Alexander Rixe

11/22/2017
Physics Final Project

Lyra
1. Vega
2. Vega is 25 light years away
3. The light we see from Vega was emitted 25 years ago
4. Vegas radius is 1.22 million miles compared to the suns radius of 432,450 miles
5. Vega has a solar luminosity of 50 L compared to 1 L of the sun

1. Sulafat
2. Sulafat is 620 light years from the earth
3. The light we see from Sulafat was emitted 620 years ago.
4. Sulafats radius is 15.1 times larger than the suns
5. Sulafats luminosity is five times greater than the suns

1. Sheliak
2. Sheliak is 960 light years from earth
3. The light we see from Sheliak was emitted 920 years ago
4. Sheliaks radius is 19.2 times larger than the suns
5. Sheliaks luminosity is 80 times greater than the suns

1. R Lyrae
2. R Lyrae is is 350 light years from earth
3. The light we see from R Lyrae was emitted from the star 350 years ago
4. R Lyrae radius is is 27.5 times larger than the suns
5. R Lyrae is 4 times brighter than the sun
 1. What does E=MC^2 mean?

Energy equals mass times the velocity of light squared. The speed of light ( c ) is
constant, and Energy and mass are variables.

2. The size of c^2 is the velocity of light times itself

3. Yes, Energy is the same as mass times c^2
4. Absolutely this is a true statement. A little bit of mass can produce a lot of
energy, atom bombs and nuclear reactors are practical examples of this.
5. It is possible to achieve a negative mass
6. Yes, c, or velocity, can be negative.
7. C^2 can never be negative.
8. Yes, because, c^2 cannot be negative but once it is multiplied by m, it can
become negative.
9. No, negative energy is nothing but a theory at this point.
10. Yes, energy is scalar.
11. Yes, that is what the negative on the left side of the equation would mean, -E
would be a negative direction.
12. Because often, the answers are the same on the positive side, with just a
negative sign in front of it.
13. The negative sign means something. It is hard to put into words because it isnt
something that is challenged everyday, however, mathematically, numbers and
how you use them change and have rules when multiplied, divided, added, or
subtracted when the numbers have differing signs.

1. Newtons First Law of Motion states that every object continues in a state of rest
or of uniform speed in a straight line unless acted on by a nonzero net force.
The key in this statement is the word continues. An object will continue to do whatever it
is doing unless acted upon by an object with a nonzero net force.

2.
a) If thrust and drag are equal in an aircraft, the aircraft will hold constant speed.
However, if the thrust is increased the airspeed increases.
b) If I hold a ball above my head, the ball is in a state of rest, however, once I drop
the ball, gravity pulls the ball down and the balls airspeed increases.
c) If I am seated in my car, in park, I am in a state of ret, however, if a distracted
driver rear ends me, my car, as well as myself, are flung forward because we are
acted upon by another force.

1. The Rare Earth Hypothesis is the argument that things like multicellular
organisms, sexually reproducing, and intelligence, are all extremely rare
individually, and that for them to happen on any other planet is extremely
unlikely. The Rare Earth Hypothesis is essentially attempting to debunk the idea
of extraterrestrial life.

2.
a) Jupiter is a gas giant guardian that acts as a quite literally a guardian of Earth
and protects us from catastrophic comet collisions. Scientists in favor of the Rare Earth
Hypothesis argue that this is extremely rare and Earth likely couldnt last without it.
 b) Being at a perfect range away from a central star, such as the sun is also rare.
Having a central star at all is rare, but to be at the perfectly habitable range of it is
another argument of scientists in favor of the Rare Earth Hypothesis.
c) The chemistry and complexity of things like the atmosphere and lithosphere
are also, you guessed it, rare, and so rare in fact, that all these things happening on the
same planet are unlikely to happen anywhere else.

3. Other planets that have been discovered with Earth-like qualities, are so
many thousands of light years away that there would never be any way to communicate
with these planets anyways.