh. Phi c mt bng s liu, mt biu , hay mt bc nh n tin (cn gi l
money picture) ngi c bit l im chnh ca bi bo.

Th hai, c nhiu bi bo m phn kt qu trnh by khng y . Khng y y c ngha l tng quan vi

phn phng php. Chng hn nh c nghin cu vit trong phn phng php rng h o lng t trng m trong
c th bng DXA, nhng phn kt qu th ch trnh by WHR. iu ny d lm cho ngi c ni gin, v ni theo
ngi Vit chng ta l treo u d bn tht ch. Li c nhng bi bo m tc gi khng thy trnh by kt qu m h
tuyn b l thu thp trong phn phng php. y l mt i k, bi v n gy mt n tng rng tc gi c v
thiu thnh tht.

Th ba, ngc li trn, c nhng bi bo m tc gi trnh by kt qu nhng khng thy bo co trong phn phng
php! Ti tng c nhng bi bo tc gi trnh by nhng kt qu rt phc tp, nhng khng bit d liu xut pht
t u! Rt nhiu bi bo trnh by kt qu phn tch thng k nhng khng thy m t trong phn phng php
phn tch. Tnh trng ny lm cho ngi c c cm gic rng tc gi chng c k hoch lm nghin cu, m ch l
mt kiu tra tn d liu (data torture) c kt qu theo mnh.

Kinh nghim c nhn ti cho thy cch vit phn kt qu tt l cu trc theo tiu . Tiu nn bm st theo phn
phng php. Cch cu trc ny cho php tc gi trnh by kt qu nghin cu theo mt logic c trc c sau, v
ngi c cng d theo di. Thng thng mt nghin cu phi c gi thuyt, v on cui cng ca phn kt qu
nn c d liu ym tr hay bc b gi thuyt.

Nguyn l 5: Vit phn bn lun gn v khc chit

Kinh nghim ca ti cho thy phn bn lun (discussion) l phn kh vit nht. y l phn m tc gi tm tt nhng
pht hin chnh, gii thch tm quan trng ca pht hin, v ch ra nhng ng gp vo tri thc cng nh nh hng
cho tng lai. vit tt phn bn lun, tc gi phi t ra am hiu vn , phi c mt tm nhn ln trong mt bc
tranh rng. Mt trong nhng khim khuyt ti hay thy l c tc gi vit qu di (6-10 trang), rt d b xem l nhiu
chuyn. Nu nghin cu c kt qu tt vi phng php tt, th tc gi khng cn phi l s qu nhiu. Ngc li,
c nhng bi bo m c xong phn bn lun ti c cm gic tc gi chng c tng g, tt c ch l lp li nhng
g trnh by trong phn kt qu. C hai cch vit qu di v qu ngn u l cch vit khng tt. Cch vit m
ti th nghim v thnh cng l cu trc 6 on nh sau:

on 1: tm tt l do nghin cu, gi thuyt, v pht hin chnh.

on 2: so snh kt qu vi cc nghin cu trc, v gii thch ti sao c s khc bit (hay ging nhau).

on 3: gii thch c ch ca kt qu; nu khng bit hay khng r c ch, th xut gi thuyt gii
thch. on ny kh vit nht.

on 4: vit v tm quan trng v ngha thc tin (nu c) ca kt qu nghin cu.

on 5: vit v nhng u im v khuyt im ca nghin cu.

on 6: kt lun.

Nn nh rng trong khi din gii kt qu nghin cu hay so snh vi cc nghin cu trc, khng c v khng
nn vit theo kiu l lun mt chiu. Trong khoa hc, bt c mt kt qu no cng phi c gii thch bng nhiu
gc cnh. Trong nhiu trng hp, tc gi khng ngn ngi ni thng rng kt qu c th l ngu nhin.

Trong phn trc, ti trnh by 5 nguyn l nng cao c may c cng b quc t. l 5 nguyn l lin quan
n cch cu trc bi bo mt cch logic, cch vit phn dn nhp, phng php, kt qu, v bn lun. Trong phn
ny, ti s bn 5 nguyn l lin quan n cch vit phn bn lun v tr li cc chuyn gia bnh duyt. Vit phn bn
lun l kh nht, v n khng c mt cu trc theo cng thc no, nhng nu c kinh nghim th s bin th yu thnh
th mnh, v do , gy cm tnh cho ban bin tp.

Nguyn l 6: Gii thch ti sao kt qu nghin cu l quan trng

Phn ln cc tp san khoa hc, nht l tp san c ch s nh hng cao, khng thch cng b nhng cng trnh lng
nhng. H ch mun cng b nhng cng trnh m kt qu c tm quan trng, c nh hng n chuyn ngnh, c
tc ng n chnh sch cng. i vi cc tp san ln, h khng thiu bi, h ch thiu bi tt.
Do , tc gi cn phi nm c tm l trn vit phn bn lun, nu bt c tm quan trng ca nghin cu.
Nu l nghin cu c lin quan n mt yu t nguy c t vong, tc gi cn phi nu c gi thuyt nu can thip
vo yu t ny th s cu c bao nhiu ngi trn th gii. Nu nghin cu tm ra c mt c ch no lin
quan n mt bnh, tc gi c th gii thch rng kt qu ny m ra mt nh hng mi theo ui. Nn nh c
3 loi nghin cu: me too (tc lp li nhng g ngi khc lm v chng c g mi), incremental knowledge (tc
c tng mt cht v tri thc), v breakthrough (t ph). Phi t xem nghin cu ca mnh nm trong loi no. C
l phn ln nghin cu thuc vo nhm incremental knowledge, v v th cn phi gii thch s gia tng v tri thc
c tc ng g n chuyn ngnh v thc hnh.

Mt trong nhng mc tiu ca phn bn lun l dn ngi bnh duyt t v tr trung dung sang v tr tch cc. Phn
ln cc chuyn gia bnh duyt khi c bi bo h bn tn bn nghi, hay v tr trung dung. Nhng tc gi mun tng
kh nng bi bo c chp nhn, nn cn phi thuyt phc (bng d liu) h chuyn sang v tr tch cc, tc
ng v gi thuyt ca tc gi. lm c vic ny, tc gi cn phi l gii c ci phm vi cu hi m nghin
cu tr li c, v ng gp vo vic nng cao tri thc cho chuyn ngnh ra sao. y l nhim v ca on
vn s 4 trong phn bn lun m ti cp trn.

Nguyn l 7: Trnh ni qu kt qu nghin cu

Mt li hay gp nhng ngi mi vit bi bo khoa hc l tham vng. Nhng ngi ny thng pht biu
nhng kt lun ao to ba ln khng tng thch vi kt qu nghin cu. C l h qu ho hng vi kt qu u
tay ca mnh, cng c th h quen thi quen vit vn theo kiu nh vn, tc l so ng. Khc vi bo ch ph
thng, vn phong khoa hc khng c ch cho so ng, khng c ch cho nhng pht biu m khng c chng c.

Mt cch vit khim tn l dng nhng t b ngha nh probably, possibly, , likely, hay ngay c xc nh cng ch
highly likely l . Cch dng t nh th khng phi l thiu t tin, m cho ngi bnh duyt thy tc gi l ngi c
cn nhc. Nn nh rng trong khoa hc, c bit l y khoa, khng c mt ci g l xc nh. Do , nu dng vn
phong xc nh l t chuc ly tht bi.
Nguyn l 8: Gii thch nhng hn ch ca nghin cu
Khoa hc thc nghim khng bao gi hon ho. Bt c mt nghin cu no, d c thit k cn thn n c no,
cng u c nhng hn ch. Nhng cng c nhng th mnh. Do , tc gi cn phi ghi nhn nhng im yu,
nhng hn ch ca nghin cu. Ghi nhn mt cch thnh tht, ch khng phi qua loa. Ghi nhn nhng khim
khuyt ca nghin cu khng phi l tn hiu ca s yu ui; ngc li, l cch m tc gi ni cho ngi bnh
duyt bit rng ti suy ngh cn thn v c cch tr li nhng vn ti nu. Ngoi vic nu nhng hn ch, tc
gi cng c th vit v s nh hng ca nhng hn ch n kt qu nghin cu. Chng hn nh nu s lng
i tng qu t (c l do bnh him) th kt qu c th khng ng tin cy, v cn phi ghi nhn iu ny.

C mt cch nu nhng hn ch nhng li l mt cch t khoe mnh! y l kiu l gii mang tnh dng nn mt
hnh nm, ri nh ng hnh nm v xem nh l mt chin tch! Chng hn nh trong mt nghin cu v vitamin
D, chng ti phi tm ra mt im yu ni, v cui cng chng ti ngh im yu l chng ti ch phn tch c
nng D3 trong mu m khng o lng c D2. Sau khi nu s hn ch ny, chng ti trnh by d liu ca
cc nghin cu trc cho thy D2 tht ra ch chim 1-3% tng s vitamin D, nn d khng o c, th kt qu cng
chng b nh hng tiu cc g! Nhng cch l gii ny cn phi cn thn, v nu khng th rt d b cho l self-
serving (ging nh t khen, t sng).

Nguyn l 9: Vit v nhng kt qu ngoi d kin

Cng nh bt c mt cng trnh nghin cu tt no cng c hn ch, nhiu nghin cu cng cho ra nhng kt qu
ngoi d kin. l nhng kt qu khng nht qun vi gi thuyt, nhng d liu nm ngoi phm vi, nhng quan
st l (ni theo cch ni ca bo ch ngy nay). Khi nhng quan st l ny xy ra, tc gi cn phi ghi nhn chng
v cung cp mt vi li gii thch kh d. Nu khng gii thch c th phi thnh tht th nhn l khng bit.
Trong khoa hc, khng bit mt iu g khng phi l yu km, cng khng phi l mt ti li. Trong vi trng
hp c bit, chnh nhng kt qu l ny li dn n nhng khm ph quan trng. Do , tc gi khng nn b qua,
m phi ghi nhn v ch gii cn thn.

Mt trong nhng tc gi vit vn khoa hc hay l Gs Steven Nissen, thuc Cleveland Clinic, Ohio. ng chnh l ngi
lm phn tch tng hp v mi lin quan gia thuc rosiglitazone v bnh tim mch, m c ngi xem ng nh l
mt hung thn ca cc cng ti dc. :-) [ti ni a]. Trch di y l phn bn lun ca bi bo lch s
(http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa072761), v nhng ghi ch ca ti.

[Vo u phn bn lun, tc gi nhc li kt qu chnh ca nghin cu. Lc no cng phi nhc li, v c gi c
th qun.]

Our data show that, as compared with placebo or with other antidiabetic regimens, treatment with rosiglitazone was
associated with a significant increase in the risk of myocardial infarction and with an increase in the risk of death from
cardiovascular causes that was of borderline significance. [Nhn mnh rng rosiglitazone c hi k thut tuyn truyn
mt cch khoa hc] The similar odds ratio for comparison with placebo suggests that the increased risk associated
with rosiglitazone was not a function of the protective effects of active comparator drugs. [Nhng nghin cu c vi
hn ch] However, these findings are based on limited access to trial results from publicly available sources, not on
patient-level source data. Furthermore, results are based on a relatively small number of events, resulting in odds ratios
that could be affected by small changes in the classification of events. [Mc d hn ch nhng kt qu ny ng quan
tm, v tm quan trng ca n. Ch tc gi nhn mnh rng kt qu c tm y t cng ng v thuc c nhiu
ngi s dng] Nonetheless, our findings are worrisome because of the high incidence of cardiovascular events in
patients with diabetes.4 Because exposure of such patients to rosiglitazone is widespread, the public health impact of
an increase in cardiovascular risk could be substantial if our data are borne out by further analysis and the results of
larger controlled trials.

