Standard Test Method for Designation: D 1142 - 95 (Reapproved 2006) Water Vapor Content of Gaseous Fuels by Measurement of Dew-Point Temperature’ supercript epson (6) indiestes an ear change since the lst revision or reapprova Thi nandard ha ben approved for use by agencies of the Deparment of Dense 1. Scope 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the water vapor content of gaseous fuels by measurement of the dew- point temperature and the calculation therefrom of the water vapor content. [Norn 1—Some gaseous fuels contain vapors of hydrocarbons or other ‘components that easily condense int igus and sometimes interere with ‘or mask the water dew point. When this occurs, itis sometimes very Felpfl to supplement the apparatus in Fig. | with an optical altachment ‘that uniformly suminates the dew-point mirror and also magnifies the ‘condensate on the minor. With this alchiment i is possible, in some ‘cases, to observe separate condensation points of water vapor, hydrocar- boas, and glycolamines as well as ice poins. However, ithe dew point of the condensable hydrocarbons is higher than the water vapor dew point, when such hydrocarbons are presen in lage amounts they may ood the mior and obscure or wash off the water dew point. Best resuls in distinguishing multiple component dew points are obtained when they are ‘ot t00 closely spaced 'Nors 2—Condensation of water vapor on the dew-point mimtor may appear as liquid water at temperatures as low as 0 to-10"F (-18 1928°C), At lower temperatures a ice point rather than a water dew ‘point likely wil be observed, The minimum dew point of any vapor that fan be observed is limited by the mechanical parc of the equipment Mirror temperatures as low as -150°F (-100°C) have been measured, using liquid mitogen asthe coolant witha thermocouple stached to the mirror, insted of thermometer well 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard 10 establish appro- riate safety and health practices and determine the applica- bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Face an i he diet responsi of Sobeommaee DOSS on Detention of Spsil Constvens of Gasoous Foes ‘Cunt editoa appoved Jase 1, 2006, Published June 2008. Ongially proved i 195, Las previous eon approved in 2000 D 1142 95(2000, 2. Terminology 2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 2.1.1 saturated water vapor or equilibrium water-vapor ‘content—the water vapor concentration in a gas mixture that is in equilibrium with @ liquid phase of pure water that is saturated with the gas mixture. When a gas containing water vapor is at the water dew-point temperature, itis said to be saturated at the existing pressure. 2.1.2 specific volume—of a gaseous fuel, the Volume of the ‘gas in cubic feet per pound, 2.1.3 water dew-point temperature—of a gaseous fuel, the temperature at which the gas is saturated with water vapor at the existing pressure, 3. Significance and Use 3.1 Generally, contracts governing the pipeline transmission of natural gas contain specifications limiting the maximum ‘concentration of water vapor allowed. Excess waler vapor can cause corrosive conditions, degrading pipelines and equipment. I can also condense and freeze or form methane hydrates ‘causing blockages. Water-vapor content also affects the heat- ing value of natural gas, thus influencing the quality of the gas. ‘This test method permits the determination of water content of natural gas. 4. Apparatus 4.1 Any properly constructed dew-point apparatus may be used that satisfies the basie requirements that means must be provided: 41.1 To permit a contolled flow of gas to enter and leave the apparatus while the apparatus is at