I HC QUC GIA TP.

H CH MINH

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA

KHOA CNG NGH VT LIU

CHNG TRNH VIT-PHP

---------------o0o---------------

TIU LUN

CH S 24

GRAPHENE MATERIALS

GVHD: L VN THNG
SVTH: PHAN QUC HUY

MSSV: 1411483

TP. H CH MINH, THNG 11 NM 2017

MC LC

1. Gii thiu s lc v Graphene ..................................................................................................................... 2

2. Lch s ..................................................................................................................................................................... 2

3. Tng quan v Graphene ................................................................................................................................. 4

3.1. Graphene v cc dng th hnh ca carbon.................................................................................... 4

3.2. Cu trc ca Graphene ............................................................................................................................ 6

3.3. Cc tnh cht ca Graphene................................................................................................................... 8

3.3.1. Tnh cht c ................................................................................................................................................ 8

3.3.2. Tnh cht nhit ........................................................................................................................................... 9

3.3.3. Tnh cht quang ..................................................................................................................................... 10

3.4. Phung php tng hp ........................................................................................................................ 11

3.4.1. Phng php tch lp c hc (Mechanical exfoliation) ......................................................... 12

3.4.2. Phng php phn hy nhit SiC ................................................................................................... 13

3.4.3. Phng php lng ng hi ha hc (CVD) .............................................................................. 14

3.5. ng dng ................................................................................................................................................... 17

3.5.1. ng dng lm cm bin ..................................................................................................................... 17

3.5.2. Graphene transistor .............................................................................................................................. 17

4. Ti liu tham kho ........................................................................................................................................... 18

DANH SCH HNH MINH HA
Hnh 1 Dng c tch Graphene ca Andre v Konstantin .......................................................... 3

Hnh 2 Andre v Konstantin c trao gii Nobel nm 2010 ......................................................... 4

Hnh 3 Chip Graphene dng nghin cu dc phm .................................................................. 4

Hnh 4 Cc dng hnh th ca carbon ...................................................................................................... 5

Hnh 5 Lin kt v lin kt ..................................................................................................................... 6

Hnh 6a Mi nguyn t thuc mng con A c ba nguyn t ln cn gn nht thuc mng

con B ...................................................................................................................................................................... 7

Hnh 6b Vng Brillouin th nht ca graphene v vect mng o b1 v b2, hai im Dirac
K v K, M l im chnh gia K v K, l im trung tm .............................................................. 7

Hnh 7 im Dirac, vng dn tip xc vi vng ha tr ..................................................................... 8

Hnh 8 Bng c tnh ca Graphene ............................................................................................................ 9

Hnh 9 truyn qua ca graphene theo bc sng nh sng, so vi cc vt liu khc th

graphene c truyn qua cao nht trong mt di bc sng rng, t vng hng ngoi gn
ti vng t ngoi .............................................................................................................................................. 11
Hnh 10 Bng tm tt cc phng php tng hp Graphene, s lp v kch thc ca

Graphene c sn xut ca tng phng php ................................................................................ 11

Hnh 11 Cc bc trong phng php bc tch lp (mechanical exfoliation) ......................... 12

Hnh 12 Mu Graphene n lp c tng hp bng phng php bc tch c hc........ 13

Hnh 13 Qu trnh tng hp bng phng php phn hy nhit SiC ......................................... 13

Hnh 14 nh Graphene thu c chp bng knh AFM v knh LEEM ........................................ 14

Hnh 15 Quy trnh tng hp Graphene bng phng php CVD.................................................. 15

Hnh 16 b) Graphene c trng trn Ni ............................................................................................ 16

Hnh 16 e) Graphene c trng trn Cu ............................................................................................ 16

 TM TT

Trong bi tiu lun ny,em trnh by v cu trc, cc tnh cht ca Graphene cng
nh cch tng hp v ng dng ca Graphene vo cuc sng. Mc ch ca bi tiu
lun l gip nhng ngi mun tm hiu v nhng im hp dn ca Graphene tip
cn v hiu thm v loi vt liu mi ny. Mc d nu rt nhiu khi nim, l thuyt
vo bi tiu lun nhng em vn mun nhn mnh cho ngi c v nhng tim
nng m Graphene c th ng gp cho tng lai.

