CNG N TP HC K I MN TON 8

Nm hc 2017-2018
*Phn I: i S
A/ L THUYT:
1/Pht biu qui tt nhn n thc vi a thc; a thc vi a thc.
2
p dng tnh: a/ xy(3x2y - 3yx + y2) b/ (2x + 1)(6x3 - 7x2 - x + 2)
3
2/ Khi no n thc A chia ht cho n thc B ? a thc C chia ht cho a thc D ?
p dng tnh: a/ (25x5 - 5x4 + 10x2) : 5x2 b/(x2 - 2x + 1):(1 -x)
3/ Th no l phn thc i s? Cho v d?
4/nh ngha hai phn thc bng nhau.
x3 x 2 4x 3
p dng: Hai phn thc sau v c bng nhau khng?
x x2 x
5/Nu tnh cht c bn ca phn thc i s?
( x 8) 3 (8 x) 2
p dng: Hai phn thc sau bng nhau ng hay sai? =
2(8 x) 2
8x 4
6/ Nu qui tt rt gn phn thc i s. p dng : Rt gn
8x 3 1
7/ Mun qui ng mu thc cc phn thc i s ta lm th no ?
3x x 1
p dng qui ng : v 2
x 1
3
x x 1
8/ Pht biu quy tc cng hai hay nhiu phn thc ( cng mu, khc mu)? Cho v d?
3x 1 x2 6x 6x 5x x
p dng tnh: a, b)
x 2 3x 1 x 2 3x 1 x 9 x3 x3
2

9/ Pht biu quy tc tr hai phn thc ( cng mu, khc mu)? Cho v d?
3x 2 7 x 4 1 1 3x 6
p dng tnh: a) b)
2 xy 2 xy 3x 2 3x 2 4 9 x 2

B/ BI TP:
I / NHN N THC VI A THC, A THC VI A THC :
Bi1: Thc hin php tnh
1
a) 2x(3x2 5x + 3) b) - 2x ( x2 + 5x 3 ) c) x2 ( 2x3 4x + 3)
2
Bi 2 :Thc hin php tnh
a) (2x 1)(x2 + 5 4) c) -(5x 4)(2x + 3)
b) 7x(x 4) (7x + 3)(2x x + 4). 2

Bi 3: Chng minh rng gi tr ca biu thc khng ph thuc vo gi tr ca bin.

a) x(3x + 12) (7x 20) + x2(2x 3) x(2x2 + 5).
b) 3(2x 1) 5(x 3) + 6(3x 4) 19x.
Bi 4: Tm x, bit.
a) 3x + 2(5 x) = 0 b) x(2x 1)(x + 5) (2x2 + 1)(x + 4,5) = 3,5
Bi 5: Rt gn v tnh gi tr ca biu thc
a) 4 x 2 5 x 3 y 5 x 2 4 x y vi x = -2; y = -3
7
b) x 4 x 2 x 1 x 3 vi x
4

II/ PHN TCH A THC THNH NHN T

Bi 1: Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t.
 a) 14x2y 21xy2 + 28x2y2 b) x(x + y) 5x 5y.
c) 10x(x y) 8(y x). d) (3x + 1)2 (x + 1)2
Bi 2: Phn tch cc a thc sau thnh nhn t.
a) 15x2y + 20xy2 25xy b) (x + y)2 25
c) 1 2y + y2; d) 4x2 + 8xy 3x 6y
e) 27 + 27x + 9x2 + x3; f) 2x2 + 2y2 x2z + z y2z 2
g) 8 27x3 h) 3x2 6xy + 3y2
i) 1 4x2 k) 16x3 + 54y3
l) x2 2xy + y2 16 m) x6 x4 + 2x3 + 2x

