(123doc) Thuc Tap Cap Quang FTTH May Do Otdr

Bo co thc tp tt nghip
MC LC
LI NG .......................................................................................................................................................3
PHN I - TM HIU V N V THC TP ............................................................................................5
I. GII THIU CNG TY C PHN DCH V BU CHNH VIN THNG SI GN (SPT). ..........................5
II. NGNH NGH V PHM VI HOT NG .............................................................................................5
PHN II - THC TP K THUT .............................................................................................................7
A. CP QUANG.........................................................................................................................................7
Gii thiu s lt v cp quang: ................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1. Cu to ca cp quang.......................................................................................................................7
2. Cc sn phm cp quang tiu biu ti SPT. ......................................................................................8
3. Tm hiu mng cp quang s dng ti n v. .................................................................................9
3.1 Gii thiu mng cp quang s dng ti n v ........................................................................9
3.2 Mng FTTx. .................................................................................................................................9
3.3 Mng cp quang ti cng ty SPT .............................................................................................11
B. TM HIU MY O CP QUANG OTDR .......................................................................................15
1. Khi nim my o quang. ................................................................................................................15
2. Chc nng tng qut ca my o quang OTDR. .............................................................................15
GII THIU MY O QUANG DI SERIES FTB- 400 OTDR (EXFO) ...............................................17
1. Chc nng ca My o Quang Di series FTB-400 OTDR (EXFO). ................................................17
2. My o OTDR series FTB-400 1310-1550 (SM) ...............................................................................17
3. Mt s lu v an ton khi s dng my OTDR. .....................................................................21
4. Hng dn s dng my o quang OTDR . ....................................................................................22
4.1 Giao din phn mm. ..............................................................................................................22
4.2 Cch thit lp v vn hnh my o. ........................................................................................23
4.3 Ci t thng s cho my o OTDR. .......................................................................................24
4.4 nh ngha v k hiu cc loi s kin. ...................................................................................26
4.5 Phn tch trace v s kin. ......................................................................................................32
4.6 S dng maker .........................................................................................................................38
4.7 S dng zoom ..........................................................................................................................39
4.8 Phn tch si quang trn on si quang nht nh ..............................................................40
C. TIN HNH O TH MT TUYN CP QUANG THC T BNG MY O QUANG DI
FTB- 400 OTDR (EXFO) ...........................................................................................................................41
H v Tn :
Nguyn Tn Pht Lp : C12CQVT02 1
1. Thng tin tuyn quang o. ..............................................................................................................41

2. Thng tin ci t trn my o OTDR FTB-400. ...............................................................................41
3. Cc bc tin hnh o. ...................................................................................................................41
4. Kt qu thu c. ...........................................................................................................................42
PHN IV : T NHN XT, NH GI QU TRNH THC TP .......................................................47
1. CC HOT NG KHI THC TP CNG TY ..........................................................................47
2. T NH GI QU TRNH THC TP 6 TUN TI CNG TY ...............................................47
Ti liu tham kho : ......................................................................................................................................47
PHN V : TNG KT ................................................................................................................................48
H v Tn :
LI NG
Li u tin em xin t lng cm n n Ban gim hiu cng ton th qu thy
c Trng Hc Vin Cng Ngh Bu Chnh Vin Thng c s TP.HCM truyn
t vn kin thc cn thit trong sut qu trnh hc tp ti Hc Vin, ng thi to
iu kin cho em c chng trnh thc tp ny lm quen vi cng vic thc t v
tch ly c nhng kinh nghim ban u, tm hiu c hot ng v t chc ca
mt Cng ty, khi bt u cng vic thc t em khng cn b ng v s gip ch
nhiu cho cng vic ca em sau khi ra trng.
Qua thi gian thc tp ti CNG TY C PHN BU CHNH VIN THNG
SI GN (CHI NHNH STS S 10 C GIANG), nh s gip nhit tnh ca Ban
lnh o cng ty, ton th anh ch nhn vin cc Phng ban tip nhn, quan tm
gip , to iu kin tt nht em c th hc hi c nhng kin thc v kinh
nghim thc t to cho em s t tin v vng vng hn.
V em xin gi li cm n chn thnh n thy Nguyn Khnh Ton gp ,
hng dn lm ti v hon thin bi bo co ny.
Knh mong s quan tm, gip , ng gp kin ca qu thy c cng cc cn
b - cng nhn vin cc phng ban v bi bo co thc tp. l hnh trang qu bu
cho em trn con ng s nghip mai sau.
Knh chc sc khe v mi iu tt p nht n qu thy c cng cc anh ch.
Xin chn thnh cm n!
TP.H Ch Minh, thng 03 nm 2015
Sinh vin thc hin
H v Tn :
NH GI CA CN B HNG DN TI N V THC TP
1. Thi , tc phong thc tp ngh nghip:

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2. Kin thc chuyn mn ngh nghip:
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3. nh gi khc:
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4. im s:
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TP.HCM,ngy thng 03 nm 2015 TP.HCM,ngy thng 03 nm 2015

Xc nhn ca doanh nghip Cn b hng dn
( K tn, ng du ) (K v ghi r h tn)
Xc nhn ca cng ty
H v Tn :
PHN I - TM HIU V N V THC TP
A. TM HIU V N V THC TP
I. GII THIU CNG TY C PHN DCH V BU CHNH VIN THNG SI
GN (SPT).
Thnh lp nm 1995, SPT l cng ty c phn u tin Vit Nam hot ng trong lnh
vc bu chnh vin thng. Cc thnh vin sng lp SPT gm 11 doanh nghip nh nc
hot ng trn cc lnh vc nh kinh doanh, dch v xut nhp khu, du kh, a c, nh
hng khch sn, du lch, kim kh in my, sn xut thit b vin thng, in t, tin hc v
cung cp dch v bu chnh vin thng...
TRUNG TM DCH V VIN THNG SPT (STS)
Tn ting Anh: SPT TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES CENTER
Tn vit tt: STS
a ch : 10 C Giang - Phng Cu ng Lnh - Qun 1, TP.HCM
in thoi: 08-54040000
Fax: 08-54040005
Logo :
Trung Tm Dch V Vin Thng SPT (STS) l n v trc thuc Cng Ty C Phn Dch
V Bu Chnh Vin Thng Si Gn (Si Gon Postel Corp - SPT)Thnh lp ngy
19/10/1996 theo quyt nh s 96 /HQT-QTL ca ch tch hi ng qun tr Cng Ty.
Giy chng nhn ng k kinh doanh s : 03002841CN41 do S K Hoch v u t
Tp.HCM cp.
II. NGNH NGH V PHM VI HOT NG
Trung Tm Dch V Vin Thng SPT (STS) hot ng trn ton lnh th Vit Nam,
vi chc nng hot ng:
* Xy dng cng trnh Bu Chnh Vin Thng. Mng cp quang, cp ng, cp ng
trc, hm cng cp.
* Thit k, lp t, bo tr h thng thit b thu bao v mng li bu chnh vin thng
chuyn dng.
* Thit lp mng li kinh doanh cc dch v vin thng.
* Sn xut lp rp thit b vin thng, dch v sa cha, bo tr, bo hnh thit b u cui
H v Tn :
PHN I - TM HIU V N V THC TP
vin thng.
* Lp t h thng in cng nghip, dn dng, anten truyn hnh cp v truyn hnh v
tinh.
Kinh doanh lp t thit b bo v, Camera quan st, thit b bao ng, phng chy cha
chy.
Vi tiu ch "Tt c v khch hng ", trung tm lun mong mun cu ton nhng dch
v v sn phm tt nht, chuyn nghip v hon ho, tin phc v nhanh nht n
khch hng, t vn v cung cp cc gii php k thut cng ngh tht s ph hp vi kh
nng v nhiu mt t thp n cao ca khch hng.
Tt c nhng g trung tm thc hin cho moi ngi khng v mc ch cao nht l li
nhun m bn trong l tinh thn trch nhim, phc v cho li ch cng ng v x
hi...mt s uy tnh lu di gn cht vo sn phm v dch v cung cp. Trung tm
v ang xy dng bn sc vn ha SPT mang tnh nhn vn cao, hng ti s hon thin
v hin i trong cng tc phc v khch hng.
Trung tm Dch V Vin Thng SPT (STS) by t lng cm n su sc n Qu Khch
hng, cc i tc t nim tin v ng h sn phm dch v vin thng do chng ti
cung cp. S tip tc quan tm ng h ca Qu khch s l ng lc ln - tip thm sc
mnh gip ton th cn b - Cng Nhn Vin Chc Chng ti vng tin trn bc ng
hot ng - phn vinh v pht trin.
H v Tn :
Phn II : Thc tp k thut
A : Cp Quang
B. THC TP K THUT
CHNG I : CP QUANG
Cp quang l mt loi cp vin thng lm bng thy tinh hoc nha, s dng nh
sng truyn tn hiu. Cp quang di, mng, thnh phn ca thy tinh trong sut bng
ng knh ca mt si tc. Chng c sp sp trong b c gi l cp quang v c
s dng truyn tn hiu trong khong cch rt xa. Khng ging nh cp ng truyn tn
hiu bng in, cp quang t b nhiu, tc cao v truyn xa hn.
1. Cu to ca cp quang
H v Tn :
A : Cp Quang
2. Cc sn phm cp quang tiu biu ti SPT.
Cp quang F8 phi kim loi :
- Cp quang ny c cu to gm dy dn trung tm l si thy tinh hoc plastic
c tinh ch nhm cho php truyn i ti a cc tn hiu nh sng. Si quang c
trng mt lp lt nhm phn chiu tt cc tn hiu.
Cp quang F8 phi kim loi gm cc phn sau:

