1. In the point A, there is a sensor 30cm under the soil.

What
range of frequency could be used to ensure the signal goes out
to the free space? explain your answer.
a. Select a frequency from the possible values and find the
transmitted power if the maximum electric field is 150V/m.
b. The group has to find the electromagnetic characteristics for
the soil and support the answer in an academic source.
Solution:

R//

Electromagnetic waves are attenuated to different degrees by different materials, depending

on the frequency of the same. Light, for example, is slightly attenuated by air, something else
by water, and quite by any other non-transparent material. As a general rule, the penetration
of electromagnetic waves decreases with frequency (and do not be misguided). Thus, the sun
and the sky turn red in the evening and dawn, because the light must pass through a much
larger amount of air, and the red light (the least frequent of all) is the only one that reaches us
well.

Well, we already knew that. Why so much explanation? Well, because as I said before,
decreasing the frequency increases the penetration depth (of the waves). It is possible to
communicate by means of a radio transmission with someone inside a mine, or on board a
submarine, but very very low frequencies must be used.

Thus, in the very low frequency (VLF, Very Low Frequency) range, which is between 3 and 30
kHz, electromagnetic waves can reach a few tens of meters of salt water. The situation
improves in the ultra low frequency (ULF) range, between 300 and 3,000 Hz, and can be used
to communicate inside mines. The following ranges are the super low frequency (SLF),
between 30 and 300 Hz, and the extremely low frequency (ELF), between 3 and 30 Hz
(although it is sometimes considered that the ELF range reaches up to 300 Hz, including the
SLF). In those ranges, radio signals can already cross hundreds of meters of salt water and
thousands of km of rock.

In this case , when taking into account the depth of the transmitter that is 30 cm and the
dielectric constant of the floor which is much better than in the water therefore there will be
less resistance we could use the range of the low frequencies between 30 to 300 kHz, which is
also used for radio broadcast, in addition as the only thing we need is to transmit small pulses
from our transmitter would be perfect.

a.