人權侵犯與第三世界的政治變遷

:
1
Kun Shan University
http://www.ksu.edu.tw
Human Rights Violations and
Political Change in the Third World
Peng, Chien-wen
Professor, Center for General Education,Kun-Sun University
Abstract
There is a deep correlation between the crises of political development and human rights
violations in the third world; the more acute the crises, the higher the incidence of human
rights violation. In other words, factors of instability are ultimately associated with the crisis
of infringing upon the promotion of human rights.
For the reason of national security, political violence is used by most parties as a means to
retain or acquire political power and support, including attempted assassination, threats,
intimidations and other serious human rights violations.
As a matter of fact, good governance is guided by the principles of accountability and

commitment to human rights. Unfortunately, human rights violation and political corruption
have gone hand-in-hand in the developing countries for many years. Both have become
commonplace in pre- and post-independence history. Governments have resorted to mass
arrests, detention without trial, and the inhuman treatment of citizens.
Keywords: Human Rights, The Third World, Political Change, Political Legitimacy,
Authoritarian System
2
Kun Shan University

(Developing Democracy)Human Rights
Violations
Democratic Consolidation
1
(Social Justice
Good Governance
InterdependenceIndisvisible Human Rights
State Responsibility 2
Street Insurgency(Armed Rebellion)

Political AssassinationRevolution
3

(Debate)
(Liberalists)(Civil Liberty)(Political
Freedom)(Social and Economic
Rights)(The Universal Declaration of Human
Rights)
4
1
Mertus, Juli & Jeffrey W. Helsing (eds.,2006,Human Rights & Conflict: Eastern Europe Ten Years after the
Collapse of Communism, Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press
2
Scheinin , Martin,2002,State Responsibility, Good Governance and Indivisible Human Rights, in Hans-Otto Sano
& G. Alfredsson(eds),Human Rights and Good Governance, London:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.PP. 29-44
Alfredsson ,Gudmundur,2002,The Usefulness of Human Rights for Democracy and Good Governancein Hans-Otto
Sano & G. Alfredsson(eds),Human Rights and Good Governance, London:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,PP.19-27.
3
Berglund, Sten, Frank H. Aarebrot , Henri Vot & G. karasimeonov,2001,Challenges to Democracy, Massachusetts:
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Politics:Theories of Political Change & Development, New York:Palgrave Macmillan,P.230.
4
Arat , Zehra F.,1991, Democracy and Human Rights in Developing Countries, Boulder & London : Lynne Rienner
Publishers,P.3Soysal, Y. N.,1994, Limits of Citizenship:Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe,
3
Kun Shan University

(Rights of the People)

(Thomas Jefferson,1743-1826)(The Common Rights of
Mankind) (Fundamental Human Rights
(Inalienable Moral Entitlement) 5
(Unconditionally)(Unalterably)
(Equally)(Moral Rights) 8
(To Be A Person)

10

(Discrimination);
(Dignity of Life)(American
Convention On Human Rights) ,:,
:the right to have his life
respected
,
11

Human Rights Standard Setting
Chicago & London: The University of Chicago,PP.130-131

5
McLean,Iain,1996,Oxford Concise Dictionary of Politics,New York:Oxford University Press.
6
(1) 1995-1999(2000) 42
7
Donnelly, Jack,1989,Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice, Cornell University Press,PP.13-14
8
Feinberg, Joel,1973,Social PhilosophyFoundations of Philosophy Series,N. J.:Engliwood Cliffs.P.84; Feinberg,
Joel,1970,The Nature and Value of Rights, Journal of Value Inquiry,Vol.4.,PP.243-257.
9
Cranston,Maurice,1973, What are Human Rights?, London:Bodley Head,PP.6-7, PP.21-24
10
(:1991) 17
11
Brownlie,Ian,1997, Baic Documents on Human Rights, New York:Oxford University Press,PP.497.
4
Kun Shan University
A.
(Human Being) (Body)

