ic ec os a esl dala AXA) ud yh) Jal a MCG Mech Creative Group MCG al J ly ght ddl pSiaddyar SP Book Shep One AD Tafila Technical Oniversity College of Engineering Mechanical Department / Production and machinery Strength of Materials Laboratory Supervisor Name : Eny. Ayman Al Sharaidel. Experiment Name: tensile test. Experience Ne.+ Ay Prepared By : 4 ee or — (4 \Ae ONYlobe under stano! aud eschibe how matetel deform (Clonaate , Comvess , beisk) ov be aS a Fancher of applied! loacd, bime . Lemp evaruve , anel other Corclibions we nee Ryst te aigcuss Sranolavel besk metheds avd Standarol language Por wmedrawni Co! proper Kes ef waterals - Matera! properhes anol SH¥eng ths ove very Veaper tant mn mechamics. be Learn about awmalerial, we Yun Stavdarized bests. ove of these tests 1S al&Siow besh. na HenSior Fest, Ye material Specimen is inStailles between two Lage 9M PS mW The esting | machine ane! Bren Voaclee wm benthou. Dou TEST , Yee elongation oF the Specimen a he. APP lied Rate ove wea SUE cl, the wetn Purpese of NAS experiment is Fe Stucly Bre Pundamental aSpects of he me Gnani cal behavior of materials during | Ae Parma hon proce SSing « my| ——— Cow Cephs of Serves S axel Sr¥ein 3 | - Stress Race per Unik aven oil | Rrew apPpliec Lead. tenon, Comm PVE SSian. | Sears bol So of any Combina Hon . | — Sileion s PnySi Gd) ole Pormakion ve SPOn Se of a warenal bo SkY¥ess (C5. Clongakion. Stress — Strain behave s | - Elastic ole Povimokiou-3 | PEVEFS les When Re SrYESS IS remover!” t Pre mabeial veruurs te Khe olimensionS \e rac! beRore \ne leceling . - Plasiic pl atPacetal Bevel wrever¢ bles when the Shes 1S removes! | rhe warerial abegmuek YEbUvH bo Ik ¢ on imal clime nhionS. (2)i | sy See \ A jae i: se ean se i fe | af a f a £ | w | = la— 0.059 Sion ; Bigue Ls Stress - Sram cbsyra— benSton 'eSt 2 be A Specimen ( Figure tng i [aul aenerale, » Usstelly be Yracture , b4 grace ually werea sing benSile Loacl Fhak US applied Uniakiatly along We lous exh Gia lac Speci men. pa the c¥oss Secon 18 Usually Civcule, bak reChamsular Speciments ave alse yseol. ()~ Yhe Stanclaral olfamebey iS appre Kimabely V2. Game, Whereng Whe reduce Section Lew yt should be al Leask Roum Kures Riis clianw cher, 66 ww 1S Common | | | | Reducee! Sechion ie ol —_, . J Figured S Askandarel benSile sPECimen wikhe cidulw cess Sechon ja the besk IS Usually plottec! an an eugineeiny Srvess ~ Engime envy SW. Srvess 2 | { > where! Rs Is lead! app eo! perpewdiculay te SpeCImen cress ~ Section (J| | hot IS CYass ~seCHional area he Fore apphal of Me Leal. Eugineen wy Shaw ¢ E€=lpele = AL 5 whey Les le B18 ES Cranye \w Lewghh. lee 15 Be original Leng hr. True Stress s Ge ey hove Ac =.te.fis Ac lo + 8 Tre Sramia Er-\n C€ xv) ($3Calculatou Ta our CXPehiment ¢ l= 63-6 we De Blwe Ru) | SVS sz Hrs] Ee Ge] Acbuc'] «Yrs | er Gus) la55|o¢ | 3% | 34% |6. 13] 37 | a4 9776 | Nol |\Bd [uF | $06 | 43 | NF loool Jur2y | We | 18 | scsi] AA LI? yor lyus | 2b | 1% 5-057] a2 | 19 9776 119% 199 | al fa 77176 | BI #39 |Zoor| 227 | YF 14.921 939146 3Y 14/0] 265] 64 [uPY og3 | Ger 15 652/591) | #3 192 |u. Al) 232) 89 17609 Hloszs| aul | ive fu. ae] sap | 154 17986 \\2594| 345 | 198 Jud [ay \ 18) 16721 |ISUY. | 325 | 232 1416 | 3 | 213 Est N5SyB| Fo3 | gud |Gld | 380 | err wssa|164122| 2772 | 258 | 4.07) 391| 23° 13696 | 6051] 265 | 26% |y.08 | 336 | £33 2g |1697¢| 235 | 267 | 4.06 | 299 | 234 (6)Resulb 3 Se te ee en ae "Be w (61 a)” opr AZUS 8 2 235 Hpa peat SAS rAd nee sche Coralia 1 1989 spa LP iy 3 5.15 m8 iene 2 Simple of Glcularions Ge NOS = BFA pe SAS KISS 6 oe, Q\F Yo = 7.4 Xr Gan ese i -s : Ae Ueadlowt al Gar corse conGrta ) = SKS 63-64AS 4 Oro rw F Gala ee te « § eps ft > 1985 = 38 ype etl SB Alo? | 3 = FET = Ln(E at) = LZ x0 4!) = 48 KV (ZStvecs stress stress os 7 | 400880000—_— ere soa) 356066036 30caeeses— 250800808 iL5eeceese Va 2008068000 — page f ] soeooee9—{# —_______________ a r a+ 1 1 T 7 -0.05 Qo 0.05 0.1 0,15 0.2 025.03 Ee EYE ‘b Figure{3)} : engineering stress - strain diagram—true stress oT true stress 45000000. - 40600000 35000000 30000000 25000000 20800e00— 15000000. 10000000 50000000 ' 0 -0.05 0 Figure(4) : true stress - strain diagram | 0.05 0.1 0.15Tensile pfopees s — Host engimeetmy Strucrures ove edeSined be Ensure only elaChe cle Refmatiow witl vesulk under ood. plaSHe de formakou of Peymanent chuge wey net Stop Yre Setuchwe ver Func Hominy ap Prep Hately : a There Rove Mb LS (per ful bo Kuow ube he LaSHic. le Porimna Kon begins ( phenomenon _ aalled yiéleliny) . athe pork of yielding iy the paint when the Srvess - Stain CVE We longer Une RAS Pr 1S also calle! Pe pro poCHonal Heck ane IE US wolicated by pomb p. Gace Wis exach mauve efi PPiadlh po debemaint precrSely , yieleling pain is Usuclly aebermines olive. pavallel to Gashic pofHou curve Pah las beeh by daw A Mre Srress ~ Shu of Psek by 0. oo2. feyfie teaa! ee eee Ae eee tS f 1 e ESA eGelg al tonal mt ate dee Fa as Ae Cartas WR SPRL Teste emcee a ast fog eu Seve cited oie tae ge hlsig (aty a aah cede gage ai Be ae eye i= oe ait ra See ee ae ee Sree era eedSRERaeweK vs fla Techn cal University a nl ~Colleye_af Engin Engin €eting es — He chowical De pate ment /pliduc kon ~ eect = S tenn & Haketials Laborer te my Peer eeEEEeEeE EE © SU EC Saf Alan g anne aa Ayman DL shavai del — EB, Peet wee 2 Eeeieie eee Sans SSiom kesh aw{eee eee | A Coma presSion rest 1S cuducked wo | manner Simla te the tensile bes) €XcePk. | tak Ye Roce 1S compressive quel whe. TT cpesimen coubYacks along the —dicection ob [i PNG ES ye cr Pe a eee IRI _1- By Guvewtiow a Coma pte sive Race 1S taken | +o be neaati ‘ -vields_anesalive Strife L}Comp tessive bans. ave™ also nexarive. pea +_|_ Tensile tests ave mele Gumon be Cause rey. Lh ove easier to peor. 5 clsots wa aSh waaberied. | Used tu_shtuctum\ apPliaHous, very litle —. a ddi_tional \nPetm clio 1S eae beatles |_ compressive Fe shS = ; — jee| Aig CompveSSion testing 1s_a useful