Trang 1
1. Gii thiu s lc v Graphene

Nm 2004, nh khoa hc Andre Geim pht hin ra Graphene v n gip

ng ginh c gii Nobel vt l 2010. Graphene hin ang c hy vng s

l vt liu thay i hon ton b mt ca cc thit b in t v cng ngh

ca th gii. Graphene l vt liu 2 chiu, mt lp nguyn t carbon lin kt

vi nhau theo hnh dng lc gic u. Graphene l thut ng kt hp t

graphite v hu t -ene, c Hanns-Peter Boehm t tn m t tm

carbon n lp. Graphene c nhng c tnh rt ng ch . N cng hn c

kim cng, dn in tt hn so vi ng, cho php electron di chuyn vi

vn tc cc nhanh trn b mt Graphene. Hin nay cc nh khoa hc trn th

gii ang tp trung nghin cu rt mnh v loi vt liu ny, c bit l Hn

Quc, Graphene ha hn s to nn mt cuc cch mng mi cho nn cng
ngh hin i ca th gii.

2. Lch s [5]

Vo nm 1947, L thuyt ca Graphene c Wallace khm ph ln u tin

m ra con ng nghin cu cc tnh cht in t ca graphite 3D.

Nm 1948, nhng bc nh chp bng knh hin vi in t (TEM) u tin ca

graphite c vi lp c cng b bi Ruess v Vogt.

T nhng nm 1970, cc n lc pht trin Graphene trn cc b mt tinh

th n c tin hnh.

Tn 'Graphene' c nhc n ln u tin vo nm 1987 m t cc lp

than ch c cc hp cht khc nhau c chn vo gia chng. Thut ng ny

Trang 2
c s dng rng ri trong cc nghin cu v ng nano cacbon, c cun
li.

Cc n lc ch to cc mng mng graphite bng cch tch lp c hc c

bt u vo nm 1990, nhng khng c g mng hn 50 n 100 lp c

sn xut trc nm 2004.

Andre Geim v Konstatntin Novoselov thng xuyn t chc cc th nghim

vo m th sau, nhng bui thc nghim khng nht thit lin quan n

cng vic hng ngy ca h. Vo mt m th su nm 2004, hai nh khoa

hc loai b mt s mnh t mt khi graphite s lng lm bng bang keo,

bng cch tch cc mnh graphite nhiu ln h to ra nhng mnh ch dy

bng 1 nguyn t v h in phn tch c graphene ln u tin.

Hnh 1. Dng c tch Graphene ca Andre v Konstantin. [5]

K thut phn chia gip cc nh khoa hc ln u tin c quan st v

hiu ng Hall lng t bt thng trong Graphene, qua cung cp bng
chng trc tip v giai on Berry ca cc m phng Dirac v s cc phn x

ca l thuyt trn Graphene. Cc hin tng c ghi chp li bi nhm

ca Geim v bi Kim v Zhang, ngi c cc bi bo xut hin trn tp ch

Nature nm 2005.

Trang 3
Geim v Novoselov nhn c gii thng cho nghin cu tin phong ca
h v graphene, c bit l Gii Nobel Vt l nm 2010.

Hnh 2. Andre v Konstantin c trao gii Nobel nm 2010. [1]

Vo nm 2017, 13 nm sau khi to ra thit b in t graphene trong phng

th nghim u tin, mt chip ho graphene tch hp c sn xut

thng mi v a ra th trng cho cc nh nghin cu dc phm bi

Nanomedical Diagnostics San Diego.

Hnh 3. Chip Graphene dng nghin cu dc phm. [8]

3. Tng quan v Graphene [1]

3.1. Graphene v cc dng th hnh ca carbon

Graphene l mt trong s nhiu dng th hnh ca carbon. t lu ta bit

rng n cht carbon c 3 dng th hnh chnh: kim cng, than ch (graphite)

v carbon v nh hnh. Trong vi thp nin gn y, cc nh khoa hc

khm ph thm c cc dng th hnh mi ca carbon, t m rng ra

Trang 4
nhng hng nghin cu y tim nng trong lnh vc vt liu nano cng
nh hng ti nhng ng dng tim tng m nhng vt liu mi ny mang
li cho chng ta.