- Core: Trung tm phn chiu ca si quang ni nh sng i.
- Cladding: Vt cht quang bn ngoi bao bc li m phn x nh sng tr
li vo li.
- Lp ph do bn ngoi bo v si khng b hng v m t.
- Jacket: Hng trm hay hng ngn si quang c t trong b c gi
l cp quang. Nhng b ny c bo v bi lp v bn ngoi ca cp gi
l jacket
Ngoi ra cn c cc loi cp v dy cp quang :
- Cp quang treo hnh s 8, Singlemode, 8 si
- Cp quang Multi-mode 4 si Indoor/outdoor
- Dy nhy quang Multimode, SC/PC-SC/PC, 3M, Duple
H v Tn :
A : Cp Quang
3. Tm hiu mng cp quang s dng ti n v.
3.1 Gii thiu mng cp quang s dng ti n v
Trong thi bui hi nhp, nn kinh t ngy cnh pht trin cng mnh thng qua cc
phng tin truyn thng s dng internet, nhu cu ngi s dng ngy cng cao cht lng
dch v cng phi c nng cao hn. Trong di ng cc nh mng chuyn qua cc th h
mng di ng 2G, 3G, 3,5G, 4G LTE v tip sau ang th nghim mng di ng tng lai
5G. Trong khi mng truyn dn internet cng phi c nng cp khi ng truyn
ADSL c v li thi vi tc chm c thay th bng ng truyn khc c cht lng
tt hn, tc cao hn, bo mt hn, gi thnh r hn so vi mng truyn dn chun ADSL
c. Chun ADSL l chun tng i thnh cng trong vic kt ni mng Internet bng rng,
tuy nhin, nhu cu ca x hi v truyn tn hiu Video, chat IP, video conference, IPTV,
truyn files dung lng ln, VPN,... ngy cng tng vi tc cao. Lc ny i hi v bng
thng l iu khng th trnh khi, do bng thng ca ADSL qu thp dng cho cc ng
dng trn.
T nhng iu , Cng ty c phn bu chnh vin thng Si Gn SPT trin khai
mng cp quang tc cao phc v ngi s dng bng h thng FTTx, Cng ty c
phn bu chnh vin thng Si Gn SPT l n v tin phong trong cung cp gii php v
FTTx. SPT c cch ring v tip cn v pht trin h thng FTTx. Bi bi y, ti s
trnh by v h thng FTTx ang c trin khai v pht trin ti n v.
3.2 Mng FTTx.
3.2.1 nh ngha v FTTx:
- FTTx l vit tt ca " fiber to the x" bao gm FTTH (fiber to the Home), FTTB
(fiber to the buiding), FTTN (Fiber to the node), FTTC (Fiber to the curb).
- FTTx (Fiber To The x) l mt kin trc mng trong si quang c ko t cc
thit b chuyn mch ca nh cung cp dch v n cc thu bao. Trong ,si quang c
hoc khng c s dng trong tt c cc kt ni t nh cung cp n khch hng. y,
x c hiu l mt k hiu i din cho cc loi hnh mng khc nhau nh FTTH, FTTC,
FTTB, FTTN... Do n c th thay th c s h tng cp ng hin ti nh dy in thoi,
cp ng trc. y l mt kin trc mng tng i mi v ang pht trin nhanh chng
bng cch cung cp bng thng ln hn cho ngi dng. Hin nay, cng ngh cp quang
c th cung cp ng truyn cn bng ln ti tc 100 Mbps.
- Tm li, ni mt cch n gin h thng FTTx l h thng cung cp Internet qua
ng truyn cp quang.
3.2.2 Phn loi FTTx
Hin nay FTTx c hai loi cu hnh ch yu sau:
+ Cu hnh Point to Point :
H v Tn :
A : Cp Quang
FTTx theo cu trc dng Point to Point: Theo phng n kt ni ny, t nh cung cp s
dn mt ng cp quang ti tn nh khch hng, ng quang ny s chuyn i ngc
li thnh tn hiu in v cp cho khch hng. Theo phng n ny, th s n v phn ra
lm hai loi:
Loi 1: Kt ni vo h thng IP-DSLAM: bng vic mua thm 1 card m rng ca h thng
IP-DSLAM.
Loi 2: Lp thm Ethernet Switches layer 2 ti nh cung cp chuyn i thnh tn hiu
quang cp cho khch hng.
+ Cu hnh Point to Multipoints - hay cn c tn khc, tn ny gi theo chun quc t ca
chun s dng, l EPON , GPON :
Theo kin trc ny ti nh cung cp t mt thit b lm vic theo chun PON, cn gi l
OLT, t OLT tn hiu quang s c chia ra thng qua cc b chia quang v n u khch
hng thng thng OLT lm vic trn 1 si quang v 1 card lp ti OLT s qun l khong
64 thu bao
3.2.3 ng dng ca FTTx.
IPTV (Internet Protocol TV) l dch v truyn hnh qua kt ni bng rng da trn giao
thc Internet. y l mt trong cc dch v Triple - play m cc nh khai thc dch v
vin thng ang gii thiu trn phm vi ton th gii. Hiu mt cch n gin, Triple -
play l mt loi hnh dch v tch hp 3 trong 1: dch v thoi, d liu v video c tch
hp trn nn IP (tin thn l t h tng truyn hnh cp).
3.2.4 u nhc im ca mng FTTx.
a) u im :
- Dung lng ln : Cc si quang c kh nng truyn nhng lng ln thng tin. Vi
cng hin nay trn hai si quang c th truyn c ng thi 60.000 cuc m thoi.
Mt cp si quang (c ng knh > 2 cm) c th cha c khong 200 si quang, s
tng c dung lng ng truyn ln 6.000.000 cuc m thoi.
- Tnh cch in : Cp si quang lm bng cht in mi thch hp khng cha vt dn
in v c th cho php cch in hon ton cho nhiu ng dng.
- Tnh bo mt : Si quang cung cp bo mt thng tin cao. Mt si quang khng th
b trch ly trm thng tin bng cc phng tin in thng thng nh s dn in
trn b mt hay cm ng in t, v rt kh trch ly thng tin dng tn hiu quang.
- tin cy cao v d bo dng : do khng chu nh hng ca hin tng fading v
do c tui th cao nn yu cu v bo dng i vi h thng quang l t hn so vi cc
h thng khc .
- Tnh linh hot : Cc h thng thng tin quang u kh dng cho hu ht cc dng thng
tin s liu, thoi v video. Cc h thng ny u c th tng thch vi cc chun RS.232
H v Tn :
A : Cp Quang
(cng com c, c 9 chn,ph bin cc PC my tnh), RS422, V.35 (modem c cng
v35), Ethernet, SONET/SDH,thoi 2/4 dy.
- Tnh m rng : Cc h thng si quang c thit k thch hp c th d dng c m
rng khi cn thit. Mt h thng dng cho tc s liu thp, v d E1/T1 (2,048
Mbps/1,544 Mbps) c th c nng cp tr thnh mt h thng tc s liu cao hn
bng cch thay i cc thit b in t. H thng cp si quang c th vn c gi
nguyn nh c.
- S ti to tn hiu : Cng ngh ngy nay cho php thc hin nhng ng truyn thng
bng cp quang di trn 70 km trc khi cn ti to tn hiu, khong cch ny cn c th
tng ln ti 150 km nh s dng cc b khuch i laser.
b) Nhc im :
Mng quang ni chung v cng ngh FTTx ni ring c rt nhiu u im nhng khng
trnh khi nhng nhc im. Mc d si quang rt r nhng chi ph cho lp t, bo
dng, thit b u cui li rt ln. Hn th na, do thit b u cui cn kh t cho nn
khng phi lc no h thng mng FTTx cng ph hp.i vi nhng ng dng thng
thng, khng i hi bng thng ln nh lt Web, check mail th cp ng vn c
tin dng. Do cng ngy ngi ta cng cn phi u t nghin cu gim cc chi ph
. Ngoi ra, mc d bng thng ca cp quang l rt ln nhng bng thng dnh cho cc
dch v v game cn hn ch.
3.3 Mng cp quang ti cng ty SPT
3.3.1 Mng cp quang lin i:
- Thit lp ng lin lc bng cp quang cho cc i bng thit b truyn dn.
- Cp s dng l: cp treo hoc cp ngm
- Loi s dng 4FO, 24FO, 48FO, 96FO
- Mng xng cp: Mng xng c dng ni di cp, x l s c t cp gia ng:
mng xng ngm (c tc dng chng thm nc tt hn) hoc treo.
3.3.2 Mng cp quang thu bao:
- Mng cp phi thu bao: gn ging nh mng cp ng v t cp, tp im cp, khch
hng.
- Mc ch ca mng cp thu bao: cung cp dch v ng truyn tc cao n khch hng
: FTTx (tc 30 Mbps), IPTV
- i T cp: cp quang gc (48 n 244 FO)
- T cp Tp im cp: mng cp quang phi (48 n 24 FO)
- Tp im cp khch hng: mng cp quang thu bao, thng dng 4FO n 8FO
AON (Active optical network): mng quang ch ng
H v Tn :
A : Cp Quang
Trong gii php ny, tn hiu quang c pht t thit b trm ca nh cung cp dch v
i trn si cp quang n thng cc thit b ti khch hng. Do cch tnh ng truyn nh
sau:
Cng thc tnh qu cng sut :
PT carrier PRsubscriber L PC PM
- PT-carrier : Cng sut pht ca thit b nh cung cp
- PR-subscriber: nhy thu ca thit b khch hng
- L: Suy hao trung bnh trn 1km cp quang
- L : chiu di tuyn p
- PC: Suy hao xen ca c thnh phn ch ng trn cp tuyn (suy hao mi ni/hn, suy hao
ti connector)
- PM: Cng sut cn tnh d b li suy hao pht sinh trong qu trnh lm vic ca h thng
(t cp, lo ha cp, lo ha ca b thu pht quang thit b)
Core quang gm:

- Mt core quang pht
- Mt core quang thu
Nhc im: Ti nguyn dng hai corel quang
u im: chi ph ch to thit b r gi thnh thp, s dng mt bc sng 1310 nm (<30km),
1550 nm (<45km)
AON (passive optical network): Mng quang ch ng
- Trong gii php ny, tn hiu quang c pht t OLT(Optical Line Terminal) i trn si
cp quang n cc b chia quang (Optical Splitter). Ti y tn hiu trn c tch thnh
nhiu tn hiu ( 1 64 Tn hiu) cc bc song khc nhau v tip tc c truyn trn
dy thu bao quang n cc b ONT (Optical Network Terminal) t ti nh thu bao.
- Tn hiu c tch ti cc b chia quang cng nhiu th suy hao ti b chia quang cng ln.
Ch s ny c quy nh bi nh sn xut .Ta cng c th s dng Optical Slitter trn mi
PON. Tuy nhin, m bo n truyn cn tnh ton, kho st sao cho tn hiu thu c
ti cc OLT v ONU nm trong khong nhy thu ca cc thit b (ti u l nm ti im
thu tt nht ca thit b c quy nh bi nh sn xut). Ngoi ra, tuyn vn hot ng
tt khi cc s c pht sinh theo thi gian hot ng (t cp, lo ha cp, lo ha ca b
thu pht quang thit b) ta phi quy nh lng cng sut cn tnh a ra cho trng hp
ny (nn t 3-5 dB i vi cc tuyn trn 20km)
H v Tn :
A : Cp Quang
Cng thc tnh qu cng sut:
T OLT
P R ONU L PC PM
P T OLT
: cng sut pht ca OLT
- P RONU : nhy thu ca ONU
- L: Suy hao trung bnh trn 1km cp quang
- L: Chiu di tuyn cp
- PC : Suy hao xen ca cc thnh phn ch ng trn tuyn cp (suy hao mi ni hn, suy
hao ti cc Sliptter, Connector )
- P M :Cng sut cn tnh d b li suy hao pht sinh trong qu trnh lm vic ca h
thng (t cp, lo ha cp, lo ha ca b thu pht quang thit b )
Lu : Nu trn ng truyn c s dng tn hiu RF th ch s cng sut pht v nhy thu
ca thit b OLT/ONU c tnh phi l ch s trong trng hp c tn hiu RF.
u im: Ch dng mt si quang

Nhc im: Gi thnh rt cao do s dng diode laser cng thu pht, s dng bc sng dy
1310nm/1550nm
Hnh nh mt s tuyn quang do cng ty dch v bu chnh Si Gn trin khai
H v Tn :
A : Cp Quang
H v Tn :
PHN III : TM HIU MY O CP QUANG OTDR
CHNG II : TM HIU MY O CP QUANG

OTDR
Gii thiu my o cp quang.
- Lm vic vi thi cng cp quang thng hay nhc n cc loi my o cp quang, my
o OTDR, my o quang vy chng l g? tc dng ca chng ra sao? Khi no th cn
n my o cp quang? Chn loi my o no? Bi vit di y ti xin trnh by v
vn ny.
1. Khi nim my o quang.
- My o cp quang l my o cc thng s v cp quang, y c th l thng s v
im t, v suy hao im hn, suy hao ton tuyn, suy hao adaptor, suy hao u ni,
cng sut pht, cng xut thu, nhy, gc, ng knh si, tn x, nhn bit si
quang, o thng mch...
- Tuy nhin ta thng nghe n cm t : My o cp quang m khng bit my ny o
thng s no ca cp quang, y ngi ta n my o OTDR cp quang.
- My o OTDR cp quang (vit tt ca t: optical time-domain reflectometer ) l mt
thit b quang t dng kim tra xc nh c tnh ca si cp quang. My OTDR bm
vo si cp quang cn kim tra mt dng xung nh sng, xung nh sng ny chy dc
trong si quang khi gp im li n s phn x tr li, ti im cui ca si mt s phn
x tr li mt s phng ra khi si, tn hiu phn x tr li s s b thay i v lng
xung, cn c v thay i lng xung ny kt hp vi chiu di nh sng pht v thi
gian pht xung thit b ny s xc nh c thng s suy hao v chiu di si. Phng
n ny cng ging vi my o TDR (time-domain reflectometer) cp ng, nhng
cp ng l thay i v tr xut.
2. Chc nng tng qut ca my o quang OTDR.
- My o cp quang OTDR dng xc nh chiu di si cp quang v suy hao trn
ton b chiu di nh suy hao ton tuyn, suy hao im ni, u ni, adaptor quang.
N cng s dng tm ra im gy si quang trn tuyn n kim tra.
- l mt sn phm mang y tnh quang v in, cng nh yu cu v chuyn mn,
OTDR phi c kh nng hin th hnh nh dng ha kt qu o, c kh nng tnh ton
x l kt qu quang mt cch t ng, chnh xc, v l do x l hnh nh v tnh ton
chnh xc ln my OTDR c tch hp rt nhiu cc module o, x l d liu. Chnh
v l do ny ngi vn hnh my OTDR phi l ngi c hun luyn, o to chuyn
su.
- ODTR thng c dng m t c tnh ca suy hao v di ca cp quang mi
xut xng, kim tra bn cp, vn chuyn vo kho khi ct, lp t sau khi hn. ng
dng cui cng ca kim tra p t c nhiu kh khn hn, khi n khng b nh
hng bi khong cch qu di, hoc c qu nhiu mi hn t khong cch ngn,
H v Tn :
PHN III : TM HIU MY O CP QUANG OTDR
hoc cc si quan c c tnh quang hc khc nhau c ni vi nhau. Cc kt qu o