III/ CHIA A THC CHO N THC , CHIA HAI A THC MT BIN

Bi 1: Tnh chia:
a) (6x5y2 - 9x4y3 + 15x3y4): 3x3y2 b) (2x3 - 21x2 + 67x - 60): (x - 5)
c) (x4 + 2x3 +x - 25):(x2 +5) d/ (6x3 7x2 x + 2) : (2x + 1)
Bi 2: Tm a, b sao cho
a) a thc x4 x3 + 6x2 x + a chia ht cho a thc x2 x + 5
b) a thc 2x3 3x2 + x + a chia ht cho a thc x + 2.
Bi 3: Tm gi tr nguyn ca n
a) gi tr ca biu thc 3n3 + 10n2 5 chia ht cho gi tr ca biu thc 3n+1.
b) gi tr ca biu thc 10n2 + n 10 chia ht cho gi tr ca biu thc n 1 .
Bi 4: Lm tnh chia:
a) (x3 - 3x2 + x - 3):( x - 3) b) (2x4 - 5x2 + x3 3 - 3x):(x2 - 3)
Bi 5. Chng minh rng:
a) a2( a + 1) + 2a( a + 1) chia ht cho 6 vi a Z
b) a(2a 3) 2a( a + 1) chia ht cho 5 vi a Z
c) x2 + 2x + 2 > 0 vi x Z
Bi 6: Tm GTLN, GTNN ca biu thc sau:
a) x2 6x +11 b) x2 + 6x 11
IV / PHN THC XC NH :
A
Phn thc xc nh ( c ngha) khi B 0
B
Bi 1 : Tm x cc phn thc sau xc nh :
x6 5 9 x 2 16
A= B= C=
x2 x 6x
2
3x 2 4 x
5x 5
Bi 2: Cho phn thc E
2x2 2x
a) Tm iu kin ca x phn thc c xc nh.
b) Tm gi tr ca x gi tr ca phn thc bng 1.
V / CC PHP TON V PHN THC :
Bi1 : Thc hin cc php tnh sau :
5xy - 4y 3xy + 4y x3 4 x
a) + b) +
2x y2 3 2
2x y 3
x2 2 x
Bi 2 : Thc hin cc php tnh sau :
x 1 2x 3 3 x6 2 x 6 x 2 3x
a) + 2 ;b) 2 c) :
2x 6 x 3x 2x 6 2x 6x 3x 2 x 1 3x
Bi 3* : Tm cc s A, B, C c:
x2 x 2 A B C x2 2 x 1 A Bx C
a) b)
( x 1)
3
( x 1)
3
( x 1) 2 x 1 ( x 1)( x 1)
2 x 1 x2 1

VI /CC BI TON TNG HP:

3x 2 3x
Bi 1: Cho phn thc : P =
( x 1)(2 x 6)
a)Tm iu kin ca x P xc nh.
b) Tm gi tr ca x phn thc bng 1
a 3 3a 2 3a 1
Bi 2: Cho Q
a2 1
a) Rt gn Q. b)Tm gi tr ca Q khi a = 5
3x x
2
Bi 3: Cho phn thc C .
9x2 6 x 1
a) Tm iu kin xc nh phn thc.
b) Tnh gi tr ca phn thc ti x = - 8.
c) Rt gn phn thc C.
d)Tm x gi tr ca phn thc nhn gi tr m
x 2 10x 25
Bi 4: Cho phn thc D=
x 2 5x
a) Tm gi tr ca x phn thc D bng 0.
b) Tm x gi tr ca phn thc D bng 2,5.
c) Tm x nguyn phn thc D c gi tr nguyn.

x2 5 1
Bi 5: Cho biu thc E = 2
x 3 x x 6 2x
a) Tm iu kin ca x A c ngha.
b) Rt gn E.
c) Tm x E = 3/4.
d) Tm x biu thc E c gi tr nguyn.
e) Tnh gi tr ca biu thc E khi x2 9 = 0
1 2 2x 10
Bi 6: Cho phn thc F = (x 5; x 5).
x 5 x 5 (x 5)(x 5)
a) Rt gn F
b) Cho F = 3. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc 9x2 42x + 49
3 1 18
Bi 7: Cho phn thc G = (x 3; x 3).
x 3 x 3 9 x2
a) Rt gn G
b) Tm x G = 4
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*Phn II : HNH HC:

A/ L THUYT:
1. nh l tng cc gc ca mt t gic.
2. nh ngha, tnh cht, du hiu nhn bit ca hnh thang, hnh thang cn, hnh bnh
hnh, hnh ch nht, hnh thoi, hnh vung.
3. nh ngha, tnh cht ng trung bnh ca tam gic, ca hnh thang.
4. Tnh cht ng trung tuyn ng vi cnh huyn ca tam gic vung
5. Din tch cc hnh ch nht, hnh vung, tam gic.
B/ BI TP:
Bi 1: Cho tam gic ABC gi D l im nm gia B v C, qua D v DE // AB ; DF // AC.
a) Chng minh t gic AEDF l hnh bnh hnh;
b) Khi no th hnh bnh hnh AEDF tr thnh: Hnh thoi;Hnh vung?
Bi 2: Cho hnh ch nht ABCD c AB = 2AD. Gi E, F theo th t l trung im ca cc
cnh AB, CD.Gi M l giao im ca AF v DE, N l giao im ca BF v CE.
a) T gic ADFE l hnh g? V sao ?
b) Chng minh EMFN l hnh vung.
Bi 3: Cho tam giac ABC cn ti A, ng trung tuyn AM. Gi I l trung im AC, K l
im i xng vi M qua I
a) T gic AMCK l hnh g? Chng minh.;
b) Tm iu kin ca tam gic ABC AMCK l hnh vung.
Bi 4: Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A ng cao AH .Gi D l im i xng vi H qua
AC Chng minh:
a) D i xng vi E qua A. b) Tam gic DHE vung.
c) T gic BDEC l hnh thang vung. d) BC = BD + CE
Bi 5: Cho hnh bnh hnh ABCD c E, F theo th t l trung im ca cc cnh AB, CD
a)T gic DEBF l hnh g? V sao?
b) Chng minh: AC,BD, EF ct nhau ti mt im.
Bi 6: Cho hnh thoi ABCD, O l giao im hai ng cho. V ng thng qua B v
song song vi AC ,V ng thng qua C v song song vi BD, hai ng thng ct
nhau ti K.
a)T gic OBKC l hnh g? V sao?
b) Chng minh: AB = OK
c)Tm iu kin ca t gic ABCD T gic OBKC l hnh vung.
Bi 7: Cho ABC cn ti A, trung tuyn AM. Gi I l trung im ca AC, K l im i
xng ca M qua I.
a) T gic AMCK l hnh g? V sao?
b)T gic AKMB l hnh g? V sao?
c)Trn tia i ca tia MA ly im E sao cho ME = MA. C/m t gic ABEC l hnh
thoi.
Bai 8:Cho hnh vung ABCD, E l im trn cnh DC, F l im trn tia i ca tia BC
sao cho BF = DE.
a) Chng minh tam gic AEF vung cn.
b) Gi I l trung im ca EF .Chng minh I thuc BD.
c) Ly im K i xng vi A qua I.Chng minh t gic AEKF l hnh vung.
Bai 9: Cho hnh bnh hnh ABCD c AD = 2AB, gc A bng 600.Gi E v F ln lt l
trung im ca BC v AD.
a) Chng minh AE BF.
Nguyn nh Khang Trng THCS i ng 4
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b) Chng minh t gic BFDC l hnh thang cn.
c) Ly im M i xng ca A qua B.Chng minh t gic BMCD l hnh ch nht.
d) Chng minh M,E,D thng hng.
600 , k tia Ax song song vi
Bai 10: Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A c gc BAC
BC.Trn Ax ly im D sao cho AD = DC.

a) Tnh cc gc BAD .
v DAC
b) Chng minh t gic ABCD l hnh thang cn.
c) Gi E l trung im ca BC. Chng minh t gic ADEB l hnh thoi.
d) Cho AC = 8cm, AB = 5cm.Tnh din tch hnh thoi ABED
Bai 11: Cho ABCD l hnh bnh hnh. Gi M, N, P, Q ln lt l trung im ca AB,
BC, CD, DA. Gi K l giao im ca AC v DM, L l trung im ca BD v CM
a) MNPQ l hnh g?V sao?
b) MDPB l hnh g?V sao?
c) CM: AK = KL = LC.
Bi 12: Cho tam gic ABC c hai trung tuyn BD v CE ct nhau ti G. Gi M, N ln lt
l trung im ca BG v CG.
a) Chng minh t gic MNDE l hnh bnh hnh .
b) Tm iu kin ca tam gic ABC t gic MNDE l hnh ch nht. Hnh thoi
c) Chng minh DE + MN = BC.
Bi 13: Cho tam gic u ABC c cnh 3 cm.
a) Tnh din tch tam gic ABC.
b) Ly M nm trong tam gic ABC.V MI, MJ, MKln lt vung gc vi AB, AC,
BC. Hy tnh MI + MJ + MK

*Phn III: MT S THI THAM KHO

( thi cha bao gm phn trc nghim)

01:

Bi 1. ( 1,0 im) Thc hin php tnh

a) x 2 x 1 b) 4x 4 2x 3 6x 2 : 2x

Bi 2. (1,0 im) Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t :

a) 2x 2 6x b) x 2 y 2 6y 9
Bi 3. (2,0 im) Thc hin php tnh :
9x 4x 8
x 2 2x
a) 5 b) 1 2 c)
5x
2
x 1 x 1 x 3 x 3 x 9 4 x2
Bi 4. ( 3,5 im)Cho hnh ch nht ABCD c O l giao im ca hai ng cho. Ly
mt im E nm gia hai im O v B. Gi F l im i xng vi im A qua E v I l
trung im ca CF.
a) Chng minh t gic OEFC l hnh thang
b) T gic OEIC l hnh g ? V sao ?
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c) V FH vung gc vi BC ti H, FK vung gc vi CD ti K. Chng minh rng I
l trung im ca on thng HK.
d) Chng minh ba im E, H, K thng hng.
Bi 5. ( 0,5 im)Cho a, b, c, d tha mn a b c d;a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 .