[y l on vn tc gi bin minh rng kt qu c th khng phi do yu t ngu nhin] Although we did not have
access to the source data to construct a composite outcome that included myocardial infarction or death from
cardiovascular causes, the increase in the odds ratios for both of these end points suggests that observed adverse
effects associated with rosiglitazone were probably not due to chance alone. This meta-analysis included a group of
trials that were of relatively short duration (24 to 52 weeks). The odds ratio for these shorter-term trials was similar to
the overall results of the meta-analysis. Thus, in susceptible patients, rosiglitazone therapy may be capable of provoking
myocardial infarction or death from cardiovascular causes after relatively short-term exposure. In contrast, long-term
therapies that improve cardiovascular outcomes, such as statins and antihypertensive drugs, often take several years
to provide benefits. Notably, the estimates for the odds ratios for myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular
causes appear elevated for rosiglitazone in comparison with placebo or other commonly prescribed antidiabetic
therapies.

[Sau khi loi b yu t ngu nhin trong on trn, tc gi lun bn v c ch sinh hc ca rosiglitazone. Ti sao
thuc c hi cho sc kho tim mch?] The mechanism for the apparent increase in myocardial infarction and death
from cardiovascular causes associated with rosiglitazone remains uncertain. One potential contributing factor may be
the adverse effect of the drug on serum lipids. The FDA-approved rosiglitazone product label reports a mean increase
in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol of 18.6% among patients treated for 26 weeks with an 8-mg daily dose, as
compared with placebo.25 In observational studies and lipid-lowering trials, elevated levels of LDL cholesterol were
associated with an increase in adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Thus, an increase in LDL cholesterol of the magnitude
observed in the rosiglitazone group may have contributed to adverse cardiovascular outcomes, although the rapidity
and magnitude of the apparent hazard was not consistent with an effect produced by lipid changes alone.

[Li thm mt bn lun v c ch nh hng ca rosiglitazone] Several other properties of rosiglitazone may
contribute to adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Rosiglitazone and other thiazolidinediones are known to precipitate
congestive heart failure in susceptible patients.26 Congestive heart failure is a physiological state that is associated
with an increased intravascular volume. Volume overload increases stress on the left ventricular wall, a factor that
determines myocardial oxygen demand. In susceptible patients, an increase in myocardial oxygen demand could
theoretically provoke ischemic events. The administration of thiazolidinediones, including rosiglitazone, also produces
a modest reduction in the hemoglobin level.25 In susceptible patients, a reduced hemoglobin level may result in
increased physiological stress, thereby provoking myocardial ischemia. A study of rosiglitazone that was conducted in
rats reported an increase in the rate of death after experimentally induced myocardial infarction.

[Bn v cc din gii khc] Rosiglitazone is not the first PPAR agonist that has been reported to increase adverse
cardiovascular events. Muraglitazar, an investigational dual PPAR- and PPAR- agonist, increased adverse
cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction, during phase 2 and 3 testing.28 After publication of an analysis
of cardiovascular outcomes, muraglitazar was not approved by the FDA, and further development was subsequently
halted by the manufacturer. Development programs for many other PPAR agonists have been terminated after evidence
of toxicity emerged during preclinical studies or initial trials in humans. According to a former FDA official, more than 50
Investigational New Drug applications for novel PPARs have been filed, but no additional drugs have successfully
reached the market in more than 6 years.29 In some cases, these drugs have failed because of evidence of direct
myocardial toxicity in studies in animals,29 but few data on toxicity are available in the public domain because of the
common industry practice of not publishing safety findings for failed products.

[Thm mt gi thuyt khc v c ch] PPAR agonists such as rosiglitazone have very complex biologic effects,
resulting from the activation or suppression of dozens of genes.30 The patterns of gene activation or suppression differ
substantially among various PPAR agonists, even within closely related compounds. The biologic effects of the protein
targets for most of the genes influenced by PPAR agonists remain largely unknown. Accordingly, many different and
seemingly unrelated toxic effects have emerged during development of other PPAR agents.29 Some drugs have
provoked multispecies, multiorgan system cancers; others have resulted in rhabdomyolysis or nephrotoxicity.29
Troglitazone was withdrawn from the market for rare, but sometimes fatal, liver toxicity. Accordingly, it must be assumed
that a variety of unexpected toxic effects are possible when PPAR agonists are administered to patients.

[Cn cc thuc khc trong nhm th sao?] The question as to whether the observed risks of rosiglitazone represent a
class effect of thiazolidinediones must also be considered. Pioglitazone is a related agent also widely used to treat
type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, unlike rosiglitazone, pioglitazone has been studied in a prospective, randomized trial
of cardiovascular outcomes, called Prospective Pioglitazone Clinical Trial in Macrovascular Events (PROACTIVE).31
The primary end point, a broad composite that included coronary and peripheral vascular events, showed a trend toward
benefit from pioglitazone (hazard ratio, 0.90; P=0.095). A secondary end point consisting of myocardial infarction, stroke,
and death from any cause showed a significant effect favoring pioglitazone (hazard ratio, 0.84; P=0.027). Notably,
pioglitazone appears to have more favorable effects on lipids, particularly triglycerides, than does rosiglitazone.

[Bn v nhng im yu ca nghin cu] Our study has important limitations. We pooled the results of a group of trials
that were not originally intended to explore cardiovascular outcomes. Most trials did not centrally adjudicate
cardiovascular outcomes, and the definitions of myocardial infarction were not available. Many of these trials were small
and short-term, resulting in few adverse cardiovascular events or deaths. Accordingly, the confidence intervals for the
odds ratios for myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes are wide, resulting in considerable
uncertainty about the magnitude of the observed hazard. Furthermore, we did not have access to original source data
for any of these trials. Thus, we based the analysis on available data from publicly disclosed summaries of events. The
lack of availability of source data did not allow the use of more statistically powerful time-to-event analysis. A meta-
analysis is always considered less convincing than a large prospective trial designed to assess the outcome of interest.
Although such a dedicated trial has not been completed for rosiglitazone, the ongoing Rosiglitazone Evaluated for
Cardiac Outcomes and Regulation of Glycaemia in Diabetes (RECORD) trial may provide useful insights.

[D c hn ch, cu kt lun phi n tng] Despite these limitations, our data point to the urgent need for
comprehensive evaluations to clarify the cardiovascular risks of rosiglitazone. The manufacturer's public disclosure of
summary results for rosiglitazone clinical trials is not sufficient to enable a robust assessment of cardiovascular risks.
The manufacturer has all the source data for completed clinical trials and should make these data available to an
external academic coordinating center for systematic analysis. The FDA also has access to study reports and other
clinical-trial data not within the public domain. Further analyses of data available to the FDA and the manufacturer would
enable a more robust assessment of the risks of this drug. Our data suggest a cardiovascular risk associated with the
use of rosiglitazone. [Mt cu khuyn co] Until more precise estimates of the cardiovascular risk of this treatment can
be delineated in patients with diabetes, patients and providers should carefully consider the potential risks of
rosiglitazone in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Nguyn l 10: Tun th theo ngh ca cc chuyn gia bnh duyt

Nhiu tc gi mt bnh tnh khi c bn nhn xt ca cc chuyn gia bnh duyt. H xem cc chuyn gia bnh duyt
l nhng k thiu thin ch, ch gy phin phc, v cn bc tin ca h. Nhng trong thc t, i a s cc chuyn
gia bnh duyt kh cng tm, h khng phi l ngi gy phin phc; h ch mun lm ngi gc cng tt m thi.
D nhin, cng c nhng chuyn gia bnh duyt tr con, t thi nh mn, v c thnh kin, nhng s ny rt t
trong cng ng khoa hc nghim chnh. (Ti khng ni Vit Nam, ti ni cng ng khoa hc quc t). Do , nu
tc gi ngh xu v cc chuyn gia bnh duyt th chnh h nh mt c hi ci tin bi bo ca h.

Cc chuyn gia bnh duyt l mt s nh trong nhm c gi. Tuy s nh, nhng h l nhng ngi c kinh nghim
v uy tn, nh gi mt cng trnh khoa hc. Nu nhng thng tin trong bi bo lm cho h ln ln, th chc
chn cc c gi khc cng ln ln. V th, khng nn xem thng nhng nhn xt ca cc chuyn gia bnh duyt,
m phi c k v tr li h mt cch nghim tc. Kinh nghim ti cho thy sau khi tr li v chnh sa, bi bo
thng tt hn.

Khng g bc bi hn cho cc chuyn gia bnh duyt (nhng ngi lm vic hon ton t nguyn, chng nhn ng
lng hay th lao no) khi nhng ngh ca h b l i. Pht l nhng ngh ca h l mt nguy him, v h c
th ngh t chi bi bo. Nu tc gi khng lm theo ngh ca h th cng phi l gii c th v lch s. Khoa
hc l mi trng bnh ng, nu tc gi bt ng kin vi cc chuyn gia bnh duyt th cng c th ni thng,
ch khng nn e ngi.

Ni tm li, vit v cng b mt bi bo khoa hc l mt vic kh khn, i hi mt k hoch tt, lm vic kh khn
v trong c n. Nhng nu cc bn lm theo 10 nguyn l ti va trnh by, cc bn s c mt li th ln trong s
cnh tranh cng b quc t. Nhng nguyn l ny cng p ng phn ln nhng khim khuyt m cc chuyn gia
hay thy trong cc bn tho. Do , tun th theo nhng nguyn l trn cng l mt cch gim thiu nhng sai lm
trong qu trnh son tho bi bo, v nng cao xc sut cng b cng trnh nghin cu.

nh gi tp san khoa hc: Ch s Eigenfactor

nh gi tm nh hng v uy danh ca mt tp san khoa hc cng ngy cng tr thnh ti nng. Trc y
(v cho n ngy nay), nhiu i hc v trung tm nghin cu vn da vo ch s nh hng (impact factor IF)
nh gi cht lng mt tp san. D ch s ny b ph phn rt nhiu, nhng trong thc t th n khng phi v dng
nh nhiu ngi tng. Gn y, c mt pht kin mi nh gi tm nh hng ca mt tp san: l ch s
eigenfactor (vit tt l EF). Theo ti, y l mt pht kin hay v cn xem xt trong vic nh gi khoa hc ni chung.

nh gi tm nh hng v uy tn ca mt tp san khoa hc l vic lm cn thit ca c hai nhm ngi: gii qun
l khoa hc v nh khoa hc. i vi nhng ngi qun l khoa hc, h mun bit tin ti tr cho nghin cu c
xng ng ng tin bc go, c em li hiu qu hay khng. D nhin, hiu qu y c th o lng bng
nhiu tiu ch. Tiu ch nh gi c th l sn phm c th ng dng ngay trong thc t, l bng sng ch, hay bi
bo khoa hc. Phn ln cc nghin cu c bn, sn phm chnh vn l nhng bi bo khoa hc. Nhng trong hng
vn tp san khoa hc, gii qun l nu khng phi l ngi trong chuyn ngnh hay thm ch khng phi l ngi
lm khoa hc th lm sao c th bit tp san no c cht lng cao hay thp.