proceclur | Por men S Utne ioe plaskic—_How behav. ieee SS | cnnd clu Ble RFoCrue [writs oR amoberiot« _| measuring tre plasic flaw behavisr requires — | Rfichowles.s (homogenous — Com presSiow) kesh E Gud Hen, hile ereaSurins oluchile He Chuve rvihs— -| takes aohtantaye of re batiel formation anol | Com HYaMledd SevesS orol Stain Cuscli bias. ab He. L C9 Uator of the batteled. surface when. ale G@uplession 1s —Caliied aul with Prichiom. hn Cory. _| Neve ove Yydee Pim Cipal wos $ munich fortes S sao be ap. plied dating clePanobiow po. SSiay_s - bemSion, Camp YCSSion qual Shear ln Cry ineevt wy | -prack Ce—maans laaets. ave _\oS/onal Vater nan. pure_shear essai a The cles Now to which the makerial Jag. Subjected 1s de Rusted SED oteler te Chomy ete 9) Comnelty_o Clement, Porces muse be ass pp ed te “Brera. _the ole LOM mimationo& Mrese_kerces_os Punctiow of wre cle Permation (Sti SNC Ann Pot Poa we nove leo Know the _ Roos mover bo+DeSigu the —P Pope machine — - _| gelece Soals uel cic mag telials Ror plo Per srrensh CBrPowCO) (ba) (Mpa) |e (16) Pe | aoe o [e-oe% Rs vo? | gous 238 Be as BYALS 256 C#.Y oO. INF. Siu AY AQ VoU8, | 24506. S2%E Dn oGre (a2 2719 626 252 LM Us F226 | AA F 4 36.4 2 i ‘ai 576535} \2\t 518.4 Sang) aa 85953 4 20 GS2L aK a9a94do | Y359 WN Po. Lo ef er ee J Vu our eX Pehmert ’ Verge VR DisSetCaleva: 200 544. x\\. [pee =e ye EStrue stress 1,4E+09- 1,2E+09- -4E+09 800000000 ZBaKocboo [~~ —true stress 600000000- 400980900 2009080900 f 8- -0.092 58 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 Figure(2) : true stress - strain diagramResult ¢ —| Sg = _ F424 6c0000 9a. Stain te | = Vi. -SyYte = 96 oS USK 6 Comclusi % The Yate hae est 1S Hhe this ger than the Wee aller Woon iw the beucilon bec h — Ss b , jelol_stv¥e —}—s_BSs GSe_may be ele bevnined by tre fee 4 i? Yess a L_ | srs iwi A te jaf he cvve bur af Prot by Same auaounp of — St¥ain . suchas 0.002 \— Hecrow cal oe / PYaduc tow asl ia ol_modarnery. lites AG be enh, bat Harafels. Labatatory 4 ~ nae Supe So¥. nN, SEES EERE ed | Eng. _ Ay mau AL. rotaialel, BEE a ied crea ee EEL ul sByeeVience Lilasea(2\ 0. saeate ai |b __ Pe pared By: mfg. ges fia ed —- Bw _ oe cS —- EXPeiment. Nowe Shar of Yubber Ce aoeTau t aces & | Rublrem bos always been ontevesbing emg inneevny maketial. rs elasticity 1 Wmarkoble, while [ks use — velucle tives Yequies other prePerties. |_Al-theush o%iainally aneture) preduck, tabb er - iS P | beCame So (ww pelbank anol ty Such clemanel tok sy nthebic rubber was clevelepecl with the Possibility of having SPécial pe Pevties to Suih the . aPp Ligaen ara -obieck 3 mgt i at | the pePperties RB amnatevicl i, Shear Gu be cle imines! 2Xpevrimen tally Pow olirech . Shea test, Rem We vesults of Prese teshs» Stress — | St¥ain cliagaw tm shes Mey be plo thet. these —chasfau.—eb T vereus 3 Or Similatin —.Theory é fo oe Fests _perP ts falling apa ft Ee | —bo_heve Rts pe Potce 1. paseof paral] ar he ] Le Shen _Shyess 4 167 te ee The Shea Shain fis HePined as the ane | »f We Pain angle 4 ¥ Te tue berg aay lca n/a ioe 4 |—Slenc Spesss _ Sere _e$ For then beuSile coum ber parks ulbLerceh S_loael_applied paa| Cheers per anal |_lo wer Races eachob whieh has an ae LN aa ar cee Xeon Ne. Seen SkY¥at - ————— Pane_pEeenee a 4 Ror shes Races the hen Shvess quel shea +} Soin owe- feloked ee pre Shen mockelus _ et G8. eels J ES Oe k Tt ma “sore pic makeria i soe|wne Curve 1 figuve_ \S Useav pbecaufe we Wok 1. Clashic cle Potimabion oud we orl —PBiiive the plastic ale favmalious hecauce we Use the Yubber im ater CXPeVi ment aud KeeP Ih we yhe Lab The Linea ($ mot __exack 5 because the eves _4 | Cx Pevimenrt RevSeare(Vole anol Sys bei Cc eVvaryeee ee To Pile Tedauital_Usiversiby. fee teas Collegeok. -Enyinceriny SEEseseetestssasssnansssssssnnineeitns Hedlesical Deparhaent/ production ene - Avel maddveryy Shey sh Haherials Leteatabety— iseimanay “SupeNvisat Nawe NTs i thy Ev: AS) san AL QheYeiclals oy eee Epefience oe (4) : a , E wgefiaseut Nome s /_ YoY sion best. -a Ma Hm ember when\\- Is leaded —~ ley Coup. les Bok. |-produce relation about \b Le ugibteli nal artis Sc a ferrari 2 las ea antl gue eigenen tmameae ee Ea [fhe -clize Chion-o8 the —Conple 15 taal Caheal_ by Hhe Lighe —\ondl it le—Por moment wechye ~ i beh A et oe 1 | Couples “V, ave Glleol. Foie oC. buisting — bed ne Couple ee eo To_Detierne the ongle ab twist. Shain ony le Ornel The Jorque te effect the bean ond shea | -Sk¥ESS—, Shee” SESS maXtnarranel CalCalahe pelar —womeWh of witieISkisasy hel will be eve labion about Pe oe oe er, Yes Beck be re ate Creal. Lae the LoS chal cd Pe te ig Cixed ne Pe Pgh ened Coal will st bake BoLough af ma, L Pee ee ee koe” LeRp. Recayse of fofation_, cline mn jon Khe -SuRace of We toeY will bake asial) Aunsle. leo poSiHoa nau! el Sige pele gi) a rine ier (ayProg Lees “EXPEC mene & i —| etal Gell Bip Tee eg Tae | Bead = 444. co = 9:0783 ef yal =a - 3 (2.83) sds xe relaN et to =[2-2xu" 40.07 2s), Usage as | le : i JS = 304 Af pa —|-Glculoakowe ae + [ee aa cfr Gn} ed) | (Apa () ears {0.2 | Losooseall 5. 80\ | = Yin] 2.4 | aol 9p | Os vise pst | eater Fl o.0324 | go6.4 | Laayle' | E oe jeg | 0088. ot S_| adexra’| ie —|Leo0| FA lolx | pu tezuil| 32.6 | duct] | Boo} $3 }6.226.