Chng minh rng a 2013 b 2013 c2013 d 2013

S 03:

Bi 1: (2 im) Thc hin php tnh:

6x 5x x
a/ (x+2)(x-1) x(x+3) b/
x 9 x3 x3
2

x 3x x 3
3 2
Bi 2: (1,5 ) Cho biu thc: A
x 2 3x
a/ Rt gn A
b/ Tnh gi tr A khi x = 2
Bi 3: (1 ) Tm x, bit : x3 16x = 0 (1)
Bi 4: (3,5 im)Cho tam gic ABC vung A, ng cao AH. K HD vung gc AB v
HE vung gc AC (D trn AB, E trn AC). Gi O l giao im ca AH v DE.
1. Chng minh AH = DE.
2. Gi P v Q ln lt l trung im ca BH v CH. Chng minh t gic DEQP l
hnh thang vung.
a. Chng minh O l trc tm tam gic ABQ.
b. Chng minh SABC = 2SDEQP.

S 04:

Cu 1: (2im)
Phn tch cc a thc sau thnh nhn t:
a. M = x4 +2x3 + x2. b. N = 3x2 + 4x 7.
Cu 2: (2im).
2 2 x 1 x 1 2x
Chng minh ng thc: . x 1 :
3x x 1 3x x x 1
4x 2 4
Cu 3: (1im) Rt gn ri tnh gi tr ca biu thc: A = : 2 x 1 vi x = 2,5.
x3
Cu 4: (3 im)
Cho hnh bnh hnh ABCD, trn AC ly 2 im M v N sao cho AM = CN.
a. T gic BNDM l hnh g?.
b. Hnh bnh hnh ABCD phi thm iu kin g? Th BNDM l hnh thoi.
c. BM ct AD ti K. xc nh v tr ca M K l trung im ca AD.
d. Hnh bnh hnh ABCD tho mn c 2 iu kin b; c th phi thm iu kin g?
BNDM l hnh vung.

Nguyn nh Khang Trng THCS i ng 6

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S 05:
Cu 1: (1im)
Phn tch cc a thc sau thnh nhn t:
a. M = x4 +2x3 + x2.
b. N = 3x2 + 4x 7.
Cu 2: (2 im).
1. Tm a a thc x3 - 7x2 + a chia ht cho a thc x -2
x2 5 1
2. Cho biu thc : M = 2
x3 x x6 2 x
a) Tm iu kin xc nh v rt gn biu thc
b) Tm x nguyn M c gi tr nguyn
Cu 4: (3,5im)
Cho hnh bnh hnh ABCD c 2AB = BC = 2a , B 60 0 . Gi M ,N ln lt l trung im
ca AD v BC
a) T gic AMNB l hnh g ? V sao ?
b) Chng minh rng : AN ND ; AC = ND
c) Tnh din tch ca tam gic AND theo a
Cu 5 : ( 0,5 im)
Cho cc s x, y tho mn ng thc 5x 2 5y 2 8xy 2x 2y 2 0
Tnh gi tr ca biu thc M x y x 2 y 1
2015 2016 2017

S 06:

Bi 1( 1 ): Phn tch a thc sau thnh nhn t

a. x2 2x + 2y xy b. x2 + 4xy 16 + 4y2
Bi 2 (1 ): Tm a a thc x3 + x2 x + a chia ht cho x + 2
Bi 3 (2 ): Cho biu thc K
a 1 1 2
2 : 2
a 1 a a a 1 a 1
a. Tm iu kin ca a biu thc K xc nh v rt gn biu thc K
1
b. Tnh g tr biu thc K khi a
2
Bi 4( 2,5 ): Cho tam gic ABC c ba gc nhn, trc tm H. ng thng vung gc vi
AB k t B ct ng thng vung gc vi AC k t C ti D.
1. Chng minh t gic BHCD l hnh bnh hnh.
2. Gi M l trung im BC, O l trung im AD. Chng minh 2OM = AH.
Bi 5( 0,5 ): Cho xyz = 2006.
2006x y z
Chng minh rng: 1
xy 2006x 2006 yz y 2006 xz z 1

Nguyn nh Khang Trng THCS i ng 7