Cht lng tp san c th hiu l tm nh hng, v tm nh hng ca tp san l s ln trch dn. Mt tp san
cng b nhiu cng trnh khoa hc m khng ai trch dn th l tn hiu cho thy tp san c cht lng thp, v
tm nh hng cng thp. Mt nhn nh tng t cho mt bi bo khoa hc. Mt trong nhng ch s c tnh
ton t s ln trch dn l ch s nh hng (impact factor hay IF). Trc y (v cho n nay) gii qun l khoa hc
vn hay da vo ch s nh hng (IF) nh gi cht lng mt tp san khoa hc. Trung Quc v nhiu i
hc phng Ty, ngi ta thng cho nh khoa hc c bi cng b trn nhng tp san c IF cao. Tc gi no c
bi trn tp san c IF cng cao, th tin thng cng ln.

C th gii thch IF qua mt v d nh sau: nu nm 2000 tp san ABC cng b 100 bi bo, v 2 nm sau 100
bi ny c trch dn 2000 ln, th IF ca ABC c tnh l 2000 / 100 = 20. Ch s IF rt khc bit gia cc lnh
vc khoa hc, vi nhng tp san ngnh khoa hc x hi thng c IF thp hn cc tp san khoa hc t nhin v y
sinh hc. Do , IF ch c ngha trong mi chuyn ngnh, ch rt kh so snh gia cc ngnh. Tuy nhin, i vi cc
tp san khoa hc tng qut nh Science hay Nature th IF c xem nh l tiu chun vng cc tp san khc so
snh.
Vn ln nht ca IF l ch s ny ch phn nh tm nh hng trong vng 2 nm. Nhng mt s nghin cu gn
y cho thy thi gian 2 nm c l qu ngn nh gi tm nh hng; phn ln cc ngnh khoa hc, thi gian
cn thit nh gi l 5 nm. Nu sau 5 nm m vn chng c ai trch dn cng trnh nghin cu th c l l tn
hiu cho thy nghin cu chng c nh hng g (d nhin, khng loi tr vi trng hp him hoi c cng trnh
i hi 20 nm sau mi c ghi nhn).

Vn th hai ca IF l cch tnh s ln trch dn khng xem xt n uy danh ca tp san trch dn. hiu vn
, chng ta th so snh 2 tp san nh sau:

Tp san A cng b 50 bi, v nhn c 90 ln trch dn t nhng tp san danh ting (nh Science, Nature, PNAS,
Cell) v 10 ln trch dn t nhng tp san t China;

Tp san B cng cng b 50 bi, v nhn c 10 ln trch dn t nhng tp san danh ting, v 90 ln trch dn t
nhng tp san t China.

Theo cch tnh ch s IF th hai tp san trn c IF nh nhau (100 / 50 = 2). Nhng nu nhn k, chng ta thy tp san
A chc phi c uy danh cao hn tp san B, v A c nhiu tp san danh ting trch dn hn tp san B.

Eigenfactor

khc phc nhng yu im ca IF, hai nh khoa hc M Jevin West v Carl Bergstrom (H Washington)
xut mt ch s mi nh gi tm nh hng ca mt tp san. H gi l ch s Eigenfactor (EF). Ch s EF
vn da vo s ln trch dn, nhng l s ln trch dn trong 5 nm (ch khng phi 2 nm nh IF). Nh c ln
cp trc y, thi gian 5 nm l l tng nh gi tm nh hng ca mt cng trnh khoa hc. H s tng
quan gia s ln trch dn trong vng 5 nm v tng s ln trch dn l khong 0.81-0.91 cho ngnh y sinh hc, 0.85
cho ho hc, 9.75 cho ton hc, 0.87 cho vt l, v 0.79 cho khoa hc x hi.

Ngoi ra, EF cn cho trng s ca nhng tp san trch dn, v do , khc phc mt yu im quan trng ca IF.
Trit l ca EF cng ging ging nh trit l tell me who your friends are and I will tell you who you are (c th hiu
nm n l: ni cho ti bit bn ca bn l ai th ti s cho bit bn l ngi nh th no). Nu tp san cng b nhng
bi bo c cc tp san danh ting khc trch dn th l mt tn hiu cho thy tp san thuc vo ng cp cao.

Jevin West v Carl Bergstrom cn xut mt ch s khc c tn l Article Influence (AI). Ch s AI o lng tm nh
hng ca nhng bi bo trong tp san. AI c tnh bng cch ly EF chia cho s bi bo tp san cng b v
chun ho cho sao cho AI trung bnh l 1. Ni cch khc, nu mt tp san c AI bng 0.1 th tp san c tm nh
hng thp hn trung bnh (l 1), nhng nu tp san c AI 1.2 th tm nh hng ca tp san cao hn trung bnh
20%.

Ngy nay, ch s EF v AI cng ngy cng ph bin. Ngay c Thomson ISI cng s dng hai ch s ny xp hng
cc tp san khoa hc. Tun va qua, ngi vit bi ny c dp tho lun vi mt s ng nghip t cc i hc bn
M v c, v c i din ISI, v bit rng trong tng lai gn, c l ISI s a EF v AI chnh thc lm ch s nh
gi uy tn v tm nh hng ca tp san, v cng l mt cch thay th ch s IF.

Cc nh khoa hc pht kin ch s EF v AI cn lp ra mt website tt c chng ta c th tra cu tng tp san.

a ch trang web l http://eigenfactor.org. Ti th tra cu mt s tp san trong nhm ni tit th thy 10 tp san hng
u nh sau:
Hng / Tp san EF AI
1 J Clin Endocrinol Metab 0.128 2.00
2 Diabetes Care 0.114 2.44
3 Diabetes 0.104 2.92
4 Endocrinology 0.086 1.50
5 Cell Metab 0.071 8.61
6 Diabetologia 0.059 2.20
7 Free Radical Bio Med 0.053 1.58
8 Obesity 0.053 1.59
9 J Bone Miner Res 0.048 2.25
10 Am J Physiol Endo Metab 0.048 1.59
Tp san EF AI
Science 1.412 (100) 17.52 (100)
Nature 1.655 (100) 20.37 (100)
PNAS 1.601 (100) 4.90 (100)
Nature Genetics 0.329 (100) 17.58 (100)
JAMA 0.286 (100) 13.11 (100)
Lancet 0.361 (100) 13.61 (100)
New Engl J Med 0.664 (100) 21.30 (100)
Ann Int Med 0.121 (99) 7.91 (99)
Bone 0.040 (96) 1.42 (89)
Osteoporosis Int 0.029 (94) 1.50 (90)
Arch Int Med 0.107 (99) 4.76 (99)

Tp san khc

Ghi ch: S trong ngoc l th hng tnh trn phn trm. Chng hn nh Science c EF l 1.412, ng hng
top 100 cc tp san v khoa hc tng qut, cn Bone c EF 0.04, ng hng top 4% trong lnh vc long
xng.

Tuy ch s EF ang c gii nghin cu v nh gi khoa hc ch , nhng ti vn thy khng thoi mi vi ch s

ny. L do n gin l v rt kh kim tra gi nh ng sau cch tnh ton. Ngoi ra, phng php tnh ton cng rt
phc tp, m c ngi cho l "black box" (hp en), nn rt kh hiu chnh xc ch s EF c ngha tht l g. Chng
ta c th hiu ngha chung v c th so snh qua EF, nhng chng ta khng r n c ngha tht l g. Tuy nhin,
mt phn tch gn y cho thy ch s EF c tng quan rt cao vi IF (h s tng quan l 0.93). Do , d EF c
ci tin v mt l thuyt, nhng trong thc t th chng khc my so vi IF. Trong trng hp ny, c th ni rng
ch s IF (d b ch trch v ph phn rt nhiu) vn c gi tr thc t ca n v rt d hiu! C l phng php
Eigenfactor cung cp cho chng mt cch nh gi khch quan hn l da vo c hai IF v AI xp hng tp san
khoa hc.

Tham kho
Bergstrom CT, West JD, Wiseman MA. The Eigenfactor Metrics. Journal of Neuroscience 2008;28: 1143311434.
Fersht A. The most influential journals: Impact Factor and Eigenfactor. PNAS 2009; 106:6883-4
Davis PM. Eigenfactor: Does the principle of repeated improvement result in better estimates than raw citation counts? J Am
Soc Info Sci Tech 2008;59:21862188
Moving from impact to influence: measurement and the changing role of medical journals. Eur Heart J 2012 33 (23) 2892-2896
What does the future hold for Cardiovascular Research? Cardiovasc Res 2013 97 (1) 1-3

Cch vit bnh duyt (peer review)

Tip theo bi Cch vit tr li bnh duyt, k ny ti s ni v cch thc vit bnh duyt (peer review). Bt c nh
khoa hc no cng c ln ng vai tr duyt bi cho ng nghip. Duyt bi ca ngi khc l mt trong nhng c
quyn (v c li) ca nh khoa hc, nn nhim v ny phi c nhn lnh mt cch nghim tc.

Mc lc

[n]

1 Hai th nghim th v
2 Bnh duyt bi bo khoa hc
3 Bo co cho ban bin tp
4 Bo co cho tc gi
5 Kt lun
6 Qui c v vn ho bnh duyt
o 6.1 1. ng thi hn
o 6.2 2. Lch s
o 6.3 3. Nhn xt c th
o 6.4 4. Trnh nhn xt qu kht khe, nn t ra xy dng
o 6.5 5. Khng i hi qu ng
7 Tc gi, ngun
8 Xem thm
9 Bi lin quan
10 Lin kt n y

Hai th nghim th v
B cc v ni dung trnh by s si-n gin khng mang tnh mt bi bo khoa hc. Cc nhn nh cn i cng
minh chng, cc pht hin phi c lp lun r rng. Phng php nghin cu v cch tip cn cha r. Cn trnh
by r v phng php lun, o lng cc bin, s liu tng bin phi c kim nh thng k, o lng mi quan
h gia cc bin.
Ti c cm gic tc gi khng am hiu lnh vc nghin cu nn chn ti qu c. Phng php c sai lm v
l lun. Kt qu khng thuyt phc.

Hai on trn y l mt trong nhng kt qu th nghim m hai nh nghin cu VN thc hin. l nhn xt
ca hai chuyn gia trong lnh vc khoa hc x hi (phn trn) v y hc (phn di) v hai bi bo c gi cho
2 tp san chuyn ngnh. C hai bi bo u b t chi ng trn tp san khoa hc trong nc. Trong thc t, c hai
bi bo u c cng b trn 2 tp san quc t c bnh duyt (peer review) v uy tn trong chuyn ngnh. C hai
bi sau khi cng b thu ht 10 trch dn (citations) ch trong vng 1 nm. Hai ng nghip trn mun tin hnh th
nghim chng minh rng rt kh lm khoa hc Vit Nam v vn ho khoa hc Vit Nam c vn .