Hnh 4. Cc dng hnh th ca carbon. [1]

+ Fullerene (0D) c hnh dng ging nh mt qu bng, cu to t 20 hnh

lc gic v 12 hnh ng gic cho php b mt to thnh mt qu cu.[6]

+ ng nano carbon (carbon nanotubes, 1D) l mt dng cu trc gi mt

chiu ca carbon. Nhng ng ny hnh thnh t nhng tm graphene cun

li, hai u ca chng c dng na cu ging nh fullerene. Cc tnh cht c

v in t ca cc ng nano c nhiu s tng ng vi graphene.[7]

+ Graphene (2D) c khm ph nm 2004, c b dy ch mt lp nguyn t,

c to thnh t cc nguyn t carbon sp xp theo cu trc lc gic ging

cu trc t ong do s lai ho sp2.

Trang 5
+ Graphite (3D) l dng ph bin nht ca carbon, c cu to gm nhng
tm carbon xp chng ln vi nhau vi cu trc hnh lc gic.

3.2. Cu trc ca Graphene [2]

Graphene l mt vt liu 2D c b dy ch mt lp nguyn t. N bao gm

cc nguyn t carbon lin kt vi nhau thnh dng cc hnh lc gic u.

Trong graphene, mt nguyn t carbon c bn in t ha tr vi cu hnh

lp v in t c bn ca [He]2s22p2. Lin kt ha hc gia cc nguyn t

carbon l do s chng chp ca orbital 2s vi 2px v 2py. Chng to thnh

lin kt lai ha sp2, cng chnh l lin kt bn vng vi ba nguyn t carbon

gn nht trn mt mt phng v cch nhau 1,42Ao v lin kt ny quyt nh

cu trc mng t ong ca graphene (hnh 5). Orbital t do cn li l 2pz, vung

gc vi mt phng ca graphene, hnh thnh nn lin kt th t l lin kt .

V chnh in t orbital ny quyt nh cc c tnh dn ca graphene.

Hnh 5. Lin kt v lin kt . [9]

C th xem mng graphene l t hp ca hai mng con (hnh 6a) gm ton

cc nguyn t carbon v tr A v ton cc nguyn t v tr B (trong cng
mng con cc nguyn t ln cn tng ng nhau v mt cu trc v tnh

cht). c s ca graphene gm c nguyn t A(0,0) v B(1/2 ,1/2), vect

Trang 6
c s 1 = (3/2 ;1/2) v a 2 = (3/2 ;1/2), hng s mng a= 3 =
2,46 , vi = 1,42 .

Hnh 6a. Mi nguyn t thuc mng con A c ba nguyn t ln cn gn nht thuc mng
con B. [2]

Khng ging nh nhng vt liu khc, vng Brillouin ca Graphene c vng

dn v vng ha tr tip xc vi nhau ti nhng im ri rc, nn Graphene

l vt liu bn kim loi (semimetal) hay cn gi l cht bn dn c rng

vng cm bng khng. Nhng im chm nhau ca vng dn v vng ha
tr c gi l im Dirac (im K v K trong hnh 6b). Ti ln cn im

Dirac, nng lng ca electron (E) tuyn tnh vi vect sng (k) ca n

(ngha l E ph thuc bc mt theo k, thay v l bc hai nh trong cc h

cht rn thng thng).

Hnh 6b. Vng Brillouin th nht ca graphene v vect mng o b1 v b2, hai im Dirac
K v K, M l im chnh gia K v K, l im trung tm. [2]

Trang 7
 Hnh 7. im Dirac, vng dn tip xc vi vng ha tr. [2]

3.3. Cc tnh cht ca Graphene

3.3.1. Tnh cht c [1,4]

Lin kt c bn ca mng graphene l lin kt ha tr C-C, y l mt trong

nhng lin kt bn nht trong t nhin. S bn vng ca lin kt sp C-C ny

lm cho graphene c mt s tnh cht c hc c bit v vt tri hn so vi

mt s vt liu khc. Cc thng s vc tri c xc nh qua m-un Young

(E) c trng cho cng ca vt liu, m-un bin dng (G) m t t l ng

sut ct n bin dng trt (hnh 8). Theo Lee v ng nghip, tnh cht c

hc ca mng graphene n lp xc nh qua thc nghim bng phng

php nanoindentation trong hin vi lc nguyn t, cho thy graphene l vt

liu bn c nht vi:

bn ko ca n ln ti 130 GPa (so vi thp A36 ch c 0,4 GPa).

M-un Young E = 1.0 0.1 TPa.

