Noun a6 name for People: fon woman, Mary Pacer: Nev ork, Parts, home, store Common Nouns dine plant. Proper Nouns White Howse Earth, George There are two types of nouns: count [singular & pra) vo books [no par great dal inany book tauch wurer - ‘tie + n grammar, noncount nouns cannot be counted Biths verb Skodag o emcee an ieee io of water passes under the bridge arisle ran a Pad For most egular plurals, add an 510 the word on ceri st rt pis cap ek old Vite aga toa ny ced ys ve er scamene So cease . Nouns tha end infor fe change to res endings all caver lie, Iver shelf sheer if, hnives self sees wolf lea ieaves seat scarves + Following ae some irrogular plurals hil children loos tooth, eth en indexes arenes, parentheses Pine nuh, tea Syllabus sya, llabuser vertebra, ve acteriom, acter ‘uriculum,curicul ‘tum, dna formu, 1 Here are afew common noncount noun categories and examples Whole groups Erion ogy cms De 3 1 Some are usd witb expression of quanti rwcrboth comple of for opto ofpenty of Ea od Pronoun tak the plas of nou hy ae town subtle he book =H Mary she PERSONAL PRowoUNS ct pronoun (rel the subst Ter speak English) ve ‘Object pronoun (refer othe object the ver) te called me) iim, ber, ihm Posresive pronouns (iste owes) iis hers, ts theirs efi pronouns (eer 0 the subject, somstines {ed for empha Taye hike 0 drive mys.) ounces ihimsel, hrs tse iemsclves 1 The expression by a elev promo sally means “alone He Lins By hse inte pronouns (non specfe yoo myody Anpbody i welcome) One shold always Tam fst: how co ou eto tetris from here? The gues okie The doors lacked, (There i only one dor The computer is IMDEFMMTE ARTICLES (A, AN) define aces when they ane tfering to ALL. of the tamember 2 singular, count noun CANNOT sppen an atice: «book the car 1 Aemonstativ: this 7 tha + a postesive: my pen her ey, Mary'sTa ‘Apsecrives Aajctivs give more informatio sbout nouns, 1 The following are calle dseritive aujctnes: they describe the noun: good wudnt, Bad student, {intetigentstudet, ha dy hot fo, etd, old food. early late ete) "The following endings are often found on adjectives: “Sohn arrives tomorrow “¥ milly), sous opus) 4 hopeful), cable (word, hes (fps) sample: He i. joyous child Companisons ‘Two nouns with adjectives can be compared: Tn most cases adder wan aetve make com paso: ‘arth is big. Urans isbigger (than cat). Sagar ts set. Honey is ete tan Suga. 1 Freauency adverbs come ‘In adjectives with more than wo syllables, tke more to compare Jol is handsome. Peter s more handsome Algebra is difcule. Calculus i more dificult ‘often do, never bad} sts adjectives, ue the supeative ' Ad the and est fo actives which use -e. Use the most with adjoctives with more than so als: Earths big. Uranus bigger: Saturn i he Daget fal planes Algebra ts dificl. Calas is more dificult hele pss the mow ial of al sujet She aay on ime rman ver Possession with 's ' Another way to show possession is wit This bok belongs 10 John (ohn has book.) This i John's book is his book) If nouns sngulr, use only The boy's book The do's food The git han, The man's cor Wh use the mont If moun spr, se only The boys" hooks The dogs food The git hate ‘ammo anoeprpl with mos ten c's Me Ber The men’s cars. ‘The children's toys. ad - a +n oro nda ero mene Thomas” book Thomas’ ook DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES Singur This book (CLOSE o speaker. This book sre That car (FAR Tom speaks). That book is se Prt These houses (CLOSE w speaker): Thee os ar ma Those has (FAR fon speaker) Tone ts oe hae Pz Adverbs give information abou verbs, adjetves and ‘adverts, * Adverbs ae ofen formed by adding -y wo an active: ‘He spoke quickly (adjective-qud) ‘aay ship between to tings when? sn! how ‘Common prepositions: above behind down across below during afer beneath for gaint besidels] from slong beoween info] They are extremely intelligent Ady Ad among beyond ike ‘She opened the bax very carey around by nar Adv Ade Sts fen aos aeons “How? She opens the presen icky “Where? She opens the present in when” She opened the presen yesterday, “To what exent™ She opens the presen ery quickly. + Adverbs express ime (lomorrow, yesterday, ‘Frequency avers (sometimes, erally, often, neve, 1%) "how of” some action happens How often do you smoke?” "never smoke 100% <> S0%e> cm Om says usually sometimes rusty never [simple preset & pat) (usa ‘She anally comes a § PM, Is, Never, often, rarely come AFTER the verb ‘be [simple poset & pa) ‘= Frequcncy adverbs come BETWEEN an aia and 8 always been, will never ea, had She has abways een on tine, Apvenss Comparison wrrn ‘With one sylable adverbs, ue ar hen two persons ‘Apsecrives = Doseibe onnership ‘or two