Vn y l qui trnh bnh duyt bi bo. Trong qui trnh ny, ngi bnh duyt ng vai tr quan trng, v kin
ca h c th quyt nh s phn bi bo. Nhng c t cch bnh duyt bi bo, chuyn gia bnh duyt phi l
ngi c lm nghin cu trong thc t V c cng b quc t. l tiu chun ti thiu (ngoi nhng tiu chun
khc). Vit Nam chng ta c nhng chuyn gia nh th nhng c l khng nhiu. Chnh v th m c nhiu ngi
d cha bao gi lm nghin cu nghim chnh v cng cha bao gi c cng b quc t mt cch c lp nhng
li ng vai tr quyt nh sinh mnh bi bo khoa hc ca ngi khc. l mt iu ng tic.

C l v cha c kinh nghim bnh duyt, nn cc chuyn gia a ra nhng nhn xt rt khng ng vi chun mc.
Nu bn l tc gi bi bo, c l bn s rt lng tng vi hai nhn xt trn. Vn ca hai nhn xt trn l qu chung
chung, khng c g c th tc gi c th cn c vo m chnh sa. Nhn xt th nht t ra ln lp tc gi, v
l mt iu cm k trong bnh duyt. Nhn xt th hai th li mang tnh c nhn (cho rng tc gi khng am hiu
lnh vc nghin cu), li thm mt iu cm k trong bnh duyt khoa hc. Nhng tht ra l nhn xt sai, bi v
tc gi l ngi c kinh nghim di do trong lnh vc nghin cu v c cng b quc t nhng khng c tc danh
GS/PGS. Kt qu th nghim trn cho thy vn cn mt khong cch ng k v vn ho khoa hc, c bit l bnh
duyt bi bo, gia tp san Vit Nam v quc t. Bi ny, do , c mc ch ch dn cch vit mt bo co bnh
duyt sao cho chuyn nghip v mang tnh gip tc gi.

Bnh duyt bi bo khoa hc

Bnh duyt trong khoa hc l mt qui trnh rt quan trng. Mt bi bo khng qua bnh duyt th kh c th ni l
mt bi bo khoa hc. Bnh duyt gip cho bi bo tt hn, v gip cho ban bin tp i n quyt nh tt hn. Trong
vai tr ban bin tp tp san khoa hc, ti mi nhn ra mt thc t l nhiu ng nghip cha c trang b k nng
duyt bi. Thm ch, h khng bit cch vit mt bi bnh duyt cho ng vi chun mc khoa hc.

Bnh duyt mt bi bo khoa hc tht ra l c 2 phn. Phn nhn xt dnh cho ban bin tp (c th l tng bin tp),
v phn nhn xt dnh cho tc gi. Hai phn ny vit rt khc nhau, v ni dung cng khc nhau. Phn nhn xt cho
ban bin tp phi ngn, gn (ch 300 ch l ti a) v ni thng, ni tht kin ca mnh, k c ngh t chi hay
chp nhn bi bo. Phn nhn xt cho tc gi th di hn, chi tit hn, v lch s hn.

Bo co cho ban bin tp

C th ni rng phn nhn xt dnh cho ban bin tp l mt bn tm lc phn nhn xt dnh cho tc gi, nhng c
thm phn ngh chp nhn hay t chi. Trong phn nhn xt dnh cho tc gi th tuyt i khng c phn ngh
chp nhn hay t chi. y l mt vi v d v nhn xt dnh cho ban bin tp:

Vi v d v bnh lun ring cho ban bin tp

The authors studied the genetics of QUS measurements in a sample of 6056 individuals from 43 extended pedigrees.
They found that genetic factors account for between 29 and 55% variance of QUS measurements. This study is a
welcome contribution to the literature of the genetics of osteoporosis, because the genetics of QUS measurements has
not been well documented. The authors have used sophisticated and appropriate method of analysis. The presentation
of data is adequate. I have made some minor suggestions to improve the manuscript. Overall, I consider that this
manuscript is very good, and recommend that it should be accepted for publication in XXX.

It is a good, thoughtful paper, even though its a description of known phenotypes. The area is important, but the key
observation of XX on YY was already published in ref 10, itself a worthy paper. The ZZ part is new though and very
important to the overall conclusion. So, this paper will please to no end the nursing home readership of the JCI and
horribly the under 45 crowd, two worthy accomplishments that woild justify publication in their own right.

This paper uses a novel and informative strategy to investigate a relevant question regarding XX action of YY. If
interpretive issues can be satisfactorily addressed, the paper would be suitable for publication in XXX.

Bo co cho tc gi
Phn bo co dnh cho tc gi chi tit hn bo co cho ban bin tp. Nguyn tc s 1 ca bo co dnh cho tc gi
l gip h nhn ra im mnh v im yu (k c khim khuyt) trong nghin cu h chnh sa. Trong bo co
dnh cho tc gi, tuyt i khng ni n ngh cho cng b hay cho cng b (v l kin dnh cho ban bin
tp). D nhin, tc gi khng c c bo co dnh cho ban bin tp. Theo thng l, bo co bnh duyt dnh cho
tc gi phi c 3 phn chnh nh sau:

Tm lc ni dung chnh ca bi bo, v a ra mt s bnh lun chung (general comments). Phn ny ch mt on

vn ngn khong 100 t;

Nhn xt c th (specific comments). Trong phn ny, ngi duyt bi chia ra thnh 2 nhm: nhng nhn xt mang
tnh quan trng (major comments), v nhng nhn xt mang tnh nh (minor comments);

Kt lun
Mt bi bnh duyt tt, trong phn hai (nhn xt c th) phi tr li nhng cu hi sau y:

Cng trnh c ng gp g vo tri thc chuyn ngnh; Ta bi bo c phn nh ng ni dung ca bi bo; Bn

tm tt ngn gn m phn nh c nhng nt chnh ca nghin cu; Duyt qua y vn hay nhng nghin cu trc
mt cch y ; Mc tiu pht biu c r rng v c gi thuyt km theo hay ch l nghin cu m t ; Nghin cu
c p ng tiu chun v o c khoa hc; M t phng php nghin cu mt cch y sao cho ng nghip
c th lp li; Phn kt qu trnh by c bm st theo mc tiu nghin cu; d liu trnh by c r rng; v Phn bn
lun c ch ra nhng yu km v im mnh ca nghin cu, gii thch c ch v ngha ca pht hin.

Trong thc t, khng phi chuyn gia bnh duyt no cng c th gi vit mt bn nhn xt chi tit, nhng ni
chung phn ln u bm st theo nhng cu hi . Di y l mt v d bnh duyt dnh cho tc gi. Phn u l
bnh lun chung, phn hai l nhng nhn xt c th, k c phn ting Anh:

General comments

The authors conducted a genetic association study on 281 women aged between 45 and 65 of Chinese background to
test the hypothesis that polymorphisms within the XX gene is associated with BMD. They found a significant association
between a G894T gene polymorphism and serum testosterone and osteocalin, but not with. The studys hypothesis
and concept are interesting, but I am afraid that the finding was compromised by several methodological issues. Here
I would like to offer some comments as follows:

Specific comments

1. The authors should provide much more convincing case why the study was necessary. At present the rationale for
this study was based on a rather flimsy and unconvincing evidence. I accept that the hypothesis is good, but I feel that
the rationale for the study design has not been spelt out convincingly.

2. The abstract is too long. It should be limited to 250-300 words. Please check the Journals guidelines.

3. The calculation of sample size was based on a grossly optimistic assumption (eg allowable error of 20% for a
prevalence of 40%). It is not clear what does population morbidity rate of osteoporosis mean (page 7).

4. According to the WHO recommendation, femoral neck BMD, not lumbar spine BMD, is used for making a diagnosis
of osteoporosis. Therefore, the diagnostic statement (page 8) is incorrect. I am concerned that the data have to be re-
analyzed because the authors have used an incorrect criterion.

5. The statistical method was incorrect. This was not designed as a case control study, but rather a simple cross-
sectional study. Therefore, the Chi square test of allelic frequency between patients and controls is inappropriate.
Anyway, the authors should consult an experienced biostatistician or genetic statistician to re-analyze the data.

Some minor comments:

6. The authors misunderstand the difference between incidence and prevalence (page 5).

7. Do the authors mean Qiagen or Qegen (page 9)?

8. There are several linguistic errors, presumably due to the fact that none of the authors is a native English speaker.
It is recommended that the authors seek editorial assistance from a native English colleague to check the manuscript.

9. Several references are incorrect or inappropriate. For instance ref #17 (page 7) is not appropriate. Please check all
references and make sure that they are appropriately cited.

C nhng bo co ch 1 trang, nhng cng c bo co di c 10 trang. Trong thc t, ti v ng nghip Ty Nguyn

nhn mt bo co m chng ti tr li tn n 16 trang giy! C nhng chuyn gia rt t m, ch ra nhng sai st
v ting Anh, nhng cng c chuyn gia ch quan tm n ni dung v phng php. Nhng tt c u tun th theo
nhng qui c trong vic bnh lun. Nhng qui c c th m t di y.

Qui c v vn ho bnh duyt

Thi v phong cch bnh duyt cng l mt yu t quan trng. iu cn ghi nh l ngi bnh duyt ang duyt
cho ng nghip ca mnh, v theo ti, nn t ra knh trng v t t vi ng nghip. Kinh nghim c nhn cho thy,
ngi bnh duyt chuyn nghip cn phi c 5 c tnh: ng thi hn, lch s, nhn xt c th, nhn xt thn thin,
v khng i hi qu ng.
1. ng thi hn

i vi tc gi, t ngy np bn tho bi bo n ngy nhn c nhn xt ca cc chuyn gia bnh duyt l mt
ni lo thp thm. Lo v khng bit cng trnh ca mnh c tip nhn ra sao, v c hi c cng b l cao hay
thp ra sao. Trc y (thi cha c internet) thi gian t ngy np bi bo n khi nhn c l th hi p u
tin ca tp san km theo nhn xt ca cc chuyn gia bnh duyt l khong 2-3 thng, nhng ngy nay th thi gian
rt ngn hn nhiu, ch cn khong 2-4 tun.

C nhiu tp san, ban bin tp cc tp san lin tc hi thc cc chuyn gia bnh duyt np bn nhn xt trong vng
2 tun. Do , khi nhn li bnh duyt th cn phi gi ng thi hn cho php. Nu c tr vi ngy th cng khng
sao, nhng tr c tun tr ln th c xem l mt s thiu trch nhim v mt lch s.

2. Lch s

Trong vn ho khoa hc, ngi ta thng c x rt lch s vi nhau, nht l trn vn bn. Trong hi ngh, cc nh
khoa hc c th gt gng vi nhau trong cht vn v tr li, nhng trn vn bn th thng rt lch s. Khng bit
cc ngnh khc th sao, nhng trong ngnh y, ai ni ng nghip sai c xem l th l, l mt thi kh chp
nhn c. Cho d ng nghip c tht s sai, ngi duyt bi cng nn tm mt cch ni khc nh nhng v vn
minh hn, chng hn nh I consider that your method is not universally acceptable in the osteoporosis community. I
strongly suggest that the authors consider an alternative approach (Ti ngh rng phng php ca cc tc gi khng
c mi ngi trong ngnh long xng chp nhn. Ti ngh tc gi nn xem xt mt cch tip cn khc). Nu
tc gi kt lun sai d liu, th mt cch ni lch s l The authors conclusion is not consistent with the data (Kt
lun ca tc gi khng ph hp vi d liu).