(Value)
(Purpose)(dignity)
:
(Factual Judgement) (Value
Judgement)
( Human Dignity) 12
13
B.
(What is Right )
(Righteousness)(Ought to be)14
Joel Feinberg(Justified
Claim)
15
(Normal Structure)
(Ethical Autonomy) 16
C.
1776 (The Declaration of Independence) :

Created Equal

17
1789 (The Declaration of Man and the Citizen):
:
;18 1948
:;
19

(Natural
Law)(Natural Rights)
12
Buchanan,James M., 1986, Liberty Market, and State, Harvester Press.
13
Donnelly, Jack,1985,The Concept of Human Rights,New York:St. Martins ress,PP.25-30.
14
Donnelly,Jack,1993,International Human Rights,Oxford::Westview Press,PP.19-21
15
Feinberg, Joel,1973,Social PhilosophyFoundations of Philosophy Series, N. J.:Engliwood Cliffs.PP.43-44
16
Wellman,Carl,1978,A New Conception of Human Rights, E. Kamenka & A.E. S. Tay, Human
Rights,London,PP.48-58.
17
Berman,L.,B. A. Murphy & O. A. Woshinsky,1996, Approaching Democracy, New Jersey:Pren- tice-Hall,Inc.,P.A-1.
18
(: 1995) 14
19
Brownlie,Ian,1997, Baic Documents on Human Rights, New York:Oxford University Press,P.22.
5
Kun Shan University
; 20

(Imaginary Rights)
21
22
1776 1789
(Utilitarianism)( Positivism)(Pragmatism)
,
23
24
(Constructive Interaction)
25
D.
Joel Feinberg
(Respect
for Person)(Human Dignity)
26
(Self-fulfil-ling Moral Prophey)
(Rational Autonomy)
(Be Violated)(Free
Will)(Exploitation)(Alienability)(Exchange)(Alteration)
(Price)

(Necessarily Enforceable)
:
20
Michael Freeden (Rights)(:1998) 47-49
21
(
1992) 257-260
22
Herbert M. Levine (:1999) 254
23
Austin Ranny (The Governing of Men) (1967)
24
(:1991) 45
25
Donnelly, Jack,1989,Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice, Cornell University Press,P.32.
26
Feinberg, Joel,1970, The Nature and Value of Rights Journal of Value Inquiry,Vol.4.,P.252.
6
Kun Shan University
Relative Universality
Coerced Consensus(Voluntary Consensus) 27
E.

John Locke(1632-1704)

(Basic
Needs),(One Man One Vote ,One Vote One
Value),,,
,,
28
Human Rights Violation

Spirits Ideas (Institution)(Behavior)
Discrimination
AggressionRepressionUsurpative
Exploitation

Dictatorship

Political
Consensus
(Sovereignty)
27
Jack Donnelly,2007, The Relative Universality of Human Rights Human Rights
Quarterly,Vol.29,No.4,PP.291-292.
28
21 (
2000), 6-7
7
Kun Shan University

Sovereignty Human Rights
()

Sovereignty
Human Rights
Universal Value

Be Treated Equally
2009 (NGOs)Freedom House

(Press Freedom)
96%(N=24) 4%(N=1) 0 92%(N=23)
8%(N=2) 029 41%(N=16)
38%(N=15) 21%(N=8) 38%(N=15)
30
27%(N=10) 35%(N=14)
29
http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/fiw09/CompHistData/FIW_PercentagesByRegion.xls
30
http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/fiw09/CompHistData/FIW_PercentagesByRegion.xls
8
Kun Shan University
(Press Freedom in Western Europe)

8%
N=2
Partly Free
Free
92%
N=23
: http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/fop08/FOTP2008_Charts.pdf
Press Freedom in Asia-Pacific

27%
35% N = 10
N=14 P ar tly F r ee
F r ee
N ot F r ee
38%
N = 15

: http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/fop08/FOTP2008_Charts.pdf
Political ChangeRegime
TransformationPolitical SystemRebellion
(Continuous
Process)

Constitutional Change
Political ConflictsSocial Tensions
Peaceful ProtestGovernment Change
Unconstitutional Change
Zero-sum Conflicts
9
Kun Shan University
Radical & Violent Protest
(Regime Change 31