a temperature at least 3°F above the dew point of the gas. 4.1.2 To cool and control the cooling rate of @ portion (preferably a small portion) of the apparatus, with which the ‘flowing gas comes in contact, to a temperature low enough to ‘cause Vapor to condense trom the gas.fly 0 1142 - 95 (2006) FIG. 7 Bureau of Min 4.1.3 ‘To observe the deposition of dew on the cold postion of the apparatus 4.14 ‘To measure the temperature of the cold portion on the apparatus on which the dew is deposited, and 4.1.5 To measure the pressure of the g48 within the appara- tus oF the deviation from the known existing barometric pressure. 4.1.6 The apparatus should be constructed so that the “cold spot.” that is, the cold portion of the apparatus on which dew is deposited, is protected from all gases other than the gas under test. The apparatus may or may not be designed for use under pressure. 4.2 The Bureau of Mines type of dew-point apparatus? shown in Fig. 1 fulfills the requirements specified in 4.1 Within the range of conditions in Section 1, this apparatus is satisfactory for determining the dew point of gaseous fuels. Briefly, this apparatus consists of a metal chamber into and out ‘of which the test gas is permitted to flow through control valves A and D. Gas entering the apparatus through valve A is deflected by nozzle B towards the cold portion ofthe apparatus, . The gas flows across the face of C and out of the apparatus through valve D. Part C is a highly polished stainless steel “target miror,” cooled by means of a copper cooling rod, F. Determining the Dew Pin of Gases UerPressre,” Baran of Mine Report of Investigation 399, May 138 Dew-Point Apparatus ‘The minor, C, is silver-soldered to a nib on the copper thermometer well fitting, 7, which is soft-soldered to the cooling rod, F The thermometer well is integral with the fitting, 1. Cooling of rod F is accomplished by vaporizing a refrigerant such as liquid butane, propane, carbon dioxide, or some other liquefied gas in the chiller, G. The refrigerant is throttled into the chiller through valve JT and passes out at J ‘The chiller body is made of copper and has brass headers on cither end, The lower header is connected with the upper header by numerous small holes drilled in the copper body through which the vaporized refrigerant passes. The chiller is, attached {0 the cooling rod, F, by means of a taper joint, The temperature of the target mirror, C, is indicated by a calibrated ‘mercury-in-glass thermometer, K, whose bulb fits snugly into the thermometer well. Observation of the dew deposit is made through the pressure-resisting transparent window, E. 42.1 Note that only the central portion of the stainless steel target mirror, C, is thermally bonded to the fitting, /, through, which C is cooled. Since stainless steel is a relatively poor thermal conductor, the central portion of the mirror is thus ‘maintained at a slightly lower temperature than the outer portion, with the result thatthe dew first appears on the central portion of the mirror and its detection is aided materially by the ‘contrast afforded. The arrangement for measuring the tempera- ture of the target mirror, C, also should be noted, The temperature is read with a thermometer or RTD, K, inserted in the cooling rod, F, so that the bulb of the temperaturefly 0 1142 - 95 (2006) measuring device is entiely within the thermometer well in fiting, J. The stud to which the stainless steel mirror is silwer-soldered is a part of the base of the thermometer well, and as there is no metallic contact between the thermometer well and the cooling tube, other than through its base, the thermometer or RID indicates the