| avg.6 | ilewis'| Yq oY | wP XK} | evoc | 14 | 0-33] pRalbPne lesz [edu Seo | 25 lo. | ey |2-22nc8| gs7 [2x ~-— Table (2) 2 the magmipuel of gi, 1m the maheven{a farTorque Figure( _) : Torque diagramshear max 9E+10 - 8E+10 + 7E+10 6E+10 5E+10 —shear max 4€+10 oe = 3E+10 = 2E+10 5 1E+10 ea 0 T T T 7 1 % 0 5E-08 0.000000 1.5E-07 0.000000 2.5E-07 Trarer Figure(—_) : shear max diagram(s9 Peep fe Llttlititit titi t LOTTE t —shear max 3 ~1E-07¢+9g 0 0.0000 01 0.0000 .02 0.0000 03 0.0000004 ah, g09e0eee- shear max 20000000- 8 T T 7 Figure( —_) : shear max diagram— Resalks — the _smaguatid ob G yess GS) g [ Ge 444 Kle pa, = = Be wognitncl of 6 By pj 2 eee 46 = G= BRK pa-+--—— pian =o ere i sigh oP aati Late — NN 550 CAN Rg PW = = sats Ey Aare Ae Seaft cel —— ; a Ee xpelience Me 2 (5) ae Bite Pie, in Gin ep reptip aie oy mince ad aaa — ewe ee eS EAR eM went Nowe —t = sat bese. adBi ‘ Psoe ae detent eB eared TT ~_ Kina Wak the SPLing. petHow hice 16 uses! bo Ye Sist checks CtensionoM Cusp esSigu tnd ented wn oll the—S nuChules. a $4 shew ene eee “the ave e i 4) Leas spring 2 4ghee a a 64 py Atak at Ent ea Re Do= af ee whete + ant a Sg rrrrane ees eeeeeseeeeeceeeeeeeeseeeee cee eeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeemees rl Ty eter al opting Glle pt uterber of loops AEH tees eect eh att dive Ctly head Sie sk Neus FS ion, 0 5 2S [SRSED | AGE igo en a awz2) eee deers aot Aen 7 7 =f BOL] RH KOE 6 Cult) F fest | a to |ivaczez 3) |__2o & fo 1476767. 3 | ° \2 2S | Koqu). 2 | Yo. qr | g.tl | a 3p9g 9] eh S G2. VAG. 12SEC aug é Gaug & : 7 je HN 4S.4 - ind —Tmrat Halle (2 the Noleeof Cont tant sl spring »@~Sangle 2 fGleulation + Sree ee Se agg“AMO 20K Sao asnsyen 22774 sams ]oie EES 7 aaa a iA ob, a oeESEIE: Eas Fe) qq. & a a oeP= Tala Ten Daley ot College (o Basimee Amy erent | He ha vveel Deparment) Pladuchion nol en Aue. — Seg. eX Halefials Lalodatery ane DEV SoY ec De YD AS Test] cal neces meee es ee eee | Brey —Agsnnr hL Suaveidlel, uses — nA ere pared Rye | Encliiakbisees eat Se feral ; Pate gee ek eae eee an ee a ee ad aa cll el il ear Niele 5 : fai eaitttTO eee ue WSE we coulel ask what ise luipack leaof? ——¥s_the extemal _toasl or Revte applic! boa = —_SEuckue , anol Bonk _1€ Ye Hime of tie appli cotton —1£ less Won ome Wivel Whe lawesh nahutal Period: \lotion of We pack structure, cermise 4 \e Will Called Stebic M. i ——_Lupeck bests ave _us, 3 false oo. 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[enels... s 1 TroughnesS1S 0p operpy whi ch 1s Ge pacity of auaterid be CPSs} Ro che, Cereck pre fa gation), when ———. __subyeches! to \mpack— pia ae eee FS machi pe wataswies Re amount o® energy eibosoCbel — bythe spesimen far the Go prule (neu besani hs © Fhe aurount_o& energy abSot heel Can cyiveon inch 'cahion ab the fough ness at meaketiol kG classify the di Pheer ty pes-ok ~Ltivials “\wro either bGlHe o” —{____ ductile meterials peace aera i a es eee eee 4 Tae basic ty pes- Pw pack tesking 3D. py tee pach hes _—RhespeSlmen—ts Suppo theo! 45.4 Simple beau _wiby phe lose _appliel: ak pre @enbes—— = the paSiien oP latching tube Ls Seb to 14s! — the Spebirnen \s_Suppocped hai zon tally Prom two PPEee Hip ect Coat ieee os mek onl The spe ments supeerted aso GubJever beam roree oe eel a we SPECnen IS supPolbed Ver. cally Pvc one whe lal a eed ee “Bathe oar py and iZae papack heshiny Use ines! fee Swinginy Peale _je-epply the loc! the fer : is The Cha py avel fe \-2ael be chnigues Sim tre. OTT Mees) _Prole Phe-speCimen aXe Suppotred\4 the, expparahss, jp machine..USi say nolchesl speci rrens-he—SPecimen — oben tS Bye eels elo eel te ee - Cal culo iow 2] Avie Pee oe 2\23 —AbsoCoecl Energy = a\n5 —— ShEngth ai = UF [Le Met Impact Eney - 21 t wyResults = Maghe” Youghness mabertal will absorbs moe G0 Upow \wa Peck ane! wit) phere Pore Vesulk Ina law height ts which he Perel lens avon ji if Sul ny bo Folle wing tm pack, Jf Fhe more encdy al So¥ bod by Hhe Specimen , the molt fF ougness the material will be . —SPecimen with lowesh abfoed ene4gy means Ins babble mck has |GuSt boughhess which Gu break CASt1Y and Cannel withstand the Sebelen bi ghloaebe. tuhich Ls tn this beak was/ Speci men Pot beh, Inf ad charpy feak. / — Specimen with Highesh abSelbeos evergy means lbs oluctile ave! bos nighesh poughness which a, v#hShd Phe Suellen high loacls which 1S this best Vas Specimen fer weth \eed onol charity hes fk,ovjach ve ae - Tetvecbeonba \ - ob Seok sl snail =Ai REY 2a ain ee Felcrlane Calculation ¢ Bee een, gant Conte Iw our expeyviment + i b= 68.6 me Oz Feb mw Ew) | $ (fm) o ps) | € Cte’) ass | an | 37.9 | 34 BS eE 564 bo a 566o ice zea lle fs FS25 Pbe \U6 rues 8824 looS tal 15. A377 loGe igi 16.6 loU Fl | 1436 2o8 20.5 13648 Yo4UF 264 64.4 t{S2lo Suz 2965 5 | 133Se Gg 297 B36 146 L oe A BE -w et _ : Gig xe! ty aov= Fo 2 1955 2374 Ypa Ae = (gins?) sea BRay = 17 Apa 5; <3) z (8103?) Se SSE eee CaM cl | Sa( pies Siow ¢ ~G sie Cys & = DMI7Xe + 3-4 Xo Lo 63. 6X13 rat ae ject) = ts -& Xlo | 63.6 x157 \ ' -6 -3 | El = A2ZTF Xe = 146 X\o ie ee 63.6 Xo? %= WARS = (ai we) = 345 4 pa. ose AON ee Sy a el, & ong anemia, Sh 2 Chi aust)E : | = |S = \o2e S = 49% Mpa % (8:0) Ds a¥ea Unclem Pre Cum 4 4) =(4 HSH 185) 4 (VFS¥ 146) f ((Bee-V ES) x (146 -90)) 4 (4g -los) % 25) +((40-20) 25) + |((92-3¢) % 25) +((40 Ys) #25) £ Noe x25) +(lox 25) = 4053E- SKS, iy1.6£+09-—- L2E+09— dE) Revce Gin) LG 0.13 6.32 Sees © 490s © \o-Bt ) og Nese fo q.8lo @ \e G# lo EF \Sety @ | lu715 @ \0.68 lo f2 Qeeeks, 10.622. (0-88 0-44 2.50%9 ZU525 . lial (oF Zeeks 2ZA4UUZ0 8 ) Bb 8 WS mm [Mh = Fou / pw al 433 o00 ~ 4 della ple lee 2 ©. 225 & o. Ues & Gene E 0 BSS. o.93s 109 pao) Settee ee ee eeie ad WN \— 20) . LY ae Pie chios® an ae EE mr Hout f CMe of fat ——Caj. Ff ee iat . » ) G ores Fi ae is . WS freevr ae ears pe Ly. aCe ee ee dee — are es 3on bsdickwuess AS nme FS awe (So weae i Figufe 3 ~ the Cufve WS Umenr because we welk iu elastic ole Ru%mahion andvtdlonbt ofvive phe Plaski c ole Fmohty __beenuse—we use phe Yebber 1y ether eX Petimenk Ondmkeep Vb on the Labs ~ Yre Linear is not exack beCayse the e7efS in OX periment 5 Pevson exVErs ered systemic earsBe St ain angle ae Aug le of aii : Aesish > pal 1 dP oe ya ox = TP : ce See re ae epee Y @3-2 0 fet — see are ae en ean Tet G- TL ra Linear ap Elastic Yegiow ey a—— limew” Elastic L g Ser eee x er De Gy Close eVenxg# R =b R= 8 seers pe al lta de urls ¢ wal Se \_Esy —D 2 Pye at aL. Z55 > 4+ Es > GB aks pt Sey <8 gis Der owine3\t hea yous? (EC) -6 \3 Ay Xe eh § XY Campi SSion—hesh2 a Ea) = wv Cp? Saas! O ot® bbIS © ey Bee 2 a of ye Et Ke) eee aces * hai Sti Sot) [- He + Do 242 wth!aa | : I" ® Je~e