Constitutional Peaceful Government

Political Change

Violent Regime
Unconstitutional

Endogenous ChangeExogenous Change
Legislating for Human Rights
Human Rights Education
Political PerformanceInstitutional
LegitimacyGovernmental Legitimacy
(Political Stability) 32
Good
Governance(Rule of Law)(Democratization)
Legitimate GovernmentMarket Economy
33
Globalization
Governmental Legitimacy Institutional Legitimacy

(Political Instability) Political Decay

2002 5 20 Democratic Republic of East Timor
(Plebiscite)
1975
31
Lawson, Kay,1993, The Human Polity:A Comparative Introduction to Political Science,Boston:Houghton Mifflin
Company,PP.549-574David Sanders,1981,Patterns of Political Instability,The Macmillan Press,P.62,P.96.
32
Cooper, Jonathan & Adrian Marshall-William,2000, Legislating for Human Rights: The Parliamentary Debates on
the Human Rights Bill, Oxford & Portland Oregon: Hart Publishing.
33
Sano, Hans-Otto,2002, Good Governance, Accountability and Human Rights in in Hans-Otto Sano & G.
Alfredsson(eds),Human Rights and Good Governance, London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,PP.126-128,P.132.
10
Kun Shan University
27 20
1991 11 12

34
Charles Taylor(Civil Society)
Government(Market)Family
35
StateCivil Society
Dual Autonomy
36
Optional Balance()
(State)(Society)

STATE SOCIETY
Optional
Balance

37
State Autonomy
34
http://proj.ncku.edu.tw/seataiwan/prof%20dai/16.pdf
35

21 () (2000) 21-22
36
He, Baogan, 1997, The Democratic Implications of Civil Society in China, New York: St. Martin's Press,
Inc.,PP.5-7
37
(
1998) 19-48
11
Kun Shan University
23 1.2.3.
4.
Popular Sovereignty
Administration of Law 24

(State)(Civil Society)

(Strong Civil society Weak Civil society

(Responsiveness State Autonomy

(Responsibility None Limitation
(Strong State)
(Reliability on Command Structure
Intimidation

(Responsiveness Political System
(Weak State) Dullness
Low Efficacy
: (2007), 66-67Roy C. Macridis,1986,
Modern Political Regimes :Patterns and Institutions, Canada: Little, Brown & Company,P.15.

38
State
Interference with Legitimate Expectation 39

Interdependency
38
(1992) 49-55
39
Howell,Jude & Jenny Pearce, Civil Society and Development: A Critical Exploration, London: Lynne Rienner
Publishers,PP.63-87.
12
Kun Shan University

National Identity

40
Fascist
Repressive Order
(Authoritarian Corporatism) State Corporatism
(Conquest)(Subordination)Penetration
of Society by Political OrgansOne-Party or Dominate-party Politics

Mobilization for Supports None Individual
Rights Protection in Form or in Substance
Interest Group
41
Alfred Stepan
Inclusionary Corporatism 42
Hard AuthoritarianismSoft
Authoritarianism
Political Affiliation
(Democratization)
Democratic ConsolidationTwo-turnover
TestDevelopment of A Fair & Competitive Election System
(Autonomy of The Civil Society)
Civilian Control Over the Military & Security Forces
Military-Authoritarian-Bureaucratic System
-Strong State and Weak Society
43
1948 12 10 Universal Declaration of Human

Rights

40
Oxana, Shevel,2009, The Politics of Citizenship Policy in New States,Comparative
Politics,Vol.41,No.3,April,P.373.
41
Macridis ,Roy C.,1986, Modern Political Regimes :Patterns and Institutions, Canada: Little, Brown &
Company,P.15.:(:1999) 14-17
42
Stepan, Alfred, 1978, The State and Society: Peru in Comparative Perspective, Princeton University Press,PP.75-79
43
Kamrava, Mehran & Frank O. Mora, Civil Society and Democratization in Comparative Perspective:Latin America
and The Middle East inCarolyn M. Elliott(ed.),Civil Society and Democracy, Oxford University Press,PP.324-355
(2007) 52-53
13
Kun Shan University
A Common Standards 1986
Declaration on Rights to Development

