th

ANNIVERSARY

Chnh sch mi trng trong

hot ng tn dng ca ngn hng
thng mi Vit Nam

Trn Thanh Thy | Nguyn Hng Anh | Nguyn Vit Dng

H Ni, 2016
Chnh sch mi trng trong hot ng tn dng ca ngn
hng thng mi Vit Nam

ngh trch dn: Trn Thanh Thy, Nguyn Hng Anh v

Nguyn Vit Dng, 2016. Chnh sch mi trng trong hot ng
tn dng ca ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam. Trung tm Con
ngi v Thin nhin. H Ni, Vit Nam.

n phm ny c thc hin vi s h tr ca Qu John D. and

Catherince T. MacArthur v Qu i tc cc H sinh thi trng
yu (CEPF). Cc vn trnh by trong bo co khng nht thit
th hin quan im ca nh ti tr.

Bn quyn bo co thuc Trung tm Con ngi v Thin nhin

(PanNature). Ni dung bo co c th c s dng cho cc
mc ch phi thng mi, khng cn xin php nhng cn trch
dn ngun.

C quan xut bn: Trung tm Con ngi v Thin nhin, 2016

Thit k v sng to: admixstudio.com

Hnh nh minh ha trong n phm: Trung tm Con ngi v

Thin nhin

Mi vn lin quan n n phm, xin vui lng lin h:

TRUNG TM CON NGI V THIN NHIN

Phng Nghin cu Chnh sch
a ch: S 24 H2, Khu th mi Yn Ha, phng Yn Ha,
qun Cu Giy, H Ni
T: (04) 3556 4001 Fax: (04) 3665-8941
Email: policy@nature.org.vn
Website: www.nature.org.vn
Trang tin Con ngi v Thin nhin: www.thiennhien.net
 Trung tm Con ngi v Thin nhin

Chnh sch mi trng trong

hot ng tn dng ca ngn hng
thng mi Vit Nam

Trn Thanh Thy | Nguyn Hng Anh | Nguyn Vit Dng

H Ni, 2016
2 Chnh sch mi trng trong hot ng tn dng
ca ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam

Mc lc

Mc lc 2
Cc t vit tt 3
Danh mc hnh, hp & bng biu 4
Li ni u 5
Tm tt 6
Gii thiu 8
Tng quan chung v h thng cc t chc tn dng Vit Nam 9
Ri ro mi trng - x hi i vi cc t chc tn dng 13
Cc sng kin quc t gim thiu ri ro mi trng 19
Xy dng v thc thi cc chnh sch mi trng Vit Nam 23
Pht trin chnh sch m bo an ton mi trng trong hot ng tn 31
dng: Trng hp Sacombank
Thc tin thc hin qun l ri ro mi trng ti cc t chc tn dng 35
Mt s kh khn v thc hin chnh sch mi trng trong hot ng tn 38
dng Vit Nam
Kt lun v kin ngh 41
Ti liu tham kho 43
Trung tm Con ngi v Thin nhin 3

Cc t vit tt

ADB Ngn hng Pht trin Chu

BIDV Ngn hng u t v Pht trin Vit Nam
MC nh gi Mi trng Chin lc
DNNN Doanh nghip Nh nc
DONRE S Ti nguyn v Mi trng
TM nh gi Tc ng Mi trng
EC y ban Chu u
EP Nguyn tc Xch o
EU Lin minh Chu u
EVN Tp on in lc Vit Nam
IFC Cng ty Ti chnh Quc t
IISD Vin Pht trin Bn vng Quc t
MONRE B Ti nguyn v Mi trng
NHNN Ngn hng Nh nc
NHTMNN Ngn hng Thng mi Nh nc
NHTMCP Ngn hng Thng mi C phn
TechcomBank Ngn hng K thng Vit Nam
TNMT Ti nguyn v Mi trng
UBGSTCQG y ban Gim st Ti chnh Quc gia
UBND y ban Nhn dn
UNEP Chng trnh Mi trng Lin Hip quc
UNEPFI Chng trnh Sng kin Ti chnh Mi trng
UNGC Chng trnh Hip c Ton cu ca Lin Hp Quc
VAMC Cng ty Qun l Ti sn Vit Nam
VDB Ngn hng Pht trin Vit Nam
VietcomBank Ngn hng Ngoi thng
VietinBank Ngn hng Cng thng
WB Ngn hng Th gii
4 Chnh sch mi trng trong hot ng tn dng
ca ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam

Danh mc hnh, hp & bng biu

Bng 1 - S lng cc t chc tn dng 10

Bng 2 - Danh mc cng c, cam kt quc t Vit Nam k kt trong
lnh vc ti nguyn v mi trng 24
Bng 3 - Danh mc cc i tng phi thc hin nh gi mi trng
chin lc 27
Bng 4 - Cc ni dung thm nh i vi d n xut vay vn ca Viet-
combank 37

Hnh 1 - Mi quan h gia tng trng tn dng v tng trng GDP 11

Hnh 2 - S liu v d n ca Vietcombank i vi mt s ngnh tim n
ri ro mi trng nm 2016 16
Hnh 3 - Quy trnh chung v qun l mi trng trong cp tn dng 21
Hnh 4 - Quy trnh thm nh tn dng 36

Hp 1 - D n xy dng p thy in trn sng Hng (n ) 15

Hp 2 - D n khai thc m st Thch Kh (H Tnh) 17
Hp 3 - D n nhit in Vnh Tn 2 18
Hp 4 - Nguyn tc Xch o 21
Hp 5 - Chnh sch mi trng ca Sacombank 33
Trung tm Con ngi v Thin nhin 5

Li ni u

Nhm thc hin ti c cu nn kinh t theo hng hiu qu v bn vng. Chnh ph Vit
Nam xy dng v ban hnh nhiu chnh sch v k hoch hnh ng nhm lng ghp
v thc hin cc mc tiu chin lc v tng trng xanh v pht trin bn vng. Trong k
hoch hnh ng ca Chnh ph, cc t chc tn dng c xem l mt thnh phn quan
trng hng dng u t vo cc lnh vc sn xut thn thin mi trng, gim thiu
ri ro v v mc tiu pht trin bn vng.

Gp phn thc hin K hoch hnh ng quc gia v Tng trng xanh giai on 2014-
2020, thng 03/2015, Thng ng Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam ban hnh Ch th s
03/CT-NHNN v thc y tng trng tn dng xanh v qun l ri ro mi trng v x hi
trong hot ng cp tn dng. Thng 8/2015, Ngn hng Nh nc ra quyt nh ban
hnh K hoch hnh ng ca ngnh ngn hng thc hin Chin lc quc gia v Tng
trng xanh n nm 2020.

Bo co ny c thc hin trong hai nm, 2012 v 2016, vi mc ch r sot, tham vn v

phn tch cc ro cn trong vic thc y tn dng xanh v qun l cc ri ro mi trng v
x hi ti cc t chc tn dng ca Vit Nam. Da trn cc nh gi, bo co cng xut
cc gii php chnh sch h tr cc t chc tn dng thc hin tt hn mc tiu thc y
tn dng xanh v qun l tt hn cc ri ro mi trng x hi trong hot ng cho vay
vn i vi cc d n pht trin.

Qua bo co, chng ti xin trn trng cm n Qu MacArthur v Qu CEPF h tr ti

chnh cho nghin cu ny. Chng ti cng xin gi li cm n n V Tn dng v Vin Chin
lc Ngn hng (Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam), Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit Nam, Ngn
hng u t v pht trin Vit Nam cng nhiu ngn hng thng mi khc cung cp
thng tin trong qu trnh nghin cu. Hy vng bo co ny s chia s nhng thng tin hu
ch cho qu trnh xy dng v thc hin cc chnh sch lin quan n m bo an ton
mi trng x hi ca Ngn hng Nh nc v cc t chc tn dng ca Vit Nam trong
tng lai.

TRUNG TM CON NGI V THIN NHIN

6 Chnh sch mi trng trong hot ng tn dng
ca ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam

Tm tt

Ngn hng c coi l lnh vc kinh doanh t pht thi v thn thin vi mi trng. L bn
cung cp vn u t thng qua hot ng tn dng, ngn hng c vai tr quan trng, thm
ch quyt nh, i vi vic trin khai cc d n pht trin, m trong nhiu loi d n c
nguy c tc ng xu n mi trng v x hi (MT-XH) nh thy in, khai khong hay
pht trin trng cy cng nghip. Nh vy, ngn hng c th gin tip gy ra nhim mi
trng, mt rng, suy thoi a dng sinh hc, thm ch c bt n x hi. Trong bi cnh yu
cu bo v mi trng v m bo quyn con ngi ngy cng ph bin, ngn hng s
phi i mt vi khng t ri ro khi cc d n vay vn c th b chm dt, nh ch hoc tr
hon do khng p ng c yu cu m bo an ton hoc do cc xung t MT-XH pht
sinh, dn n nguy c ch u t mt kh nng hon li khon vay.

Vi n lc ti c cu nn kinh t theo hng hiu qu v sch hn, nm 2012 Chnh ph

ban hnh Chin lc quc gia v Tng trng xanh thi k 2011-2020 v tm nhn n nm
2050, v K hoch hnh ng quc gia v Tng trng xanh giai on 2014-2020. Thc hin
chin lc ny, Ngn hng Nh nc (NHNN) c giao nhim v hon thin th ch v
tng cng nng lc hot ng ti chnh - tn dng ca cc ngn hng thng mi phc
v tng trng xanh. Theo , NHNN ban hnh Ch th s 03/CT-NHNN v thc y tng
trng tn dng xanh v qun l ri ro MT-XH trong hot ng tn dng (thng 3/2015) v
K hoch hnh ng ca ngnh ngn hng thc hin Chin lc quc gia v Tng trng
xanh n nm 2020 (thng 8/2015). Cc chnh sch ny khuyn khch cc t chc tn dng
ch ng xy dng chnh sch qun l ri ro MT-XH cng nh thc hin cc gii php
thc y tng trng tn dng xanh.

Vit Nam hin c 118 t chc tn dng gm 7 ngn hng thng mi nh nc, 28 ngn
hng thng mi c phn, 55 ngn hng lin doanh v nc ngoi, 27 cng ty ti chnh v
1 qu tn dng nhn dn. n nm 2016 mi ch c 3 ngn hng hoc ang xy dng
cc chnh sch ni b v qun l ri ro MT-XH. iu ny cho thy h thng t chc tn dng
Vit Nam cha t c nhn thc chung v s cn thit phi p dng chnh sch m bo
an ton MT-XH trong hot ng tn dng. Trong khi , tn dng xanh bc u c p
dng Vit Nam, tuy nhin yu cu m rng v thc y tng trng tn dng xanh ang
vp phi nhiu cn tr nh sau:

Th nht, Vit Nam vn ang trong m hnh pht trin ph thuc ti nguyn, v vy m
bo s cn bng gia mc tiu tng trng v bo v mi trng lun l bi ton kh gii,
nht l trong lnh vc nng lng (nhit in, thy in) hay khai khong.

Th hai, cc ngn hng thng mi nh nc vn ang chim vai tr ch o vi hn 50%

th phn; chu s chi phi v ch o trc tip t nh nc, nn c nhim v phi cp tn
dng cho mt s u tin u t c nh nc bo tr nh nng lng l ngnh hin gy
ra nhiu tc ng tiu cc n mi trng v thin nhin.
Trung tm Con ngi v Thin nhin 7

Th ba, Chnh ph ban hnh mt s vn bn v thc y tn dng xanh trong lnh vc ti

chnh ngn hng, nhng mi ch c tnh cht nh hng, khuyn khch v cha bt buc.
Do vy, v mc tiu li nhun cc ngn hng hin vn sn sng chp thun cp tn dng cho
cc d n m khng quan tm n nguy c, ri ro tiu cc i vi MT-XH.