OTDR thng c lu tr cn thn trong trng hp si quang b h hng hoc c
yu cu bo hnh. Si quang hn c th gy thit hi nghim trng, trong c hai trng
hp sa cha trc tip, v do hu qu ca vic mt dch v.
- OTDR c th o c ti nhiu bc sng v kiu si quang khc nhau, thng thng
l cc bc sng hay s dng nh 850nm , 1310nm, 1550nm, c s dng xc nh
suy hao gy ra bi mi hn, cc u connector hoc mi ni.
- Di ng quang ca mt my OTDR c gii hn bi s pha trn cc yu t nh
rng xung, nhy u vo, cng sut u ra, v thi gian phn tch tn hiu. Cng sut
u ra xung quang cng cao v nhy u vo cng tt, th s lm tng di o, v
chng thng c tch hp v c c nh sn trn mi mt thit b ring l. Tuy
nhin rng xung quang v thi gian phn tch tn hiu l do ngi dng c th hiu
chnh c, v yu cu phi c cn bng vi mi ng dng ring bit.
c im c bn ca my o quang OTDR.
- Mt OTDR c cng rng xung nh sng ln th vic o suy hao v phm vi o s
trong phm vi cng rng. v d nh: Dng mt xung c rng ln s o xc nh c
tnh c si quang c chiu di 100 km, tuy nhin cc s kin o ch xut hin t 1km
tr ln, trong phm vi di 1km s khng xc nh c g. iu ny rt thch hp o
c tnh ca on di nhng vi s kin ngn th khng n cht no. V vy ln OTDR
phi c di cc xung c th o thay i cc on cn xc nh, on ngn th dng
xung ngn, on di dng xung di hn. Vng m khng xc nh c c tuyn,
khng o c, gi l vng cht - hay vng m s kin. V mt l thuyt c th tnh
vng cht nh sau:
rng xung Vng m s kin, vng cht (m)
1 nano giy 0.15 m
10 nano giy 1.5 m
100 nano giy 15 m
1 Micro giy 150m....
- Vng cht s kin - vng m s kin l mt ch m rt nhiu ngi s dng quan

tm. Vng cht c phn ra thnh 2 loi: 1 l vng cht cho cc s kin o c do
phn x, 2 l vng cht cho s kin o khng do phn x.
H v Tn :
B. GII THIU MY O QUANG DI SERIES FTB- 400 OTDR (EXFO)
- S ln tng hp tnh hiu cng di th cng lm tng, nh hng trc tip ti nhy
ca OTDR, bi dng phng php trung bnh tnh hiu nhn. nhy s tng bng cn
bc hai ca s ln tng hp. V d s ln tng hp l 16 th nhy s tng 4.
- V mt l thuyt OTDR s o c tnh si mc chnh xc tt khi phn mm v b
pht xung chun thch anh i km c chnh xc nh hn 0.01%.
CHNG III : GII THIU MY O QUANG DI

SERIES FTB- 400 OTDR (EXFO)
1. Chc nng ca My o Quang Di series FTB-400 OTDR (EXFO).
My o quang di OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer) l my o c s
dng ph bin trong qu trnh lp t, o th v bo dng cc tuyn thng tin quang.
Nguyn l hot ng ca My o Quang Di series FTB-400 OTDR (EXFO): da
trn hin tng tn x ngc (Back Scattering) v phn x (Reflection).
- S dng My o Quang Di series FTB-400 OTDR (EXFO) cho php ngi s
dng xc nh c:
Chiu di ca tuyn quang
Suy hao ca ton tuyn quang
Suy hao trung bnh ca si quang
Cc s kin (event) xy ra trn ton tuyn quang nh: mi hn nng chy
(splice), khp ni (connector), cc v tr suy hao, im cui sa si quang
Suy hao ca cc s kin
C ly, khong cch gia cc s kin trn tuyn quang
Vi tr im t trn tuyn quang
2. My o OTDR series FTB-400 1310-1550 (SM)
OTDR series FTB-400 1310-1550 (SM) l mt trong cc loi my o quang di OTDR
do hng EXFO sn xut (FTB-400 OTDR). Ngoi cc tnh nng chung ca mt my o
OTDR, FTB- 400 1310-1550 (SM) c mt s tnh nng v c im sau:
S dng cho si quang n mode SMF (single mode fiber) hai bc sng 1310nm
v 1550nm.
c ch to di dng module, hot ng trn nn ca h thng FTB-400 Universal
Test System (UTS), c th tho lp c. Giao din ca FBT-400 v module OTDR
FTB-400 1310-1550 (SM) nh hnh di (hnh 2.1) v (hnh 3.2)
Cc thao tc khai bo, vn hnh n gin, quen thuc cho ngi s dng v c giao
din nh mt my tnh cc nhn PC.
H v Tn :
Vic lu tr kt qu o c th c thc hin thng qua hai cng USB v mm.

Ngoi ra, trn nn FTB-400 UTS cn c cc cng COM v LPT kt ni vi my
in v cc thit b ngoi vi khc (xem hnh 2.1).
Vic s l kt qu o th c th c thc hin trc tip online khi ang kt ni vi
si quang trn nn UTS hoc thc hin sau khi o trn PC bng phn mm offline.
Di ng: 37.5 dB/ 35.5 dB vi phn gii cao.
Dead zone: 3m
Ti a c th thc hin 52000 im o trn mt trace.
Hnh 2.1
H v Tn :
a. Nguyn l hot ng ca my o quang OTDR.

My o OTDR pht mt xung nh sng ngn vo si quang, tn x, phn x nh sng s
xy ra trong si quang do s khng ng nht gy ra bi cc Connector, mi hn, on
cong v cc loi li khc. My o s xc nh v phn tch tn hiu phn x, tn x ngc.
Cng tn hiu c o theo nhng khong thi gian ngn xc nh v c s dng
a ra cc c im v s kin. chnh lch thi gian gia lc pht v thu tn hiu
phn hi c lin quan ti tc truyn nh sng trong vt liu si.
Thit b o OTDR s dng cc nh hng ca tn x Rayleigh v phn x Fresnel o
kim cc iu kin trong si quang. Cng sut phn x ln hn hng chc nghn ln tn x
ngc.
Tn x Rayleigh c xy ra khi ta truyn xung nh sng dc theo si quang gp
phi s thay i nh trong cu trc si quang v d nh s thay i v khng ng
nht v h s chit sut ca si lm cho nh sng b tn x theo tt c cc hng.
Tuy nhin, s c mt lng nh sng nh phn x ngc tr li pha pht gi l tn
x ngc.
Phn x Fresnel xy ra khi nh sng truyn dc theo si quang gp phi s thay
i t bin trong mt vt liu v c th gy ra bi cc kt ni hoc im gy dn
n mt lng nh sng ln b phn x. Cng phn x tu thuc vo mc
thay i v h s chit sut. Khi kt qu y c hin th, mi im trn mn
hnh hin th ch th mc trung bnh ca nhiu im ly mu. C th phng to mn
hnh xem chi tit hn mi im.
Hnh 2.2
H v Tn :
b. H thng nt chc nng OTDR.
Hnh 2.3
c. ngha ca cc n LED trn my OTDR.
Hnh 2.4
H v Tn :
3. Mt s lu v an ton khi s dng my OTDR.

- An ton cho ngi s dng.
My o OTDR s dng ngun quang laser c cng sut pht cao v pht ra nh sng
khng thy c (bc sng 1310nm v 1550nm) cho nn c th nguy him cho mt ngi
s dng. Do vy khi s dng my o OTDR ta cn phi lu :
Khng kt ni hoc tho g cc si quang trong khi ngun pht quang laser ang hot
ng.
Khng c kt ni nhn trc tip vo si quang khi khng chc chn rng hin ti si
quang khng c s dng truyn nh sng.
Bo m rng mt ca bn c bo v bi cc dng c bo h trong trng hp
tip xc vi nh sng laser.
- An ton cho thit b.
Khng kt ni si quang ang mang bt k dng mt nh sng no vo cng kt ni
ca my o OTDR v c th gy hi cho my. Bt k mt tn hiu quang no c cng sut
ln hn -30dBm c th nh hng n acquisition ca my o v lm hng module OTDR.
Cc cnh bo trn my o thng c thng bo bng bng cnh bo hoc biu
tng cnh bo c dng nh hnh 3.1 :
Hnh 3.1
H v Tn :
Hnh 3.2 : giao din module OTDR.

Hnh trn l giao din module OTDR, c gng bn hng phi ca FTB- 400 UTS.
Trn module ny c cc b phn chc nng cnh bo nh sau:
Visual fautl locator (VFL) port (optional) : cng kt ni ngun quang pht ra nh
sng mu v si quang. Chc nng ty chn ny cho php xc nh v tr t trn
si quang bng mt thng.
Source emission indicator LED (optional): n LED ch th ngun quang ang
hot ng. y cng l kh nng ty chn ca thit b (c th c hoc khng).
Module handle: v tr nm module khi tin hnh tho rp module.
ODTR port: cng kt ni si quang v my o OTDR. Loi connector ca Module
OTDR c s dng ti phng th nghim l loi FC.
4. Hng dn s dng my o quang OTDR .
Cc thao tc vn hnh, khai bo thng s, x l kt qu ca my o FTB- 400 OTDR
c thc hin da trn phn mm ng dng toolbox 6 ca EXPO. ng dng Toolbox ny
dc s dng khng ch cho my o OTDR m cn c th s dng cho cc loi my o
khc ca EXPO.
4.1 Giao din phn mm.
H v Tn :
Hnh 4.1.1 Mn hnh chnh cho php chn module s dng