1953
European Convention on Human Rights 1978 American
Convention on Human Rights 1986 African Charter
on Human and Peoples' Rights (Convention concerning Freedom
of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize)
Karel Vasak 1977 Three Generations of Human Rights

Liberty
Equality Fraternity
First-generation Human Rights
(Freedom of Speech(The Right to a fair trial)
(Freedom of Religion)(Voting Rights)
Second-generation Human Rights
(Right to be Employed)Rights to Housing
Rights to Health Care Third-generation Human Rights
(Rights to Healthy Environment)(Right to
Self-determination) 44
Party-Stae System
Joseph Schumpeter
(Instrumental Value) 45
Political Competitiveness
Political SystemAuthoritarian System
Semi-Competitive SystemCompetitive System
44
Three Generations of Human Rights http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_generations_of_human_rights
45
Gerry Mackie,2009,Schumpeters Leadership Democracy in Political Theory ,Vol37.No.1,PP.138-141.
14
Kun Shan University
46
1986
Human Rights Violations
100
50 1
High Intermediate Low
0
Authoritarian Semi-competi. Competitive

DEMOCRACY

Competitive
Authoritarian Semi-competitive

Cyprus,Jamaica,Bahamas,
United Arab, Empirates Mauritius,Singapor,

Venezuela,Costa
Nigeria Panama,Mexico
Rica,Portugal
Oman,Jordan,Congo,Mau Gabon,Algeria,Malaysia, Brazil,Thailand,Guyana,S

ritarnia,Central Tunisia,Paraguay,Zambia, udan,Gambia,Greece,Iser
African,Niger,Kuwait Tanzania ael
South Africa,Turkey Argentina,Uruguay

Chile,Syria,Libya,Iran,Ira
Lebanon,Morocco, Colombia,Guatemala,Ecu
q,Viet Nam,Uganda,Chad
Liberia ador
Abbas Pourgerami ,1991, Development and Democracy in the Third World,Oxford:Westview

Press,P.26
United Arab Emirates Nigeria Rule of Law

ArgentinaUruguayColombiaGuatemalaEcuador Rule
of Terror
Singapore
NGOs
(Freedom House)Partly Free
Democracy Audit2008 74 114
447
46
Pourgerami , Abbas,1991, Development and Democracy in the Third World, Oxford: Westview
Press,PP.22-23
47
Democracy Table http://www.worldaudit.org/democracy.htm
15
Kun Shan University

2008

Country Democracy Rank Press Freedom Rank Corruption Rank
Denmark 1 2 1
Sweden 2 4 1
Finland 3 1 5
United States 15 14 15
Taiwan 38 20 28
Papua New Guinea 54 36 121
Ecuador 67 54 121
Singapore 74 114 4
United Arab Emirates 77 112 26
Malaysia 82 103 34
Philippines 88 62 112
Tunisia 104 132 47
Saudi Arabia 116 132 62

http://www.worldaudit.org/democracy.htm

Constitutional Democracy
(Constitutionalism)(Constitutionalism)(Human
Nature)
Constitution without Constitutionalism
1977
48 1978
49
Constitutional Government 50
Normative Constitution(Nominal
Constitution)Semantic Constitution 51
48
(1991) 400
49
, 830
50
(1992) 31
51
Susan Alberts,2009,How Constitutions Constrain Comparative Politics,Vol.41,No.2,January,PP.127-144.
16
Kun Shan University

Constitutional Democracy
Constitutionalism
Human Rights

Political Trust 52
Self-correcting System 53
()Death Penalty
Capital Punishment

1 No.4 1969.11.22
American Convention on Human Rights Pact of San Jose ,Costa Rica
6
Protocol No.6 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and
2 No.1 1983.4.28
Fundamental FreedomsEuropean Human Rights Convention,
concerning the Abolition of the Death Penalty in All Circumstances