M-un bin dng (G) l 280 GPa i vi graphene c ch to theo
phng php lng ng hi ha hc.

cng n hi c o trong phm vi 340 Nm-1 n 690 Nm-1.

Trang 8
 Hnh 8. Bng c tnh ca Graphene. [1]

3.3.2. Tnh cht nhit [1,4]

Do cc lin kt carbon mnh trong mt phng nn Graphene cha cc tnh

cht nhit c o khin n tr thnh mt trong nhng vt liu dn nhit tt
nht. S lng lp c trong Graphene s kim sot tnh dn nhit ca n. Do

tnh dn nhit cao, Graphene c ng dng trong cc mch in t nh mt

tn nhit. Cc gi tr ny ln hn gi tr thu c vi ng nano cacbon hoc

kim cng. dn nhit () ca graphene n lp ch yu l do dao ng

phonon nhnh m, gi tr ca cng cao iu th hin cng t nhng sai

hng tinh th. Dao ng phonon trong graphene phn loi thnh nhm dao
ng trong mt phng (LA, TA, LO v TO) v nhm dao ng ngoi mt phng

(ZA v ZO).

Cc bo co v vic xc nh dn nhit ca graphene ti nhit phng

vo khong gia (4,84 0,44) x 103 n (5,30 0,48) 103 W.m-1.K-1, ty vo

phng php ch to, s lp graphene v loi m graphene nm trn.
dn nhit ca Graphene n lp o c nhit phng l 5000 W/mK.

dn nhit ca graphene n lp tinh khit cao hn nhiu so vi dn

nhit ca cc hp cht cacbon khc nhit phng. V d: ng nano carbon

(3000 W/mK cho Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes) v 3500 W/mK cho Single Wall

Trang 9
Carbon Nanotubes. Mt nghin cu khc o c dn nhit graphene
khong ~2500 W/mK khi graphene c ch to bng phng php CVD
trn mng silicon nitride c dy nhng l trng v ngi ta ph ln lp
mng vng tip xc nhit tt. Graphene c ch to bng phng php

bc tch vi c hc trn SiO2 cho gi tr dn nhit 600 W/mK, gi tr ny

tuy thp hn graphene to bng phng php khc, nhng cng vt xa gi

tr ca ng (350-400W/mK).

3.3.3. Tnh cht quang [3]

Graphene c truyn qua cao khc thng (do mng ca graphene),

c th hin qua hng s cu trc mn (mt hng s vt l c bn m t

s tng tc ca vt cht vi trng in t). truyn qua ca T c m

t bi phng trnh Fresnel cho mng mng:

T = (1 + 0,5)-2 1- 0.977; vi = e2/(4oc) = Go/( oc)

Mi tm graphene n lp c hp th A = 1-T 2,3% i vi nh

sng kh kin. Hnh 9 cho thy truyn qua ca graphene c bit vi mt

s vt liu khc, trong vng t t ngoi ti hng ngoi, graphene c truyn

qua gn nh khng i, khong 97%. Bn cnh , phn x ca graphene

cng rt thp, ch di 0,1% v tng ln ti 2% i vi graphene 10 lp. Do

nhng tnh cht quang c bit ny, graphene c nghin cu ng dng

cho cc thit b quang in v quang t, b tch sng quang

(photodetectors), mn hnh cm ng v.v

Trang 10
 Hnh 9. truyn qua ca graphene theo bc sng nh sng, so vi cc vt liu khc th
graphene c truyn qua cao nht trong mt di bc sng rng, t vng hng ngoi gn
ti vng t ngoi. [3]

3.4. Phung php tng hp

K t nm 2004 khi m Geim v Novoselov ln u thnh cng to ra

Graphene bng cch s dng bng Scotch ti hin ti , c nhiu phng

php tng hp mi ra i tng hp Graphene nhiu lp n mt lp. Mc

ch chnh ca vic ra i phng php mi l sn xut cc mu Graphene c

tnh di ng cao v mt khuyt tt thp.