Th t, chnh sch m bo an ton mi trng cha c p dng bt buc v ng b

trong h thng ngn hng. Khi mt ngn hng t ra nhiu yu cu v mi trng s lm
gim tnh cnh tranh so vi ngn hng khc v khch hng c xu hng tm n nhng
ngn hng vi th tc cp tn dng n gin hn, t c ro cn v an ton mi trng.

Th nm, do hn ch thng tin, cc ngn hng ch yu da hoc tham kho quyt nh ca

c quan c thm quyn v quy hoch, TM xem xt cho vay vn. Tuy nhin, trn thc t,
cc quyt nh ny cha phi l cn c ng tin cy, nhiu d n trong quy hoch sau
vn b loi tr, khng cho php thc hin.

Th su, thc tin thc thi v tun th chnh sch, quy nh mi trng Vit nam cn kh
yu; nhiu doanh nghip gy nhim vn c hot ng v thm ch c cp php m
rng sn xut; do vy thiu ng lc thc y c ngn hng v ch d n p dng cc
c ch m bo an ton tt hn.

Th by, mc d ban hnh Ch th 03, nhng NHNN vn cha xy dng cc hng dn

thc thi c th; cha ban hnh c cc c ch ti chnh c th cho d n thn thin mi
trng, trong khi cc d n xanh, s dng cng ngh thn thin mi trng li i hi vn
u t ban u rt ln, thi gian thu hi vn rt di.

Ngn hng c vai tr quan trng i vi vic hng cc dng u t vo sn xut xanh. Tuy
nhin, nhim v ny ch thnh cng nu c mt chng trnh ci t tng th v thc cht.
Bo co xut cc gii php thc y tn dng xanh c th nh sau: (i) Gim thiu s chi
phi ca nh nc i vi hot ng kinh doanh ca ngn hng; (ii) Phn loi cc ngnh
sn xut v xy dng hng dn nh gi cng ngh i vi tng ngnh sn xut ngn
hng c c s i chiu; (iii) Bn ha tt c cc quy hoch v nghin cu khoanh vng
nhy cm; (iv) Tng cng thc thi chnh sch php lut mi trng bng cch cng khai
thng tin v trao quyn gim st cho cng ng; (v) Ngn hng c th gim thiu ri ro
bng cch cng khai thng tin v cc d n ang xin vay vn thm d kin d lun; (vi)
Xy dng c ch chia s thng tin gia cc b ngnh v gia cc ngn hng; (vii) Thnh lp
cc qu h tr d n xanh vi li sut u i; (viii) Nng cao nng lc cho cn b tn dng
v mi trng ; (ix) Nghin cu tham gia Nguyn tc xch o.
8 Chnh sch mi trng trong hot ng tn dng
ca ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam

Gii thiu

Trong 30 nm qua, Vit Nam thc hin m hnh tng trng ph thuc ti nguyn vi
gi tr gia tng thp v nhiu h ly mi trng. Vi n lc ti c cu nn kinh t theo
hng hiu qu v sch hn, Chnh ph ban hnh Chin lc quc gia v Tng trng
xanh t nm 2012, trong ngnh ngn hng c giao nhim v hon thin th ch v
tng cng nng lc hot ng ti chnh - tn dng ca cc ngn hng thng mi phc
v tng trng xanh. Nm 2015, Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam ban hnh Ch th s 03/
CT-NHNN v thc y tng trng tn dng xanh v qun l ri ro MT-XH trong hot ng
tn dng vo thng 3/2015, K hoch hnh ng ca ngnh ngn hng nhm thc hin
Chin lc quc gia v tng trng xanh n nm 2020 cng chnh thc c ph duyt
vo thng 8/2015. Cc vn bn ny khuyn khch cc t chc tn dng thc y tng trng
xanh v ch ng xy dng cc chnh sch qun l ri ro MT-XH trong qu trnh xt duyt,
thm nh cho vay vn u t, pht trin.

Ngn hng thng c coi l lnh vc kinh doanh t pht thi v thn thin vi mi trng.
Tuy nhin, l bn cung cp vn u t, ngn hng c vai tr quan trng i vi qu trnh
thm nh v trin khai cc d n pht trin, trong nhiu d n c nguy c gy ra tc
ng tiu cc v ph tn ln n MT-XH nh thy in, khai khong. Nh vy, ngn hng
c th gin tip gy ra cc h ly MT-XH trc mt v lu di nu ch u t v cc bn
lin quan khng tun th v c cc can thip thch hp. Trong bi cnh yu cu bo v mi
trng v m bo quyn con ngi ngy cng c cao v gim st cht ch, ngn
hng do cng phi i mt vi khng t ri ro khi d n c th b chm dt, nh ch do
cc xung t MT-XH dn n vic ch u t chm tr hoc mt kh nng hon li khon
vay.

Bo co ny c thc hin nhm nh gi thc trng v nhng kh khn trong vic thc
hin Ch th s 03/CT-NHNN v thc y tng trng tn dng xanh v qun l ri ro mi
trng v x hi trong hot ng tn dng vi nhng kha cnh c th nh sau: Ri ro mi
trng v x hi hin nay c nhn nhn, nh gi nh th no trong qu trnh xem xt
cp tn dng ca cc ngn hng thng mi? C nhng kh khn, ro cn trong vic thc
hin thc y tng trng tn dng xanh v qun l ri ro mi trng v x hi trong hot
ng tn dng Vit Nam?

Da trn cc phn tch, bo co cng xut cc gii php kin ngh cc t chc ngn
hng thc hin tt hn nhim v hng dng ti chnh vo cc ngnh sn xut sch v
qun l tt cc ri ro v MT-XH i vi cc d n vay vn. Ni dung ca bo co ny tng
hp kt qu r sot, nh gi thng qua qu trnh tham vn vi cc ngn hng thng
mi v cc chuyn gia v m bo an ton MT-XH trong cc nm 2012 v 2016. Nhm tc
gi mong mun bo co ny s cung cp thm nhng hiu bit cn thit v vai tr ca h
thng ngn hng trong n lc thc thi cc chnh sch pht trin bn vng ca Vit Nam.
Trung tm Con ngi v Thin nhin 9

TNG QUAN CHUNG

V H THNG CC T CHC
TN DNG VIT NAM
10 Chnh sch mi trng trong hot ng tn dng
ca ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam

T chc tn dng l tn gi chung cho nhng doanh nghip hot ng trong lnh vc kinh
doanh tin t. Hot ng chnh ca cc t chc tn dng l nhn tin gi, s dng s tin
ny cp tn dng v cung ng cc dch v thanh ton. Ty theo phm vi hot ng, cc
t chc tn dng c th c chia lm hai loi hnh c bn l ngn hng v cc t chc tn
dng phi ngn hng. Trong , t chc tn dng phi ngn hng c thc hin mt hoc
mt s hot ng ngn hng, tr cc hot ng nhn tin gi ca c nhn v cung ng cc
dch v thanh ton qua ti khon ca khch hng.

Theo bo co Tng quan th trng ti chnh 2015 do y ban Gim st Ti chnh Quc gia
(UBGSTCQG) cng b, tnh n cui nm 2015, Vit Nam c 118 t chc tn dng trn ton
quc. Cc t chc ny c chia lm 4 nhm gm: ngn hng thng mi nh nc, ngn
hng thng mi c phn, ngn hng lin doanh v ngn hng nc ngoi, cng ty ti
chnh, v ngn hng hp tc x (hay cn gi l Qu tn dng nhn dn). S lng cc t
chc tn dng c s bin ng do hot ng mua bn, sp nhp theo n ti c cu h
thng t chc tn dng theo Quyt nh s 254/Q-TTg ngy 01 thng 3 nm 2012 ca Th
tng Chnh ph (UBGSTCQG, 2016). C cu s lng cc loi t chc tn dng Vit Nam
giai on t 2011-2015 c th hin ti Bng 1.

Bng 1 - S lng cc t chc tn dng

Nm 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

NH thng mi nh nc 5 5 5 5 7
NH thng mi c phn 37 34 33 33 28
NH lin doanh v nc ngoi 54 54 57 55 55
Cng ty ti chnh 30 30 28 28 27
Qu tn dng nhn dn 1 1 1 1 1

Cc t chc tn dng ng vai tr iu tit lu thng tin t trong nn kinh t, huy ng

vn nhng khu vc d tha v cp tn dng cho nhng khu vc c nhu cu. Ni cch
khc, cc t chc tn dng l cu ni gia ngi c vn v ngi cn vn, t thc y ti
sn xut v to iu kin pht trin kinh t. Do , tc tng trng tn dng lin quan
trc tip n tng trng tng sn phm ni a (GDP). Theo TS. Cao S Kim, nguyn
Thng c Ngn hng Nh nc, tng trng GDP ca Vit Nam ph thuc vo vn (vi t
l hn 80%) v lao ng (ch yu lao ng gi r). V vy, t l tng trng tn dng phi
gnh nhim v hon thnh cc ch tiu kinh t v m. c mc tng 1% GDP, tng trng
tn dng hng nm phi t khong 2-3% (Hong, 2016). Mc tng trng tn dng trong
mi tng quan vi tng trng GDP hin hnh ng ngha vi tng s dng ti nguyn
thin nhin, nhim mi trng v suy gim sinh thi m thc tin pht trin kinh t ca
Vit Nam v ang tri nghim, c bit trong ba thp k ci cch gn y.
Trung tm Con ngi v Thin nhin 11

Hnh 1 - Mi quan h gia tng trng tn dng v tng trng GDP

60,00%
50,00%
40,00%
30,00%
20,00%
10,00%
0,00%
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016

Tng trng tn dng Tng trng GDP

[Ngun: NHNN, 2016]

Mt nh gi ca Ngn hng Pht trin Chu (ADB) nm 2014 nhn mnh tm quan
trng ca cc ngn hng thng mi c phn Vit Nam ngy cng c nng cao, tuy
nhin cc ngn hng thng mi nh nc1 vn chim gi vai tr ch o. Cc ngn hng
ny chu s qun l v chi phi trc tip ca nh nc, c nhim v cp tn dng u tin cho
mt s ngnh c bo tr, tp trung ch yu vo cho vay cc tp on, doanh nghip nh
nc. Tn dng u tin cho cc doanh nghip nh nc (DNNN) chim khong tng ti
sn ca Ngn hng Pht trin Vit Nam vo nm 2009 (ADB, 2014). Tuy nhin, n nay vai
tr thng tr c th trng tn dng ln huy ng ca NHTMNN ang thay i do s cnh
tranh gay gt ca cc ngn hng thng mi c phn (NHTMCP), nht l sau khi nh nc
thc y thc hin qu trnh ti c cu gii quyt n xu cng nh p ng cc tiu
chun quc t. Doanh nghip va v nh, khch hng c nhn l nhng i tng cho vay
chnh ca NHTMCP.

T nm 2010, h thng cc t chc tn dng ca Vit Nam dn bc l nhiu yu km. Theo

nh gi ca Moody, t l n xu ca cc ngn hng chim khong 10 15% tng vn vay
vo nm 2014. T chc xp hng Fitch Rating cng nh gi t l n xu mc 13%, trong
khi t l n xu nm 2014 theo cng b ca Chnh ph ch chim khong 4,1%. Theo
Moody, con s ny l do nhiu ngn hng ti c cu n v bn n xu cho Cng ty Qun
l Ti sn Vit Nam (VAMC) (Loman, 2015). Trong nm 2015, VAMC duyt mua hn 111
nghn t ng n gc v pht hnh tri phiu c bit gn 110 nghn t ng (Anh, 2014).