things are compared my (My carts be) our “He came later than id ‘She wakes up earlier than the rest of ws do our our Mary pes faster than Id. his tho her thet "With three or more nouns ald the and -est ts nie the latest the earls, the slowest, cc} Alice types the fastest of al of ws + Most adverbs that end in ly ws the word more when compari two verbs avert “He nas more guledy (ha his brother Se speaks more ciety (than he lamas). comparing more Dan 0 verbs and ath, ‘Heruns more quicty than his brother but is cousin rns the most gull (othe tree). ‘Some adverbs change their forms completly when they are usd in comparisons aad Prepositions are words tht show a special elation * Prepositions also answer such questions as where? The stadent are tn the lbrary (Where are they?) Jol is coming by bus (Hom se soming?) She leaves at 6:0 aim (When does she Te) shout before despite of twas) ' Many verb are follaned by prepositions. 11s important lear both she ver ar be preps ‘ion The meaning ofa verb will change depending on the preposition which follows it nny. I) vor and preposition combinations: geton listen for stand for wait for setout listen to standout waiton twp stand up CONNECTING INDEPENDENT CLAUSES ‘An independent clause isa sentence [eet (S) ‘eb (V) tht has meaning when it sandy ele “need help. fen ocesionlly seldom not ever J s'v hay ever She ites soccer sv FORE verbs Independent clauses canbe combined with “sone ‘The first clause in all the examples below she same; however, the secoad cause a diferent ' AND signals an ation of equal importance: John sich, and he not ging to school ade Ur (YET) signal a conrast: oka is sick. but he is going to schol tad 1 0R signal choice: Jolin ck ar hei pretending, 150 signal result Jodi sick. 0 he isnt going schoo tay FOR signals a reason John 8 sick, fr he ota cold nthe an + Use a comma beten theft independent clase an the second Palen Comuncrions + When two subjects ae connected, the sje hse othe ver determines whether the er sng Pio not ony + noun + but ao + noun: Not onty my brother but abo my ss a Earp ‘ther + nun +o sun Either my brother ov mo ster wil be in Europ rite» noun » nor + net Neither my brother nor my seri Europe Neither my brothers mor my sisters arin Europe = += When to subjects are connected by beth they take wort plurals: most both + noun + and + noun: least Boh my broker and my sister aren Europe En Be ie ee ' Some sentences also have an object [0] People et food sv Mary enoved the movie oo ie Theyre pager a asl oe + Some mene sl ve aed eh ok gave a present to me ‘trogh idiot a throughout wil Join ge me a presen (9 reposton}Causes Basil a sentence isa “lause ‘Aclase basa subject and a verb ‘There are to basic clases in English: independent und dependent clauses ‘T'm going tothe sore because I ned mil independent) [dependent ‘The dependent clause needs the indcpendet clause for complete meaning There afe three types of dependent clauses in [English Each of them as a name wich desrbes wht each des in sentence Apsecrive CLAUSES ‘Adjective clauses work like adjectives they give more information bout nouns they are dering. "WHO is wed for persons. Wie is us for ting. THAT se or bth Which git? The wha/that stalking is my Thave a doctor whatha i very famous Which actor ded The actor wha/that was in that ‘movie ded last month The ok whicthat you borrowed he fight whichihat we were ‘aking was canceled WHOSE is used for pomsesnion: Ip friend whote car as stolen wen othe police. (is car wan stolen) Timer gi whose mother i pil. (er moter is 2 pil). Noun CLauses + Noun clawes are uscd like nouns. A noun ca bea subject or an abject in sentence A non elas an also be a subject or an object of a semtence Subjects of Sentence Lateness Your coming fate That you coe lt That he didn’ do is work Is absence * When 3 noun clause fs sed subject, the word that must be usc The sujet ican also be se by placing the nown clase a the end ofthe senence ‘Hrmakes me angry that you came late ‘makes me angry that he dd’ do his work (Objects of Sentence omething French Stat} yu rede is tomorrow [tal] Mashington was th fir president tot apo ‘AbveRs CLauses = Adverb claws reused ike adverbs, ‘They answer questions like when? why? how log? shiver claus show relationships hescn 60 Which decor? Which book? Which igh? makes me angry Tho ‘me Te been here since {as sung. They came ‘The student stood when the each catered. tre Time Clauses ‘When aking abou tbe fre 1 The verb the me clause i aways present terse, {The main verb is face tense: ‘When Lge home ! wil ell you ‘Mary wl be ee when she finishes er ork ‘When vou press his Futon the police wll come cause & tect ‘can go swimming because