temperature of the mirror rather than some compromise temperature influenced by the temperature gradient along the cooling tube as would be the case if this type of construction were not used. The RTD will include suitable electronics and display 4.2.2 Tests with the Bureau of Mines type of dew-point apparatus are reported® to permit a determination with a precision (reproducibility) of +0.2°F (40.1°C) and with an accuracy of +0.2°F (0.1°C) when the dew-point tempera- tures range from room temperature to a temperature of 32°F (0°C), Ibis estimated that water dew points may be determined with an accuracy of +0.5°F (0.3°C) when they are below 32°F (0°C) and not fower than 0°F (-17.8°C), provided ice erystals {do not form during the determination. 5. Procedure 5.1 General Considerations—Take the specimen so as to be representative of the gas at the source, Do not take at a point where isolation would permit condensate to collect or would ‘otherwise allow a vapor content to exist that is not in ‘equilibrium with the main stream or supply of gas, such as the sorption or desorption of vapors from the sampling line or from deposits therein, The temperature of the pipelines leading the specimen directly from the gas source to the dew-point apparatus, and also the temperature of the apparatus, shall be at least 3°F (1.7°C) higher than the observed dew point. The determination may be made at any pressure, but the gas pressure within the dew-point apparatus must be known with ‘an accuracy appropriate to the accuracy requirements of the test. The pressure may be read on a calibrated bourdon-type pressure gage; for very low pressures or more accurate ‘measurements, a mercury-flled manometer or a dead-weight ‘gage should be used, 5.2 Detailed Procedure for Operation of Bureau of Mines Dew-Point Apparatus—Intyoduce the gas specimen through valve A (Fig. 1), opening this valve wide if the test is to be ‘made under full source pressure (Note 3), and controlling the flow by the small outlet valve, D. The rate of flow is not critical ‘but should not be so great that there is a measurable oF ‘objectionable drop in pressure through the connecting lines and dow-point apparatus, A flow of 0.05 to 0.5 f'hmin (1.4 to 14 Limin) (measured at atmospheric pressure) usually will be satisfactory. With liquefied refrigerant as piped to the chiller throttle valve, #, “crack” the valve momentarily, allowing the refrigerant to vaporize in the chiller to produce suitable Jowering in temperature of the chiller tube, F, and target mirror, C, as indicated by the thermometer, K. The rate of ‘cooling may be as rapid as desired in making a preliminary test. After estimating the dew-point temperature, either by @ preliminary test or from other knowledge, contol the cooling ‘or warming rate so that it does not exceed 1°F/min (0.5°C/min) ‘when this temperature is approached. For accurate results, the cooling and warming rates should approximate isothermal conditions as nearly as possible. The most satisfactory method. is to cool or warm the target mittor stepwise. Steps of about 0.2°F (0.1°C) allow equilibrium conditions to be approached. closely and favor an accurate determination. When dew has been deposited, allow the target mirror to warm up at a rate comparable to the recommended rate of cooling. The normal ‘warming rate usually will be faster than desired. To reduce the rate, “erack” valve H momentarily at intervals to supply cooling to the cooling tube, F. Repeat the cooling and warming, cycles several times. The arithmetic average of the tempera- tures at which dew is observed to appear and disappear is considered to be the observed dew point [Nore 3If the