1. Tp trung vo 04 NHTMNN l: Ngn hng ngoi thng Vit Nam (VCB), Ngn hng u t v pht trin Vit Nam
(BIDV), Ngn hng nng nghip v pht trin nng thn Vit Nam (Agribank) v Ngn hng cng thng Vit Nam
(VietinBank)
12 Chnh sch mi trng trong hot ng tn dng
ca ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam

Trc hng lot cc yu km ca h thng ngn hng, Chnh ph cam kt ti c cu

ngnh ngn hng v c phn ha cc ngn hng thng mi nh nc. Tuy nhin, tin
trnh ti c cu2, ch yu sp nhp v mua li, din ra chm v do nh hng tiu cc
n tng trng tn dng. Vn chnh ca cc ngn hng hin nay lin quan n cc
DNNN. Tnh n ht nm ti chnh 2014, theo bo co ca Chnh ph, tng s n phi tr
ca cc tp on, tng cng ty ln ti 1.567.000 t ng, tng 8% so vi nm 2013. c
bit, vay nc ngoi c Chnh ph bo lnh cho DNNN l 124.104 t ng, tng khong
2.000 t so vi nm 2013 (Knh, 2015). N DNNN chim mt t trng rt ln trong tng s
vn ca ton b h thng cc t chc tn dng, trong khi qu trnh ti c cu cc DNNN
cng ang din ra ht sc chm chp. Tha nhn qu trnh ti c cu h thng tn dng
cn gp nhiu kh khn, thch thc, tuy nhin n cui nm 2015 nh nc hon thnh
sp nhp 04 ngn hng (MHB vo BIDV, PGBank vo VietinBank, MDB vo Maritime Bank,
v Southernbank vo Sacombank); mua li 03 ngn hng (Oceanbank, VNCB v GPBank) v
chuyn i m hnh hot ng.

Nhng n lc ci t ni trn, cng nhiu gii php khc, ang tng bc gp phn ci
thin h thng qun tr ngn hng nhm tng cng kim sot ri ro v p ng cc thng
l, chun mc quc t. Vi xu hng pht trin ny, cc t chc tn dng c vai tr quan
trng trong vic kim sot v gim thiu cc ph tn v mt mt ti nguyn, nhim mi
trng v suy gim h sinh thi trong qu trnh cp tn dng cho cc hot ng kinh t,
quc gia c c s tng trng GDP xanh hn v bn vng hn.

2. Thc hin theo Quyt nh 254/Q-TTg ngy 01 thng 3 nm 2012 ca Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt n C cu
li h thng cc t chc tn dng giai on 2011-2015
Trung tm Con ngi v Thin nhin 13

RI RO MI TRNG - X HI
I VI CC T CHC TN DNG
14 Chnh sch mi trng trong hot ng tn dng
ca ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam

Vi chc nng cung cp ti chnh, cc t chc tn dng lun c vai tr quyt nh i vi

vic trin khai cc d n pht trin, tuy nhin hu nh khng c nhc n khi bn v
trch nhim gii trnh mi trng - x hi pht sinh t cc hot ng kinh t . Trong s
nhng d n trnh xin vay vn, nhiu d n tim n nhng tc ng tiu cc ln i vi
mi trng v x hi. Ni cch khc, cc t chc tn dng c th gin tip gy nhng tc
ng mi trng v x hi nh nhim mi trng, hy hoi ngun nc, mt rng, suy
gim a dng sinh hc, lm quyn v xung t t ai. Trong bi cnh cc yu cu bo v
mi trng v nhn quyn ngy cng c tha nhn, lut ha v tun th, th cc t chc
tn dng cng i mt vi nhiu ri ro v thch thc. Trn th gii, nhiu d n buc phi
hy b bi s phn i ca cng ng v x hi d c chnh ph chp thun trin
khai, thm ch c ngn hng cam kt cp tn dng.

M vo nm 1993, tp on ti chnh Fleet Factors b ta n M ra phn quyt phi

thc hin bi hon mi trng do u t v c lin i trc tip n mt cng trnh gy
nhim. y l mt v kin kinh in trong ngnh ti chnh M. Sau v vic ny, cc t chc
tn dng phi nghim tc tnh ton n nhng ri ro mi trng khi cho vay vn3. Kt
qu iu tra ca Hip hi Ngn hng M cho bit sau v Fleet Factors, 63% ngn hng
M t chi cp vn cho cc d n m h cho l c ri ro v mi trng v 46% trong s
cc ngn hng ny quyt nh chm dt ti tr cho mt s ngnh hay gy nhim mi
trng (IISD, 2013).

n , Chnh ph ban hnh chnh sch khuyn khch cc ngn hng xem xt tham
gia Nguyn tc Xch o4 v thc y tn dng xanh trong n lc hng n mc tiu pht
trin bn vng. Tuy nhin, chnh sch ny ca n khng a ra nhng yu cu c th
hay bt buc i vi ngn hng. Trn thc t, mt s t chc tn dng ca n b nh
hng v d n h cho vay vn b nh ch do cc vn mi trng. T chc IFMR ca n
tin hnh nghin cu i vi 8 trng hp b nh ch, buc gim quy m hay tr
hon do cc vn mi trng, gy nhng tn tht ln v mt ti chnh. V d, d n thy
in trn sng Bhagirathi b nh ch d bt u xy dng v ch d n khng th hon
tr vn vay cho ngn hng (Mandal & Venkataramani, 2013).

Vit Nam, cc hot ng kinh t hin nay vn ch yu ph thuc vo khai thc ti nguyn
v s dng lao ng gi r; cha c nhng yu t hp dn nh nng lc k thut v mi
trng u t tt thu ht cc d n cng ngh cao. Nhn chung, nhiu a phng hin
nay vn ch yu t cc u tin cho pht trin kinh t ngn hn hn l mc tiu bo v mi
trng trc mt v lu di. Do , rt nhiu d n khng thn thin, thm ch c nguy c
cao, i vi mi trng c cp php u t nh khong sn, nhit in, thy in,...
m thiu s cn nhc y v bo v mi trng. Trong mt s trng hp, vic trin khai
nhng d n ny gy ra s phn i gay gt t pha cng ng do cc vn lin quan
n tranh chp t ai, cn tr sinh k hoc nhim mi trng. Vic thc hin cc d n
ny do cng tim n rt nhiu ri ro ti chnh i vi c ngn hng v nh u t. Ngc
li, mt s xut d n nh thy in ng Nai 6 v 6A c nguy c cao i vi a dng
sinh hc ca Vn quc gia Ct Tin c Nh nc lng nghe, xem xt v ra quyt nh
a ra khi quy hoch, khng cp php thc hin.

3. Trc c mt s ngn hng M b a ra ta vi co buc tng t nhng c x min tr trch nhim. Thng
tin thm v trng hp v Fleet Factors v cc nh hng c th xem trong Nicholson & Zuiderhoek (1993) phn Ti
liu tham kho.
4. Tham kho thm Nguyn tc xch o ti: http://nature.org.vn/vn/2014/07/nguyen-tac-xich-dao-2013/
Trung tm Con ngi v Thin nhin 15

Hp 1 - D n xy dng p thy in trn sng Hng (n )

T nm 2003, tp on UJVNL xut d n xy dng p thy in 65MW trn

sng Bhagirathi, l mt chi lu ca sng Hng vi cng sut pht in hng nm l
293,18 GWh. D n c Tp on Ti chnh in lc cho vay thng qua vn t
qu EDC ca Canada vi t l n / vn ch s hu l 70:30, li sut 16% trn vn ch
s hu v 10% phn vn vay.

T nm 2003, d n i mt vi s phn i quyt lit t cc nh bo tn, vn ha

v x hi dn s. D lun cho rng vic xy dng p thy in vi cng sut trn 25
MW vng nhy cm sinh thi s gy nhng tn hi nghim trng n mi trng
xung quanh. H thng sng Hng c 30 40 chi lu tri di 135 km t Gaumukh n
Uttarkashi. Tc ng tch ly t d n n h thng sng ny cha c xem xt
trong bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng.

Cui cng, vo thng 8/2010, Chnh ph n ra quyt nh loi b d n thy

in trn sng Bhagirathi, ng thi tuyn b 135 km t Gaumukh (thng lu ca
Gangotri) n Uttarkashi l khu vc nhy cm sinh thi theo o lut Bo v Mi
trng nm 1986. Do , d n thy in Bhaironghati v mt vi d n khc tng
t khu vc ny b loi b.

Trn thc t, d n c xy dng ti thi im Chnh ph ra quyt nh hy b.

Bi vy, ton b chi ph u t l gn 3 t Rupee (tng ng khong 44,4 triu
la M) bao gm chi ph xy dng, thit b, li sut khon vay cn c hon tr.
Tuy nhin, vic hon tr ton b chi ph l khng th. Khng ging trng hp d
n thy in Loharinag Pala (cng b Chnh ph loi b), UJVNL hon ton khng
nhn c bi thng i vi d n ny (Mandal & Venkataramani, 2013).
16 Chnh sch mi trng trong hot ng tn dng
ca ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam

Nhng nm gn y Vit Nam ang thc y tin trnh hi nhp quc t thng qua m
phn v k kt cc hip nh thng mi t do song phng, a phng. n 2016, 16 hip
nh thng mi t do c Chnh ph Vit Nam k kt vi cc quc gia v khu vc i
tc, trong c nhng hip nh th h mi nh Hip nh i tc xuyn Thi Bnh Dng
(TPP) hay Hip nh Thng mi Vit Nam Lin minh Chu u (EVFTA). Ngoi cc tha
thun v loi b, ct gim thu quan, cc hip nh thng mi t do th h mi c nhng
yu cu rt kht khe v bo v mi trng v lao ng. V d, khi xut khu cc sn phm
dt may sang th trng Chu u, doanh nghip phi m bo x l cht thi t yu cu v
m bo cc yu cu v mi trng lao ng. Trong trng hp khng tun th c cc
yu cu ny, doanh nghip c th b x pht v i mt vi cc ri ro v ti chnh.

n nay Vit nam cha cng b mt bo co hay s liu chnh thc no v vic ngn hng
b mt cc khon cho vay do d n b nh ch bi cc vn mi trng. Tuy nhin, trn
thc t mt s ngn hng cng tng b nh hng bi cc yu t trc tip hoc gin
tip lin quan n mi trng. V d, d n khai thc m st Thch Kh (H Tnh) b nh
tr sau gn 10 nm chun b; d n thy in ng Nai 6 v 6A b loi b khi quy
hoch sau gn 3 nm ch d n chun b th tc u t; d n pht trin th ven sng
ng Nai phi tm dng hay cc d n nhit in Vnh Tn gp phi s phn i gay gt
t cng ng. R rng, vic t ra v p dng cc nguyn tc phng nga ri ro tn dng
pht sinh t cc nguy c mi trng x hi l cn thit, nht l trong bi cnh u t vo
nng lng, khai khong, sn xut nng nghip quy m ln ang c xu hng m rng
trong tng lai. Hnh 2 di cho thy trng hp d n ca ngn hng VietcomBank ch
yu tp trung vo cc ngnh c lin quan n nhiu nguy c mi trng l nng lng v
khong sn.

