B TI NGUYN V MI TRNG

TRNG I HC TI NGUYN V
MI TRNG H NI

GIO TRNH

QUN L V X L CHT THI RN,

CHT THI NGUY HI

Tc gi: L Th Trinh - V Th Mai

H Ni, 2010
 LI NI U
Nhng nm gn y, khi lng cht thi rn trong cc th ngy cng tng do tc ng ca
s gia tng dn s, pht trin kinh t x hi v s pht trin v trnh v tnh cht tiu dng trong
th. Lng cht thi rn nu khng c x l tt s dn n hng lot hu qu tiu cc i vi mi
trng sng.
Cc vn nhim mi trng nh nhim nc, nhim khng kh cng lin quan n vic
qun l cht thi rn khng hp l. V d, nc r r t cc bi chn lp khng hp v sinh gy
nhim ngun nc mt v nc ngm. Trong cc khu hm m, nc r r t ni thi b cht thi c
th cha c t nh ng, asen, uranium, l nguyn nhn khin nc ngm b nhim. Cht thi rn
pht sinh nu khng c thu gom, x l s gy nhim khng kh, l ngun ly lan dch bnh trong
cng ng, lm nhim ngun nc mt v nc ngm. Mc d mi trng c kh nng pha long,
phn tn, phn hy, hp ph cc cht nhim nhng kh nng ng ha ny ch c gii hn, nn khi
hm lng cc cht nhim qu cao, tt yu s mt cn bng sinh thi.
Nh vy, v kha cnh qun l mi trng c th ni cht thi rn l mt trong nhng nguyn
nhn ch yu gy nhim mi trng. Nu con ngi khng quan tm tha ng ti cht thi hm
nay, th ngy mai cht thi s loi b chnh con ngi ra khi mi trng sng.
Mn hc Qun l v x l cht thi rn, cht thi nguy hi l mt mn hc chuyn ngnh ca
ngnh o to Cng ngh k thut mi trng, h cao ng trng i hc Ti nguyn v Mi trng
H Ni. cung cp cho sinh vin nhng kin thc c bn v cc bin php qun l v cc k thut
x l cht thi rn v cht thi nguy hi trn th gii v ti Vit Nam, chng ti bin son gio trnh
Qun l v x l cht thi rn v cht thi nguy hi
Cu trc cun gio trnh bao gm: Mc lc, Danh mc hnh, danh mc bng, ti liu tham kho.
Ni dung chnh gm Phn M u, chng 1: Ngun gc, thnh phn, tnh cht ca cht thi rn v
cht thi nguy hi, chng 2: Thu hi, ti ch cht thi rn, chng 3: X l cht thi rn, chng 4:
Qun l v x l cht thi nguy hi.
Gio trnh do hai tc gi bin son: Tc gi L Th Trinh bin son chng 1, chng 3, tc gi
V Th Mai bin son chng 2,4. Gio trnh c th s dng lm ti liu tham kho cho sinh vin i
hc ngnh Cng ngh k thut mi trng, Qun l ti nguyn v mi trng v cc cn b nghin
cu trong lnh vc mi trng.
Gio trnh ln u tin bin son, chc chn khng trnh khi thiu st, nhm tc gi mong nhn
c kin ng gp ca ngi c c th nng cao cht lng ca ti liu.
 MC LC

