Concept: Those persons who, not being included in article 17, cooperate in the execution of the

offense by previous or simultaneous acts They are also referred to as the Accessories Before the
Fact.

II. There is no conspiracy between the accomplice and the PDP but there is community of design
between them i.e the accomplice knows and is aware of the intent, purpose or design of the PDP.
He then concurs, or approves of the intent of the PDP by cooperating in the accomplishment of the
purpose through an assistance given the PDP.

III. The cooperation of the accomplice is not indispensable in that the crime would still be
accomplished even without his cooperation. His cooperation or assistance may facilitate or make
easier the commission the crime but the crime would still be accomplished anyway. The acts of the
accomplice must however be related to the acts of the PDP but they merely show that the
accomplice agrees, approves or concurs with what the PDP intends to do or what he has done.

IV. The cooperation may be in the following forms:

A. Moral as in word of encouragement or advises

B. Through external acts which are either previous or simultaneous to the execution of the
criminal acts, such as :

1. Giving of additional weapons or ammunition or a faster mode of transportation, or food to the

accused

2. Blocking, or tripping a person who intends to assist the victim

3. Throwing stones, spitting, kicking, or delivering a blow, at the victim

4. Continuing to choke the victim after seeing that a deadly or fatal blow had been inflicted on the
victim

Note: The act of the accomplice should not be more fatal or more deadly or mortal than that
delivered by the PDP
Example: (PP. vs. Cual, Mach 9, 2000). X and the victim Y were fighting and grappling for the
possession of a steel pipe. B arrived and hacked at Y who ran away. X stood by while B pursued Y
and killed him. Is X an accomplice?

V. Distinction between an Accomplice and a Principal By Indispensable Cooperation.

A. The acts of an accomplice are not indispensable to the consummation of the offense in that the
crime would still be consumated even without his cooperation, whereas the cooperation of the PIC
is one without which the offense would not have been accomplished

B. There is no conspiracy between the accomplice and the PDP but which exist between the PIC
and the PDP

C. Example: PP. vs. Roland Garcia: Jan. 15, 2002

FACTS: In a case of kidnapping for ransom, the police arrested the accused who received the
money from the wife of the victim. They learned the victim was kept in a house. The police
proceeded to the house where they surprised X and Y who were seated and who tried to enter a
room to get guns. The two were not among the four who actually kidnapped the victim. The victim
was found in a room handcuffed and blindfolded.

QUESTION: What is the criminal liability of X and Y?

HELD: At the time X and Y were caught, the victim had already been rendered immobile, his eyes
blindfolded and his hands handcuffed. He could not have gone elsewhere and escaped. It is clear
X and Y were merely guarding the house for purpose of either helping the other accused in
facilitating the successful denoument of the crime or repelling any attempt to rescue the victim.
They thus cooperated in the execution of the offense by previous and/or simultaneous acts by
means of which they aided or facilitated the execution of the crime but without indispensable act
for its accomplishment. They are merely accomplices.

A co-conspirator us distinguished from an accomplice, thus:

Conspirators and accomplices have one thing in common: they know and agree with the criminal
design. Conspirators, however, know the criminal intention because they themselves have decided
upon such course of action. Accomplices come to know about it after the principal reached the
decision and only then do they agree to cooperate in its execution. Conspirators decided that a
crime should be committed; accomplices merely concur in it. Accomplices do not decide whether
te crime should be committed; they merely assent tot eh plan and cooperate in its accomplishment.
Conspirators are the authors of a crime; accomplices are merely their instruments who perform
acts not essential to the perpetration of the offense.

Further, the crime could have been accomplished even without the participation of X and Y. In
some exceptional cases, having community of design with the principal does not prevent a
malefactor from being regarded as an accomplice if his role in the perpetration of he crime was
of minor character.

NOTE: Had it been that the victim as not immobilized and could still escape, then X and Y would
be considered as principals as they would still be considered as detaining and preventing the
escape f the victim.

ART. 19 ACCESSORIES