Hnh 2 - S liu v d n ca Vietcombank i vi mt s ngnh tim n ri ro mi

trng nm 2016 (n v: t ng)

C s h tng 1.800

Khong sn 20.000

Nng lng 25.000

Nng nghip (gm cy cng nghip) 2.000

[Ngun: Vietcombank, 2016]

Trung tm Con ngi v Thin nhin 17

Hp 2 - D n khai thc m st Thch Kh (H Tnh)

D n u t khai thc v tuyn qung st m Thch Kh c Th tng Chnh

ph ph duyt t nm 2008, do Cng ty c phn st Thch Kh thc hin theo Giy
php khai thc khong sn s 222/Q-BTNMT ngy 24 thng 02 nm 2009 ca B
Ti nguyn v Mi trng vi tng din tch khai thc 527 ha, tr lng khai thc 230
triu tn v thi hn khai thc l 30 nm (MONRE, 2013). Ban u, Cng ty c phn
st Thch Kh do 09 c ng cam kt gp vn gm Tp on Cng nghip Than-
Khong sn Vit Nam (30%), Tng cng ty Khong sn v Thng mi H Tnh (24%),
Tng cng ty Thp Vit Nam (20%); Tp on Bu chnh Vin thng VN (4%), Tng
cng ty Sng (5%), Tp on Cng nghip Tu thy Vit Nam (5%), Cng ty TNHH
Sn xut- Xut nhp khu Bnh Minh (4%), Cng ty Khong sn v Luyn kim Thng
Long (3%), v Ngn hng BIDV (5%) .

Khi xut, d n b nh gi l thiu tnh kh thi v hiu qu. M st Thch Kh nm

cnh bin vi su -8 500 m so vi mc nc bin. Do nm su di lng t,
khi lng t ph phi bc ln n gn 13 triu m3 l hot ng tn km chi
ph ln v qun l an ton cc bi thi rt kh khn. Vi c im a cht, thy vn
khu vc khai thc, lng nc chy vo m c th ln ti 3.171.804 m3/ngy m
(nc mt v nc ngm) khi m moong khai thc. Vic tho nc v lm kh m
cng l mt kh khn rt ln, khng k H Tnh l a bn chu nhiu thin tai, nn
khai thc l thin l kh kh thi v gy nhiu nh hng v mt mi trng, khng
k vic trin khai d n ny cn lm hn 4.000 h dn thuc 10 x vng bin ngang
phi di di (T. Thy, 2011).

Mc d c nhiu cnh bo v tnh hiu qu, d n vn c chp thun trin khai.

Sau gn 10 nm, d n mi tm dng giai on bc tng t ph v gii phng
mt phn din tch mt bng do nhiu kh khn v ngun vn, th trng, hiu qu
khai thc, cng ngh k thut cng nh cc yu t lin quan n a hnh, a cht v
mi trng. Theo B TN-MT (2013), d n cha thc hin y cc quy nh php
lut mi trng nh k qu, nim yt cng khai tm tt bo co TM (MONRE, 2013).
n nm 2011, Th tng Chnh ph chp thun 4 c ng, trong c Ngn
hng u t v Pht trin BIDV, thoi vn khi d n (Minh, 2011).
18 Chnh sch mi trng trong hot ng tn dng
ca ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam

Hp 3 - D n nhit in Vnh Tn 2

D n nhit in Vnh Tn 2 do Tp on in lc Vit Nam (EVN) lm ch u t vi

tng cng sut 1.224 MW. D n do Tp on in kh Thng Hi - Trung Quc (SEC)
lm tng thu cng trnh vi hnh thc hp ng EPC (thit k, cung cp thit b, xy
dng v lp t) vi tng gi tr hp ng l 1.384 t USD (EVN, 2016).

D n nhit in Vnh Tn 2 do Ngn hng Pht trin Vit Nam (VDB) cho vay vn. C
th, ngy 7/1/2013, VDB v EVN k hp ng tn dng cho hai d n nhit in
Vnh Tn 2 v Duyn Hi 1 vi tng vn vay l 2.500 t ng. Trc , vo thng
02/2012, VDB v EVN cng k hp ng tn dng vi s vn vay 5.000 t ng
u t hai d n ny. Tng s vn VDB cho EVN vay trin khai hai d n l 7.500 t
ng. Hin ti, cc d n thuc ngnh in chim 39% trn tng d n vay tn dng
u t ti VDB, trong 45,6% l cc d n do EVN lm ch u t (Trang, 2013).

D n c khi cng xy dng vo thng 8/2010 v i vo hot ng vo thng

3/2015. Mi hot ng c 1 nm, nh my nhit in Vnh Tn 2 gy ra rt nhiu
cc vn mi trng lin quan n bi x thi, tro v khi bi trong khng kh. Hng
ngy, hai t my thi ra gn 4000 tn x than nhng khng c vn chuyn ng
qui nh n bi x rng c vi chc hc ta (Phc, 2015). Khi v x than ph y nh
ca, cy ci ca ngi dn a phng.

Bc xc v vn nhim mi trng, ngi dn a phng nhiu ln t tp

phn i d n. nh im l ngy 14 15 /4/2015, hng trm ngi dn huyn Tuy
Phong chn xe trn ng Quc l 1 gy mt an ninh trt t. Mt s ngi dn
qu khch cn p ca knh khch sn v t, gy thit hi hng trm triu ng (H,
2015). Do vn mi trng, d n phi tm dng hot ng nhiu ln. Chi ph cho
mi ln khi ng li h thng ln n hng t ng.

Theo kin cc chuyn gia, d n gp phi nhiu sai lm t khu la chn a im,
la chn thit b n vic qun l cht thi. D n c t huyn Tuy Phong (Bnh
Thun) l khu vc c gi mnh nht nc. Do , bi v cht nhim b pht tn rt
mnh. Bn cnh , vic la chn cng ngh v thit b lc hu ca Trung Quc cng
gp phn lm cc vn mi trng trm trng hn.
Trung tm Con ngi v Thin nhin 19

CC SNG KIN
QUC T GIM THIU
RI RO MI TRNG
20 Chnh sch mi trng trong hot ng tn dng
ca ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam

T cui thp k 1980 n nay, nhiu sng kin c a ra nhm thc y trch nhim ca
cc t chc tn dng i vi mi trng v x hi. Nm 1989, y ban Chu u (EC) a bn
d tho Ch th v Trch nhim Dn s i vi nhng Tn hi do Cht thi5. n nm 2004,
Ch th ny mi chnh thc c ban hnh6 sau khi EC phi thu hp nhng quy nh v
trch nhim i vi c s gy nhim7. Sau khi Ch th ny c hiu lc (t thng 4/2004),
cc nc thnh vin ca EC c ba nm xy dng lut ti quc gia mnh. Tuy nhin, n
thng 7/2010, vic lut ha mi c hon tt nn cha c nhng nh gi y v hiu
qu thc hin (Europa, 2016).

Bn cnh M v Cng ng Chu u, cc n lc khc c th k n l Sng kin ti chnh

ca Chng trnh mi trng Lin hp quc (UNEPFI), Cam kt hip c ton cu ca Lin
hp quc (UNGC), Nguyn tc u t c trch nhim ca Lin hp quc hay Nguyn tc
Xch o (EP). Trong , UNEPFI l mt chng trnh hp tc ton cu gia UNEP v cc t
chc ti chnh ln trn th gii nhm nu cao vai tr ca cc t chc ti chnh i vi mi
trng v x hi. Nm 1992, UNEP v mt s ngn hng ln a ra tuyn b v vic cc
ngn hng ny cam kt thc hin cc nguyn tc ca pht trin bn vng. Nm 1997, tuyn
b ny c chnh sa m rng thnh phn tham gia ti cc t chc ti chnh khc. Hin
ti UNEPFI c hn 200 t chc ti chnh tham gia, ch yu l cc ngn hng v cc cng ty
bo him.

Mt sng kin khc ca Lin hp quc cng thu ht c nhiu t chc ti chnh tham
gia l UNGC, c nguyn Tng th k Lin hp quc Kofi Annan nu ra ti Din n Kinh
t Th gii ti Davos nm 19998 v c chnh thc ra i nm 2000. Cam kt ny a ra
10 nguyn tc v quyn con ngi, lao ng, mi trng v chng tham nhng, ng
thi ku gi khi doanh nghip tham gia, trong c cc ngn hng. Mt nghin cu ca
BankTrack (2010) cho bit c 32/49 ngn hng ln nht th gii ng k tham gia thc
hin cam kt ny. Tuy nhin, bn cnh khi doanh nghip th UNGC cn c thnh vin l
cc t chc dn s, t chc lao ng, vin nghin cu, t chc nh nc, v c cc thnh
ph (BankTrack, 2010b).

Khc vi hai sng kin ca UN, EP l b chun mc c chnh cc t chc ti chnh xy

dng v cam kt thc hin. Nm 2002, Tp on Ti chnh quc t (IFC) thuc nhm Ngn
hng Th gii (WB) v 09 ngn hng quc t hp London bn v trch nhim ca cc
ngn hng v cng thng nht xy dng mt b tiu chun qun l ri ro mi trng da
trn cc b tiu chun c ca IFC9. EP c chnh thc ra i nm 2003 v n nay c
83 t chc ti chnh ti 36 quc gia cam kt thc thi. EP c sa i ln th nht nm 2006
v ln th hai vo nm 201310. Hin nay, EP c xem nh b chun mc mang tnh hng
dn tt nht i vi cc nh u t ti chnh (xem Hp 4).

5. Directive on Civil Liability for Damage Caused by Waste

6. S hiu 2004/35/EC
7. Quy nh trch nhim t who have actual control n operator
8. Ngun: http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/1999/19990201.sgsm6881.html
9. Ngun: http://www.equator-principles.com/index.php/about/history-of-the-eps
10. Ngun: http://www.equator-principles.com/index.php/ep3
Trung tm Con ngi v Thin nhin 21

Hp 4 - Nguyn tc Xch o (E8)

Nguyn tc 1: Xem xt v phn loi

Nguyn tc 2: nh gi mi trng v x hi
Nguyn tc 3: Cc tiu chun mi trng v x hi thch hp
Nguyn tc 4: H thng qun l mi trng, x hi v K hoch hnh ng
Nguyn tc 5: S tham gia ca cc bn lin quan
Nguyn tc 6: C ch khiu ni
Nguyn tc 7: nh gi c lp
Nguyn tc 8: Cc tha c
Nguyn tc 9: Gim st v bo co c lp
Nguyn tc 10: Bo co v tnh minh bch
[Ngun: The Equator Principles Association 2011]

Theo hng dn ca IFC (2010), kinh nghim qun l ri ro mi trng i vi hot ng

tn dng ca cc t chc ti chnh c s tng ng nht nh. Qun l ri ro mi trng
c th c chia thnh 4 giai on chnh: (i) Sng lc mi trng, (ii) Thm nh cc ri ro
mi trng, (iii) Kim sot cc ri ro mi trng v (iv) Gim st v bo co v cc ri ro mi
trng. Biu di y m t cc bc qun l ri ro mi trng gn cng vi qu trnh
xem xt cp tn dng.