3 Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and No.1 1989.12.15
Political Rights
13
4 Protocol No.13 to the European Human Rights Convention , concerning No.1 2004.5.13
the Abolition of the Death Penalty in All Circumstances
52
J. S. Maloy,2009,Two Concepts of Trust, The Journal of Politics, Vol.71,No.2,April,PP.502-503.
53
Bruce Gilley,2009,Is Democracy Possible?, Journal of Democracy,Vol.200,No.1,January,PP.123-125.
17
Kun Shan University

(Political Oppression)
80
European Union
Council of Europe 50 92%
46 54
Amnesty InternationalAI 1977

16 1988 35 18
(Treason) 27
10
AI 2009 6 139
55
:Death Penalty Trends

http://www.amnestyusa.org/death-penalty/death-penalty-facts/death-penalty-trends/page.do?id=1011572
AI 2008
228
Saudi Arabia
(Beheading)Bangladesh, Botswana, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Malaysia, Pakistan, St. Kitts &
54
Capital Punishment http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment
55
Death Penalty Facts http://www.amnestyusa.org/abolish/factsheets/DeathPenaltyFacts.pdf
Death Sentences and Excutions in
2008 http://www.amnestyusa.org/abolish/annual_report/DeathSentencesExecutions2008.pdf
18
Kun Shan University
Nevis, Singapore, Sudan(Hanging)Afghanistan, Belarus, China, Indonesia, Iran,
Mongolia, Viet Nam(Shooting)Iran(Stoning ) 56
()Torture
17
Necessary
(Legitimacy)(Legality)
Brian Innes(The History of Torture)
57

(The Unitary
System of Law and Courts)(The Dual System of Law and Courts)
58

59 1988 2006
127
2006 1156
2005 10 60
A.
(Torture)(Britannic Encyclopedia)
1975 12 9
3452 (Declaration on Protection from Torture)
1 (severe
torment)
Terrible Pain 61
(Cruel)(Inhuman)(Degrading Treatment)
56
Death Sentences and Excutions in 2008
http://www.amnestyusa.org/abolish/annual_report/DeathSentencesExecutions2008.pdf
57
Brian Innes (The History of Torture) (2001) 11
58
(2004) 382-383
59
John martin Fischer & Mark Ravizza ( Responsibility and Control) (:
2003)
60
http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=zh&art=6244
61
Ian Brownlie,1997,Basic Documents on Human Rights, Oxford: Clarendon Press,PP.35-36.
19
Kun Shan University
(Punishment)
(Life Ending)
B.
19 20
1969
(American Convention on Human Rights) 5 2
(Europen
Convention on Human Rights) 3 (Africa Charter on Human
Rights and Peoples Rights) 5 NGOs
(Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners)
1957 7 31 UN 633CXXIV1977 5 13
(Declaration on Protection from Torture)
1975 12 9 3452
(Convention against
Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment)
1984 12 10 1987 6 26
(Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials)
1979 12 17 , 34/169
,
(Principles of Medical Ethics Relevant to the
Role of Health Personnel, Particularly Physicians, in the Protection of Prisoners and
Detainees against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment and
Punishment)
1982 12 18 , 37/194
(Declaration of Basic Principles

of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power)
1985 11 29 , 40/34
20
Kun Shan University
(Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners)
1990 12 14 , 45/111
1984 12 10
33 1987 6 26
17 (Committee Against Torture, CAT) 1988
1 1 1988 4
62
C.

2 2

(European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or
Degrading Treatment or Punishment)
(Detained Persons)
63
(Amnesty International, AI) 1983 10 12

(12-Point Program for the Prevention of Torture) 2000 10 2005 4
: 64
1.
( Condemn Torture and other ill-treatment)
2.
(Ensure Access to Prisoners)
3.(No Secret Detention)

(the International Committee of the Red
Cross,ICRC)
4.
(Provide Safeguards during Detention and Interrogation).
62
:(2000) 348-351
63
Renate Kicker,1999,The Protection of Human Rights of Detained Persons: Standards
Developed by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture (Human Rights and
Administration of Justice)(:1998) 307
64
12-Point Program for the Prevention of Torture
http://www.amnestyusa.org/war-on-terror/reports-statements-and-issue-briefs/12-point-program-for-the-prevention-of-t
orture/page.do?id=1031033
21
Kun Shan University
5.(Prohibit Torture and other
ill-treatment in law)
6.
(Investigation)