jo ere Ao ima = Sa ff Ey abs Gee ee en 2 Byle bf bes Steeugth ek Ricient Wei Sb Vea Worelen'yy Raabe bu Gap =. bw ke $f WL Et = le ous, A Ey Ha i Raat kK anol Ww" aeNAC. G EXP 3 Experiment (1) ( + i) Mechanical Behavior of Materials 4. Object: The main purpose of this experiment is to study the fundamental aspects of the mechanical behavior of materials during deformation processing 2. Background: For more information about the subject of the experiments, it is recommended for the student to review sections 2. f-2.10 of chapter two of the text. 3. Theory: There are three principal ways in which forces may be applied during deformation piocessing: namely, tension, compression, and shear (Figures 1a,b, ¢). In engineering practice many loads are torsional rather than pure shear; this type of loading is illustrated in Figure J. ry be F t patie Figure [1]: Some Types of Strains. ‘The degree of deformation to which the material is subjected is defined as strain. In order to change the geometry of an element, forces must be applied to them. The determination of these forces as function of the deformation (strain) is very important. We haye to know the forces in order to: Design the proper machine; Select tools and die materialsfor proper strength; and determine weather metalworking operation can be accomplished on certain equipment. ‘Thus the relation between’ a force and the deformation it produces is an essential parameter in manufacturing \ Page 1 of 10 —_ \TENSION. One of the most common mechanical tests is performed in tension. The tension test js used to ascertain several mechanical properties of materials that are important in design. A specimen is deformed, usually to fracture, with a gradually increasing tensile load that is applied uniaxially along the long axis of @ specimen ‘A standard tensile specimen is shown in Figure,2. Normally, the cross section is circular, but rectangular specimens are also used, Duting testing, deformation is confined to the narrow center region, which has uniform cross section along its Jength, The standard diameter is approximately 0.5 in. (12.8 mm), whereas the reduced section length should be zt least four times this diameter; 21 in. (60 mm) is common. Gauge length is used in ductility computations the standard value is 2,0 in, (50 mm). Figure 2. Standard Tensile-test Specimen. The specimen is mounted by its ends into the holding grips of the testing apparatus (Figure.3). The tensile testing machine is designed to elongate the specimen at a constant rate, and to continuous!y and simultaneously measure the instantaneous applied load (with a load cell) and the resulting elongations (using an extensometer). ‘A stress-strain test typically takes several minutes to perform and is destructive; that is, the test specimen, that has an original length. J, and an original cross- sectional area 4; (figure 3) is permanently deformed and usually fractured. ‘Typical results from a tension’ test are shown in figure 4. The figure outline the relation between engineering stress and engineering strain (nominal stress-strain), also the figure presents an outline of a tensile-test sequence showing different stages in the elongation of the specimen. The output of such a tensile test is recorded on a strip chart as load or force versus elongation. Engineering stress o is defined by the relationship F On te 3) Jn which F is the instantaneous load applied perpendicular to the specimen cross section, in units of pounds force (Ib) or Newtons (N), and 4, is the original eross- sectional area before any load is applied (in.” or m’). Engineering strain e is defined according to 2) Page 2 of 10} F tm which In is the original length before any loed is applied, and 7 is the instantaneous length. Load cell Original gage Tength, Fracturé| Moving crosshead ——— 2s Figure 3, Schematic representation of the apparatus used to conduct tensile st strain tests and shape of specimen. tress: Blastie > Plastic ‘Fracture Strain (for ¢, = 1) ae Sa ee Total elongation —[Post-uniform elongation \ = Prostunit a SN A 4 ilectest sequence showing different stages in the elongation of Figure 4. Outline of a tensi the specimen. Page 3 of 101. HOOKE’S LAW 2. MODULUS OF ELACTICTY 3, YOUNG’S MODULUS Deformation’ in which stress and strain are proportional is called elastic deformation; a plot of stress versis strain results in a linear relationship. Stress and strain are proportional to each other through the relationship o=Ee @) This is known as Hook's law, and the constant of proportionality £ (psi or MPa) is the modulus of elasticity, or Young's modulus. Values of the modulus of elesticity for ceramic materials are characteristically higher than for metals; for polymers, they are lower. These differences arc a direct consequence of the different types of atomic bonding in the materials types. Furthermore, with increasing temperature, the modulus of elasticity diminishes There are some materials (¢.g,, gray cast iron and concrete) for which this initial elastic portion of the stress-strain curve is not linear; hence, it is not possible to. determine 2 modulus of elasticity as described above, Por this nonlinear behavior, either tangent or secant modulus is normally used. 4. ANELASTICITY OR VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOR. In most engineering rhaterials, however, there will also exist a time-dependent elastic strain component, That is, elastic. deformation will continue after the stress application, and upon load reiease some finite time is required for complete recovery. This time-dependent elastic behavior is known as anelasticity, and it is due to time-dependent microscopic end atomistic processes that are attendant to the deformation. For metals the anelastic component is normally small and is often neglected. However, for some polymeric materials its magnitude is significant; in this case it is termed viscoelastic behavior. 