water-vapor content isto be calculated as described in 162; the gas specimen should be throttled athe inlet valve, A, toa pressure ‘within the apparatus approximately equal to atmospheric pressure. The ‘outlet valve may be left wide open or resticted, a desired. The pressure existing within the apparatus must, however, be known 19 the requ accuracy 6. Caleulation 6.1 If an acceptable chart showing the variation of water ‘vapor content with saturation or water dew-point temperatures over a suitable range of pressures for the gas being tested is available, the water-vapor content may be read directly, using. the observed water dew-point temperature and the pressure at which the determination was made. 6.2 If such a chart is not available, the water-vapor content of the gas may be calculated from the water dew-point temperature and the pressure at which it was determined (see Note 3), as follows: Water center, tise | LIPS 338888 8 Preto FIG. 2 Equilibrium Water Vapor Content of Natural Gases | gee 2000)fly 0 1142 - 95 (2006) Ww 10% (EYP x (TIT) © where: W. = Ib of water/million £0 of gaseous mixture at pressure P, and temperature Ty Ww = weight of saturated Water vapor, Ib/ft, at the water éew-point temperature, that is, the reciprocal of the specific volume of saturated vapor (see Table 1); P= pressure-base of gus measurement, psia; P= pressure at which the water dew point of gas was determined, psia: observed water dew-point temperature, °F T= Rankine (absolute Fahrenheit scale) water dew point, 1 +460, at pressure P; and T, = base temperature of gas measurement, f, + 460, Nort 4 Example 1 Given: Water dew point = 37°F at 15,0-psia pressure ‘What isthe water-vapor content million tof gas (gas measurement base of 60°F and 14.7-psia pressure)? From Table | the specific volume of satorated water al 37°F is 27319 fb fom whic: 2731.9) = 0.000 3660 Iti and W = 0.000 366.0 10 * x (14.715. > [C460 + 371460 + 60) = 3624 Ihiilion f° Example 2: vem: Water dew point = 5°F at 14.4 psa. From Table 2, the specific valume of saturated water vapor with respect to ice at S°F is 11580 1b from which Wr, xy = 000086 6, but the ‘observed water dew point was in equibrium with subcoole liquid water 25°F. From Table 2 (data from Intemational Critical Table), the vapor ‘pressures of subcooled liguid water and of ice at °F C1S°O) ae 1:36 ‘mm and 1.241 mm Hg, espectively. ‘Since the vapor pressure of subeooled quid waters greater than ice at thee temper te neigh er cbf um with liquid water wll be proporionsely I Calclted Hom the specie volume ead fee te ble, wich is for Wet oex (L436N1240) = 0.000086 6 % L157 (0.000 100 2 and W =0.000 1002 x 106 % (ETNA) x [460 + S460 + 609) 1.5 tbimilion f° Book Cane New York 1928, pp. 210-21 ” 6.3 A conelation of the available data on the equilibrium ‘water content of natural gases has been reported by Bukacek." ‘This correlation is believed to be accurate enough for the requirements of the gaseous fuels industry, except for unusual situations where the dew point is measured at conditions close to the critical temperature of the gas. The correlation is a ‘modified form of Raoult's law having the following form: W =r) +B ® where: W = water-vapor content, Ib/million ft"; P= total pressure, psia; A. = aconstant proportional to the vapor pressure of water; and B= aconstant depending on temperature and gas compo- sition, Norw $—Values of B were computed from available data on methane, sethane-ethane mixtures, nd natural gases 6.3.1 Table 2 lists values of the constants A and B for natural ‘gases in the temperanure range from —40 to 460°F (40 to 238°C). 