7.(Justice)(Prosecute)
8.(No Use of Statements

Extracted under Torture or other ill-treatment )
9.
( Provide Effective Training)
10.( Provider Reparation)

11.(Ratify International Treaties)

12.(Exercise International Responsibility)
(Rights of Silence)
65
(Cost-benefit Analysis)(The
Economics of Justice) 66
()Enforced Disappearance

Developing Democracy
(Nazi-occupied Europe)Adolf Hitler
White Terror
A.
Enforced Disappearance

65
(:2001) 142-143,H. Thelle
(How to Eradicate Torture) (:2003)
66
Richard A. Posner /(2002) 35-40
22
Kun Shan University
67
B.

68
( Right to Liberty, Security and Dignity of Person)
( Right not to be subjected to

Torture or other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment)
( Right to Humane Conditions of Detention)
( Right to a Legal Personality )
(Right to a Fair Trial and to Judicial Guarantee) )
Right to a Family Life
Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights,2009, Enforced or Involuntary

Disappearances, New York & Geneva :United Nations,P.4.
(Right to Life)
Right to know the Truth regarding the circumstances of a

Disappearance
Right to an effective Remedy, including Reparation and

Compensation
67
Enforced Disappearances
http://www.amnesty.org/en/enforced-disappearances
68
Enforced Disappearances
http://www.amnesty.org/en/enforced-disappearances
23
Kun Shan University
C.
Amnesty
International, Freedom House, Human Rights Watch, Reporters without Borders
1992 12 18 47/133 Declaration on the
Protection of all Persons from Enforced Disappearance)1993 6 14-25
2006 12 20
(The International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from
Enforced Disappearance) 2007 2 6 2009 7 81
13 69 (The International
Coalition against Enforced Disappearances, CAED)
()Freedom of Expression
A.
Political Distrust
(Diversity)
(Opposition)Consensus
Fascist State CorporatismAsian State Corporatism
(Political Integration)
Political StabilitySamuel P. Huntington

OrderStability
Slow Down
69
The International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced
Disappearance http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_All_Persons_from_E
nforced_Disappearance
24
Kun Shan University
Social Mobilization 70 Lee Sigelman
71
Revolution of Rising Aspirations
(Political Stability)
Political Legitimacy

Institutional Legitimacy
Ideological LegitimacyPolicy Legitimacy
Legitimacy of the Rulers

B.
Political Ideology
72
(Marxist Communism)
SocialismSocialist DemocracyEurocommunism.
Institution-building
Behavior
70
Gabrief Ben Dor , Institutionalization and Political Development :A Conceptual and Theoretical Analysis,
Comparative Studies in Society and History,Vol.17,No.3(July,1975). Samuel P. Huntington,1997, Political
Development and Political Decay in N. Zahariadis, Theory,Case, and Method in Comparative Politics, Harcourt
Brace & Company.
71
Lee Sigelman,Understanding Political Instability:An Evaluation of the Mobilization-institution Approach in
Comparative Political Studies,Vol. 2,No.2 (July 1979),P.212
72
Leonard Binder,1966, Ideology and Political Development, in Myron Weiner(ed.),Modernization: The Dynamics
of Growth,London: Basic Books,Inc.,PP.217-221
25
Kun Shan University

(Right to Limitless Privacy)
Internet Police
Digital Human Rights
C.
(Convention concerning Freedom of Association and Protection

of the Right to Organize)(International Covenant on Economic,
Social and Culture Rights)(International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights)(Convention on the International Rights of Correction)
(Convention on the Political Rights of Women)
NGOReporters without
Borders,RWB
2005 RWB
63 807 1308 1006
42.9%
44.6% 73 Freedom House
43.6%
16 40%
N=10N=14
60%
()Human Rights Education