C khi mt nhn xt khim nh c th nh hng n s nghip ca mt ngi. Chng hn nh nhn xt sau y

(m ti trch t sch khoa hc, ti khng cn ghi ngun):

The claims made by the author are neither novel nor convincing. The study is of little or no interest to the community,
and is probably inaccessible to anyone outside the authors presumably very small research group. Moreover, I believe
there are no further experiments that would strengthen the paper. (Nhng pht biu ca tc gi khng c g mi v
cng chng thuyt phc. Cng trnh nghin cu thuc vo loi t ngi trong cng ng quan tn, v c l chng ai
ngoi tr nhm ca tc gi tip cn c. Hn th na, ti tin rng khng cn phi lm thm th nghim nng cao
bi bo).

C th ni l mt nhn xt qu tiu cc. C th ni dung bi bo khng tt, nhng cng nn tm mt cch khc
vit lch s hn v tch cc hn. Vit nh th l hu dit mt tim nng. i vi nhng nhn xt tch cc, nn bt
u bng mt ging vn tch cc, ri sau mi cht vn:

The author should be commended for employing data on x in order to analyze y. Although these data present a rich
source of information for studying y, they remain largely underutilized, so it is good to see them being used here. (Tc
gi nn c tuyn dng v s dng d liu X phn tch Y. Mc d nhng d liu ny cung cp mt ngun
thng tin di do nghin cu Y, nhng vn cn t c s dng. Do , y l mt im hay ca tc gi).

Unfortunately however, the paper, as it is, fails to make an important contribution to the literature, for two reasons. First,
the analysis suffers from a number of methodological short-comings, which are summarized in the main comments
section below. Second, most of the empirical results are quite obvious. (Tuy nhin, bi bo nh hin nay tht bi trong
vic ng gp quan trng cho y vn, v hai l do: th nht, phn phn tch c vi khim khuyt v phng php, m
ti tm lc trong phn bnh lun chnh di y. Th hai, phn ln nhng kt qu l kh hin nhin).
Having said that, there is one result that seems non-obvious and interesting, namely that ... In fact, the paper could be
improved significantly if the authors could answer the following questions ... If the answer is yes to these questions,
then these aspects could be further explored. For example, it would be interesting to identify ... (D vy, c mt kt qu
hnh nh khng hin nhin v th v, c th l Tht ra, bi bo c th ci tin mt cch ng k nu tc gi c th
tr li nhng cu hi sau y Nu cu tr li l c cho nhng cu hi ny th nhng kha cnh ny cn c
khai thc thm).

Khng bao gi vit nhng nhn xt v c nhn tc gi. Chng hn nh khng vit rng tc gi thiu chuyn mn,
khng lm trong chuyn ngnh, xut thn t mt vin/trng khng c ting, v.v. Vit nh th l d b ban bin tp
xem l ngy bin v tn cng c nhn, bi v vn l ni dung bi bo ch khng phi c nhn tc gi. V li, ngi
duyt bi cng khng bit ht bng cp hay chuyn mn ca cc tc gi, nn vit bnh duyt nh th rt nguy
him. Trong thc t, nhng chuyn gia c kinh nghim v chng chc, khng ai vit v c nhn c, nhng trong thc
t vn c vi ngi mi tham gia nghin cu khoa hc nn c thi u tr. Khng bao gi t thi u tr trong
bnh duyt cng trnh ca ng nghip!

3. Nhn xt c th

Thnh thong, ti vn thy nhng bnh lun v nhn xt c th ni l v b. Tiu biu cho nhng nhn xt ny l there
are too many errors in the manuscript that need attention (c qu nhiu sai st trong bn tho cn phi ch ), a
number of English expressions in the manuscript are odd (mt s cu ch ting Anh khng chun), v.v. Nhng nhn
xt nh th cho thy ngi duyt bi hoc l khng c k, hoc l ch ni bng qu, gieo mt s nghi ng cho ban
bin tp. Nhng nhn xt chng nhng c xem l thiu thn thin, m cn thiu tnh chuyn nghip. Nu bn
tho c nhiu li hay sai st m ngi duyt bi khng c th gi ch ra ht, th t ra cng phi ch ra mt s sai st
tiu biu tc gi chnh sa hay tr li.

Mt vi v d nh sau c th minh ho cho s khc bit gia nhn xt chung v nhn xt c th:

Lines 4042: this sentence seems to be in contrast with the Conclusion section. Please clarify. Nhn xt nh th l
qu chung chung, nn sa li v ch ra c th s dng: In the Abstract (lines 4042) the authors say that x and y were
effective, but in the Conclusions it seems that only x is effective.

Line 51: . . . XXX represents the major repository of integration and accumulation of. . . This sentence is not clear. Nn
sa: I am not sure how a repository can contain integration. What exactly do the authors mean by integration in this
context?

4. Trnh nhn xt qu kht khe, nn t ra xy dng

iu ny c v hi bt bnh thng, nhng ti tng thy nhiu chuyn gia bnh duyt a ra nhng bnh lun rt
kht khe m khng c mc ch no c th c. C ngi dnh c na trang giy bt b v chm cu, vn phm,
ng vng ting Anh, m ngay c nhng nhn xt cng khng hp l. C ln ti bt gp mt nhn xt bi bo ca
cc ng nghip Vit Nam rng dng ch asymptomatic l khng chun, nhng chnh ngi nhn xt dng ch
sai. Thm vo l nhng nhn xt nh This is bad hay This study is flawed cng khng gip ch g cho tc
gi v ban bin tp.

Sau y l vi nhn xt mang tnh xy dng:

the aim of the work is not clearI am not completely sure whether this is simply a validation of a widely-used bioassay
or a field study. If it is indeed a validation, then I am not sure of its utility, given that many cases have already been
reported in the literature (as cited by the authors themselves). If it is a field study, then it might be useful to add more
parameters.

the parameters that the authors measured are too similar to each other and there are too few of them (only four). I
would recommend using at least six parameters.

The sediments that the authors chose are not very revealing in terms of metal pollution. What about using sediments
from .... ?

Nn t ra xy dng trong nhn xt. Nu tc gi dng mt phng php cha chun hay khng c cng ng
chuyn ngnh s dng na, th ngi duyt bi nn ngh mt phng php khc. Nu c qu nhiu sai st v
ting Anh, ngi duyt c th ngh tc gi nn tham vn mt chuyn gia am hiu v ting Anh. Nhng nhn xt
nh th s gip cho tc gi rt nhiu ci tin bn tho.

Ting Anh c khi l mt vn nan gii. Trong vi nm gn y, ti duyt bi t cc tc gi chu (nht l China)
rt nhiu. Ngoi mt thiu s vit ting Anh tt, phn a s l qu km. Nhng iu khng c ngha l khoa hc
ca h km. Kinh nghim ti th tu tnh hung m vit bnh lun.

Nu qu tht bi bo c qu nhiu sai st v ngi bnh duyt chc chn v iu ny th cng c cch vit sao cho
hp l v xy dng: This paper needs a thorough revision by a native English proofreader (Bi bo cn chnh sa ton
din bi mt ngi bn x ni ting Anh).

Nu c nhng sai st v nh vn: There are a few typos that need correcting. I suggest the authors turn on the spell
check in Word (C nhiu sai st trong vic nh vn cn phi chnh sa, ti ngh tc gi nn bt nt kim tra nh
vn on trong Word).

Nu c nhng sai st v vn phm: I noticed the following grammatical mistakes [a ra danh sch] but otherwise the
English seems fine (Ti ch thy c nhng sai st v vn phm [.] nhng ngoi nhng li ra th ting Anh c
v tt).

Nu khng chc chn c sai st, v khng chc chn cch pht hin: I dont feel qualified to judge the English, as it is
not my mother tongue; however, I do feel that in some parts the English is not up to standard and is sometimes rather
ambiguous. (Ti khng cm thy t cch nh gi ting Anh, v ting Anh khng phi l ting m ca ti;
tuy nhin, ti cm thy rng mt s cu ch ting Anh cha t chun v c khi m m).

Nu ting Anh ca mnh tt, nhng vn khng chc chn bi bo c sai ting Anh hay khng: The English seems fine
to me, but I am not a native speaker (Ting Anh c v tt i vi ti, nhng ti khng phi l ngi ni ting Anh nh
ting m ).

5. Khng i hi qu ng

i khi cc chuyn gia bnh duyt mun cc tc gi phi lm v vit theo ca mnh. H yu cu tc gi phi lm th
nghim ny, thm phn tch kia, vit nh th n. Ni cch khc, h mun tc gi p ng mun ca h. Trong
trng hp ny, ban bin tp s khng mn m vi kiu bnh duyt . C ln chng ti (ti v ng nghip Vit
Nam) np bn tho bi bo v gy xng ct sng, nhng mt chuyn gia bnh duyt i hi chng ti phi trnh
by c d liu v mt xng! Nu lm theo yu cu ny, bi bo s di gp 2 ln, v ci thng ip s b long.
V th chng ti phi lch s t chi khng lm theo yu cu , v ban bin tp chp nhn. Vn l bi bo h
ang duyt, v ban bin tp yu cu h duyt bi bo, ch khng yu cu h ln lp hay hng dn tc gi. Do ,
khng nn i hi tc gi mt cch qu ng. Bng di y trnh by vi v d so snh:
Thay v vit Th nn vit
I feel that / As far as I can see, / In my opinion / I believe / Based on my
It is absolutely wrong to state that x is the
knowledge of the topic I would say that the assertion that x is the cause
cause of y
of y may be open to discussion.
I would suggest that the results be presented in a different way; for
The presentation of results must be totally example, a table could be used rather than a figure. This would make
modified. the results stand out better and make it easier for the reader to
understand the importance of them.
The description of the methods needs more details. For example, what
The description of methods is incomplete and
criteria were used to select the three byproducts? Why was the field
does not permit a correct evaluation of the
test conducted with KS only? Which parameters did the Authors
trials.
evaluate in the field test and how?
The methodologic part refers to rather old
The authors may not be aware that there are actually some new
methods; how can they not be aware of the
procedures existing in the analytical literature. They might try
new procedures existing in the analytical
reading ....
literature?

Bnh duyt kn l mt qui trnh bo mt kh nghim ngt. Theo qui nh ca tp san th tt c nhng vn bn v bn
tho ca tc gi m ngi duyt bi c trong tay khi bnh duyt phi hu b ngay sau khi gi bi bnh duyt. Trong
thc t, c nhng con cu en khng lm theo qui nh ny, m gi li gi cho ng nghip khc, v l mt
vi phm khoa hc nghim trng. Ngoi ra, cn c tnh trng k th, m c khi tc gi khng bit, v cng l bi hc
cho nhng ngi xem mt m bt hnh dong. Ni chung, theo kinh nghim c nhn ti, lm mt chuyn gia bnh
duyt tt i hi mt bn lnh vn ho khoa hc tt.