Hnh 3 - Quy trnh chung v qun l mi trng trong cp tn dng

Nhn h s Ph duyt Quyt nh cp Chi tiu v

ngh cp tn dng ngh cp tn dng tn dng gim st

Sng lc cc ri Ph duyt nh gi Kim sot cc ri ro Gim st v bo co

ro mi trng tc ng mi trng mi trng cc ri ro mi trng

Danh sch cc Hng dn i vi Cc cam kt v tha Cc bo co mi

lnh vc sn xut tng ngnh; thun v mi trng trng;
nhiu ri ro
Tng quan chung v Cc bo co gim st
mi trng; mi trng;
Kho st thc a

[Ngun: IFC, 2010]

Sng lc mi trng: c thc hin ngay sau khi cc t chc ti chnh nhn c h s
ngh cp tn dng. Mc tiu chnh ca ni dung ny l xc nh mc ri ro i vi
ngn hng. Cn c vo danh mc cc hot ng kinh doanh ri ro v cc hng dn c lin
quan, d n s c xp loi theo mc ri ro (cao, va hoc thp).
22 Chnh sch mi trng trong hot ng tn dng
ca ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam

Thm nh cc vn mi trng: c thc hin da trn cc hng dn c th i vi

tng ngnh sn xut, cc thng tin tng quan v mi trng ca d n v cc thng tin thu
thp c t kho st thc a. Mc tiu ca cc ni dung ny l thu thp y thng tin
n hiu r tt c cc ri ro, mc nhn thc, tnh cam kt v ngun lc ca ch d n
qun l cc vn mi trng. Trong trng hp, ri ro mc thp, ngn hng c th
tin hnh cung cp tn dng cho ch d n. Trong trng hp c mt vi ri ro c xc
nh, cn xc nh v thng nht vi ch d n v cc c ch kim sot ri ro trc khi cp
tn dng. Trong trng hp, ri ro nghim trng c xc nh, ngn hng c th xem xt
t chi cp tn dng.

Kim sot cc ri ro mi trng: c thc hin nhm m bo ch d n thc hin y

cc gii php kim sot ri ro thng nht. Trong qu trnh ny, ngn hng v ch d
n cn phi thng nht v k kt bin bn giao ko v trch nhim qun l mi trng cng
nh ch bo co ca ch d n.

Gim st mi trng: c thc hin vi mc tiu gim st tnh hnh thc hin cc cam
kt v ch bo co ca ch d n.

Nh vy, th gii xy dng nhiu sng kin v hng dn c th qun l ri ro mi

trng v x hi trong lnh vc ti chnh ngn hng. Tuy nhin, vic thc hin cc cam kt
m bo an ton mi trng, x hi ca ngnh ti chnh vn c nh gi l tng i
yu. Cc nh ch ti chnh ln nh WB v IFC d c nhng chnh sch, hng dn tng
i chi tit v trch nhim m bo an ton mi trng, x hi khi cho vay vn vn tip tc
ti tr cho nhng d n gy tn hi n mi trng. V d, cui nm 2011 t chc ERI gi
co buc n Nhm lm vic ca Lin hp quc v Quyn con ngi v cc tp on a
quc gia v vic IFC tin hnh cp vn cho vic m rng khai thc du m ti hai cng ng
Peru bt chp vic khai thc trc y gy nhng nh hng xu n mi trng v
sc khe ca cng ng sng xung quanh (IHRB, 2011). T chc WDM xy dng v ng ti
mt bn nhng d n do WB ti tr gy hi n mi trng v an sinh x hi trn ton
th gii, cho thy mc tun th cc bin php m bo an ton trong thc t vn l l
hng ln. V pha cc ngn hng thng mi t nhn, hai kho st ca BankTrack trn hn
40 ngn hng ln trn th gii u nh gi ni dung ca chnh sch mi trng ca cc
ngn hng ny a phn cn thiu mt s lnh vc hoc vn mi trng v nhn quyn
quan trng, trong khi vic thc hin cc chnh sch ny cn hn ch (BankTrack, 2010b).
Trung tm Con ngi v Thin nhin 23

XY DNG V THC THI

CC CHNH SCH MI TRNG
VIT NAM
24 Chnh sch mi trng trong hot ng tn dng
ca ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam

Thc tin v trin vng thc y tn dng xanh Vit Nam c lin quan cht ch n tin
trnh xy dng v thc thi cc chnh sch bo v mi trng theo yu cu quc gia cng
nh cc cam kt, cng c quc t m Vit Nam l thnh vin tham gia chnh thc (xem
Bng 2).

Bng 2 - Danh mc cng c, cam kt quc t Vit Nam k kt

trong lnh vc ti nguyn v mi trng

S quc
STT Tn Cng c
gia k kt
1 Cng c Stockholm v 152
cc cht nhim hu c
kh phn hy (POP)
2 Cng c Basel v kim 53
sot vic vn chuyn
cht thi nguy hi
(CTNH) xuyn bin gii
v vic tiu hu chng
3 Cng c a dng sinh 168
hc (CBD)
4 Ngh nh th Cartagena 103
v an ton sinh hc
5 Ngh nh th Nagoya v 92
tip cn ngun gen v
chia s cng bng, hp
l li ch pht sinh t
vic s dng ngun gen
6 Ngh nh th b sung 60
Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur
v ngha v php l v
bi thng
7 Cng c Ramsar 160
8 Cng c v Lut s 36
dng cc ngun nc
lin quc gia cho cc
mc ch phi giao thng
thy
9 Cng c Vin v bo v 28
tng ozon
10 Ngh nh th Montreal 46
v cc cht lm suy gim
tng ozon (ODS)
Ngy k
Ni dung chnh ca Cng c
kt
22/5/2001 Qun l, gim thiu v x l nhim mi
trng do cc cht POP gy ra
13/3/1995 Kim sot vic vn chuyn xuyn bin gii
cc CTNH v nhng cht thi khc; gim
pht sinh CTNH v thc y qun l hp l
v mi trng i vi CTNH
17/10/1994 Bo tn v s dng bn vng ti nguyn a
dng sinh hc
19/1/2004 Ngh nh th thuc khun kh CBD nhm
mc ch m bo an ton DSH i vi
sinh vt bin i gen
23/4/2014 Ngh nh th cung cp khung php l
minh bch thc hin mc tiu ca Cng
c CBD v: chia s cng bng, hp l li
ch t vic pht trin ngun gen nhm
ng gp cho vic bo tn v s dng bn
vng DSH
23/4/2014 Thuc khun kh Ngh nh th Cartagena
v an ton sinh hc vi ni dung v trch
nhim php l v bi thng trong lnh vc
an ton sinh hc
20/01/1989 Bo tn v pht trin bn vng cc vng
t ngp nc
19/5/2014 S dng v bo tn cc ngun nc lin
quc gia bao gm nc mt v nc ngm
26/04/1994 Khung th ch cho cc n lc quc t
bo v tng ozon
26/04/1994 Bo v tng ozon bng cch loi b sn
xut cc sn phm l tc nhn lm thng
tng ozon
Trung tm Con ngi v Thin nhin 25

S quc Ngy k
STT Tn Cng c Ni dung chnh ca Cng c
gia k kt kt
11 Cng c khung ca 165 16/11/1994 n nh cc nng kh nh knh trong kh
Lin hp quc v bin quyn mc c th ngn nga c s can
i kh hu (UNFCCC) thip nguy him ca con ngi i vi h
thng kh hu
12 Ngh nh th Kyoto 83 25/09/2002 Ngh nh th nm trong UNFCCC v bin
i kh hu nhm gim pht thi kh nh
knh
13 Cng c Lin hp quc 157 23/06/1994 Quy nh quyn, trch nhim ca cc quc
v lut bin (UNCLOS) gia trong vic s dng bin, thit lp cc
hng dn r rng cho hot ng kinh
doanh, BVMT, ci thin qun l cc ti
nguyn thin nhin i dng
14 Cng c v chng sa 196 14/10/1994 Chng sa mc ha v gim nh tc ng
mc ha ca Lin hp ca hn hn thng qua cc chng trnh
quc (UNCCD) hnh ng quc gia
15 Cng c v bun bn 181 20/01/1994 Bo v cc loi ng, thc vt hoang d
cc loi ng, thc vt nguy cp
hoang d nguy cp
(CITES)
16 Hip nh hp tc pht 04 05/4/1995 Pht trin bn vng, s dng, bo v v
trin bn vng lu vc qun l ti nguyn nc v cc ti nguyn
sng M Cng lin quan ca LVS M Cng

thc hin cc cam kt quc t v mi trng ti nguyn ni trn, trong hn 02 thp k

qua, Vit Nam lin tc xy dng, ban hnh, sa i, hon thin khung lut php v chnh
sch mi trng quc gia, bao gm cc nhm lut chnh nh:
Lut Bo v mi trng (1993, 2005, 2014)
Lut Bo v v pht trin rng (1991, 2004, sa i 2017)
Lut Thy sn (2003)
Lut a dng sinh hc (2008)
Lut Ti nguyn nc (1998, 2012)
Lut Ti nguyn mi trng bin v hi o (2015)
Lut t ai (1993, 2003, 2013)
26 Chnh sch mi trng trong hot ng tn dng
ca ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam

Bn cnh , nhiu chin lc v k hoch hnh ng quc gia nhm tng cng qun l,
bo v mi trng v s dng bn vng ti nguyn n 2020, tm nhn n 2030 hoc xa
hn cng c Chnh ph ban hnh v th ch ha thc hin nh:
Chin lc bo v mi trng quc gia n nm 2020 v tm nhn n nm 2030; ban
hnh nm 2012;
Chin lc quc gia v a dng sinh hc n nm 2020 v tm nhn n nm 2030; ban
hnh nm 2013;
Chin lc quc gia v bin i kh hu; ban hnh nm 2011;
Chin lc quc gia v tng trng xanh; ban hnh nm 2012;
Chin lc quc gia v ti nguyn nc n nm 2020; ban hnh nm 2006;
Chin lc pht trin lm nghip Vit Nam giai on 2006-2020; ban hnh 2007;
Chin lc pht trin thy sn Vit Nam n nm 2020; ban hnh nm 2010;
Chin lc khong sn n nm 2020, tm nhn n nm 2030; ban hnh nm 2011;
Chin lc pht trin bn vng Vit Nam giai on 2011-2020; ban hnh nm 2012;
Chin lc pht trin nng lng quc gia ca Vit Nam n nm 2020, v tm nhn n
nm 2050; ban hnh nm 2007;
Chin lc pht trin nng lng ti to ca Vit Nam n nm 2020, v tm nhn n
nm 2050; ban hnh nm 2007; ban hnh nm 2015;

bo v mi trng trong cc hot ng pht trin, tng ngnh v tng a phng

c yu cu xy dng cc quy hoch pht trin n 2020 v tm nhn n 2030, trong
cc quy hoch pht trin nng lng v khong sn c lp chi tit n tn tng d
n. Trc khi ph duyt, tt c cc d tho chin lc, quy hoch pht trin ni trn u
phi thc hin nh gi mi trng chin lc (MC11) theo quy nh ca Lut Bo v mi
trng12 hin hnh (ban hnh nm 2014) hoc trc y. Ph lc I ca Ngh nh 18/2015/
N-CP quy nh danh mc cc i tng phi nh gi mi trng chin lc, bao gm
06 nhm chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch chnh (xem Bng 3). Vic tun th thc hin MC
cn c cc ngn hng tip nhn nh l mt cn c v li th quan trng v nh gi gim
thiu ri ro trong qu trnh tip nhn, thm nh v xem xt cp tn dng cho cc xut
d n u t, pht trin v nu:
xut d n (hoc tng d n) c a vo trong, hoc gn b cht ch vi cc
chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch lin quan v c cp c thm quyn ph duyt;
Chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch c nh gi MC vi cc mi quan tm, ri ro
mi trng vi nh hng can thip gim thiu c xc nh.

