Calculations in Process Mohammad Toghaei Engh Tring topic of arsing ost proces mgincerng alelations inthe ‘host effective manner ean be considered In these fu waye 1. The purpose ofthe ealeulation 2. Tho content of the calculation 4. The method used weary out the «aleulation 4. The performer ofthe calculation calation for 8 variety of perposes {ncloing th following To conduct a technical or ooo: ‘material lance, to carry ot (valuations th early sages of the pesjec rf while wrt- Jing studies or technieal memon {orstakehelders 1) To sie, sate oe epely a pice of suipment ©) Togeneratea speciicoperational preedure Sizing, rating, and specifying are three itinety ditaent goals of falzslation ‘efforts Proce siting ‘means defining all the (proces) as pecs of tho equipment, fo that the ‘manufacturer cam proce it with le procees knowledge, Sting of forte typialy involve calelations that alm to identify all the ne ‘knowns associat with ono equip- ment companeat, to enable the fab- "ear to produce that component. ‘By contrast, when specifying an ‘equipment component or inte. iment system, Une engineer mast de Fineaspodfc amount efinformation fr the manufacturer, and can then cexpodt the manufueturvr to satisfy those requirements. Far example, ‘when sn engineer plans to buy Droscure safety valve (PSV, he or Tiga ow gato [apie Peston is [eae pare [cae she specifies the required setpoint fof the PSV, the raeawe rate and 2 Sew other items, This effort doce of require the engineer to design a SV by sing tho orifio dameter [prog constant and oon Tefsclonr that no proces gins {esis a cntefagal pump just by teleulating the implller diameter tnd vane angles. Todas, process e- ‘Encore can expect that the man facture will provide much detail Information fo msppore the process of dosigaing and spelling process ‘equipment, Asa resul, hore is very Tite "pure desigalng” in todays specialized. market: rather there [B always an element of specifying involved when carrying eat sizing Cealations Instruments that are planned to be procured lator rating is an acti {hat involves. caleultions assoc sted with existing equipment com: ponents, During rating, the quae fion thatthe engineer is trying to Ssnawer is whether an existing cn ‘ponent can be used ina apeiic nee Eppliation or not. Rating lots require evaluating corent eaip mont for specie type af service And conitions ‘Thecontent ofthe ealewlation CCaleutaione involve the flowing thro stops Knowing how specific calculations differ can focus your efforts ‘nowt popiar ‘tse rtd Step 1 requires identifing suit- fable iat values (assumptions) 1 5ep 2 involves choosing end sing ‘an appropriate methedalagy fe that sos the parameters {ehiled in Step Ito arrive at fsx mower that haa the required ‘accuracy inthe avilable tine sot Step 3 invalver the evaluation and verification of assumptions ‘nd resulta Step "T. Tdentifying suitable Input values (asmemptions. ss ‘io engineers tnd to struggle with {his step. To often inthe university sting, the instructor provides the “ivonvalvos whoreasinveal word situations it sup to tho enginoar to Aotermine which input values and ‘ioumptions re relevant, This ef fort requires three substes: 1-Find effective parameters. Bag ‘ners noed to fn the parameters that will impact the results they are Seeking For exam, within «pe if ierue, there eould be thee po farsters Mf N nnd P, In this sep, ‘thecethroe'parameters need to tvaluated inorder to recognize the (nes that arw met relevant to the problem at hand. At this tage, the fngincer shouldbe ale to ovata the three parameters of MN, and Po determine that, for example, Mf and P are the only required para ‘tors (or the meet relevant param: tera) and these wil be considered farther in Step 2" Oe with the levelErnest of required accuracy, perhaps only Ml he eomsidered in Step 2. 2, elect numerical deign Solu Inthisstopenamerieal value needs tobe amigned ur determined for the elected parameter) identified in the previous step. Tho magnitude fe sg etd parrot {that number (or range) that covers alien sear ta coal ‘beanevuntered during the operation afte plan pe a ener ma fis. For example, Massy 6 ch ‘bea wise decision when parameter ‘can scept magnitudes of 20, 85 sand’ durigg plant operation, ‘Triaband-error eft, which typically require an educated guess atthe Begining and some adust- ments made along the way Based fn final results, are often required Certain Tlesofthamb can Belp fengincers to make a better pre- Timinary guess and this ean help to decrease the ealculation time. ‘Toe reason for this iterative rote js that cach methodology has some Initatione) and at the end of the fist ron of enloulaions, ays. {ations shold be checked to make sure they have beon met ‘Step 2 Choosing the right meth- ‘odofogy- This step is very impor {tant Thoelected methodology must I eccurate-and at the same time, the required engingoring time for that method should be Jusiable A tiled proces engineer should be tbl Sony ealelation petod- logis for each situation that meot the specie accorsey and time fo ‘gulrements or constraint. or example, during pipe sizing, fn engineer should be aware of the Standard pipe size tat are elready ‘aiable on tho market Designing 2 ven pipe that ia sae ta, fori Stance, tio decimal points, dos not ‘make sense, the market already ‘provides defined pio sizes "Mennilensomecaaes one ae ‘nario