Trong vn ho khoa hc, khng c tnh trng k th, k ng nghip, v nht l phi i x t t vi nhau. Ni th
d nhng thc hnh c khi khng d (1). Khoa hc l mt mi trng bnh ng v dependent origination, hiu theo
ngha chng ta bnh duyt ln nhau trong chuyn ngnh, v s nghip ca chng ta ph thuc ln nhau. tm kt
thc bi ny, ti ch nhc li mt trc y rng trong cuc sng a chiu c nhng mi lin h chng cht v phc
tp, khng c c nhn no lm nn tt c. Mi chng ta u phi ph thuc vo ngi khc tn ti. Trong khoa
hc, mi nh khoa hc phi ng trn vai ca ngi i trc hay ph thuc vo ng nghip c c s nghip
ngy hm nay. Tht l ngy th nu t huyn hoc mnh l quan trng nht ch v ng vai tr duyt bi ca ngi
khc. kin ca chuyn gia bnh duyt c th nh hng n tng lai ca mt ng nghip khc, v xin nhc li
l cn phi nhn lnh trch nhim rt nghim chnh.

Bnh duyt bi cho ng nghip l mt c quyn v c li. c quyn l v ngi duyt bi bit c ng nghip
mnh lm g v lm ra sao. c li l v lm chuyn gia bnh duyt c xem l mt thnh tch khoa hc, c php
ghi trong l lch l expert reviewer) cho tp san. c ban bin tp ca tp san mi bnh duyt l mt vinh d, mt
cch cng nhn chuyn mn, v do , nn cn phi t ra nghim chnh trong cng vic duyt bi.

(1) Nh lc cn tr, v lc cng c tn tui nn ti c kh nhiu tp san mi bnh duyt. Lc c l v ti

qu l tng ging nh perfectionist nn i hi cc tc gi phi lm nhiu vic, v c khi kht khe (nhng cha bao
gi k hay xem thng h). C ln sp ti c c bn bnh duyt, ng ku vo phng v nhc nh rng phi
t t vi ng nghip, rng trn th gii ny khng bao gi c nghin cu no hon ho c, nn phi thng cm vi
tc gi. ng hi mt cu rng Nu mai kia mt n, my gp tc gi trong hi ngh, my ph bnh nh th, my
c thy ngng khng? Cu ny lm ti nh mi v thay i hon ton cch ti vit bnh duyt sau ny.
Cch tr li bnh duyt (response to peer review)
Tip theo lot bi ch dn v cch vit bi bo khoa hc, k ny ti s ni v cch thc tr li bnh duyt ca cc
chuyn gia. Tr li bnh duyt ca cc chuyn gia cng l mt k nng quan trng ca mt nghin cu sinh v nh
khoa hc, v s phn bi bo c khi tu thuc vo cch tr li.

Bnh duyt ca ng nghip (peer review) l bc th hai trong qui trnh xut bn bi bo khoa hc. Bc th nht
l np bi, v nu bi bo c trin vng th s c ban bin tp gi cho 2-3 chuyn gia trong ngnh bnh duyt.
Bc th hai, sau khi nhn c bnh duyt, tc gi (hay nhm tc gi) c nhim v phi tr li nhng bnh lun,
nhng ph bnh, hay ngh ca cc chuyn gia. Nu tc gi tr li t, th ban bin tp c th quyt nh chp nhn
bi bo; nu tr li cha t th bi bo c th gi tr li (tc l bc b). Do , bc ny (tr li bnh duyt) rt quan
trng, khng th xem thng c.

i vi nhng ngi mi bc vo nghip nghin cu sinh, vic b cc chuyn gia ph bnh l mt kinh nghim
khng my tt. C ln mt nghin cu sinh ca ti nhn c bnh duyt t 3 chuyn gia, v c xong c y khc
rng. C y cm bn bo co ca 3 chuyn gia cho ti xem, v hi phi lm g by gi. Trc nc mt th tht ti
cng lng tng cha bit phn ng ra sao, v ch khuyn bnh tnh, c b mt bn, v tm ci g khuy kho
i ba ngy, ri s ngi xung v tm cch i ph. Nhng khi c xong cc bnh lun v ph bnh, ti thy ngoi vi
ch ph phn mt cch thiu cng bng, phn cn li cng khng qu khc khe. Bi hc i vi nhng ngi mi
vo nghin cu l lc no cng bnh thn trc nhng ph phn v i ph mt cch ng n, khng nn cho
cm tnh chi phi.

Peer review (bnh duyt bi ng nghip) l mt qui trnh khng th thiu trong khoa hc. T khi bn tho c gi
i n khi c chp nhn l mt hnh trnh gian nan. Bc tranh hot ho ny cho thy tc gi (ngi mc o trng
ang cm bn tho), phi qua nhiu chuyn gia bnh duyt v nhng ngi ny c nhim v ging nh "ao ph",
ch khi no tc gi qua c tt c ao ph ny v ngi mc o thng en cm ci li hi to (tng bin tp) th
bi bo mi c chp nhn, v ... n mng.

Mt im cn ghi nh khi tr li cc chuyn gia bnh duyt l s bt bnh ng gia tc gi v h. Theo qui ch ca
bnh duyt kn, tc gi khng bit danh tnh cc chuyn gia. Ch c ban bin tp bit h l ai. Tht ra, tt c tc gi
bit l h l ngi cng chuyn ngnh, rt c th l thnh vin ca ban bin tp. Nhng h bit tc gi l ai (qua tn
h, ni lm vic, v.v.). iu ny dn n mt s bt li l h c th t ra mt lch s (thm ch v l) vi tc gi,
nhng tc gi th khng th hnh x mt lch s vi h. Trong iu kin nh th, c mt s qui tc tr li m tc gi
cn phi nm lng. Nhng qui tc l tr li mt cch y , lch s, v c chng c.

Mc lc

[n]

1 Qui tc 1: tr li mt cch y
2 Qui tc 3: tr li vi bng chng
3 Tc gi, ngun
4 Xem thm
5 Bi lin quan
6 Lin kt n y

Qui tc 1: tr li mt cch y
y y phi hiu theo ngha tr li tt c nhng cu hi (bt k cu hi v l nh th no), v sao chp
nguyn vn nhng g cc chuyn gia vit (cho d h vit sai chnh t). Sao chp li nguyn vn bnh lun ca ngi
duyt bi cng l cch bt buc tc gi phi lng nghe nhng g ngi duyt bi ni, v gip tc gi phn nh bao
nhiu im trong cu hi.

1. The rationale for stratifying the analysis by sex is not presented, and is not clear to me. Was this pre-specified? At
the least, the results of the analysis for all participants combined should be presented as the primary analysis

Response: The prevalence of TB is higher in men than in women. Our previous study suggested that the prevalence of
vitamin D insufficiency was higher in women than in men. Therefore, we pre-specified the analysis by sex. We do not
think a combined analysis is meaningful here, because it could mask the sex-specific association.

2. The authors state that association that they report cannot be interpreted as causal, and yet conclude the paper by
suggesting that supplementation may have a role in prevention / treatment this is inconsistent.

Response: We have re-written the conclusion to be more consistent with the data: Considering findings from previous
work, and given the current epidemics of vitamin D insufficiency in the world and in Vietnam, the present finding warrants
further studies to determine whether vitamin D supplementation can have a role in the prevention and treatment of
tuberculosis in developing countries.

Trong v d trn, nhng cu trong ngoc kp l sao chp nguyn vn ca ngi duyt bi, v "Response" l phn tr
li ca tc gi. Thnh thong, tc gi cng nn t ra lch s bng mt cu mi u, nh "We thank the reviewer for
taking time to consider our work. Here, we would like to address the reviewer's concerns as follows:" (Chng ti cm
n ngi duyt bi b thi gian xem xt bi bo ca chng ti. y, chng ti mun tr li nhng quan tm ca
ngi duyt nh sau). Mt cu nh th s lm cho ngi duyt bi thy cng lao mnh b ra khng ... ph.

Ngay c khi ngi duyt bi khen bi bo, tc gi cng cn nn tr li. Trong trng hp c khen, tc gi ch cn
vit mt cch ngn gn nh We appreciate the reviewers positive comment on our work. We also think that the work
is a meaningful contribution to the literature (Chng ti ghi nhn bnh lun tch cc ca bn. Chng ti cng ngh rng
cng trnh ny th hin mt ng gp c ngha vo y vn).
Qui tc 2: tr li mt cch lch s. Nn nh rng tt c cc chuyn gia duyt bi lm vic hon ton tnh nguyn, h
khng nhn mt th lao hay ng lng no c. H phi b kh nhiu th gi c, i chiu v vit bnh lun.
Ngoi tr mt s nh (c th rt nh) chuyn gia hp hi v t ra u tr, phn ln cc chuyn gia l ng nghip u
c nh gip ch khng phi ph.

Tc gi c quyn bt ng kin vi ngi duyt bi, nhng cch biu hin bt ng kin sao cho ngi duyt
bi cm thy mnh c trn trng. Tc gi cn phi trnh thi (hay t ra) ngo mn, phch li, v tuyt i khng
c xc phm. Trnh nhng cu nh We totally disagree (chng ti hon ton bt ng kin), hay The reviewer
obviously does not know this field (ngi duyt bi hin nhin khng am hiu lnh vc ny). Thay v vit nh th, tc
gi c th vit lch s hn nh we agree with the reviewer , but (chng ti ng vi ngi duyt, nhng ). Sau
y l mt s cu thng thng cho tnh hung bt ng kin:

We agree with the reviewer that , but

The reviewer is correct to point out , yet

In accordance with the reviewers suggestions, we have now changed this sentence to read

While we agree with the reviewer that

It is true that , but

We acknowledge that our paper might have been , but

We too were disappointed by the , but

We agree that this is an important area that requires further work

We support the reviewers assertion that , although

With all due respect to the reviewer, we felt that this point is not consistent with current data

Qui tc 3: tr li vi bng chng

Quan trng nht trong vn bn tr li cc bnh duyt l bng chng. Thay v ch ni Chng ti khng ng , th tc
gi nn thm l do ti sao khng ng , nhng tt hn na l cung cp bng chng lm c s cho lun im
ca mnh. Bng chng c th l nhng d liu c cng b trc y, nhng cng c th l mt ti liu tham
kho.

6. It is stated that the ELISA cannot determine 25(OH)D2. I agree this is unlikely to be a significant confounder of the
analysis. However in the discussion it is then stated without showing data that 25(OH)D2 was present in less than 10%
sera. How was this ascertained if the ELISA could not detect it?

Response: The 10% figure was quoted from a previous study. We have now provided the reference:

Saenger AK, Laha TJ, Bremner DE, Sadrzadeh SM. Quantification of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D(2) and D(3) using
HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry and examination of reference intervals for diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency. Am J
Clin Pathol 2006;125:914-20
Cc chuyn gia bnh duyt khng phi l Thng , m cng l con ngi bnh thng nh chng ta. Thnh thong,
h khng c th gi c bn tho mt cch cn thn, v h c th c nhn xt sai. Trong thc t, iu ny xy ra
khng phi l him. Trong trng hp , tc gi khng nn tr li ma mai nh If the reviewer had bothered to read
our paper (Nu ngi duyt bi chu kh c bi bo ca chng ti ) v cch vit nh th s c hiu l tr
con, v rt d lm cho ngi duyt bi ni nng bc b bi bo (h cng ch l con ngi vi tham sn si). Thay v
tr li ma mai, tc gi nn tr li mt cch cao thng hn nh We agree that this is an important issue, and we
have already addressed it on page A, paragraph B, line C (Chng ti ng y l im quan trng, v chng ti
cng cp n trang A, on vn B, dng C).