4.2 Cch thit lp v vn hnh my o.
- Thit lp ng dng cho my o FTB- 400 OTDR:
Bc 1 : Trn mn hnh ca FTB- 400 UTS, chn phm chc nng (function tab) Current
Modules mn hnh hin th tt c cc module hin ti c th s dng c (xem hnh
4.1.1)
Bc 2 : Chn module OTDR. Nu module OTDR sn sng c s dng th trn
bng trng thi Status s hin th Ready.
Bc 3 : Click vo nt tng ng trong phn Online Application bt u cc ng
dng ca OTDR. Mt ca s chnh cho ng dng OTDR c hin ra nh trn hnh 5.5
Bng cch thay i cc nt chc nng v hiu chnh cc thng s, cc thng s hot
ng ca my o c th c thit lp. Cc hng dn s dng cng c hin th trn mn
hnh.
H v Tn :
Hnh 4.1.2
4.3 Ci t thng s cho my o OTDR.
4.3.1 Ci t thng s cho my o OTDR c bn.
My o FTB- 400 OTDR cho php ngi s dng tin hnh o theo 3 ch (mode) lm
vic:
Auto mode: vic c lng chiu di si quang, ci t cc thng s acquisition,
hin th ng biu din (trace) v bng s kin (Event Table) c thc hin mt
cch t ng theo cu hnh c ci t trc .
Advanced mode: cho php ngi s dng c th hiu chnh tt c thng s o v
hiu chnh cch thc hin th kt qu o. S dng Advanced mode cn cho php ci
t cc thng s o cho ch Auto mode.
Creat Ref./Template mode: cho php ngi s dng kim tra cc si quang v so
snh chng vi mt trace so snh (reference trace) c nh gi trc y.
Trong khi hot ng ch Ref./Template mode, trace so snh (reference trace)
cng c th c cp nht bng cch thm cc s kin c pht hin t trace mi
thu c.
Cc ch hot ng ny c th c la chn t Mode tab trong ca s Setup.
4.3.2 Ci t thng s hin th c tuyn suy hao.
Bng cch la chn General tab trong phn Setup (hoc sau khi nhn F5), mt s thng s
c th c la chn v thay i nh sau:
H v Tn :
Distance unit (n v khong cch): Kilometers (km), Miles (mi) hoc Kilofeets
(kf)
Grid: C (On) hoc Khng (Off) hin th li (grid) trn ca s hin th
Zoom Window: C (On) hoc Khng (Off) hin th ca s Zoom (nm trn gc
phi-trn ca mn hnh hin th)
Trace Name in Graph: C (On) hoc Khng (Off) hin th tn file trn mn hnh
hin th
Trace Display Mode: cho php la chn kiu hin th trace: Auto mode, Advanced
mode v Creat Ref./Template mode
Complete Trace: hin th ton b trace v khong cch o c
Marker: hin th trace t Span Start n Span End
Optimum: hin th trace vi nhiu t nht thu c cui si quang
Pulse Width: hin th rng xung (pulse width) theo n v thi gian (Time) hoc
khong cch (Distance)
4.3.3 Ci t thng s ghi nhn kt qu o.
Autorange acquisition time: c 6 gi tr c th c chn cho thi gian ghi nhn
kt qu o: 15seconds (gi tr mc nh), 30 seconds, 1 minute, 1.5 minutes, 2
minutes v 3 minutes.
First connector check: kim tra connector u tin nhm xc nh tuyn quang
dc kt ni vi my o OTDR hay cha. Nu mt suy hao ln bt thng xy ra
ti connector u tin, mt bng cnh bo s xut hin.
Hnh 4.3.3.1: Bng cnh bo suy hao ln bt thng xy ra ti connector u tin
Use same pulse and time for all wavelength: s dng cng xung v thi gian cho
tt c cc buc sng
IOR, Helix factor and RBS values: thay i cc gi tr IOR, Helix and RBS ca
si quang.
H v Tn :
4.4 nh ngha v k hiu cc loi s kin.

Span Start
Span Start ca mt trace l s kin nh du im bt u ca mt on si quang
(fiber span). Theo mc nh, Span Start c t s kin u tin ca si quang
c kim tra. Tuy nhin, ngi s dng cng c th chn mt s kin khc lm v
tr Span Start ca mt on si quang mun phn tch. Khi , bng s kin (Event
Table) s c bt u ti v tr Span Start ny.
Span End
Span End ca mt trace l s kin nh du im kt thc ca mt on si quang
(fiber span). Theo mc nh, Span End c t s kin cui cng ca si quang
c kim tra v c gi l s kin cui si quang (end-of-fiber event). Tuy
nhin, ngi s dng cng c th chn mt s kin khc lm v tr Span End ca
mt on si quang mun phn tch. Khi , bng s kin (Event Table) s c
kt thc ti Span End ny.
Continuous Fiber
Hnh 4.4.1: Continuous Fiber

S kin ny cho bit rng chiu di ca tuyn quang c ghi nhn bi my o th
ngn hn chiu di ca tuyn quang .
im kt thc ca si quang khng c nhn bit bi v qu trnh phn tch kt
thc trc khi ti c im cui ca si quang.
Do , khong cch ghi nhn (acquisition distance) cn c tng ln c th o
c chiu di ln hn ca si quang.
Khng c biu hin suy hao hay phn x ti v tr Continuous Fiber ny.
H v Tn :
End of Analysis
Hnh 4.4.2: End of Analysis

rng xung c s dng khng cung cp di ng t ti c cui si
quang.
Qu trnh phn tch kt thc trc khi ti c cui si quang bi v t s tn hiu
trn nhiu SNR qu thp.
Do , rng xung cn c tng ln tn hiu t ti c cui si quang vi
t s SNR ln.
Khng c biu hin suy hao hay phn x ti v tr End of Analysis ny.
Non-Reflective Fault
Hnh 4.4.3: Non-Reflective Fault

Non-Reflective Fault (s kin gy nn khng phi do hin tng phn x nh sng)
ny gy ra mt s gim t ngt ca mc tn hiu tn x Rayleigh. S kin ny
c biu din bng s khng lin tc trn ng dc xung ca trace tn hiu.
Li ny thng gy ra do mi hn nng chy (splice), un cong hay vi un cong
trn si quang.
H v Tn :
Gi tr suy hao ca s kin ny s c xc nh. Khng c phn x xy ra cho loi

s kin ny.
Reflective Fault
Hnh 4.4.4: Reflective Fault

Reflective Fault (s kin gy nn do hin tng phn x nh sng) c biu din
nh cc xung gai xy ra trn trace.
Chng gy ra bi s khng lin tc ca chit sut ca mi trng truyn.
Cc li phn x xy ra lm cho mt phn ng k nng lng nh sng truyn trong
si quang b phn x ngc v pha ngun quang.
Reflective fault c th cho bit s tn ti ca cc khp ni, mi hn c kh hoc
ngay c cc mi hn nng chy cht lng km.
Gi tr suy hao v phn x thng thng s c xc nh ti v tr c loi s kin
ny.
Khi cc xung phn x t mc ngng, nh ca xung s b ct do s bo h ca
linh kin thu quang. Kt qu l, vng cht (dead zone) - l khong cch ngn nht
c th phn bit hai s kin k nhau - c th tng ln.
H v Tn :
Positive Fault
Hnh 4.4.4: Positive Fault

Loi s kin ny cho bit mt mi hn nng chy (splice) c li, xy ra do vng
kt ni gia hai on si quang c h s tn x ngc Rayleigh khc nhau.
Mt Gi tri suy hao s c xc nh cho loi s kin ny. Lu rng: Gi tr suy
hao ny khng th hin suy hao thc s ca s kin.
Gi tr suy hao thc s c th c o bng cch phn tch kt qu o hai chiu.
Launch Level
Hnh 4.4.5: Launch Level

Launch Level cho bit mc cng sut tn hiu c a vo si quang.
Hnh trn cho thy mc cng sut ghp c o nh th no.
Mt ng thng c v s dng phng php xp x bnh phng ti thiu
(leastsquare approximation) kt ni tt c cc im trn vng tuyn tnh gia hai
s kin th nht v th hai c pht hin.
ng thng ny c ko di cho ti khi ct trc tung (dB)
im ct ngang cho bit mc cng sut ghp vo u si quang.
H v Tn :
K hiu <<<< trn bng s kin (Event Table) cho bit rng mc cng sut ghp
qu thp.
Fiber Section
Hnh 4.4.6: Fiber Section

K hiu ny biu din mt on si quang khng c s kin.
Tng ca tt c cc on si quang trong ton b fiber trace th bng vi chiu di
tng cng ca si quang. Cc li c pht hin l cc s kin c bit- ngay c khi
chng bao ph nhiu hn mt im trn trace.
Gi tr suy hao ca on si quang ny c xc nh.
Suy hao trung bnh ca on si quang ny (dB/km) c xc nh bng cch ly
gi tr suy hao chia cho chiu di ca an si quang.
Merged Reflective Fault
Hnh 4.4.7: Merged Reflective Fault