5. POISSON'S RATION. When a tensile stress is imposed on @ metal specimen, an elastic elongation and accompanying strain e, result in the direction of the applied stress (arbitrarily taken to be the z direction), as indicated in Figure 8. As a result of this elongation, there will be constrictions in the lateral (& and y) directions perpendicular to the applied stress; from these: contractions, the compressive strains sand & may be determined. If the applied stress is uniaxial (only in the z direction), then & = ty A parameter termed Poisson's ratio v is defined as the ratio of the lateral and axial strains, or ce @ The negative sign is included in the expression so that v will always be positive, since €, and ¢, will always be of opposite sign. Theoretically, Poisson's ratio for isotropic materials should be 4; fasthermore, the maximum value for v (or that Page 4 of 10/ vaiue for which there is no net volume change) is 0.50. Shear and elastic moduli are related to each other and to Poisson's ratio according to E=2G(1+P) 6) Figure {8[; Axial (2) elongation (positive strein) and lateral (x andy) contractions (negative strains) in respanse to an imposed tensile stress. Sold lines represent dimensions after stress application, dashed lines, before. 6. ISOTROPIC AND ANISOTROPIC. Many materials ace elastically anisotropic; that is, the clastic behavior (eg, the magnitude of 2) varies with crystallographic direction. For these materials the elastic properties are completely characterized only by the specification of several elastic constants, their number depending on characteristics of the crystal structure. Even for isotropic materials, for complete characterization of the elastic properties, at least two constants must be given. Since the grain orientation is random in most polycrystalline materials, these may be considered to be isotropic, inorganic ceramic glasses are also isotropic. 7. MODULUS OF RESILIENCE. 8. ELASTIC SPECIFIC ENERGY. The area under the stress-strain curve up to the yield point Y of a material is known as the modulus of resilience, or “he specific energy that the material can store elastically. This area has the unit o7 energy per unit volume. Pape? Modulus of Resilience = —* = 6) fodulus of Resilience =—* = (6) 9. YIELDING AND YIELD STRESS. For most metallic materials, elastic deformation persists only to strains ‘of about 0.002(0.2% for linear elastic behavior); other offset strains may also be in used (0.5% for non-linear elastic behavior) and should be specified when reporting the yield stress of a material. As the material is deformed beyond this point, ‘the stress is no longer proportional to strain and permanent, non-recoverable, or plastic Page 5 of 10 So TTT b i i i tA deformation occurs 7 From an atomic perspective, plastic deformation corresponds to the breaking of bonds with original atom neighbors and then reforming. bonds with new neighbors as Jarge numbers of atoms or molecules move relative to one another, upon removal of the stress they do not return to their original positions. The mechanism of this deformation is different for crystalline and amorphous materials. For crys- talline solids, deformation is accomplished by means of a process called slip, which involves the motion of dislocations. Plastic deformation in no crystalline solids (as well as liquids) occurs by a viscous flow mechanism Most structures are designed tc ensure that only elastic deformation will result when a stress is applied. It is therefore desirable to know the stress level at which plastic deformation begins, or where the phenomenon of yielding occurs. For metals that experience this gradual elastic-plastic transition, the point of yielding may be determined as the initial departure from linearity of the stress-strain curve; this is sometimes called the proportional limit In such cases the position of this point may not be determined precisely. As a consequence, a convention has been established where in a straight line is constructed parallel to the elastic portion of the stress-strain curve at some specified strain offset, usually 0.002. The stress cortesponding to the intersection of this line and the stress-strain curve as it bends Over in the plastic. region is defined as the yield strength oy For those materials having @ nonlinear elastic region, use of the strain-offset, method is not possible, and the usual practice is to define the yield strength as the stress required to produce some amount of strain (e.g, € = 0.005). ‘Some steels and other materials have upper and lower yield points. The elastic- plastic transition is very well defined and occurs abruptly in what is termed a yield ‘point phenomenon. At the upper yield point, plastic deformation is initiated with an actual decrease in stress. Continued deformation fluctuates slightly about some constant stress value, termed the lower yield point; stress subsequently rises with increasing strain. For metals that display this effect, the yield strength is taken as the average stress that is associated with the lower yield point, since it is well defined and relatively insensitive to the testing procedure. Thus, it is not necessary to employ the strain-offset method for these materials. 10. TENSILE STRENGTH. After yielding, the stress necessary to continue plastic deformation in metals increases to a maximum, point M in Figure 9, and then decreases to the eventual fracture, point F. The tensile strength 7S (psi or MPa) is the. stress at the maximum on the engineering stress-strain curve (Figure 9). This corresponds to the maximum stress that can be sustained by a structure in tension; if this stress is applied and maintained, fracture will result. All deformation up to this point is uniform throughout the narrow region of the tensile specimen. However, at this maximum stress, a smal] constriction or neck begins to'form at some point, and all subsequent deformation is confined at this neck, as indicated by the schematic specimen insets in Figure 9. This phenomenon is termed "necking," and fracture Page 6 of 10 ) trately oceurs at the neck. The fracture or rupture strength corresponds t0 the ~ stress at fracture. Tensile strengths may vary anywhere from 7000 psi.