Hnh 10. Bng tm tt cc phng php tng hp Graphene, s lp v kch thc ca

Graphene c sn xut ca tng phng php. [3]

Trang 11
 3.4.1. Phng php tch lp c hc (Mechanical exfoliation)
[1,3]

Phng php tch lp c hc c s dng bi 2 nh khoa hc Konstantin

Novoselov v Andre Geim ln u thu c Graphene t cc th nghim
ca h. Phng php ny s dng Graphite nhit phn nh hng cao

(highly oriented pyrolytic Graphite, gi tt la HOPG) l tin cht. HOPG b n

mn bi plasma oxy to ra nhng nh ni bng (mesas) su 5 m v sau
nhng mesas ny c p vo mt lp cn quang. Lp ny sau c

gia nhit v lp HOPG c tch ra khi lp ny. Sau ta s dng bng

keo Scotch lp li nhiu ln bc lp Graphite t mesas. Nhng mnh mng

ny sau c gii phng trong aceton v c thu nhp trn tm Si/SiO2.

Nhng mnh Graphene nhiu lp ny c kim tra s tn ti bng cch s

s tng phn khc nhau trn knh hin vi quang hc, i vi Graphen 1 lp

th phi s dng SEM ( knh hin vi qut) nhn din. Phng php ny to

ra nhng mnh Graphene di khong 1mm, c cht lng tt, rt ph hp

cho vic nghin cu, sn xut quy m nh nhng khng ph hp cho vic

sn xut cng nghip.

Trang 12
 Hnh 11. Cc bc trong phng php bc tch lp (mechanical exfoliation). [10]

Hnh 12. Mu Graphene n lp c tng hp bng phng php bc tch c hc. [3]

3.4.2. Phng php phn hy nhit SiC [3]

S phn hy nhit ca cacbua silicon l mt k thut lm nng SiC trong chn

khng siu cao (UHV) n nhit t 1000C n 1500C. iu ny lm cho

Si thng hoa v li mt b mt giu cacbon. Cc nghin cu bng knh

hin vi in t nng lng thp (LEEM) cho thy lp carbon ny l graphit

trong t nhin, cho thy k thut ny c th c s dng to ra graphene.

Phng php tng hp ny to ra cc tm graphene nhiu lp v c tim

nng cho ngnh cng nghip bn dn.

Hnh 13. Qu trnh tng hp bng phng php phn hy nhit SiC. [11]

Trang 13
Mt Si ca tinh th n 6H-SiC u tin c iu ch bng qu trnh oxy
ha hoc m mn H2 ci thin cht lng b mt. Mu sau c lm
nng bng cch bn ph electron trong mi trng chn khng n 1000
C loi b lp oxit. Mt khi oxit c loi b, cc mu c lm nng

n 1250-1450 C, dn dn hnh thnh cc lp graphite mng.

Hnh 14. nh Graphene thu c chp bng knh AFM v knh LEEM. [3]

3.4.3. Phng php lng ng hi ha hc (CVD) [1,3]

CVD l phng php tip cn t di ln tng hp trc tip graphene t

cc ngun carbon hoc cc tin cht nh metan, sau chuyn sang . Bng

phng php CVD, cc tm graphene c ln, n v vi lp graphene c

trng trn cc l cc l kim loi, v d nh l Cu. Cc tm graphene lng

ng trn l Cu sau c chuyn sang mt b mt in mi hoc b mt

ca 1 no . Bng phng php ny, graphene n lp c ch to

v chuyn sang mt tm Si 200 mm. N em li 1 tim nng y ha hn cho

vic sn xut mn hnh cm ng. CVD tng lai s tr thnh mt cng ngh
sn xut thng mi y ha hn i vi cc nc nghin cu v vt liu

Graphene.

Trang 14
 Hnh 15. Quy trnh tng hp Graphene bng phng php CVD. [1]

Mt thit k CVD in hnh c ba h thng chnh:

Mt h thng vn chuyn kh
Mt l hnh ng, l l phn ng c bao quanh bi l si v cp

nhit k c t theo di nhit

Mt h thng loi b kh.

Thng qua h thng vn chuyn kh, kh c a vo l phn ng. Dng kh

v pha trn cc kh mong mun c kim sot bi cc b iu khin dng

chy trc khi vo khu vc gia nhit ca l phn ng, ni m phn ng ha

hc din ra v hi c lng ng trn b mt . Cc kh khng phn ng

v cc sn phm ph c loi b bi li thot kh bng my bm chn

khng. Kh tin cht s c bm vo bung phn ng, l mt loi kh ca

Trang 15
hydrocarbon tng i n nh (nh mtan hoc etilen, nhng Ethane hoc
axetylen khng c s dng v chng nhanh chng phn hy nhit
cao), v graphene s hnh thnh ngay trn b mt kim loi xc tc. Cc kim
loi l kim loi chuyn tip nh Cu, Ni, Au, Co, Pb, Pt, Ru phn ng trong

mi trng nhit cao (~1000oC). Khi b mt ngui hn, th s ha tan

ca carbon vo kim loi chuyn tip gim dn, cc nguyn t carbon s tri
ln b mt kim loi, chng s kt li vi nhau v to nn lp mng carbon

dn dn hnh thnh nn lp graphene.