K hiu ny biu hin cho loi s kin bao gm nhiu s kin phn x (reflective
events) k nhau. Gi tri suy hao c xc nh l suy hao tng ca cc s kin phn
x thnh phn.
H v Tn :
S kin Merged Reflective Fault c kt hp bi nhiu s kin phn x. Trn bng

s kin, ch c Merged Reflective Fault c nu ra, cc s kin phn x thnh
khng c th hin.
Hnh 4.4.8: Merged Reflective Fault trn Event Table

Trong hnh trn, hai reflective fault c kt hp.
Cc s kin phn x ny c th l do cc khp ni, mi hn c kh hoc ngay c cc
mi hn nng chy cht lng km.
Mt gi tr phn x c xc nh cho tt c cc s kin c kt hp v c
th hin bng gi tr phn x ln nht.
Mt gi tr phn x cng c biu din cho tng s kin thnh phn c kt hp.
Suy hao tng cng ( dB) c xc nh bng cch v hai ng thng:
- ng th nht c v bng cch kt ni , least-square approximation,
cc im -trace trong vng tuyn tnh trc s kin th nht.
- ng th hai c v bng cch kt ni , least-square approximation, cc
im trace trong vng tuyn tnh theo sau s kin th hai. Nu c nhiu hn
hai s kin c kt hp, ng ny s c v trong vng tuyn tnh theo
sau s c c kt hp cui cng. ng ny sau c ko di hng
v pha s kin kt hp th nht.
- Suy hao tng bng s chnh lch v cng sut gia im m s kin th
nht bt u (im A) v im nm ngay di s kin th nht trn ng
thng ni di (im B).
- Suy hao ca tng s kin thnh phn khng c xc nh.
Echo
Hnh 4.4.9: Echo

H v Tn :
K hiu ny cho bit rng s kin phn x c pht hin sau im cui ca si
quang.
Mt xung nh sng turyn ti connector cui cng v c phn x v hng my
o OTDR. Sau n gp connector th hai v li phn x v hng connector cui
cng. Tip , xung nh sng ny li phn x ngc v pha OTDR.
Chng trnh x l Toolbox m t s phn x mi ny nh l echo bi v khong
cch ca n di hn chiu di tng cng ca si quang.
Khong cch gia connector th hai v connector th nht bng vi khong cch
gia connector cui cng v echo.
Suy hao ca echo khng c xc nh.
Reflective Fault (Possible Echo)
Hnh 4.4.10: Reflective Fault (Possible Echo)

K hiu ny cho bit mt s kin phn x c th l phn x tht s hay l echo to
ra bi mt phn x mnh khc nm ngn v pha ngun.
Xung nh sng i ti connector th ba, b phn x ngc v pha OTDR v tip
li phn x ngc vo si quang. Sau xung nh sng ny li chm connector th
ba ln th hai v phn xa ngc mt ln na v pha OTDR.
Do , phn mm x l Tooolbox, s pht hin s c phn x xy ra ti v tr bng
hai ln khong cch ca connector th ba. Do s kin ny hu nh v ngha (khng
c suy hao) v do khong cch ca n bng bi s khong cch ca connecotr th
ba, Toolbox s xem s kin ny nh l possible echo.
Gi tr phn x ca Reflective Fault (Possible Echo) c xc nh.
4.5 Phn tch trace v s kin.
Trace v Event Table c th c phn tch ti hai thi im khc nhau:
Ngay khi o (online) trn my o OTDR.
H v Tn :
Sau khi o (offline) trn my o OTDR hoc trn my vi tnh PC khi truy
xut vo phn Work on Results trong chng trnh ng dng Toolbox. Cc
file d liu c lu trong qu trnh o di dng format ca EXFO (*.trc)
hoc format ca Telcordia (Bellcore) (*.sor). Tuy nhin, cc file c lu
bng cc thit b khng phi ca EXFO ch c th xem (read-only) m khng
th thay i.
Hnh 4.5.1
Hnh 4.5.1 th hin Trace v Event Table ca mt tuyn quang c o. Trn Trace
ny, cc Event c nh s. Da vo , ta c th thy c s phn b ca cc s
kin dc trn tuyn quang. Chiu di ca tuyn quang v khong cch ca cc s
kin c xc nh theo trc honh (trc X) ca Trace. Trc Y biu din mc cng
sut truyn dc theo tuyn quang. Mc cng sut ny ty thuc vo mc cng sut
a vo u si quang mc nh (default injection level) v di ng ca my o.
Cc gi tr ny do nh sn xut quy nh.
Vic xc nh loi s kin, suy hao v khong cch ca cc s kin ny c th c
thc hin bi ngi s dng da trn trace. Tuy nhin, cng vic ny c th c
thc hin mt cch n gin hn bng cch phn tch cc d liu c trnh by trn
Event Table, trong phn Event ca s lm vic. Trn Event Table c cc phn sau:
Type : cho bit loi s kin thng qua cc biu tng.
H v Tn :
No : cho bit s th t (1,2,3) ca s kin dc theo tuyn quang hoc chiu di

ca on si quang gia hai s kin.
Loc : khong cch gia my o OTDR (u si quang) v event .
Loss : suy hao ca s kin, n v dB .
Refl : cho bit phn x (reflectance) ti mi s kin phn x xy ra dc tuyn
quang.
Att : suy hao trung bnh (Attenuation) ca on si quang.
Cumul : suy hao tch ly (Cumulative loss) tnh t trace Span Start (mc nh l u
si quang) cho n sau s kin ang xt .
V d: trn hnh 4.5.1 cho bit:
- on si quang gia s kin th 5 v 6 di 1,343 km, suy hao 0,399 dB, suy hao
trung bnh ca si quang 0,340 dB/km, suy hao tch ly tnh ti cui on si quang
ny l 2,785 dB.
- S kin th 6 l mi hn nng chy ti v tr 6,684 km tnh t u si quang, suy
hao -0,082 dB, suy hao tch ly tnh tnh ti sau mi hn ny l 2,703.
Khi la chn mt event trn Event Table, th marker A (hoc marker A v B trn graph)
s c dch chuyn n v tr ca s kin trn Trace. Ta c th dch chuyn cc
marker ny dc trn Trace quan st suy hao dc trn ton tuyn quang.
4.5.1 Thm cc Event (s kin)
- Cc event c th c thm vo trong Event Table. Cng vic ny c thc hin trong
trng hp bit chnh xc c mt event ti mt v tr no trn tuyn quang nhng qu
trnh phn tch khng pht hin c do gi tr suy hao hay phn x thp hn mc
ngng nhn bit hoc do b n trong nhiu.
- Khi thm vo mt event, mt ch s s thm vo trn trace nhng trace khng b thay
i.
Cc bc thc hin:
1. Trong phn Event, chn Insert. Mt ca s Change/Insert s xut hin vi biu tng
knh lp v 4 marker A,a,B v b trn trace, nh trn hnh . Trong marker A s xc
nh v tr ca event c thm vo.
2. Chn v tr thm vo event bng cc cch sau: ? Nhp v tr ca event mi vo trong
Location ? S dng mi tn marker di chuyn marker A trn trace.
3. Sau khi v tr ca event mi c xc nh, chn Event Type la chn loi event
s thm vo nh trn hnh 4.
4. Chn loi event mong mun: Positive, Reflective hay Non-Reflective. Cc gi tr suy
hao v phn x c tnh mt cch t ng da vo v tr ca cc marker hoc c
nhp vo cc tng ng.
H v Tn :
5. Nhn OK lu cc gi tr va c thay i hoc nhn Cancel quay tr li Event

Table m khng lu cc gi tr thay i.
4.5.2 Loi b cc Event (s kin)
Hu ht cc event c th c loi b khi Event Table tr cc event sau: End of
analysis, fiber section, launch level, echo, end of fiber, span start, Span End
Lu : Khi thao tc Delete Event c thc hin th khng th Undo c. Do nu
sau khi xo b mt event, bn nhn ra rng khng cn phi lm vic th bn phi
phn tch li trace nh khi thc hin vi mt trace mi. c th ti to li Event Table
ban u cn thc hin Phn tch v Ti phn tch Trace c trnh by trong phn
- Cc bc thc hin:
1. Xc nh event mun loi b.
2. Trong phn Event, chn Delete Event. Mt bng thng bo nh hnh 5.21 xut hin
nhm xc nhn vic loi b.
3. Nhn OK xc nhn vic loi b event hoc Cancel gi nguyn kt qu phn
tch ban u.
4.5.3 Cch phn tch trace v ti phn tch
Mt trace c th c phn tch vo bt k lc no bng cch nhn Analysis trong phn
Event. Thao tc ny s chy qu trnh phn tch m c thc hin trong sut qu trnh ghi
nhn kt qu (acquisition). Vic phn tch v ti phn tch s :
To ra mt Event Table cho mt trace nu Event Table cha c to ra trc .
Phn tch li mt trace v nng cp Event Table ca mt trace c ghi nhn vi
cc version trc ca chng trnh ng dng Toolbox.
Ti to li Event Table ban u nu b thay i.
Reset Span Start tr v zero v Span End ti cui si quang tr khi hai thng s ny
c lu vo m nh.
Hin th Pass/Fail test nu c nh trn hnh 4.5.3.1. Nhn OK ng bng thng
bo Pass/Fail Automatic Link Evaluation.
Hnh 4.5.3.1
H v Tn :
4.5.4 Phn tch si quang trn mt on si quang xc nh