11. Ngh nh 18/2015/N-CP ngy 14 thng 02 nm 2015 ca Chnh ph quy nh v quy hoch bo v mi trng, nh
gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v k hoch bo v mi trng;
12. iu 13 n 17 ca Lut Bo v mi trng (2014); hoc iu 14-17 ca Lut Bo v mi trng 2005
Trung tm Con ngi v Thin nhin 27

Bng 3 - Danh mc cc i tng phi thc hin nh gi mi trng chin lc

1 Chin lc, quy hoch tng th pht trin kinh t - x hi ca cc vng kinh t -
x hi, vng kinh t trng im, hnh lang kinh t, vnh ai kinh t
2 Quy hoch tng th pht trin kinh t - x hi ca cc tnh, thnh ph, c khu
trc thuc trung ng v n v hnh chnh - kinh t c bit
3 Chin lc, quy hoch cp quc gia pht trin h thng cc khu kinh t, khu ch
xut, khu cng ngh cao, khu cng nghip
4 Chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch pht trin ngnh, lnh vc c tc ng ln n
mi trng
4.1 Chin lc, quy hoch pht trin ngnh, lnh vc cp quc gia
4.1.1 Chin lc pht trin cc ngnh, lnh vc cp quc gia v cng nghip, nng
nghip v pht trin nng thn, giao thng vn ti, xy dng, du lch, y t
4.1.2 Chin lc, quy hoch pht trin ngnh in, thy in, nhit in, nng lng
nguyn t v in ht nhn; khai thc du kh, lc ha du; giy; cng nghip
ha cht, phn bn, thuc bo v thc vt; cao su; dt may; xi mng; thp; thm
d, khai thc v ch bin khong sn
4.1.3 Chin lc, quy hoch pht trin ngnh nng nghip, lm nghip, thy sn,
thy li, chn nui
4.1.4 Chin lc, quy hoch pht trin kt cu h tng giao thng ng b, ng
st, ng bin, ng sng, cng, hng khng
4.1.5 Chin lc, quy hoch tng th h thng th; quy hoch vt liu xy dng
4.1.6 Chin lc, quy hoch pht trin du lch, sn golf
4.1.7 Chin lc, quy hoch pht trin mng li khm cha bnh
4.2 Quy hoch pht trin ngnh, lnh vc lin tnh, vng
4.2.1 Quy hoch pht trin thy sn
4.2.2 Quy hoch pht trin thy li
4.2.3 Quy hoch pht trin thy in
4.2.4 Quy hoch pht trin giao thng vn ti
4.2.5 Quy hoch chung cc th
4.2.6 Quy hoch khai thc, ch bin khong sn
4.2.7 Quy hoch s dng t
4.2.8 Quy hoch s dng ti nguyn, mi trng bin
5 iu chnh chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch
5.1 Chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch thuc cc mc 1, 2, 3 v 4 Ph lc ny cha
c c quan c thm quyn thm nh bo co nh gi mi trng chin
lc trc thi im iu chnh
5.2 Chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch thuc cc mc 1, 2, 3 v 4 Ph lc ny tim n
tc ng xu n mi trng do thc hin phng n iu chnh
6 Cc chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch khc theo ch o ca Quc hi, Chnh ph,
Th tng Chnh ph
28 Chnh sch mi trng trong hot ng tn dng
ca ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam

cp d n, theo quy nh ca Lut Bo v mi trng 2014 (iu 18-23) th ch u t

phi tun th thc hin lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM), v yu cu ny
c th ch ha ti Ngh nh 18/2015/N-CP (iu 12 17) v c B Ti nguyn v
Mi trng hng dn thc hin c th ti Thng t s 27/2015/TT-BTNMT ngy 29 thng
5 nm 2015 v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v k hoch
bo v mi trng (t iu 6-11). Ph lc II ca Ngh nh 18/2015/N-CP quy nh chi tit
danh mc 113 loi hnh d n phi tun th thc hin TM, v ty theo quy m, tnh cht,
c nhng xut d n trch nhim thm nh, ph duyt bo co TM thuc v B Ti
nguyn v Mi trng, hoc b, c quan ngang b khc c thm quyn ph duyt u t,
hoc y ban nhn dn cp tnh, hoc n v c y quyn (nh Ban qun l cc khu cng
nghip).

Nh cp trn, ch d n c trch nhim lp bo co TM v trnh c quan nh nc

c thm quyn ph duyt, v bo co ny phi c lp ng thi cng vi bo co nghin
cu kh thi ca d n. Nh vy, quy nh ca lut php hin hnh iu kin h tr, thc
y ngn hng xem xt, nh gi c c hiu qu kinh t-x hi v ri ro mi trng ca
cc d n xut mt khi cc quy nh ny c lng ghp cht ch trong th tc xem xt
v quyt nh cp tn dng. Danh mc cc loi d n phi lp bo co TM c quy nh
ti iu 18 ca Lut Bo v mi trng (2014) nh sau:
D n cng trnh quan trng quc gia;
D n c s dng mt phn din tch t hoc c nh hng xu n khu bo tn thin
nhin, vn quc gia, cc khu di tch lch s - vn ho, di sn t nhin, danh lam thng
cnh c xp hng;
D n c nguy c nh hng xu n ngun nc lu vc sng, vng ven bin, vng c
h sinh thi c bo v;
D n xy dng kt cu h tng khu kinh t, khu cng nghip, khu cng ngh cao, khu
ch xut, cm lng ngh;
D n xy dng mi th, khu dn c tp trung;
D n khai thc, s dng nc di t, ti nguyn thin nhin quy m ln;
D n khc c tim n nguy c ln gy tc ng xu i vi mi trng.

Bo co TM c ph duyt l mt trong s cc yu cu, th tc php l bt buc m ch

u t phi hon thnh trc khi c quan c thm quyn xem xt v quyt nh cp php
u t, chp thun cho trin khai. giai on thc hin, ch u t phi tun th cc cam
kt, quy nh v kim sot, gim thiu tc ng tiu cc mi trng ca d n thng qua
thc hin y , nghim tc cc k hoch, bin php qun l mi trng c ph
duyt ti bo co TM nh qun l cht thi, quy chun mi trng, bo tn a dng sinh
hc hay qun l ri ro. Tuy nhin, thc tin p dng quy nh TM (v c MC) Vit Nam
cho thy, k c khi lut php c sa i, ci thin th t thn chnh sch hin hnh v
vic tun th thc hin cn tn ti nhiu l hng v hn ch. Cc ri ro mi trng-x hi
pht sinh trong thc tin bi cc l do nh sau:
C quan qun l v c thm quyn quyt nh, ch u t vn nhn nhn TM, MC nh
l nhng th tc hnh chnh, thm ch l ro cn u t, hn l cng c chnh sch
phng nga nhim mi trng v hy hoi sinh thi; khng tun th cc quy hoch
mi trng ti nguyn c ph duyt;
Thiu rng buc trch nhim php l ca Hi ng thm nh, c quan t vn (lp) bo
co TM; ca ch u t v c quan qun l v cng khai thng tin, m bo s tham
gia rng ri ca x hi v phn bin, gim st (c lp) mi trng x hi ca d n u
t; c ch thm nh hin hnh cha m bo tnh c lp;
Trung tm Con ngi v Thin nhin 29

Cha lng ghp (chi tit) cc yu cu nh gi tc ng x hi, a dng sinh hc, y t

mi trng trong qu trnh thc hin MC, TM cn nhc ton din cc chi ph ri ro
c th pht sinh v bin php phng nga ph hp;
Thiu thng tin nn cp nht h thng v hin trng mi trng, trong khi nhn lc,
nng lc v kh nng hp tc gia cc bn v qun l, nh gi, gim st ca c quan
qun l mi trng cn thiu hoc yu;
Hiu qu thc thi v gim st thc thi lut php cn hn ch, khng thng xuyn, to
k h cho ch u t trn trnh trch nhim chi ph u t thc hin y cc cam kt
v bin php bo v mi trng c ph duyt ti bo co TM.

D n thy in ng Nai 6 v 6A l mt v d in hnh cho s yu km ca MC. T nm

2011, xut d n thy in ng Nai 6 v 6A c a vo Quy hoch pht trin
in lc quc gia giai on 2011 2020, c xt n nm 2030. Quy hoch ny c Th
tng Chnh ph k quyt nh ph duyt vo ngy 21 thng 7 nm 2011 sau khi bo co
MC c B Cng thng ph duyt. Ngay sau khi quy hoch c ph duyt, Tp
on c Long-Gia Lai, ch d n, tin hnh kho st, lp bo co TM v chun b cc
th tc u t. Tuy nhin, xut d n thy in ng Nai 6 v 6A gp phi s phn
i gay gt ca nhiu bn lin quan do nhng nh hng tim n n h sinh thi, a dng
sinh hc Vn quc gia Ct Tin, nht l vng t ngp nc Bu Su ( c quc t
cng nhn l khu Ramsar). Sau , mc d ch u t phi thu t vn, tn km thm
chi ph b sung, lm li bo co TM, nhng cui cng, nm 2013 Th tng Chnh ph
k quyt nh loi b hai d n thy in ng Nai 6 v 6A ra khi quy hoch do b kt
lun l vi phm Lut a dng sinh hc. R rng, s thiu vng MC v pht trin h thng
thy in bc thang trn lu vc sng ng Nai nn a n sai lm ngay t u v
quyt nh a c thy in ng Nai 6 va 6A vo trong quy hoch in lc quc gia. Cc
n lc tip theo v thit k, lp d n kh thi, lp bo co TM r rng l nhng tn tht ti
chnh ca c ch u t v c quan qun l khi d n khng c chp thun.
30 Chnh sch mi trng trong hot ng tn dng
ca ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam

Qu trnh thc thi v gim st thc thi quy nh TM c cho l gp nhiu ro cn v

thch thc khi thm quyn quyt nh c phn cp cho nhiu bn, nht l cp a
phng khi UBND cp tnh va ph duyt ch trng u t va ph duyt nh gi tc
ng mi trng ca d n. C ch ny hn ch tnh c lp, khch quan v kh nng
sng lc cc d n c tim n tc ng ln n mi trng, nht l khi a phng phi t
u tin cho thu ht u t v tng trng GDP nh l mt u tin chnh tr cao nht cho
pht trin kinh t theo nhim k ngn hn v trung hn (k hoch 5 nm). V d, kho st
gn y ca PanNature ti Nam nh cho thy do khng c nhiu li th, nn tnh ny ang
n lc thu ht u t i vi tt c cc loi hnh sn xut m php lut cho php, v hin ti,
tnh cha t chi bt k d n u t no. Hoc trng hp ti tnh Ph Th, mt s doanh
nghip gy nhim lu nm nh Cng ty dt nhum Pang Rim Neotex vn tip tc c
hot ng v thm ch c chp thun m rng sn xut (T. T. Thy, 2016).

Vic gim st thc thi cc gii php bo v mi trng cc c s sn xut cng hn ch.
Theo quy nh, doanh nghip phi quan trc mi trng nh k ty vo quy m, lnh vc
sn xut m tn sut c th t 1 - 4 ln/nm hoc 1 thng/ln. Tuy nhin, vic quan trc
mi trng c cc c s c cp php thc hin theo hp ng dch v vi doanh
nghip, nhng cha c c ch kim tra tnh xc thc cc s liu quan trc mi trng.
Ngoi ra, hot ng kim tra v thanh tra hin nay u phi tun theo chng trnh
c thng nht v bo trc, dn n nhiu hn ch v minh bch v xc minh kt qu
thc hin. Hu qu ca tng trng kinh t trong nhng nm qua chnh l s lng cc
c s gy nhim mi trng ngy cng tng. Nm 2003, ton quc c 4.295 c s gy
nhim mi trng nghim trng c yu cu x l theo Quyt nh 64/2003/Q-TTg ca
Th tng Chnh ph. n nm 2013, sau hn 10 nm thc hin, vic x l cc c s gy
nhim mi trng nghim trng vn cn rt hn ch, khng k hng trm cc c s gy
nhim mi trng nghim trng mi tip tc pht sinh.