Thnh thong cng c vi chuyn gia bnh duyt t ra mt lch s v u tr. Nhng chuyn gia ny thng mun t
ra rng h c kin thc, xem thng ngi ng nghip khc t nng h ln, hay a ra nhng nhn xt chm
bim, h thp tc gi, v.v. l nhng thi cc k thiu chuyn nghip (unprofessional) v c th ni l v gio
dc (uneducated). Trong trng hp , tc gi khng cn phi tr li ngi duyt bi (v tr li l t ra mnh quan
tm n h), m vit ring cho tng bin tp, ch ra nhng thi u tr, nhng nhn xt thiu tnh chuyn nghip,
v ngh khng cho ngi nhn xt bt c bi bo no trong tng lai. Tng bin tp v ban bin tp cng hiu
c vn , nn h thng tm mt chuyn gia khc trng thnh hn v chuyn nghip hn. Trong thc t, ti
tng thay mt mt nhm tc gi Vit Nam phn nn mt chuyn gia duyt bi cho mt tp san y khoa khi ngi
ny t thi xem thng ng nghip Vit Nam.

Cn nh rng khi ban bin tp cho tc gi c hi tr li bnh duyt th iu c ngha l bi bo c c hi cao c

cng b, vi iu kin tc gi tr li ht nhng cu hi hay nhn xt ca ngi duyt bi. Do , tc gi khng nn
b l c hi ny. Nu tc gi tr li khng y , hay khim nh, hay trnh n vn , th xc sut bi bo b t
chi s rt cao. Trong thc t, ti cng gp nhiu trng hp tc gi tr li mt cch hi ht, v trong nhng
trng hp , ti tr li bi bo cho tc gi v ngh h tm mt tp san khc. Tu tp san, nhng i vi nhng
tp san tm trung nh JBMR, khong 50% bi bo b tr v m khng cn gi ra bnh duyt, sau khi bnh duyt
khong 45% vn c th b t chi, v ngay c sau khi bnh duyt v tr li, xc sut b t chi l khong 5%. Do ,
tc gi khng nn b st bt c mt chi tit nh no trong khi tr li.

Ni tm li, tr li nhng nhn xt ca cc chuyn gia bnh duyt l mt qui trnh give and take (cho v nhn). Cho
kin v quan im ca mnh. Tip nhn kin ca ngi duyt bi. B quyt thnh cng trong vn bn tr li
chuyn gia bnh duyt l phi lm sao ngi duyt bi h thy mnh c tn trng v kin ca h c nh
gi cao. t c yu cu , xin nhc li 3 qui tc tr li: y , lch s, v c chng c.

Tc gi, ngun
GS. TS. NGUYN VN TUN - Chuyn gia nghin cu cao cp ca y hi Nghin cu y khoa v y t quc gia c
Ngun: Sinh vt rng Vit Nam

Gii php cho tnh trng thiu thng tin khoa hc

Ti sao cc nh nghin cu nc ta thiu thng tin?
Cu tr li l do thiu c s vt cht v trng i hc cng cha quan tm (hay cha nhn thc) ng mc n
tm quan trng ca thng tin trong nghin cu khoa hc. Tnh trng trn tng phn vi tnh hnh cc trng i
hc hay vin nghin cu khoa hc phng Ty, ni m thng tin c xem l mt loi c s h tng (infrastructure).
Trong cc tiu chun dng xp hng v nh gi danh ting ca cc trng i hc, ngoi cc tiu chun khoa
bng, h thng th vin v tp san khoa hc l mt tiu chun rt quan trng. Do , khng ngc nhin khi thy cc
trng i hc khoe h thng th vin ca mnh cnh tranh nhau thu ht sinh vin hay nghin cu sinh.

Gii php no cho Vit Nam

khc phc tnh trng thiu thng tin nc ta, mt tnh trng m mt nh nghin cu mi y cho rng khng
th chp nhn c, ti ngh vi bin php c th nh sau:

Thit lp mt c s d liu khoa hc quc gia. Hin nay, nc ta c nhiu tp san khoa hc, tuy cht lng cha
cao, nhng cng cung cp nhiu thng tin c ch v lin quan n khoa hc trong nc. Nhng cc thng tin ny
cha c h thng ha, v tnh trng ny gy khng t kh khn cho nhiu nh nghin cu tr, k c nghin cu
sinh, v h khng truy tm c ti liu cn thit. Mt vi nghin cu sinh phn nn vi ngi vit bi ny rng khi
h trnh by cng nghin cu trc thy c, h b ph bnh rng ch trch dn cc bo co nc ngoi m coi
thng nghin cu t trong nc, nhng trong thc t, rt kh m bit cc nh nghin cu trong nc lm g v
khng c c s d liu.

H thng ha c s d liu rt quan trng. Trc y, trc nhng lo ngi v cht anthrax trong chin dch chng
khng b, cc nh khoa hc truy tm ti liu khoa hc v may mn thay, vo lc , ch c Th vin Anh (British
Library) l c quan duy nht c h thng ha d liu khoa hc trc nm 1950. Qua truy cp ti liu, cc nh nghin
cu mi pht hin rng cha c nghin cu g v anthrax trong sut 47 nm! Nu khng c c s d liu ca Th
vin Anh, c l ngi ta phi tn rt nhiu thi gian v cng sc bit v anthrax. Qua kinh nghim ny, M v
mt s nc nh Anh v c, cc th vin quc gia c chng trnh h thng ha ton b cc bi bo khoa hc
trong mt c s d liu v a ln internet. Chng hn nh h thng d liu Pubmed Central (PMC,
www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov) ca M c mc ch tp hp v h thng ha cc bi bo khoa hc t cc tp san khoa
hc trong v ngoi nc M. Vi PMC, chng ta c th truy nhp nhng bi bo cng b t u th k 20. Nc ta
c th hc t PMC pht trin mt c s d liu ni a v qua gip cho th h sau trong nghin cu khoa hc.

Ch ng lin lc vi chng trnh OARE v WHO m bo Vit Nam nm trong danh sch ca h. Vic lm ny
i hi s ch ng ca mt s t chc i din trong nc (chng hn nh B Y t hay B KH&CN v B Ti
nguyn & Mi trng). Nhng thnh vin chnh trong chng trnh OARE l Kimberley Parker (Gim c th vin
i hc Yale), Barbara Aronson (Gim c chng trnh HINARI ca WHO).

Tch cc tham gia vo chng trnh Open Access m bo cc nh khoa hc trong nc c th truy nhp vo
cc tp san do chng trnh ny qun l. Chng trnh Open Access c mc tiu chnh l to iu kin cho cc nh
khoa hc trn khp th gii, k c cc nc ang pht trin, c th truy nhp thng tin khoa hc min ph. Chng
trnh ny ang c rt nhiu i hc trn th gii ng h v rt thnh cng, khng ch trong xut bn n phm khoa
hc m c lnh vc phn mm my tnh nh ngn ng R chng hn. Chng ta c th tranh th mi cc nhn vt
chnh trong chng trnh ny (chng hn nh Leslie Chan, Barbara Kirsop, Stevan Harnard) n Vit Nam tho
lun v cch Vit Nam c th tham gia hay ng gp vo chng trnh Open Access.

Quan trng hn ht l m rng v u t vo cng ngh thng tin v internet. Phi ni ngay rng h thng internet
ti cc trung tm nghin cu v i hc nc ta cha hon chnh, v trong tnh trng , tt c cc gii php trn s
khng th no v khng bao gi thnh hin thc, bi v tt c cc gii php Open Access, OARE hay HINARI u
da vo internet. Do , cc trng i hc v trung tm nghin cu cn phi trc ht kin ton h thng internet
v th vin. Nu cha c hai c s vt cht ny, chng ta cha th tho lun g c vi cc nhm m ti va nu.

V thiu thng tin, cho nn rt nhiu cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc ch n thun lp li nhng g ngi khc
lm. Phn ln cc nghin cu y hc trong nc m ngi vit c dp im qua u lp li nhng g nhng nh
nghin cu nc ngoi, thm ch trong nc, lm t hn 20 nm v trc. Ni cch khc, v thiu thng tin cho
nn cht lng nghin cu khoa hc nc ta cn thp, v cng chnh l mt trong nhng l do ti sao cc cng
trnh nghin cu nc ta rt t xut hin trn cc tp san khoa hc quc t.

Thiu thng tin cng c th dn n hao tn ngn sch mt cch khng cn thit. Chng hn nh nm ngoi, c
ngi ngh tin hnh mt nghin cu vi ngn sch 444 t ng nhm nng cao chiu cao ngi Vit, v theo h,
so vi ngi trng thnh Nht Bn cng nhm tui th ngi Vit Nam vn cn thp hn 10cm (Thanh Nin
Online 13/3/2006) v mc nh hng ca cc yu t di truyn n chiu cao ch 23%. Nhng cc thng tin lm
c s cho d n nghin cu ny khng ng. Ch cn truy nhp vo th vin y khoa quc t, c th thy ngay rng
s khc bit v chiu cao trong mt qun th do cc yu t di truyn nh hng t 65% n 87%. Ngoi ra, chiu
cao hin nay ngi Vit cng tng ng vi chiu cao ngi Nht, Trung Quc v Thi Lan. Nu c y
thng tin th tng ca d n ng l khng nn c, ch cha ni n vic vit thnh mt n!

Ngun

Nguyn Vn Tun, Tp ch Tia sng

o vn trong nghin cu
nc ta trong my nm gn y, nn o vn c gii bo ch nhc n kh nhiu ln, nhng phn ln cc
trng hp ny thng xy ra trong lnh vc vn ha-ngh thut. Cn trong nghin cu khoa hc v cng ngh, nu
t lu nn o vn c lin quan n nhng ging vin v gio s cng c nhiu nghin cu sinh n i qua li
nhiu, nhng cha c bng chng hin nhin, th gn y mt trng hp o vn cc k trng trn v... th lm
chn ng gii nghin cu khoa hc Vit Nam, nht l trong cng ng c dn mng.

Nm 2000, hai tc gi nguyn l nghin cu sinh Vit Nam ti Nht v mt tc gi ngi Nht cng b bi bo c
ta l Ships optimal autopilot with a multivariate auto-regressive eXogenous model trong hi ngh v ng dng
ti u ha ti Nga. n nm 2004 bi bo c xut hin trong mt hi ngh cng v ng dng ti u ha ti
Nht nhng vi mt ta na n An optimal ship autopilot using a multivariate auto-regressive exogenous model
vi 10 tc gi t Vit Nam! iu kh tin l 99% cu ch, 100% cc s liu, thm ch hnh con tu Shioji Maru trong
bi bo nm 2004 ly nguyn vn t bi bo nm 2000.