KnowledgeSkillsDispositions
NGOs
74
73
http://www.rsf.org/article.php3? id_article=24909
74
Human rights education and training
http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/education/training/index.htm
26
Kun Shan University
1993 6 25 Vienna
Declaration and Programme of Action
1994 12 23 49/184 1995-2004

The United Nations Decade for Human Rights Education
75 (2005-2009
)the World Programme for Human Rights Education , the first phase
2005-2009 ,WPHRE1.
2.(Priorities) (National Implementation
Strategy)3. ( Implement and Monitor Activities)4.( Evaluate) 76
77
Human Rights Education

is itself a Human Right 78
79
Hard Authoritarianism
Soft Authoritarianism
2000 12
2001 4
2005 6
14
8
4 ,,
75
:(:2006) 69-70;
(:2008) 8
76
National initiatives
http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/education/training/national-initiatives.htm
77
128-129
78
Betty A. Reardon & Educating for Human
Dignity-Learning About Rights and Responsibilities(:2002)
79

http://www.scu.edu.tw/hr/hu_education/20040419/articles/hsu_c.doc
27
Kun Shan University

(Universal Value)
(Procedural Process)
Civil WarRevolution 80
D. H. Russell(Revolution)(Polarization)
(Inferior Classes)
81
82
Political Psychology
Zero-sum Conflict

Aspiration

Achievement Satisfaction
(Expected Need Satisfaction(Actual Need Satisfaction

(Tolerable Gap)(Intolerable
Gap) Revolution
of Rising Aspirations
Civil Disobedience
1.2.
3.4.
80
http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/Chart113File158.pdf
81
Russell,D. E.,1974, Rebellion,Revolution,and Armed Force,New York:Academic Press,P.58
82
Jackson,Robert J. &Michael B. Stein, 1971,The Issues of Political Revolution, in R. J. Jackson & Michael B.
Stein(eds.), Issues in Comparative Politics, New York:St.Martins Press,P.350.
28
Kun Shan University

Expected Needs Satisfaction An Intolerable Gap

N Human Rights Violation

E
E A Tolerable Gap
D
S Actual Needs Revolution occurs at this time
Satisfaction
Ta Tb
TIME
: B. C. Smith,2003,Understanding Third Politics:Theories of Political Change & Development,
New York:Palgrave Macmillan,P.230.
(Social Movement)Protest
(Social Movement)Spontaneity
(Organize to Promote or Resist Change)(Collective Behavior)83
(Definite Goals)(Ideology)
Public OpinionsPublic Values
84

Reform

Resistance
Utopia

85

Catalytic Reaction

Absolute Deprivation
Relative Deprivation
1
2
83
Paul Wilkinson,1974,Social Movement,Taipei Edition.PP.29-32
84
Donatella della/Mario Diani (:2002) 16-18
85
(:1999) 58-60
29
Kun Shan University
34
Repressive
Order
(Lech Walesa)Solidarno
Lech Wasa1983 1990

1995 86
Political Dissenters
Subject Political Culture

Repressive Order
Fred R. Von
Der Mehden 83
Structural
Differentiation
Equal Participation(Governmental Capability)
Dialectical Relationship
Equilibrium
Mobocracy
P2
P1
86
Solidarity http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity
30
Kun Shan University

Party System Number Number %

3 0 0
Communist Party System

18 2 11
One-party System

12 3 25
(One-party Dominant System)

11 5 45
(Two-party System)

22 15 68
(Multiparty System)

17 14 83
(No Effective Parties System)
: Huntington ,Samuel P.,1997, Political Development and Political Decay in Roy C. Macridis &
Bernard E. Brown (eds.),Comparative Politics :Notes and Readings, Homewood, Illinois: The Dorsey
Press,P.53.
Cn Dn

Capability
C4 P1
C3
D4
C2 D3
C1 D2
D1 P2
O
E1 E2 E3 E4 En
Equal Participation
(1973) 34-35
:

Transitional Justice
87
87
Arthur , Paige,2009,HowTransitions Reshaped Human Rights:A Conceptual History of Transitional Justice,
Human Rights Quarterly,Vol.31,P.357. Bronwyn A. Leebaw,2008,The Irreconcilable Goals of Transitional Justice,
Human Rights Quarterly,Vol.30,No.1,PP.116-117.
31
Kun Shan University
.
Political Integration