6.3.2 Tables 3-5 list values of water-vapor content from ~40 to 250°F (-40° to 121°C) and from 14.7 to 5000 psia (QDI to 34475 KPa), covering the range of most natural gas processing applications. 6.3.3 A convenient graphical representation of the data in ‘Tables 3-5 is illustrated in Fig. 2 The moisture content values given can be corrected to base conditions other than 14.7 psia OI kPa) and 60°F (15.5°C) by the same equations given in Table 2. 7. Precision and Bias 7.1 No precision data is available for this test method, however, the Committee is interested in conducting an inter- laboratory test program and encourages interested parties t0 ccontact the Stalf Manager, Committee DO3, ASTM Headquar~ ters, 8. Keywords 8.1 gaseous fuels; natural gas Bukacek, RF, “Tigibram Mossure Comnt of Nairal Gases” Rear ‘ute & Instat of Gas Tesdnsogy, 1955, Reporte wore sponsored By the Plein Research Commitee ofthe Atesican Gas Associaton "Complete se of ese chars covenay the enize range of pressures and 1700S. Mount Prospect Ra, Des Plaines, 1, 0018 ”fly 0 1142 - 95 (2006) TABLE 1 Vapor Pressures and Specific Volumes of Saturated Water Vapor at Various Temperatures he Vapor Penmce cu Wat per Panu atin EE, Vr" acne youre Tomogr Saurateg —T"Pase, Presse! “Saute Wer ms pia m9 pein Wits Varo me Nop te fo 1 1495 oman 101 aot sta ow 8 oe os 1 ome 2 ize Gone 12m ao ge 12 0 2 oss a 3 Sore ‘ ists nes ta Saw 2 0 8 206 44 1 4809 5 sae (Suer 77 tzet gto 80 5 oat 108 5 1505 020 ogo oes 29 oan ss oz os 1 822 ; 1s bone agg? ta a0 a 200 1 58 ° 12s oss 32 tat meee sor = 287 36 lars 0 aor ose 8&8 e360 % 0286 38 1 2083 e 1oro ss co 1767 Saat & oz 1 aso 3 2osr bose 73 ast cuban? % 25 oo 4 oon 13 zor coisas 2080 ass & 308 73 oat " Bio cow sy 22 © ois 08 & ox 70 sssi0 3 Besr oes ae 237s sg 210 oe 380 20 st 8 Boor oust es 2p ows aS az8 & 3st os beset a 2e0r ose 2740s ss 48 n ows a 097 a S68 cost ts 3013 oss 254 88 5 ace 14 rero4 a 3200 Ges 793 Gost wa THT i oats 88 7331 as ass oss arise ath 8 oats st risse z 37s ture ze 3s too tae ” 458 61 toast 2 ose ours 3039 oor ea 7h io 490 94 eee Ey fee ness Airs mo 73 % 07 28 ones 3 gor ooss.c2 srs ost sea ss ® set tt sisas 2 fe Ooms ss Er) Oma aare ® oon foes = Sse 20 3 i700 % 589 22 sr705 3s S098 98 2 oss & 0508 36 S07 a 108 23 Brie s 636 63 ens 2s Ose 58 boot 8 ose 0° aaa * et 73 Bass % 608 74 aere8 s 2.136 70 2 isso % Ser aso a res 2 hos o 151 30 aise “6 oss 28 1 ose a oun seoas “ outes 28 ese 04 31 sross ° our 9 reas % tat 80 2eos 2 78 12 47004 10 a0 03 008 “ne values for vapor pressure, fom 0 o 32°F, wer calla rom dante inratonal Cia Tables. Aloe valves were lake om Ha, Galgher, nd Ke, SNBSINAC Steam Tables” National Sandard Reference Data System, 1064p 9. Data on spel volumes of saturate wate” vaper fom Oo S2"F ware sad om (Got JA, an Grach 8," Low Pressure Property of alr Hore "1600 21°F Heating Ping. and Ar Candaning, Vl 8, No.2 Feb. 1948p. $25- 196fly 0 1142 - 95 (2006) TABLE 2 Values of Constants A and & (Base Conditions = 14.7 psia, 60°F) 3s 165 826 re 19 700 825 ae 300 080 ne 0 2 O33 & 26 100 937 190 463 000 a4 28 286 O36 2 25 700 mao 192 459 000 ona oe 382 bas 88 5 100 Ne 198 525 000 101 oe ry ose 2 38 300 war 202 570 000108 4 66 bas 106 53 900 78 26 754 00013 a 1510 yer 8 75 000 27 228 950 000162 rr 1670 se tee 9 700 ae 23 1060 00077 a 3 090 200 1a 17 00 318 aaa 1270 000 oe ; 2 3 200 222 136 124 000 29 286 1320 00210, { 2 4210 28 ve 144 000 370 282 1470 00 ao “4 6740 3% 186 398 000 a6 300 3 190 0000 ° 8 460 fae 180 228 000 at 380 7270 000 880 ee 13 500 bos 12 208 000 eee [Norn 1—To corect A and B to other base conditions, muhiply each by (PAI) x 1519.61, + 459.)] x 09812.) where P, = absolute base pressure, pia ig = base temperate, “Fs and Z, = compressibility factor under