(50 MPa) for an aluminum to as high as 450,000 psi (3000 MPa) for the high-strength steels Ordinarily, when. 4 for design purposes, the yield strength is used. This ig because by the time a stress corresponding to the tensile strength has been applied, often a structure has experienced so much plastic deformation that it is tiseless. Furthermore, fracture streagths are not normally specified for engineering design purposes. ts oa the strength of a metal is citec stiess * re Strain Figure 9 typical engineéfing stress-strain behaviors to fracture, point F; The tenste strength TS is indicated at point M. The circular insets represent the geometry of the deformed specimen at various points along the curve 11. DUCTILITY Wi Ductility is another important me: : plastic deformation that has beer very little or ho plastic deformation: upon stress-strain behaviors for both ductile an illustrated in Figure 10. Ductility may. be expressed quantitative ‘percent area reduction. The percent elongation % strain at fracture, or vps=[ chanical property. It is & measure of the degree of sustained at fracture, A material that experiences fracture is terined brittle. The tensile 4 brittle materials are schematically ly as either percent elongation ot EL is the percentage of plastic fy ; 100 @) oS Page 7 of 10Stress Strain Figure 10: Schematic representations of tensile stress-strain behavior for brittle and ductile materials loaded to fracture. A second measure of ductility is reduction of area, defined as Ay Ay Reduction of area=| "74 )x100 ® is : 12, TRUE STRESS-TRUE STRAIN True stress o = a ‘where A is the instantaneous cioss sectional area. of the. test specimen, We can define true strain, natural or logarithmic strain e as: 1 (i) ® i I Within the uniform deformation the true strain can be expressed as: “ 1 1 4 D, D e= in| —|=In| |= In) — | = 2m) 2 10) i) )en) 23). 09 The relation ship between the engineering strain and tue strain can be found from the followinig’expression arr } ay) (12) (13) ‘The Strength of material can be expressed in terms of true stress as: a= Ke" a4) Where K is the strength coefficient and n is the strain-hardening exponent. The ¥ Page 8 of 10area under the true stress true strain curve is known as toughness and can be Yc expressed as: Toughness = [ode (as) a 4, Materials: Two standard tensile specimens are required according to the international staridards, as shown in Figure 2. One made from steel and the other from Brass. fh a8 Teg Peslineen® 5, Equiptnents: post delorenrrtien 2 Ie. ee tS Universal testing machine to condlct the tensile stress strain tests and Vernier Caliper for taking some measurements are required 6. Procedures: Ley 1. Determine by the caliper two-gauge length/on the reduced section of the specimen. The first Gauge length is 2 ($0 mm) and the second gauge Jength is 0.8° (20 mm). Mark the two gauge lengths on the tensile b specimen (Ae) = 2, Measure the diameter/f the specimen within the gauge length (diameter riivst be equal a long all the reduced section of the specimen) Set the testing machine and prepare it to be ready for performing the test, that implies; checking the electrical connections, switching on the machine, switching on the pressiire pump and wait tell the pressure reach the needed value. 4. Mount the specimen by its ends into the holding grips of the testing apparatus shown in figu:e’3. 5. Switch on the loading button of the testing machine. The machine gradually increasing tensile load that is applied uniaxially along the long axis of a specimen until the specimen fractured. 6. Assemble the fractured specimen (fix the two half’s together precisely) and measiuré the final diameter(bt the deformed specimen 7. Remove the Load-Deflection curve from the printer of testing machine a control unit. 7. Requirements: (A Draw the engineering stress-engineering strein curve of the tested materials: Ax Draw the true stress-true strain curve of the tested materials 1. Draw the logarithm relation between true stress true strains then find ihe strength coefficient (K) and the strain-hardening exponent (n). 4, For the tested materials, determined from the drawn stress-strain curves the following: x a. Modulus of elasticity E° > ¢ e-*9 #b, Proportional limit 7 05,4 aula 0, Elastic limit d. Yield strength \ Page 9 of 10 “4e, Elastic specific energy per unit yolume es ae £. Ultimate tensile strength g. Fracture stress¢ 33 © age hh Toughness. 4,9 Verb i. Elongation =~ A. Dueiility fo )e as clonyaten Me 8. Questions QX Consider the engineering stress-strain curve, te curve after necking goes down and the engineering stress decreases with the increase of engineering strain. : Explain why? Q2. Discuss the effects of; temperature; strain rate; and deformation rate on the “shape of the true stress- true strain curve. Q3,, The true strain can be expressed as: © = (4) where r is the percentage & reduction of area. Prove this relation. wd wv \ Page 10 of 10,NA. C.G Se farina GP: @) Lab Report Introduction: Rubber has always been an interesting engineering material. Its elasticity is remarkable, while its use in vehicle tires requires other properties. Although originally a natural product, rubber became so important and in such Gemand that synthetic rubber was developed with the possibility of having special properties to suit the application, Theevy ‘An important loading condition when deforming a material such as rubber is called shear, The strain associated with the tangential Joading of shear deforms a body from a square cross-section to a parallelogram. If the body is homogeneous, isotropic, linear and elastic, there will be a constant proportionality between the magnitude of the applied shear stress and the associated shear strain. The shear stress, 7, is defined by force and area i a where f= shearing load, and ‘A.