Nhn chung, Vit Nam xy dng h thng chnh sch mi trng tng i y t
phng nga, kim sot n x l, nhng cn tn ti rt nhiu l hng nh thiu tnh c lp
trong qu trnh xem xt cc tc ng tim n t nhng quy hoch, k hoch v d n pht
trin. So vi nguyn tc quc t, cng tc bo v mi trng ca Vit Nam cn thiu vng
tnh minh bch, s tham gia hiu qu ca ngi dn v cc thit ch khc nh t chc tn
dng trong qu trnh ra quyt nh.
Trung tm Con ngi v Thin nhin 31

PHT TRIN CHNH SCH

M BO AN TON MI TRNG
TRONG HOT NG TN DNG:
TRNG HP SACOMBANK
32 Chnh sch mi trng trong hot ng tn dng
ca ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam

Kt qu r sot ca PanNature cho thy, n trc nm 2015, Vit Nam cha ban hnh
chnh sch m bo an ton mi trng no i vi hot ng tn dng. Tuy nhin, mt s
t t chc ngn hng xy dng c cc chnh sch qun l ri ro mi trng v x hi
c tnh cht ni b. Nm 2012, PanNature tin hnh kho st, tham vn 19 ngn hng
thng mi Vit Nam v nhn thy ch c Ngn hng Si Gn Thng tn (Sacombank)
c ban hnh Chnh sch mi trng vi danh mc 12 ngnh ngh loi tr khng cp pht
tn dng (Nam Bnh, 2010). n nm 2016, V Tn dng (Ngn hng Nh nc) cho bit
c thm 2 ngn hng xy dng h thng qun l ri ro mi trng ni b l Ngn hng K
thng Vit Nam (TechcomBank) v Ngn hng Cng thng Vit Nam (VietinBank). Nhn
chung, s lng cc ngn hng xy dng chnh sch qun l ri ro mi trng v x hi
cn tng i t. Tuy nhin, cc c ng quc t v i tc quc t cung cp ngun vn y
thc cho cc ngn hng c vai tr quan trng trong vic thc y tin trnh i mi ny.

Vi trng hp Sacombank, qu trnh pht trin, m rng a bn hot ng v p dng

cc chnh sch m bo an ton mi trng-x hi c mi lin h cht ch n la chn
chin lc theo mc ch quc t ha v hi ha cc mc tiu pht trin ca ngn hng.
Thnh lp nm 1991, Sacombank tng bc tip nhn vn gp ca c ng nc ngoi,
ln n 30% vn iu l vo nm 2001, t Tp on ti chnh Dragon Financial Holding (Anh
Quc), Cng ty ti chnh quc t (IFC) v Ngn hng ANZ. Khng ch ph kn mng li (chi
nhnh) hot ng khp cc vng Ty Nam B, ng Nam B, Nam Trung B v Ty Nguyn
(l nhng a bn c li th v ti nguyn), m sau 20 nm hot ng, Sacombank hon
thnh m rng mng li hot ng trn ton khu vc ng Dng, thc y hp tc u
t, giao thng kinh t ca doanh nghip gia ba nc Vit Nam, Lo v Campuchia. Trong
thp k va qua, y l khu vc pht trin mnh m cc d n u t da vo khai thc
ti nguyn nh thy in, khai khong, trng cao su, ma ng hay chn nui, vi nhiu
thch thc v cn bng li ch mi trng, x hi v kinh t.

n cui nm 201213, Sacombank chnh thc tip nhn v tr thnh ngn hng thng
mi c phn u tin ti Vit Nam p dng H thng qun l trch nhim vi mi trng
v x hi (ESMS) theo chun mc quc t do Price Waterhouse Cooper (PwC) H Lan t
vn, nhm tng cng qun l cc tc ng n mi trng v x hi trong hot ng
cp tn dng n khch hng. H thng ESMS ny c p dng chnh thc trn ton
h thng Sacombank t ngy 08 thng 10 nm 2012. S tin phong ny c ngha quan
trng khi n nm 2015, cng vi s sp nhp Ngn hng Phng Nam (Southern Bank)
th Sacombank tr thnh mt trong 5 ngn hng ln nht Vit Nam v tng ti sn, vn
iu l v mng li hot ng.

13. Ngun: https://www.sacombank.com.vn/company/Pages/gioi-thieu.aspx#part-1

Trung tm Con ngi v Thin nhin 33

Hp 5 - Chnh sch mi trng ca Sacombank

Chnh sch mi trng ca Sacombank da trn nguyn tc pht trin bn vng,

lun gn kt trch nhim v mi trng trong cc hot ng kinh doanh, bao gm:
Phn loi ri ro mi trng trong hot ng kinh doanh;
Duy tr v lu tm n trch nhim bo v MT-XH trong hot ng kinh doanh;
Tp trung BVMT v bo v bn vng ngun ti nguyn cng nh tun th cc
nguyn tc x hi khi ti tr ngun vn tn dng cho bt k doanh nghip, c
nhn no;
Cn i cc vn mi trng v x hi vi nhng u tin ti chnh
Sacombank xy dng tiu chun Tn dng xanh phn loi cc d n u t
theo ba cp : Loi A d n c ri ro mi trng cao, Loi B d n c ri ro
trung bnh, v Loi C d n c kh nng tc ng thp nht n mi trng.
(Trch t Bo co thng nin 2011 ca Sacombank, tr. 73-74)

Cng b Bo co pht trin bn vng thng nin l mt mu hnh v qun l ri ro v m

bo an ton mi trng x hi ca ngn hng Sacombank, c bt u p dng t nm
2013 theo chun mc quc t. Theo Bo co pht trin bn vng nm 2014, bo v mi
trng l mt ni dung tr ct chnh ca Phng thc pht trin bn vng v Thc hnh
kinh doanh bn vng ca Sacombank, c din gii trn cc kha cnh nh sau:

(1) V nhn thc: Hot ng ca Sacombank v ca khch hng lun tim n ri ro mi

trng v x hi. Do vy, Ngn hng xc nh nhim v ca mnh l hn ch ti thiu cc
ri ro ny v ch cho vay cc cng ty, h kinh doanh c th cng chia s nhng cam kt kinh
doanh c trch nhim vi Ngn hng.

(2) V tip cn thc hin: xy dng v p dng H thng qun l trch nhim vi mi trng
v x hi (ESMS) theo chun quc t vi c cu gm c 03 phn: (i) Chnh sch mi trng
& x hi; (ii) Quy trnh thm nh tc ng n mi trng & x hi; v (iii) B cng c thm
nh tc ng n mi trng & x hi.

(3) V sp xp th ch v t chc thc hin ESMS, gm c:

Xc nh vai tr, trch nhim v thm quyn ca Hi ng qun tr, Ban iu hnh v b
phn chc nng, chuyn mn theo m hnh qun tr ri ro, trong hot ng cp pht
tn dng c xc nh l trng tm nh hng ln nht n kinh t, mi trng v x
hi; thnh lp y ban qun l ri ro do mt thnh vin Hi ng qun tr iu hnh;
Xy dng chnh sch phn loi nh gi tc ng ri ro ca cc giao dch v kinh t, mi
trng, x hi theo 03 cp: ri ro thp, ri ro trung bnh v ri ro cao;
Lng ghp cc quy trnh y quyn, ra quyt nh cc vn v ri ro mi trng, x hi
ph hp vi chnh sch thm nh ri ro do Hi ng qun tr ban hnh. H thng nh
gi ri ro MT-XH c thc hin theo 2 cp : cp thm nh khch hng (cao, trung
bnh, thp) v cp thm nh giao dch (rt nghim trng; nghim trng v c th
khc phc; ti thiu, khng ng k);
Tham vn gia cc bn lin quan v c quan qun tr cao nht v cc ch kinh t, x
hi v mi trng.
34 Chnh sch mi trng trong hot ng tn dng
ca ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam

Ngoi ra, Bo co Pht trin bn vng thng nin ca Sacombank cng ghi nhn cc n
lc, thc hnh ni b nhm ng gp ci thin mi trng nh thc hin cc bin php tit
kim chi ph hot ng thng qua s dng nng lng hiu qu (xng du, in nc sinh
hot, di chuyn, thit b vn phng), hn ch s dng giy in (m hnh vn phng khng
giy E-office), chun ha quy trnh v khng gian lm vic nhm gim tiu th in nng
v pht thi, tng cng nhn thc mi trng cho cng ng khch hng v i tc (nh
khuyn khch s dng sao k in t).
Trung tm Con ngi v Thin nhin 35

THC TIN THC HIN

QUN L RI RO MI TRNG
TI CC T CHC TN DNG
36 Chnh sch mi trng trong hot ng tn dng
ca ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam

Nh cp, nm 2015 Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam ban hnh Ch th 03/CT-NHNN

v Quyt nh s 1552/Q-NHNN v qun l ri ro mi trng-x hi trong hot ng
tn dng v thc y tn dng xanh. Tuy nhin, cc vn bn trn ch yu mang tnh cht
khuyn khch v nh hng. Ngoi 3 ngn hng (Sacombank, Techcombank, Vietinbank)
hoc ang xy dng cc chnh sch ni b v qun l ri ro mi trng v x hi, th cc
t chc tn dng khc cng ang tng bc quan tm lng ghp nh gi MT-XH trong
qu trnh xem xt cp tn dng i vi cc d n pht trin. Phn tch di y s nh gi
thc trng qun l ri ro MT-XH ti mt s t chc tn dng da trn kt qu tham vn ca
PanNature nm 2012 v 2016.

Hnh 4 di l s m t tm tt quy trnh thm nh cp tn dng mt ngn hng

thng mi Vit Nam. Sau khi tip nhn h s, cn b tn dng s kim tra tnh y v
hp l ca h s. Tip theo, h s xc nh xem giy t trong h s c hp php hay khng.
Sau , cn b thm nh s kim tra cc thng s k thut ca d n nh cng ngh v
thit b. Nu cn thit, cn b thm nh s trc tip xung kim tra ti hin trng thc.
Cui cng, cc yu t ri ro ca d n xin vay vn c nh tnh hoc nh lng ngn
hng cn nhc ra v quyt nh.

Hnh 4 - Quy trnh thm nh tn dng

Tip nhn v kim tra tnh y ca h s

Kim tra tnh hp php ca cc giy t

Kim tra ti hin trng (nu cn)

nh gi ri ro v li ch

Ti thm nh h s (nu cn)

Ra quyt nh
Trung tm Con ngi v Thin nhin 37

Kt qu tham vn t cc ngn hng (trn a bn H Ni) cho thy cc yu t (ri ro) Mi

trng - X hi phn no c cn nhc, lng ghp trong qu trnh thm nh cc
xut xin vay vn. Theo chia s t BIDV, ngn hng ny khng chp thun cp tn dng cho
nhng d n cha c a vo quy hoch, trong khi ngn hng VietcomBank ch chp
thun cp tn dng cho nhng d n c ph duyt nh gi tc ng mi trng,
ng thi ch d n cng c yu cu cung cp nhng thng tin lin quan n cng
ngh v mi trng trong h s xin vay vn (xem Bng 4). y l tnh trng ph bin khi
cc ngn hng mi ch dng li mc kim tra xem d n xin vay vn c ph duyt
(bo co) TM hay cha. Mt mt, cc t chc tn dng cho rng chc nng nh gi, thm
nh ri ro mi trng thuc v cc c quan nh nc c trch nhim qun l mi trng;
mt khc cc ngn hng cho rng cn b tn dng (ca h) khng c chuyn mn c th
thm nh cc nh hng ca d n n mi trng v x hi, v trn thc t vic nh gi
ph thuc rt nhiu vo kinh nghim ca cc cn b tn dng.