base conditions. €‘TABLE 3 Equilibrium Water Vapor Contents of Natural Gat fly 0 1142 - 95 (2006) Above the Critical Temperatures Ulsiion ® were Py = 147 asia, f= 60°F) Tempera, “ta Prossure pia — 9 VS ow oss oss oa) —~—iae—Ctoa]~SCaSCa—C “38 ws 18) G1 om osss] ear ats as a weak 2 0s ome ss) Sat aus a oe wa 2k 13 ose oak? essay wget -2 wo 8 «26mm asst 8 va 23 20a) esate “ mo 38 2D oe ma 4022 RD 0088] os mo 48 By tet ut ho G88 te mi be 302k tt ‘e ae ws 68 88a te te SHB "2 2 ws fe 4a 2.02 ett HS ‘8 % esa 7k 380 tea 16 a ms 8s 82373282 12 a7 ° mio me 62s 27 2st 20 4 a 0 faye BBR Da be 6 1 180 Seo 484088 ka 26 10 mm 9 eat a7 kan 30 16 we 2A BR] BRAT 38 a je 82 5 kB 2 ve ae Sgt sss) ar 2 we sg BTS 28 102d 2 be YS 7 bo a go ae? 8D ts 3 a0 30ST] HBB 8s a 402s 2st RTO % m oe? 28 8B 2 e957 502, sok GH 138 s mA me 3S 8728203 3 mm Me) 2 kak ttt 8 sa? aa MAB BH oe 0 0a? wT ate ea 98k Oa 3 oo 888g? 33S 2 yo 0 eta mo aa 88 me 1a et? me 280 # eso ota m7 83fly 0 1142 - 95 (2006) TABLE 3 Continued Tempore, Teal Pros, pa 7 e”~C~ws—CiaSCaSSCSC 008 a two 8 5M toe,— 70k a Mo ae 2% go 30) eta 25 403 % zr amg www a 2 po ee) waT SSS at 6 zak?) Sw wD 8 poo) at aS 8TH gS 100 sm sett TT 02 serosa Twa 108 go Seam wT 42 fo Staak tak tart ne foo uo Sedat] tk Bt Me Po a x0 sto 8am sts tsk) 12h bio oak ak 32 ter ore Dae t8S gk ta 10 reso too 5) zeae 136 tro) 138 soo tomo ad agg 2k tat wo wom woe) agen se om uo 757 S78 Me wwe totaal 2B 148 8001720 ame gaa naka mk ’fly 0 1142 - 95 (2006) ‘TABLE 4 Equilibrium Water Vapor Contents of Natural Gases Above the Critical Temperatures (ition where P, 147 psia, t= 80°F) Temperature, Total Prossure, pla 160 100 yer 228 ry 86 a7 8 206 28 280 156 14.000 2t00 070, 2 So: 459 200 a 508 276 18018 4002300 1180 oe oe see eer am om 02 168 730 1820 67 68 su 240 100 369 12 oa0 1360, 1060 eo 6st Sse a ‘sr 306 ee 00 2090 380106 70 er Ser 51 200 5570 2040 a ee a) 96 708 m 206 10 3210 21s t68 3508 90 80 203 21 3a20 paso tar 520200 20 00 02 28 +060 are 210 HON 1260 20 10 222 4590 gos Barta ‘360 1200 ) 240 41601757 ato 1800 1680 510TABLE 5 Equilibrium Water Vapor Contents of Natural Gat fly 0 1142 - 95 (2006) Above the Critical Temperatures Ulsiion ® were Py = 147 asia, f= 60°F) Temperate, “oa Proesure, sla 109 woe asa ae m2 m8 m2 26 253 283 yo ers oe at a0 BS 312 a4 20 28 108 na 4 a5 aot 358 Bo 20 205 23 108 74 54 ae ay m3 ms Be ae ba? 10 198 soa soa 493 soa 284 m2 225 a2 1 ae 27 st a8 we 383 30 32 Bs ne 838 67 srr 08 487 423 8 ars 352 ne 987 734 “07 sa eo aaa a7 36 m8 10 toe m3 as 59 sos 487 ae ais a3 we Mo a3 ere 587 0 40 a9 a6 a7 mone a6 707 or 557 54 a2 a7 at vee 987 730 630 e3 6 80 2 480 eit 108 ae mr era 20 st 0 Py sr) no 201 fa 8 0 9 56 550 “woot rd 104 soa wa mar ao a0 0 ii det 10 us 903 02 aa 78 3 ee8 ‘0 ur 20 8 20 57 mo 758 wo ne) 18 132 ne 02 8 ars ws 708 isi 7 1a ns 2 102 4 20 3 ys 8s 135 131 130 "7 wor 100 940 tos js 194 138 136 we m2 oe 930 m2 wo oan 202 185 we wr ne. 08 ee ora je 300 an 12 18 13 wm 13 ‘7 sor ee 21 138 182 us 132 oy ue v0 rc) 2a 196 160 18 138 va a 4. e368 263 24 1a 168 19 ie i 124 mom 25 22 82 ™ 188 15 a8 190 eB 2 248 208 86 60 157 8 v0 ie 28 253 225 201 ie 170 v0 18 we aD 340, 278 236 20 181 7 17 388 nr) 354 2a 28s 28 100 tae cad te sat 208 a0 208 200 as 180 ww w iH 58 a 298 208 256 a 26 202 ie so oe a 350 200 268 oe 2s 210 199 a) ee 303 236 208 an 2st 235 be bor 8 sar 08 30 300 2a 200 2 200 os 788 oo a an ey 3 20 282 248 26 oie 23 ae 7 a2 2 are »fly 0 1142 - 95 (2006) TABLE § Continued 1090 8 503 Soe te tot m2 ae 328 ASTI Intemational takes no poston respecting the vay of any patent ote asserted in connection wih any tem mentioned ints stanaar. 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