= cross sectional area upon which the load acts. Below is an illustsation of the geometric relationship between force and area, Shear strain, 7, is defined by the angular shape change of the body. Expressed in radians, the quantity is unitless. For a linear clastic solid, the relationship between shear stress and shear strain sy where G = shear modulus (modulus of rigidity).Material G (ksi) G (Pa) Material G (ksi) G (Pa) brass: 6000 4.14 X 10 epoxy 150-175. | 1.03 X 10" to 121X10° aluminum 3900 2.69 X 10” nylon 100-150 | 6.90X 10" to 1.03 X 10° steel 11500 7.9310" | concrete 1500 1.03 X10 polyethylene | 5-65 | 345X 10" to SiC 23000 159X107 4.48 X 107 This. experiment concentrates.on the shear characteristics of rubber, which is used in anti- vibration mountings for machinery and the spring suspension of railway carriages. Rubber can withstand large shear deformation, especially in medium and soft grades of the material, which helps to absorb shock loading. Procedure: 1.. The rubber shear apparatus consists of a block of medium grade rubber 150 x 75 x 25 mm size which has aluminum alloy strips bonded to the two long edges. One strip has two fixing holes enabling the assembly to be fixed to a rigid vertical surface. ‘The bottom end of the other strip is drilled for a load hanger while the position of the top end is indicated by a small dial gauge. 2. Place the load hanger in position and zero the dial gauge. Add load to the hanger in 10 N increments reading the dial gauge at each load until the travel of the gauge is exceeded. When placing a new load on the hanger, a low 5 minutes for the dial to stabilize, 3. After each Joad is removed the rubber will not completely recover and the dial reading will not return to the original value. Measure the difference in the original and “recovered” dial readings and record this as creep.' Questions to be addressed in the lab report: 1. Record the load and deflection in a table, 2. In Excel (or other graphing software) plot a graph of deflection (y) versus load (x) and draw a best fit regression line through the points. (You may use a calculator, Excel, some other statistical software, or calculate by hand. Be sure to include the equation of the line and the coefficient of determination (R?) on the graph.) This implies a linear load-deformation relationship in the vertical plane. 3. Calculate the shear stress (in Pascals), shear strain (in mm/mm), and the modulus of rigidity (or shear modulus) for each measurement using the following relationships: Ge. where t=. block width " Askeland, The Science of Engineering of Materials, 3" Ed., pp, 489 — 490. eZ ae SIn your report, represent these values in a table with load, deflection, strain, stress, and modulus of rigidity. Be sure to show sample calculations. 4. Construct a graph of stress (y) ve-sus'strain (x) and draw a best fit regression line through the points. Include the equation of the line and the coefficient of determination (R°) on the graph. ‘ 5. In order to obtain a single value of the shear modulus, you may average the shear modulus values for each measurement. Compare this observed value to the accepted values on the table on the’previous page. 6. Were the results in #2 and #4 linear? Justify your answer. 7. What is the relationship between the regression model and the shear modulus found in #5? Teibte 1s Load ~ defection Dats Made Free chePlectiog le Pech Ka ai) ma Zz g cae Minme jenn fmm | Nivenstb sy petted = eae ee att A ae eM ie rld rt eae " = Aree SEL SDA Hy ot Fs Ep yl pap + ho At 7 ee np era ne oe oie amare. sey. emer nee ars aes Eo ot seems ah mad a TP me nef Yo all an HEB ARE Sk i SPL ho ety op ggaM.CcC.G Exp: C4) Torsion Test: Experiment Instructions (3) rtIntroduction 1 Introduction The WP 510 torsion testing unit is used to test the torsion of various types of materials. The sam- ples can be stressed to the point of fracture. The testing moment as well as the angle of rotation are measured. Test rods of vatious lengths, diameters and materials can be used, This helps the trainee become familiar with the following terminology in material testing: + Torsional strain and rigidity = Torsional stress = Angle of rotation + Stress-strain diagram ~ Elastic and plastic deformation ~ Shear modulus - Methods for measuring torque The testing moment is applied with a highly redu- ced geared motor. The effective testing momentis measured electrically via a metering shaft which is equipped with a strain gauge. The angle of rofation is determined via an opto-electronic torque sensor. Both values are showin digitally on a LCD cisplay. It is also possible to set different deformation speeds. The unit is prepared for connection to a PC. Special software (included) can be used to create diagrams and evaluations. This testing unit was designed for use in training, Thanks to its clear construction and simple opera- tion it is especially well-suited for students and trainees.Execution of test Installing the sample To ensure precise measurementit is necessary to Switch on the unit approximately 30 min, before the actual measurement. The measurement amplifier and the strain gauge of the metering shaft are then warmed up, and the influences of thermal drift are minimised. The zero point cen then be set. Ensure that the torque measurement device is unstressed. + Pros the Tare key on the front panel until the ‘moment and angle displays show zero, The following sample dimensions are permissible: Sample head: 19 mm hexagonal head Permissible sample length, including head: min. 110 mm , max. 350 mm Permissible sample diameter The permissible sample diameter is related to the stability of the material and the