Bi bo gc nm 2000

Abstract: This paper presents a new application of the linear quadratic gaussian (LQG) control algorithm linked to the
recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm applied to a multivariate auto-regressive exogenous (MARX) model of ship to
construct an autopilot for steering ship. Simulation performed for training ship is described. As a first step of designing
a tracking system, the optimal autopilot with the MARX model was used to keep and change the ships course during
full-scale experiment aboard the training ship. It has been found that the autopilot has robustness and good performance
for steering ship. Copyright 2000 IFAC.

Keywords: estimation and identification, ship steering dynamics, quadratic optimal control, control design.

Table 1. Statistical values of estimated paramaters

Para Mean Max Min Final

a1 -1.0078 -0.9970 -1.0171 -1.0078

a2 -0.0019 -0.0017 -0.0776 -0.0121

a3 -0.0303 0.0365 -0.0044 0.0318

b0 -0.0533 -0.0256 -0.7091 -0.0443

Bi bo nm 2004:

Abstract: Linear quadratic gaussian (LQG) control algorithm linked to recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm has been
applied to a multivariate auto-regressive exogenous (MARX) model of ship to construct an autopilot for steering ship. It
has been found from computer simulation and full-scale experiments aboard the training ship that the autopilot is
robustness and has good features in both course keeping and course changing.

Keywords: estimation and identification, quadratic optimal control, control design, ship steering dynamics.

Table 1. Statistical values of estimated paramaters

Parameters Mean Max Min Final

a1 -1.0078 -0.9970 -1.0171 -1.0078

a2 -0.0019 -0.0017 -0.0776 -0.0121

a3 -0.0303 0.0365 -0.0044 0.0318

b0 -0.0533 -0.0256 -0.7091 -0.0443

Tht ra, trng hp ny vt ra ngoi nh ngha ca o vn mt mc. C th ni y l mt scientific hijack
tc l chim ot cng trnh khoa hc. Khi tc gi bi bo gc lin lc vi cc tc gi bi bo nm 2004 tm hiu
thm nguyn do v li gii thch, th s vic ri vo im lng.

o vn c xem l mt hnh vi gian ln nghim trng, mt hnh ng khng th chp nhn c trong hot ng
khoa hc, v n lm gim uy tn ca khoa hc v lm tn hi n s lim chnh v khch quan ca nghin cu khoa
hc. Chng hn nh cng trnh nghin cu v thng vong trong cuc chin Iraq c cng b trn Tp san New
England Journal of Medicine (tp san y hc s mt trn th gii) vo ngy 24/10/2002 b rt li v tc gi gi to
s liu v o vn. Trong y hc, h qu ca o vn i khi rt nghim trng n tnh mng ca bnh nhn. Nhn
thc c s nghim trng ca vn , cng ng khoa hc cn lp ring mt tp san c tn l Plagiary, chuyn
nghin cu v o vn cc trng hp o vn (www.plagiary.org).

Cha ai bit qui m ca nn o vn trong khoa hc nh th no, nhng mt vi nghin cu gn y cho thy tnh
trng ny kh ph bin. Theo tp san Nature, trong mt s ngnh khoa hc, nn o vn (k c t o vn) c th
ln n 20% trong cc bi bo cng b. Hai tc gi Schein v Paladugu truy tm 660 bi bo cng b trn 3 tp
san hng u trong ngnh phu thut v pht hin khong 12% bi bo c cu trc ging nhau, 3% s dng t ng
hon ton ging nhau, v khong 8% s dng t ng rt ging nhau. Hai tc gi cn pht hin khong 14% cc cng
trnh nghin cu ny thuc vo loi t o vn hay t o s liu.

Rt nhiu trng hp o vn c kt cc mt cch bi thm, v trong nhiu trng hp s nghip ca th phm

u tiu tan. Cch y trn 20 nm, mt v o vn lm tn kh nhiu giy mc ca bo ch ca c, v th phm l
mt gio s cp cao thuc i hc La Trobe (c). Gio s Ron Wild l mt nh x hi hc, tc gi ca nhiu cun
sch v cng trnh khoa hc, mt nhn vt thuc vo hng cy a cy trong chuyn ngnh. Nm 1985 ng xut
bn mt cun sch thuc nhp mn x hi hc (An Introduction to Sociological Perspectives, Nh xut bn Allen &
Unwin). Ch vi tun sau khi xut bn, nhiu nghin cu sinh ca chnh ng v cc gio s khc pht hin rng c
rt nhiu on vn trong sch c ly t cc bi bo khoa hc ca cc tc gi khc nhng ng khng h ghi ngun
hay ghi ch r rng. Nh xut bn Allen & Unwin quyt nh thu hi cun sch, i hc La Trobe m cuc iu tra v
bt buc ng phi t chc. M c c quan Office of Research Integrity (ORI, tm dch: Nha lim chnh trong nghin
cu) chuyn iu tra v gii quyt cc vn o vn v vi phm khoa hc.

Nm 2004, mt trng hp o vn gy s ch trong gii khoa bng v th phm l mt gio s thuc mt trng
i hc danh gi nht th gii: i hc Harvard. Sultan l mt gio s min dch hc ti trng Y thuc i hc
Harvard o vn t 4 bi bo ca cc nh khoa hc khc, v b pht hin khi bi bo ca ng c bnh duyt. Sau
khi iu tra, ng b cm khng c lm phn bin v bnh duyt cc bo co khoa hc trong vng 3 nm. Tt nhin,
s vic cng gy nh hng n s nghip ca ng. Mt trng hp gn y nht cng lm xn xao d lun bo
ch v th phm l mt sinh vin tr thuc trng i hc danh gi nht th gii v cng xy ra ti i hc Harvard.
Kaavya Viswanathan l mt sinh vin gc n , 19 tui, c ti vit vn, v c xem l mt ngi sao ang ln vi
y trin vng qua cun tiu thuyt How Opal Mehta Got Kissed, Got Wild, and Got a Life. Nhng ngay sau khi xut
bn, ngi ta pht hin cun tiu thuyt c nhiu on trng hp hay ly t hai cun tiu thuyt Sloppy Firsts (in
nm 2001) cun Second Helpings (in nm 2003) ca Nh vn Megan F. McCafferty. H qu l c nh vn tr tui
ny mt mt hp ng 500.000 USD vi mt nh xut bn khc, v khng cn phi ni thm, s nghip vit vn ca
c coi nh chm dt.

nc ta hnh nh Nh nc vn cha c mt chnh sch gii quyt cc trng hp o vn hay vi phm o

c khoa hc. Tuy nhin, kinh nghim t nc ngoi cung cp cho chng ta mt s bi hc v cch thc gii quyt
vn cho cc trng i hc nc ta.
B khoa hc v Cng ngh cn phi c mt n v i ph v x l vi cc trng hp gian ln trong khoa hc.
Trong mi trng i hc hay vin nghin cu cn phi c mt y ban o c khoa hc (m ting Anh hay gi l
Ethics Committee) gii quyt bt c t co no lin quan n cc hnh vi lin quan n nhng sai lm, ngy to,
gian tr v o vn trong khoa hc. Theo kinh nghim t nc ngoi, y ban ny bao gm cc nh khoa hc t nhiu
ngnh chuyn mn khc nhau v mt s nh khoa hc t cc trng i hc bn. iu quan trng l y ban o
c khoa hc phi c lp vi ban lnh o trng i hc.

Khi mt trng hp gian ln khoa hc xy ra, y ban o c khoa hc cn phi hnh ng ngay, tc l m cuc
iu tra, lng nghe kin ca tt c cc thnh phn lin quan n vn , v gii quyt nhanh chng. Khng nn ch
hay ko di thi gian m hu qu l c ngi t co ln ngi b t co u b tn hi uy tn, v trng cng b mang
tai ting. Do , cn phi dt khot gii quyt vn cng nhanh cng tt tt c mi bn c th tip tc cng vic
ca mnh.

Cn phi dy cho hc sinh, sinh vin phn bit c u l o vn, v u l trch dn. C nhiu trng hp o
vn xy ra sinh vin chu , khi c hi th h thng ni l v h knh trng tc gi nn mi trch dn! l mt
cch bin minh khng th chp nhn c. Do , chng ta cn phi thm vo phn o c khoa hc trong chng
trnh o to sinh vin v nghin cu sinh. Tht ra, ngay c hc sinh tiu hc v trung hc cng phi c dy rng
mn tng v t ng ca ngi khc th phi ghi r hay xin ghi n (acknowledgement), khng c chuyn x
nhm giy c.

Mt yu t cn bn, bao qut gii quyt tn gc nn o vn, hay r hn l o tri thc nc ta, l cn ci t
t h thng gio dc: t cp trn, n t liu ging dy, n hnh thc ging dy ngay t bc tiu hc. V d: i a
s, nu khng ni l tt c sch gio khoa ging dy Vit Nam khng h c mt ti liu tham kho no, nhng c
nhm tc gi. Khng th ni tri thc trong mi cun sch gio khoa l ti sn tr tu ca nhm tc gi son sch
c, v nu khng c trch dn ti liu tham kho, chnh l o vn. Cch thc ging dy Vit Nam trong nhiu
nm qua vn cha c thay i theo cch thy c, tr chp, y l mt hnh thc hng dn o vn v tnh. Khi
tr tr bi hoc lm bi thi m khng vit ng thy hoc nguyn vn li thy ging, th bi thi khng t; ngc li
t tc l o vn! o vn cn phi c coi l mt chuyn ging dy chnh thc trong cc trng hc, mc
nng dn theo bc hc; n c coi nh l mt bi hc o c chng li hnh vi n cp, m y l n cp
tng, n cp tri thc, v cng phi c x l khng khc g n cp vt cht.

Hn 20 nm v trc, Al Gore, lc cn l mt thng ngh s (v sau ny l Ph tng thng M) ch tr mt cuc

iu trn v gian ln trong khoa hc, nhn xt: Nn tng ca nghin cu khoa hc da vo s tn nhim ca qun
chng v lim chnh trong hot ng khoa hc. Cu pht biu ny c tnh ph qut, v c th thch hp cho bt c
hot ng nghin cu khoa hc ti bt c nc no, k c nc ta.

o vn cn phi c coi l mt chuyn ging dy chnh thc trong cc trng hc, mc nng dn theo bc
hc; n c coi nh l mt bi hc o c chng li hnh vi n cp, m y l n cp tng, n cp tri thc,
v cng phi c x l khng khc g n cp vt cht.

Th no l o vn?

o vn c nh ngha l s dng tng hay cu vn ca ngi khc mt cch khng thch hp (tc khng ghi
r ngun gc), c bit l vic trnh by nhng tng v t ng ca ngi khc trc cc din n khoa hc v
cng cng nh l tng v t ng ca chnh mnh. y, tng v t ng ca ngi khc c ngha l: s
dng cng trnh hay tc phm ca ngi khc, ly tng ca ngi khc, sao chp nguyn bn t ng ca ngi
khc m khng ghi ngun, s dng cu trc v cch l gii ca ngi khc m khng ghi nhn h, v ly nhng
thng tin chuyn ngnh m khng r ngun gc.
Gn y, mt hnh thc o vn khc xut hin c gii khoa hc t tn l t o vn (self plariagism). Tc gi
cng b mt bi bo khoa hc nh l mt cng trnh nghin cu mi, nhng thc cht l xo nu d liu ca
nghin cu c ca mnh tng cng b trc y.

Ngun

Nguyn Vn Tun, Tp ch Tia sng