- c th phn tch si quang trn mt on si quang xc nh no , ta cn phi xc
nh li hai thng s Span Start v Span End ca trace tng ng vi im bt u v
kt thc ca on si quang cn phn tch.
- Khi , ni dung ca Event Table s thay i. Span Start tr thnh event u tin (event
1) v v tr ca n c chn l xem nh im bt u 0. Ch nhng event nm gia
Span Start v Span End c nh s trn trace v Event Table. Suy hao tch ly ch
c tnh trong on si quang ny thi.
Lu : gi nguyn on si quang ny trong khi phn tch li trace, cn lu li hai
thng s Span Start v Span End trong b nh.
4.5.5 Ghi ch vo Event Table
- Cc event trong Event Table c th c ghi ch bng cch s dng chc nng
Comments trong qu trnh phn tch. Cc ghi ch ny s c hin ra di ca Event
Table khi event tng ng c chn. Chng cng c th c xo b hoc thay i.
Cc ghi ch ny rt cn thit cho vic bo dng tuyn quang sau khi lp t.
-
- Cc bc thc hin:
1. Chn event cn c ghi ch
2. Nhn nt Comments di ca Event Table. Nhp cc ghi ch cn thit vo ca
s Comments nh trn hnh 4.5.5.1
3. Chn OK lu li phn ghi ch hoc chn Cancel b qua
Hnh 4.5.5.1
H v Tn :
4.5.6 Cch xem v thay i thng s ca trace
Hnh 4.5.6.1
Cc thng s ca trace
Chn Trace Info trong ca s lm vic chnh. Cc thng s sau c th c xem v thay
i nh trn hnh 4.5.6.1
Filename: tn file.
Date: ngy thc hin o.
Wavelength: bc sng o v loi si quang c s dng (SM hay MM).
Pulse/Time: rng xung vthi gian o.
Length: chiu di o c ca ton si quang gia hai im Span Start v Span
End .
Total/Avg. Loss: suy hao tng cng (v suy hao trung bnh) ca ton si quang
gia hai im Span Start v Span End.
Avg. Splice Loss: suy hao trung bnh ca tt c cc s kin non-reflective trn
ton si quang gia hai im Span Start v Span End.
IOR: chit sut (Index of Refraction) ca si quang. Nu thay i gi tr ny,
khong cch v c ly o c trn trace s thay i.
RBS: h s tn x Rayleight (Rayleight Backscatter) ca si quang. Nu thay
i gi tr ny, khong cch v c ly o c trn trace s thay i. ?
Helix Factor: h s Helix ca si quang. Nu thay i gi tr ny, khong cch
v c ly o c trn trace s thay i. ?
Splice Loss Threshold: gi tr ngng xc nh mt s kin loi nonreflective
(ch nhng s kin non-reflective c suy hao ln hn hoc bng gi tr ngng
ny mi c biu din trn trace). Nu thay i gi tr ny, s lng cc s kin
non-reflective trn trace c th thay i. ?
H v Tn :
Reflectance Threshold: gi tr ngng xc nh s kin reflective (ch nhng

s kin reflective c suy hao ln hn hoc bng gi tr ngng ny mi c
biu din trn trace). Nu thay i gi tr ny, s lng cc s kin reflective trn
trace c th thay i.
End of Fiber Threshold: gi tr ngng xc nh im cui ca si quang.
.
Hnh 4.5.6.2 Thay i thng s ca si quang v ngng o

- Trong cc thng s trn, c hai nhm thng s c th thay i c khi chn chc nng
Edit Current Trace Settings. l thng s ca si quang (IOR, RSB v Helix Factor)
v cc mc ngng phn tch (Splice Loss Threshold, Reflectance Threshold v End of
Fiber Threshold), nh trn hnh 10.
- Vic thay i cc thng s ny ch nh hng n kt qu hin th trn trace v Event
Table ca tuyn quang ang c phn tch. c th p dng cc thng s ny cho
vic o v phn tch khc trong tng lai cn phi vo phn Acquisition trong ca s
OTDR Setup.
Lu : Cc thng s ca si quang do nh sn xut si quang quy nh. Nu khng bit
chnh xc cc gi tr ny, ta c th s dng gi tr mc nh trong my o v thay i
sau khi o (nu cn thit) thu c kt qu chnh xc nht.
4.6 S dng maker
Marker c s dng cho vic xc nh v tr, khong cch v cng sut ti mt im
no trn tuyn quang. C 4 marker c th s dng: A,a,B v b. Tng ng vi 4
marker A,a,B v b ny ta s c cc im A,a,B v b. Cc im ny c th di chuyn dc
theo tuyn quang bng cch di chuyn cc marker.
Cch di chuyn mt marker:
T ca s chnh chn Measure, mt ca s Marker s xut hin nh hnh 5.19.
Nhn nt Marker cho n khi marker mong mun xut hin.
S dng nt mi tn tri v phi dch chuyn maker dc theo trace.
H v Tn :
Hnh 4.6.1 Ca s Marker

Nu mt marker c dch chuyn gn vi marker khc, c hai s dch chuyn cng vi
nhau. iu ny m bo rng mt khong cch ti thiu c duy tr gia hai marker.
Mt marker c th bin mt khi trace sau khi trace c Zoom in (phng to).
V d: Trn hnh 5.19, c hai marker c s dng l marker A v B biu din cho hai
im A v B trn tuyn quang. Cc s liu trn ca s Marker cho bit:
Khong cch gia A v Span Start l 3,567 km
Cng sut quang ti A l 21,515 dB
Khong cch gia B v Span Start l 3,626 km
Cng sut quang ti A l 21,333 dB
Khong cch gia A v B l: 58,71 m
chnh lch cng sut gia A v B l 0,182 dB
Cc Marker cng c xut hin trn trace khi lm vic vi Event Table. Khi chn mt
event trong Event Table th marker A s xut trn trace ti v tr ca event trn tuyn
quang. Trong trng hp event c chn l mt on si quang th hai marker A v B s
xut hin ti im u v cui ca on si quang ny. Mt v d c th c th c thy
trn hnh 5.18 khi Marker A xut hin ti s kin 6 trn trace ng thi vi vic c chn
trong Event Table.
4.7 S dng zoom
Zoom c s dng phng to hoc thu nh trace trn mn hnh. S dng Zoom cho php
ngi s dng c th xem tng quan c tuyn suy hao dc theo tuyn quang (trace) hay
xem chi tit tng event trn trace.
Zoom c th c s dng trong phn Measure v Span cng nh trong ca s Change v
Insert ca phn Event. Khi , chc nng Zoom c th hin bng biu tng knh lp
(magnifying glass)
Cch s dng chc nng Zoom:
H v Tn :
Di chuyn biu tng ti v tr cn c phng to hay thu nh

S dng cc nt iu khin phng to hay thu nh vng c la chn. Cc nt
chc nng c th s dng c lit k trong bng 4.7.1
Bng 4.7.1 Cc nt iu khin Zoom

4.8 Phn tch si quang trn on si quang nht nh
- c th phn tch si quang trn mt on si quang xc nh no , ta cn phi xc
nh li hai thng s Span Start v Span End ca trace tng ng vi im bt u v
kt thc ca on si quang cn phn tch.
- Khi , ni dung ca Event Table s thay i. Span Start tr thnh event u tin (event
1) v v tr ca n c chn l xem nh im bt u 0. Ch nhng event nm gia
Span Start v Span End c nh s trn trace v Event Table. Suy hao tch ly ch
c tnh trong on si quang ny thi.
Lu : gi nguyn on si quang ny trong khi phn tch li trace, cn lu li hai
thng s Span Start v Span End trong b nh.
H v Tn :
C. TIN HNH O TH MT TUYN CP QUANG THC T BNG MY O QUANG DI FTB- 400 OTDR (EXFO)
CHNG IV: TIN HNH O TH MT TUYN

CP QUANG THC T BNG MY O QUANG DI
FTB- 400 OTDR (EXFO)
1. Thng tin tuyn quang o.
- Tn tuyn quang : Trm Tn To
- Ngy o : 14/03/2015
- Chiu di tuyn quang : 5,077 km
2. Thng tin ci t trn my o OTDR FTB-400.
- Tn my o : OTDR series FTB-400.
- Bc sng p dng o : 1310nm ( nu chiu di tuyn quang trn 10Km ta chn
bc sng 1550nm m bo tiu hiu thu pht tt).
- Ch o : T ng.
- Xung : 3ns ( xung cng nh s kin cng d nhn thy r hn khi o)
- phn gii : t ng.
3. Cc bc tin hnh o.
Sau khi lp t xong tuyn quang ta tin hnh o nh sau :
Lu : Cc u si cp quang phi c m bo c kt ni vi b connector
phc v cho vic gng vo my o.
Bc 1 : Ni mt u connector ca dy nhy quang vo hp ni quang ca tuyn
quang cn o.
Bc 2 : u kia ca dy nhy quang ni vo my o OTDR FTB-400.