(Mikhail S. Gorbachev)
Stalinism

Transition from Authoritarianism
NGOs
Enrichment
FreedomEquality
88
Durability

88
Robert R. Kaufman,2009,The Political Effects of Inequality in Latin America:Som Inconvenient
Facts ,Comparative Politics,Vol.41,No.3,April,PP.377-378
32
Kun Shan University

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2. (1991)
3. (1995)
4. Michael Freeden (Rights)(:1998)
5. (
1992)
6. Herbert M. Levine (:
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7. Austin Ranny (The Governing of Men) (
1967)
8. 21 (
2000)
9.
21 () (2000)
10. (
1998)
11. (2007)
12. (1992)
13. :(:1999)
14. (1991)
15. (1992)
16. Brian Innes (The History of Torture) (
2001)
17. (
2004)
18. John martin Fischer & Mark Ravizza ( Responsibility and
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19. :(2000)
20. (Human Rights and Administration of Justice)
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21. (:2001)
22. ,H. Thelle (How to Eradicate Torture) (
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23. Richard A. Posner
/(2002)
24. :(2006)
25. (2008)
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26. Betty A. Reardon &
Educating for Human Dignity-Learning About Rights and Responsibilities(
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29. (1973)
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48. Feinberg, Joel,1970,The Nature and Value of Rights ,Journal of Value Inquiry,Vol.4.
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49. Feinberg, Joel,1973,Social PhilosophyFoundations of Philosophy Series, N. J.:Engliwood
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人權侵犯與第三世界的政治變遷

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人權侵犯與第三世界的政治變遷

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As a matter of fact, good governance is guided by the principles of accountability and

Street Insurgency(Armed Rebellion)

(Rights of the People)

(Inalienable Moral Entitlement) 5

Chicago & London: The University of Chicago,PP.130-131

(Human Being) (Body)

1776 (The Declaration of Independence) :

Human Rights Violation

2009 (NGOs)Freedom House

Press Freedom in Asia-Pacific

Governmental Legitimacy Institutional Legitimacy

Charles Taylor(Civil Society)

Interference with Legitimate Expectation 39

1948 12 10 Universal Declaration of Human

Karel Vasak 1977 Three Generations of Human Rights

Human Rights Violations

Oman,Jordan,Congo,Mau Gabon,Algeria,Malaysia, Brazil,Thailand,Guyana,S

South Africa,Turkey Argentina,Uruguay

Abbas Pourgerami ,1991, Development and Democracy in the Third World,Oxford:Westview

United Arab Emirates Nigeria Rule of Law

United Arab Emirates 77 112 26

Tunisia 104 132 47

Saudi Arabia 116 132 62

Amnesty InternationalAI 1977

:Death Penalty Trends

(Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners)

(Declaration on Protection from Torture)

(Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials)

(Declaration of Basic Principles

(Amnesty International, AI) 1983 10 12

3.(No Secret Detention)

8.(No Use of Statements

10.( Provider Reparation)

11.(Ratify International Treaties)

12.(Exercise International Responsibility)

( Right to Liberty, Security and Dignity of Person)

( Right not to be subjected to

( Right to Humane Conditions of Detention)

( Right to a Legal Personality )

(Right to a Fair Trial and to Judicial Guarantee) )

Right to a Family Life

Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights,2009, Enforced or Involuntary

Right to know the Truth regarding the circumstances of a

Right to an effective Remedy, including Reparation and

Fascist State CorporatismAsian State Corporatism

Political StabilitySamuel P. Huntington

Digital Human Rights

(Convention concerning Freedom of Association and Protection

()Human Rights Education

1994 12 23 49/184 1995-2004

Human Rights Education

(Expected Need Satisfaction(Actual Need Satisfaction

Expected Needs Satisfaction An Intolerable Gap

N Human Rights Violation

Lech Wasa1983 1990

Subject Political Culture

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