Bng 4 - Cc ni dung thm nh i vi d n xut vay vn ca Vietcombank

Stt Ni dung thm nh Stt Ni dung thm nh

1 Nng lc v kinh nghim ca khch hng 6 Cc nh thu thc hin d n
2 Quy trnh cng ngh v thit b sn xut 7 Th trng tiu th sn phm v
dch v
3 Nguyn vt liu u vo v th trng 8 Cc vn mi trng v gii
cung cp php gim thiu
4 Ngun cung cp in, nc v nhin liu 9 Tng mc u t v c cu ngun
vn d n
5 Ngun cung cp lao ng 10 Hiu qu ti chnh v kh nng tr
n ca d n

Kt qu tham vn cc ngn hng (nm 2012) cho thy cha c trng hp d n vay vn
no phi ng ca do cc vn mi trng hoc lm mt kh nng tr n ca ch d n,
ngoi tr mt s d n b chm tin gii ngn do vn mi trng. Thc tin ny cho
thy cc ngn hng cha nhn thc c hoc cha cao tnh cp bch ca phng nga
ri ro MT-XH trong hot ng tn dng, nht l trong bi cnh mc tun th quy nh
TM ca Lut Bo v mi trng cn nhiu hn ch. R rng, y l mt ro cn cn g b
cho vic thc hin Ch th 03/CT-NHNN v Quyt nh s 1552/Q-NHNN nhm thc y
m bo an ton MT-XH trong hot ng ngn hng cng nh tn dng xanh.
38 Chnh sch mi trng trong hot ng tn dng
ca ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam

MT S KH KHN V THC HIN

CHNH SCH MI TRNG TRONG
HOT NG TN DNG VIT NAM
Trung tm Con ngi v Thin nhin 39

thc hin c hiu qu Chin lc quc gia v tng trng xanh n 2020, gp phn
thc y qu trnh tng trng xanh, hng ti mt nn kinh t cc-bon thp, gim cng
pht thi kh nh knh, s dng hiu qu nng lng v ti nguyn thin nhin, pht
trin cc ngnh sn xut, dch v v tiu dng xanh, Ngn hng Nh nc xc nh mt
trong s cc nhim v trng tm ca ngnh l R sot, iu chnh v hon thin th ch v
ngn hng v tn dng ph hp vi nhng mc tiu tng trng xanh14. Nhim v ny c
xc nh gm c 02 nhm hot ng c th nh sau:
(a) Xy dng nh hng pht trin ngn hng xanh, bao gm:
R sot, b sung ni dung v tn dng - ngn hng xanh vo Chin lc pht trin
ngnh ngn hng n nm 2020;
Xy dng n pht trin ngn hng xanh ti Vit Nam.
b) Hon thin c ch chnh sch ph hp v gp phn thc hin mc tiu tng trng
xanh, gm:
R sot, lng ghp cc yu cu v bo v mi trng vo cc chnh sch, quy nh v
hot ng cp tn dng ca t chc tn dng i vi khch hng;
R sot, nghin cu, xy dng cc quy nh, hng dn cc t chc tn dng thc hin
nh gi ri ro MT-XH trong hot ng cp tn dng.

Nm 2016, PanNature tin hnh tham vn V Tn dng, Vin Chin lc ngn hng (thuc
Ngn hng Nh nc) v mt s ngn hng thng mi nh BIDV, VietcomBank v tnh kh
thi ca thc hin ngn hng xanh, tn dng xanh v qun l ri ro MT-XH trong hot ng
tn dng. Phn hi cho thy mt s kh khn, vng mc cn c xem xt nh sau:

Th nht, Vit Nam vn ang trong m hnh pht trin ph thuc ti nguyn, do vic
tm kim s hi ha gia mc tiu tng trng kinh t v bo v mi trng lun l bi ton
kh, nht l trong lnh vc pht trin nng lng (nhit in, thy in, in gi, in mt
tri,..). Thc t cho thy cha c nhiu d n thn thin mi trng c cc nh u t
xut trin khai ti Vit Nam.

Th hai, yu cu ci cch th ch h tr thc hin chin lc tng trng xanh d gp phi

ro cn t NHTMNN (chim u th vi hn 50% th phn) hn l cc NHTMCP, do NHTMNN
chu s qun l v chi phi trc tip ca nh nc trong vic cung cp tn dng u i cho
mt s lnh vc, d n kinh t c bo tr nhng li c nguy c ri ro cao v mi trng
nh nhit in, khai thc khong sn.

Th ba, Ch th 03- CT-NHNN ca Ngn hng Nh nc mi ch dng li tnh cht nh

hng v khuyn khch cc t chc tn dng ch ng thc hin, thiu cc hng dn
php l v k thut cn thit cc ngn hng tun th hoc p dng thch ng, trong khi
tip cn tn dng xanh l nhng sng kin mi, c tnh chun mc quc t m h thng tn
dng Vit Nam cha c nhiu tri nghim.

Th t, mi quan tm v nng lc ca cc ngn hng thng mi v chnh sch mi trng

trong hot ng tn dng vn rt cn hn ch. y l mt thch thc ln v m bo an
ton mi trng v x hi gn lin vi ci cch h thng qun tr ri ro ca ngn hng, bao
gm c tun th cc nguyn tc v minh bch, gii trnh trch nhim v s tham gia, hp
tc a bn l nhng yu cu c th nh hng n li nhun trc mt ca cc ngn
hng trong giai on kh khn hin nay.

14. Th hin ti c Ch th 03/CT-NHNN v Quyt nh 1552/Q-NHNN ca Ngn hng Nh nc.

40 Chnh sch mi trng trong hot ng tn dng
ca ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam

Th nm, chnh sch mi trng cha c p dng mt cch bt buc v ng b trong

ton b h thng ngn hng. Trong bi cnh cc ngn hng u n lc tm kim li nhun,
vic tun th cc yu cu cao hn v m bo an ton mi trng c cho l c th lm
gim tnh cnh tranh, v khch hng thng c xu hng tm n nhng ngn hng vi th
tc cp tn dng ci m v n gin hn.

Th su, cc c ch ti chnh c th cha c xy dng i vi cc d n thn thin mi

trng, trong khi , cc d n xanh v s dng cng ngh thn thin mi trng thng
yu cu vn u t ban u rt ln, thi gian thu hi vn rt di; vic m bo ngun vn
cho vay di hn vi li sut u i cho cc d n thn thin mi trng cn gp nhiu kh
khn.

Th by, cc ngn hng hin nay thiu cc thng tin v cn c tin cy v tc ng mi

trng t d n xem xt cp tn dng, trong khi cht lng thc hin MC v TM cn
nhiu tn ti v hn ch, thm ch cha c xem l c s tin cy.

Th tm, Vit Nam xy dng rt nhiu cc chnh sch bo v mi trng nhng hiu qu
thc thi cc quy nh php lut cn rt hn ch. Nhiu d n gy nh hng ln n mi
trng vn c ph duyt TM, hoc nhiu d n khng t cc quy chun mi trng
theo yu cu vn tip tc c php hot ng v thm ch c chp thun m rng quy
m sn xut. Vic thc thi chnh sch php lut cha nghim tc to ra sc cho c ngn
hng v ch d n.
Trung tm Con ngi v Thin nhin 41

KT LUN V KIN NGH

42 Chnh sch mi trng trong hot ng tn dng
ca ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam

L ngun cung cp vn u t, cc t chc tn dng c vai tr rt quan trng trong vic

hng dng tin vo cc lnh vc sn xut sch, qua thc y tng trng xanh v
hng n mc tiu pht trin bn vng. Tuy nhin, nhim v thc y tn dng xanh s
ch thnh cng nu c t trong chng trnh ci t tng th v thc cht, song hnh
cng quyt tm chnh tr ca Chnh ph, ngnh ngn hng cng nh b ngnh lin quan
v chnh quyn cc a phng. Trong phm vi bo co ny, nhm tc gi a ra mt s
khuyn ngh c th thc y tng trng xanh v tng cng qun l ri ro mi trng
trong hot ng tn dng nh sau:

Th nht, gim thiu s can thip ca nh nc trong cc hot ng kinh doanh ca ngn
hng trong bi cnh ngy cng phi ci thin h thng qun tr theo chun mc quc t
nng cao kh nng cnh tranh. Ngn hng cn c trao quyn t quyt nh v t chu
trch nhim trong vic cp tn dng cho d n da trn kt qu nh gi v tnh hiu qu
ca d n v nng lc ca ch u t, nht l cc NHTMNN.

Th hai, phn loi v xp hng cc lnh vc kinh t theo mc tc ng mi trng; ng

thi xy dng cc nh gi, hng dn v khuyn ngh c th v cng ngh sn xut i
vi tng ngnh sn xut lm c s cho cc t chc tn dng xem xt v i chiu khi
xem xt cp tn dng. Bn cnh , nghin cu xy dng danh sch ngnh ngh nn hn
ch u t v cp tn dng.

Th ba, bn ha tt c quy hoch khc nhau d dng xc nh cc im chng ln;

nghin cu khoanh vng cc khu vc nhy cm v sinh thi hoc x hi (nh nhng vng
gn cc khu bo tn thin nhin) vi y thng tin tin cy (d liu c s) cc ngn
hng tham chiu khi xem xt, quyt nh cho vay vn.

Th t, xy dng nhng ch s o lng v nh lng tng trng tn dng xanh. C th

cp chng ch xanh cho nhng ngn hng t yu cu; ng thi cn xy dng nhng c
ch ti chnh c th khuyn khch vic xanh ha cc ngn hng.

Th nm, ngn hng c th gim thiu ri ro bng cch cng khai thng tin v d n xin
vay vn thm d kin ca cc bn lin quan. Khuyn khch, hng dn ngn hng tng
cng tham vn cc chuyn gia c lp v t chc mi trng v tc ng tim n ca cc
d n xut. Ngoi ra, nn xy dng c ch chia s thng tin gia cc ngn hng v cc
d n.

Th su, tng cng thc thi chnh sch php lut bo v mi trng bng cch cng khai
thng tin v trao quyn gim st cho ngi dn. Cn nng cao cht lng thc hin MC
v TM bng cch tng cng s tham gia ca cc bn lin quan trong qu trnh thm nh
v ph duyt.

Th by, xy dng chng trnh o to nng cao nng lc cho cc cn b tn dng v m

bo an ton mi trng-x hi; hng dn cc ngn hng xem xt thnh lp b phn qun
l ri ro mi trng v x hi vi cc cn b c chuyn mn ph hp.

Th tm, nghin cu lp qu h tr cc d n sn xut xanh vi li sut u i.

Th chn, xem xt tham gia Nguyn tc Xch o; tng cng trao i v hc hi p dng
cc chnh sch m bo an ton ca cc ngn hng v nh ch ti chnh quc t khc.
Trung tm Con ngi v Thin nhin 43

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Trung tm Con ngi v Thin nhin l t chc phi li nhun hot ng
nhm bo v mi trng, bo tn s a dng v phong ph ca thin nhin,
nng cao cht lng cuc sng ca cng ng a phng, thng qua tm
kim, qung b, thc hin cc gii php bn vng v thn thin mi trng.

a ch: S 24 H2, Khu th mi Yn Ha, phng Yn Ha, qun Cu Giy,

H Ni
T: 04 35564 001 | Fax: 04 3556-8941
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