H v Tn :
Bc 3 : Sau m my o ln tin hnh thit lp o v ly kt qu.
4. Kt qu thu c.
- Thu c 2 s kin xy ra trn tuyn quang.
Hnh di l file c xut ra bi my o OTDR ta thu c
Tag Event (S kin).
H v Tn :
Tag Measure
Tag Trace Info
H v Tn :
S dng bng s kin (event table) phn tch kt qu o ta c bng thng k

di :
S C li tnh t
Kin Loi s kin Nguyn nhn u si Suy hao Suy hao tch
quang (km) (dB) ly (dB/km)
1 S gim t Li ny thng 0,049 0.141 0.076
ngt ca mc gy ra do mi
tn hiu tn x hn nng chy
(splice), un
cong hay vi un
cong trn si
quang.
2 S gim t Li ny thng 0.815 -0.079 0.139

(splice), un
cong hay vi un
cong trn si
quang
3 S gim t Li ny thng 1.923 0.140 0.636
(splice), un
cong hay vi un
cong trn si
quang
4 S gim t Li ny thng 2.855 0.190 1.151
(splice), un
cong hay vi un
cong trn si
quang
5 S gim t Li ny thng 3.070 -0.118 1.146
(splice), un
cong hay vi un
H v Tn :
cong trn si
quang
6 S gim t Li ny thng 3.197 0.125 1.259
(splice), un
cong hay vi un
cong trn si
quang
7 S gim t Li ny thng 3.948 0.110 1.628
(splice), un
cong hay vi un
cong trn si
quang
8 S gim t Li ny thng 4.525 0.337 2.133
(splice), un
cong hay vi un
cong trn si
quang
9 S kin gy Do s tn ti ca 5.066 0 2.177
nn do hin cc khp ni,
tng phn x mi hn c kh
nh sng hoc ngay c cc
mi hn nng
chy cht lng
km.
10 S kin nh on cui si 9.382 7.980 10.157
du im kt quang
thc ca mt
on si
quang
H v Tn :
H v Tn :
PHN IV : T NHN XT, NH GI QU TRNH THC TP
C. T NHN XT, NH GI QU TRNH THC

TP
1. CC HOT NG KHI THC TP CNG TY
1.1 Thc hnh ko cp quang n nh khch hng
Lm quen vi cng vic chnh:
- Tp trung ng gi, ng a im thc tp
- Lm quen vi cc a hnh thc tp
- Lm quen vi cc dng c cn thit khi tin hnh ko cp
- Quan st v rt kinh nghim qu trnh ko cp
- Kt thc cng vic v kim tra li cc kin thc ca mnh so vi thc t cng vic
1.2 Thc hnh o thng tin tuyn quang
Lm quen vi cng vic chnh:
- Tp trung ng gi, ng a im thc tp
- Lm quen vi a hnh thc tp
- Lm quen vi cc dng c cn thit
- c thc hnh vi my o thc t
- Thc hnh quan st khi cc anh hng dn thc hin o c
- Thu hoch kt qu o
c kt kinh nghim sau chuyn i, b sung kin thc cha c hc trng
2. T NH GI QU TRNH THC TP 6 TUN TI CNG TY
2.1 Mt lm c
- Thc hin y cc ni quy ca cng ty
- Nghim chnh trong qu trnh thc tp
- B sung nhiu kin thc b ch cho qu trnh thc tp
- Tch ly nhiu kinh nghim b ch t cc anh hng dn
2.2 Mt cha c
- Cha p ng hon ton tt yu cu cng vic ti cng ty
- i lc thiu tp trung trong cng vic.
Ti liu tham kho :

-Gii thiu cng ty : http://www.spt.vn/vn/gioi-thieu/tong-quan/
-My o cp quang :
http://vntelecom.org/diendan/showthread.php?t=2798
http://www.cap-quang.vn/tu-van-may-do-otdr.html
- Cng ngh FTTx : http://sptfone.com.vn/content/view/126/73/
- V mt s ti liu do cng ty cung cp.
H v Tn :
GVHD : Nguyn Khnh Ton PHN V : TNG KT
TNG KT
Qua qu trnh thc tp 6 tun ti cng ty SPT (chi nhnh STS, s 10, C Giang), kt qu
ca t thc tp ny chnh l nhng k nng lm vic thc t cho em sau ny, nhng kinh
nghim m em hc hi c t s hng dn ch bo tn tnh ca cc anh trong cng ty.
Nhng g lm c, hc c em ghi li, son li thnh cun bo co thc tp.
Trong qu trnh thc tp chc hn khng thiu nhng sai st cho nn nhng li trong bo
co em rt mong c s thng cm v gp ca qu thy c cng nh ban lnh o trung
tm in thoi SPT (chi nhnh STS, s 10,C Giang).
Em xin chn thnh cm n cc anh hng dn thc tp, ban lnh o cng ty, cc
thy c gip em trong qu trnh thc tp ti cng ty.
H v Tn :

(123doc) Thuc Tap Cap Quang FTTH May Do Otdr

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Bo co thc tp tt nghip

1. Thng tin tuyn quang o. ..............................................................................................................41

1. Thi , tc phong thc tp ngh nghip:

TP.HCM,ngy thng 03 nm 2015 TP.HCM,ngy thng 03 nm 2015

Cp quang F8 phi kim loi gm cc phn sau:

Core quang gm:

u im: Ch dng mt si quang

CHNG II : TM HIU MY O CP QUANG

hoc cc si quan c c tnh quang hc khc nhau c ni vi nhau. Cc kt qu o

- Vng cht s kin - vng m s kin l mt ch m rt nhiu ngi s dng quan

CHNG III : GII THIU MY O QUANG DI

Vic lu tr kt qu o c th c thc hin thng qua hai cng USB v mm.

a. Nguyn l hot ng ca my o quang OTDR.

b. H thng nt chc nng OTDR.

3. Mt s lu v an ton khi s dng my OTDR.

Hnh 3.2 : giao din module OTDR.

Hnh 4.1.1 Mn hnh chnh cho php chn module s dng

Hnh 4.3.3.1: Bng cnh bo suy hao ln bt thng xy ra ti connector u tin

4.4 nh ngha v k hiu cc loi s kin.

Hnh 4.4.1: Continuous Fiber

Hnh 4.4.2: End of Analysis

Hnh 4.4.3: Non-Reflective Fault

Gi tr suy hao ca s kin ny s c xc nh. Khng c phn x xy ra cho loi

Hnh 4.4.4: Reflective Fault

Hnh 4.4.4: Positive Fault

Hnh 4.4.5: Launch Level

Hnh 4.4.6: Fiber Section

Hnh 4.4.7: Merged Reflective Fault

S kin Merged Reflective Fault c kt hp bi nhiu s kin phn x. Trn bng

Hnh 4.4.8: Merged Reflective Fault trn Event Table

Hnh 4.4.9: Echo

Hnh 4.4.10: Reflective Fault (Possible Echo)

No : cho bit s th t (1,2,3) ca s kin dc theo tuyn quang hoc chiu di

5. Nhn OK lu cc gi tr va c thay i hoc nhn Cancel quay tr li Event

4.5.4 Phn tch si quang trn mt on si quang xc nh

4.5.6 Cch xem v thay i thng s ca trace

Reflectance Threshold: gi tr ngng xc nh s kin reflective (ch nhng

Hnh 4.5.6.2 Thay i thng s ca si quang v ngng o

Hnh 4.6.1 Ca s Marker

Di chuyn biu tng ti v tr cn c phng to hay thu nh

Bng 4.7.1 Cc nt iu khin Zoom

CHNG IV: TIN HNH O TH MT TUYN

Bc 2 : u kia ca dy nhy quang ni vo my o OTDR FTB-400.

Bc 3 : Sau m my o ln tin hnh thit lp o v ly kt qu.

Tag Trace Info

S dng bng s kin (event table) phn tch kt qu o ta c bng thng k

2 S gim t Li ny thng 0.815 -0.079 0.139

C. T NHN XT, NH GI QU TRNH THC

Ti liu tham kho :

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