raining 1 raining a. casing Opposition Ath cold. 1m going swimming She gota good grade Condition “it rains, we will cancel the pioic {wont have gone Purpose ‘She came early so that she could eta ood sat ‘Mate: SENTENCES NEGATIVE + You can make a sentence negative by puting the ‘word mot with the aliary form ofthe verb, b a at tert a tga had en set) es aie + Do no use double meyatves, they are always CCorect: Don ouch anything Incorrect: Don touch moshing. Ee ‘There are two kinds of questions: Dia do his work? wat come next week? Has eaten yet? ‘Remember thatthe aula cases tne infrmaton a somtimes “numo formation abut he yet a ooo Tosedngee = Dae nallgae? ma Deut mae Tame antag? ala botdaen >! Duasmnamat going He wil understand, Heil eloig son Ware hy working? Wi be derstand? WA bebe esi Thay hae ene. Ya hee been suing wl has ben snag ot Sh had ben eng dia al ae ben ase hr Have you bor eating wel? Hes eon ning? 2. WH - questions (To ask for pst infomation) WHE. questions follow the same patterns e890 questions excep the Fst word i a WH- question is the WHyord no the aii. Bob Whojms* you What the ought me? ‘Who inthis sentence is asking a question about the subject ofthe sentence When you ae asking any kind SFWH-queston out the subjee ofthe sentence. do ‘ot use am auilary tn your question. “Tare children have been inured. subject) HOW MANY CHILDREN have bn tured? Ino auxary] ‘She has three children. foe) HOW MANY CHILDREN docs she have? [asthary needed) The Bue car has more power sabe) WHICH CAR has re power? [a0 asia) 1 prfer the blue car, objet] WIHICH CAR do ou prefer? (ausiliary needed) *+Whom is sed when asking 4 question about the abject of a sentence ‘sofen very formal. Toda, many people do not se the form whom; insted they use who. "Thee is one exception ‘Whom are you talking to? TO whom are you talking? ~ when a preposition comes before who, you must tse whom: sich as for whom: y whom ith ‘hom: sins! whom. W.word Meaningiuse sample Answers when time Tomar: Too week go, Nove place At home, Here. In New York why ean Bosse Pm sc Toe ack whose possesion Man's hook The mani cue which choise The math omen how manner Quy: By us ery we. who person [subj] The oy: Mary and Jon. sn objet} he Bos: Mary and Job what things ‘The do. The ar The radio Tac Questions ag quetion ar ded the ed fa serene to make a th norman correct or sek agro ‘Mary can go. can' she? Rober can} come, can he? whee 1 Alfimatine sentence negative ta ~alfiaine To like coffee, dn you? = Yes, Ido. + Negative sentence +affimative tag = negative Yow don’ ie cof, do yout = No, I don NEGATIVE QUESTIONS + When taking a negate queton, we nt withthe axillary and fallow the same procedure for asking ‘ther "es/no" or WH questions. Questions Dida yo lastnight? Why werent you in lass? Hasn¥the mail come? Whe didn Y come yesterday? Answers Now dd Ta sk Ye, ih [adget Jo 1 dd*THE ALPHABET * CARDINAL NUMBERS ener pv one Ere eters inthe Engih phar: tone 22 -twenywo, 1 pound = 16 ounces Liquid x ORI AL Today i Samuary st, 2001 new century Monday * TIME Tuesday Wedneay ‘The Past Thar ae week Fry the dy Before yesterdy Stuy “yesterday OPEN a oa % MONTHS OF THE YEAR | tie rue: we January May September | “the dy afer tomorrow Febuary dine October ex week March Ia November » Apa ange December | the tne: hare is? * THE SEASONS — maming AM hie my spring summer fall winter aternoon PM (ater na) ening ae 7 PM * DIRECTIONS TEP — noon North 1AM midnight 2:10 AM "to fen (nthe morning) sont eens Northeast [3:15 PM thee fifteen or quart past uth eae Log ihre (inthe aera) ct 430 PM four thirty or ball past four west ee a ‘inh ortheast 5235 AM five thirty-five or twenty rohit Southwest Southeast five of sx (inthe morning) ‘Suthcast 11:45 PM ‘leven forty-five or quater south South of welve (nthe evening) >» A FEW GREETINGS Hello “Greetings Common Responses How are yo? Tam fine. thank so, and you ood morning Whats your name IMs mame s Peer, Thank you Yow are welcome Good evening etme introduce you to Mary Hello Mary delighted v0 meet you Speak sows: please La sor Good night Gondine Goodie twas nice meting yon. 20 33 toons 3s 30 tury ~ Ae coe wn | cee CRY) ii oe ol it 20 dares Pe Emm oe on] sme ODD Eamon seiraenn) esi xt is ea 0am Lives “ 7 44 - forty-one 2. freezing. \ ec ony 3 isco | * MEASURES $< ike 50: ny i ing torn 51 ity-ont Sits mowte Vp itance 1 een ms & tts some shims ae oe iam \ 2 inch" 0.3084 meter 43 nese 0: Sony oie : {sant er few 50m, isthe, He = 5250 413 fncn 406 one hdd faliiswindy 3 miles 48 klomces 1esamcen 200 wo huned 1 aoe ~ 43,360 ue et 17 stenten 5000 ne than 48 Sige 4.000 » Barros, Fischer & Asociados ‘tic « ven ISBN 85-88749-37-8 = I) 4937" 5