maxi- mum permissible torsion moment of the test unit of 200 Nm. See Section 4.2. ~ Release the clamping lever (1) on the torque ‘measuring device (2) and push back. + Place sample (3) into the socket spanner (4) on the drive side. + Turn sample with the motor until it fits into the Socket spanner (5) on the torque measuring deviceFig. Insta tho eample Stressing the sample Push torque measuring device (2) forwards again. Ensure that the samples have an axial play of around 2-3 mm. Brace the torque measuring device with clam- ping levers (1). Shut the protective hood (6). Carefully pre-stress the sample in jogging opera tion until there is no more play and the torque display moves, Set display for torsional moment and angle to zero with the tare function, Twisting the sample with the motor control switch at steps of 2 - 52, Read the torsion momentfrom the display after every angular step. Record together with the displayed torsion, Several revolutions may pass before a fracture Sccurs when samples are long and thin, If this is the case, the step size can be enlarged. wSample form Fig. Dimensions of sampleGeneral The torsion test is not part of the standardised material testing process. During the torsion test i @ sample is subjected to stress via a torsional Tersoralmonent a rmoment (torque). Shear stresses ocour in the sample which distort the sample. The distortion is expressed as the twisting of the two sample ends with respect to each other. To.assess the torsion test, the torsional moment is Plotted against the torsion. In order to remain independent of the sample dimensions for evalua tion purposes, It is also practical to plot the shear Fig. Torsion test tension against the shear angle of the sample. This type of illustration is similar to the stress-strain ciagram in the tensile test. Calculating the shear stress, ‘The shear stress is calculated from the torsional moment Mpand the polar section modulus Wp The distortion resistance is the result of the . failure moment Mi : My T= WeCalculation of the shear angle and shear modulus ‘The shear angle is calculated from the torsion 9, the length of the sample L and the radius of the sample r= % r 179: ‘The shear modulus can be determined in the elastic range from the shear stress and shear angle G= ila or with the velues of the sample rod ga diet “Tod” Estimating the maximum sample diameter For self-constiucted samples it is practical to de- termine the maximum possible sample diameter that can be examined with the testing unit. Inthe case of aknown or estimated shear resistan- ce th and a circular sample cross-section, the diameter can be determined roughly according to the following formula (tb. in Nimm®,d in mm). A maximum testing moment of 200 Nm and a safety factor of 2 will be set, d=80. "Vi T For ductile materials (aluminium, copper, soft steel) it is possible to estimate the shearing strength from tie tensile strength: Sp BZEvaluation The following table shows examples of measured values of a sample @10 x 300. The deformation speed was 200%min. - Example of measurement results for a sample @10 x 300 mm, brass Rotational | Torsional | Rotational __| Torsional angle in? | moment in | angle in® | moment in Nm Nm This results in a torsion fracture resistance of7 IO Ne of geil a ring Test pay ya ai” ea ¥ z, " I¥POOVAN © M.c.G” 7 ie a EXP 3 yah ; xP (6) + asta ap yd Usa ( bani atl gh Lagfhe ) ciLsacell La slid pati gill e jal ly yagi Ges 1 Ugle 635 eal sll Gye ae Eg ebay caacin Rasta lesa sf al | . Open Coil Helical Springs a giiall a gl ual gil) | { Closed Coil Helical Springs adel Ay Yea gl ; Closed Cone Springs © eal gk Ral ea g Leafs Springs 45 ysl oa ght | lg 1 Egan etd ga used sil ayo sey qurasil pgana gle adiey sane ght 3 elles (y+ sll ainay \y Blas od ste] E535 ell G25! spot Aa sac: dbl J gh ah og cell youll yay ate AY (ll 4 pha iy. (Deftection ) Ha!3¥b Goat hae Mla Lapll palit sf saat ullisy ol IVI 428% Gad steals ly rn SS BM gdp asl ge anil iy Ep gall USalSell Gaal gf vat oS Vy + Ayyel {i ‘Theoretical Part sill lait Gt oie i el) 2 pay ly BEN SEAN ad engl lea ga ll eal Ge ceil isl q (oe SUS ely SY Las ya alga! co Ly 8h aad seal cl Val Uae ales! = OB ay yes US (2 ¥) 5 (1-1) det j AP P[Kgs Bes Bu fF Uyprvonsn Oo and Jeary il -Ag aal » - hte ages TYE vie at aay 2 vallll lle sbi= ¢ aul gle LaLa Gaal = Pp thud Gall ales] = alll shill Gnas bua gia = R ol gl! 4a Gail sal =Th "Total Stress (Tmax ) = direct Shear Stress (T) + Shear Stress due to torsion (T)) 1 son stipene tease Cr} Shee Soe tee to torn 16P.R d td aR i se ht Springs ) 444M coy! gill cel} pasa 3 AlaLudl Gj N Rguzaly IM AsLeall gl) gaaSd La Se Ub GL yeh = AB ohy Gaull fb gga m Gs Late s GES jhe Gaull Uf ous m GS Leste : Deflection in the Spring Gaull ¢b 4a yall &15yI IB Abi gf Payee 398 Gl Lally pS ale. (9-1) USA Se bbs eae y 2 US SUL Ral 5Y1 wMSS BC Asa yaall Aa jY! ane BAM lo yah Gaps cpoull 36 yal a gl all le = ceaylall Aya gall Gal jy cg US Wags gill CEForm Figure (2) alld) ald axe = nt gh aS (mm) 4oya2!l Salt = 8 (Nimm) gait Loads Gules Ral YI Gf Cus Apyadl GI LS BAN SYg lope BAN gine fC Gull Cul ye hy vail ude UaLadl 3 SSN gg Anata ge gt LS GS gS yall 95>seit push eeu natin dens esac iuiabeescnraarite saa :The Objectives of Experiment 44 yi) cilsal + Gaill UNS Laplill ely Lal yp ali Lap KE 3838 (ol) dee pal ale Gayl Lelia dey! sApparatuse 5 3¢24) nae UD too i ee Jui : Test Samples eaill cigs oe ne galls Qual) oma plasty - Procedure asll 146 e oailll GS aging yall alle &8y all dbl Us, + yall Gil axe aga. cage AAUM Ulgal dl jig Ad aanall GB yall gf Gilg sas! Ge Leas Cus «Asya Zal jy Sel § Say opal lal fas eal eae Miguel ce a ge dea eit+ Requirements Glial -yailll sald yall kes} Glan.) O~ + Gaslll SAL Sp Laall Jalen Glan 7 + Aa Ys Jest Gay ALAM Thy cginte pus y + peal Culb sbel fe An = yall ga : = cil sae. : = ellull bs = adull bi DMUs 55 T cll p jal Upsall el pil — 1 J yaad tain Ee l : I | | | | | | | | \