Chng 1: NGUN GC, THNH PHN, TNH CHT CA CHT THI RN, CHT
THI NGUY HI ............................................................................................................................ 4
1.1 NGUN GC PHT SINH V PHN LOI CHT THI RN, CHT THI NGUY HI
.......................................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1.1. Khi nim cht thi rn v cht thi nguy hi ...................................................................... 4
1.1.2. Ngun gc v phn loi cht thi rn .................................................................................... 4
1.1.3. Ngun gc v phn loi cht thi nguy hi ........................................................................... 7
1.2 THNH PHN V TNH CHT CA CHT THI RN, CHT THI NGUY HI ..... 15
1.2.1 Thnh phn cht thi rn v cht thi nguy hi .................................................................. 15
1.2.2 Tnh cht ca cht thi rn v cht thi rn nguy hi......................................................... 16
CU HI N TP V BI TP ................................................................................................. 21
Chng 2: THU GOM, VN CHUYN V TRUNG CHUYN CHT THI RN ................ 22
2.1 THU GOM CHT THI RN ............................................................................................... 22
2.1.1.H thng thu gom cht thi rn cha, khng phn loi ti ngun ...................................... 22
2.1.2.H thng thu gom cht thi rn phn loi ti ngun ...................................................... 23
2.1.3. Phn tch h thng thu gom ................................................................................................. 24
2.1.4 Chn tuyn ng thu gom ................................................................................................. 28
2.2 TRUNG CHUYN V VN CHUYN ................................................................................. 28
2.2.1 Tng quan v hot ng trung chuyn v vn chuyn cht thi rn .................................. 28
2.2.2 Cc loi trm trung chuyn .................................................................................................. 29
CU HI N TP V BI TP ................................................................................................. 37
Chng 3: THU HI, TI CH CHT THI RN ..................................................................... 38
3.1 THU HI, TI CH CHT THI RN ............................................................................... 38
3.1.1 Khi qut v thu hi, ti ch cht thi rn ........................................................................... 38
3.1.2 Li ch ca hot ng thu hi v ti ch............................................................................... 38
3.1.3 Thu hi v ti ch cht do ................................................................................................... 40
3.1.4 Ti ch v ti s dng giy cacton ........................................................................................ 43
3.1.5 Thu hi v ti ch cc sn phm cao su................................................................................ 44
3.1.6 Thu hi v ti ch cc sn phm cng nghip khc ............................................................. 45
3.1.7 Thu hi nng lng ............................................................................................................... 47
3.1.8 Hot ng thu hi v ti ch CTR Vit Nam v mt s nc trn th gii ..................... 48
3.2 X L CHT THI RN ...................................................................................................... 50
3.2.1. Phng php c hc ............................................................................................................. 50
3.2.2 Cng ngh sn xut phn hu c t rc th .................................................................... 53
3.2.3 X l cht thi rn bng phng php nhit ....................................................................... 70
3.2.4 Bi chn lp cht thi rn ..................................................................................................... 77
3.3 HIN TRNG V QUN L V X L CHT THI RN TI VIT NAM................. 91
3.3.1 H thng qun l cht thi rn ti Vit Nam ....................................................................... 91
3.3.2 Hin trng v thch thc ca vic qun l CTR, CTNH ti Vit Nam ............................... 93
3.3.3 Cc vn bn php l lin quan n qun l cht thi rn v cht thi nguy hi ti Vit Nam
........................................................................................................................................................ 94
CU HI N TP V BI TP ................................................................................................. 95
Chng 4: QUN L V X L CHT THI NGUY HI ..................................................... 97
4.1.THU GOM, LU TR, VN CHUYN ................................................................................ 97
4.1.1. Thu gom v ng gi ............................................................................................................ 97
4.1.2 An ton trong kho lu tr .................................................................................................... 98
4.1.3 Cc k thut lu tr ha cht............................................................................................. 100
4.1.4 An ton trong vn chuyn cht thi nguy hi .................................................................... 100
4.2 CC PHNG PHP TI CH CHT THI NGUY HI .............................................. 102
4.3 CC PHNG PHP X L CHT THI NGUY HI .................................................. 102
4.3.1 Cng ngh x l ha l ..................................................................................................... 102
4.3.2 Cng ngh thiu t ............................................................................................................ 105
4.4 CNG NGH CHN LP ................................................................................................... 111
4.5 N NH HA RN............................................................................................................. 113
CU HI V BI TP .............................................................................................................. 116
TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................................................................................... 118
DANH MC BNG..................................................................................................................... 121
DANH MC HNH ..................................................................................................................... 124

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