can be onverted’ fo anther ‘tse, engl the an of ine Yerson ‘of the methodology an Shhortan the ealelation time. Suh ‘converse? ffir nly esept- ‘ble thie new scenario the more companies opens te drab hadi ch wl tw fe cae apie Wits bende laos ov oppose tha ual reo promt 9 cs: dueroge et Sy oder wl ‘ite ll ho ubaqen sor be dns ha we no way nk egal Fett adel a go pare charge By covearcn spose pens, shor Mra Exact do po odes ath chong vend no compu osng bent Sipe seta Te Gcdign sh hacen pots et ey Ei ottome lols ny be bredwahin ocala maize wacom and mito bh dnoSertger apache program, lalovng eps ou be conservative approach may be to | fora send run-through oF recon fanservative n'a way that mokes | sideration of Spe 1 and 2. ‘tnaeceplabe. In such eases, the | As mentioned, the dsign process ‘ginal albeit more complica | might need some ceration to rach outa mast be taken. This may | the most_appropeate results, For ‘eour in situations in which the | example, fhe enlelaton i siting ‘worst-case seonnrio Ie Ted to ex. | or spedfving i will elt in one of {frordinarly everszed equipment | she following thro conditions freguipment that is overly iffcult | 1A cawe tncloing’ on extremely ‘orcosty to constr, Inexpensive or smal pee of equip ‘Discussed below are some ofthe | ment. In this ease, tbe equipment popular simphfing conversions | often cannot be eustam-made but ‘hat re widely used today ‘et he selected ofthe shell At I'he thermodynamic eppreack | ret the Boal pee of equipment tens the kinetic approach. Moc | may’ not bo exactly what is required ten the thermodynamie aproach | vin the eslalations, and adjust fs etlected due to ile wellstab- | ienta may be required tomate the Fished methode anditspopalarty in | piece into the overall enfiguration. terms of published worke and data, | Forthis reason, nay be effiient to For emule, nding the evapsra’ | have the spenifisatione of tana tion ata from a sures of liqui'is| ined lofth-ahel) equipment an challenging It depends on diferent | hand throughout the courso of the Dperameters and require tho cot | calcalations, 6 that adjustments ileration of variour phenomena | ean be made asthe calculations are Including beat transfer and macs | being constructed tanafr, However, by changing the | 2-Acane inoloing moderately sie ‘approach from kinetic Cn which | or medraaly compler equipment ‘the evaporation rate i calculated) | In this ease, the equipment wil yp- ta thermesdynamic in which only | ically be eustom made inthe sp, ‘he aaluratedprescure ofthe vapor | It is important to kop in mind fbove tho liguid surface is cleo | the dimension limits of the shop Tated the effet wll be simplified | in question, I the item it olan, B'Asnuming.soady-state vs n- | it wil have tobe fabricate in the Stay: state conditions Met often, | fel, and the price wll bo consider the steady state ie selected, thanks | ablyhigher {aon luatrativecas, 2 to's well established methods and | exeeoss designer may dasign a tak Simply of lis ealeuation using | with dametar hal « meter above Inexpensive software. or even a | tho lint of theshop, and therefore spreadsheet progra, For example | unnecessarily cause a price jump tttalysing PSV opeaing phenomens | beens te tank suddenly changes isnot an cngy task ee inher. | fom a shopfabrcated item to a nly an unateadystate operation: | Haldfabreatod one. Shop imita- However, during, PSV sizing, we | tions are imposed not Just by the ‘often pick Use largest owrate that | machinery-mnufacturing limite {Beansidereda steady-state cas for | in the hop, but by We oad restric ‘sere few milisennds during the | tions or overpass weight limits that ‘pening af the PSV. ‘rll fet the transportation of the ‘Step 3. Verifying assumptions | equipment tits fnal destination. ‘and results This not merely the | S.A cae inaoling a large pie of ‘Sod ofthe tase bt ina vry eral | equipment Ta this ease, the aul ‘sop, the resllt af which may eal | mnt will typially bo “customeae eee setae r reranecmriceetiees Sealant ere aaee Eectmanerdesiaacien eerie ies gue omnes Sa ece ee ae, Ss Es a leg clear re nbd we tere gare So rere erates oe mde in Ue ld aa hgh st.) ct une Sing af tanks and “This high cost ix doe to the fact | vessels, hydraulic that killed workers and varius required tilities will need tobe Shipped and present atthe field in onder to construct the larger mp nents Asa res, this eas ioe | nir engineer Used as abt eso. Intermediate /senior design pro fs engineers All of the. above items, in muephase eases (that 1s two-phase flow for pipe sizing ch group of | separators two” and three-phase cpected ta be | separators, gae-knoekout drums ‘out specific types of | sedimentation vessels clarf faleuletions, based on this mogh | other industry-specifie item lauieton: ‘8 distillation towers for petroleum Sunioriinermediate design pro-| refining, and iorenchange systems for orator treatment PSV sing (performing the Best stops of PSV Sing including defining. preaar {sing scenario, finding te eee land governing scunaris) end re Ieee rate alelation) Senor design proves nines: Re factors, especially complieated ones, ‘and industry ape expen “ale by Suan Shel PLASTIC CONTROL VALVES FOR PVC ee Oe ae Vite Ty ‘media andor corse aoe Proves. ‘Colin ves ato peste (Calo maroiformaton on our piste conte vanes OLLINS INSTRUMENT ‘company, nc. PE. sacs» Argan, TX 7516 solar e280 tere