Hnh 16. b) Graphene c trng trn Ni. [13] e) Graphene c trng trn Cu. [12]

Trng graphene trn kim loi mng cn c ci tin lm ch s hnh

thnh kch thc tinh th, cc np gp, s lp graphene. Vic iu khin

to c s lp graphene mong mun (graphene hai lp, ba lp hay nhiu

lp) em li nhiu li ch, v n c nhng ng dng c trng khc nhau.

Ngoi ra, cn ti u ha qu trnh chuyn graphene t kim loi sang

khc (hay cn gi l qu trnh transfer), hn ch cc tc ng lm h hi
graphene v phi m bo loi b ht lp kim loi ban u.

Trang 16
 3.5. ng dng

3.5.1. ng dng lm cm bin [14]

Graphene c nhiu u im tr thnh cm bin nhy kh. iu quan trng

nht l graphene l vt liu hai chiu v ch c mt lp nguyn t, nn din
tch b mt rt ln, khi m ton b th tch ca n u tr thnh din tch b

mt hp th kh. Graphene c dn in ln v rt nhy vi s hp th

hay hp ph ca cc phn t kh ln b mt, iu ny lm thay i cc thng
s ca tnh cht in graphene. V khi graphene c nung trong chn khng

nhit cao (150oC) hoc c chiu di tia cc tm trong bung chn

khng trong thi gian ngn, cc phn t kh s c gii hp v graphene li

c th tr v tnh trng nh ban u v c th c ti s dng. Bn cnh ,

graphene l vt liu duy nht c gin ln ti 20%, cho nn iu ny m

rng thm kh nng ng dng ca graphene trong cm bin kh. Thc t,

dng graphene lm cm bin kh mc d s c nhy cc ln, nhng ch

da vo u im ny, th sc cnh tranh ca graphene so vi cc cm bin

kh c th cha cao. ch, tnh chn lc loi kh hp th ca graphene

khng cao, v khng dng c trong mi trng c nc. V khc phc

c iu ny th cn thit phi chc nng ha graphene, iu ny tuy phi

s dng nhng phng php tn km, nhng d sao cng rt ph hp
lm cm bin trong sinh hc

3.5.2. Graphene transistor [15]

Trong khong 40 nm gn y, cng ngh CMOS (complementary metal

oxide semiconductor) chim u th trong cng nghip bn dn s vi vic

ch to ra MOSFETs. Theo thi gian, xu hng chung l gim chiu di ca

Trang 17
cng linh kin bn dn tng mt v ng thi tng hiu sut vi dng in
cao trong knh. Tuy nhin, v kch thc linh kin gim, nn cng ngy cng
c nhiu pht minh v hiu ng knh dn mng. V nhng pht minh phi
bao gm vic hn ch nhng vn pht sinh km theo nh: hiu ng

electron nng, hiu ng bo ha vn tc, hiu ng nh thng. V graphene

vi dy ch mt lp nguyn t s rt tim nng lm knh trong linh kin

bn dn, n khng ch l knh c linh ng cao, m cn hn ch c cc

h qu nu trn do hiu ng knh ngn. Nhng graphene li khng c

rng vng cm, khi m vng dn v vng ha tr chm nhau ti im Dirac.

iu ny s lm gim t l on-off ca linh kin bn dn, v d nh graphene

FET lc ny s c t l on-off nh hn 10; nu mun thay th cng ngh CMOS

th t l ny l khng th c, v bnh thng, t l on-off ln hn 107.

Chnh v th cn nghin cu phng php m rng vng cm graphene,

v theo cng b ca Schwierz, 2010, th rng cng cm graphene cn c

m rng ti 0,4 V c th p ng c t l on-off ca linh kin bn dn.

Mt s phng php m rng vng cm graphene nh: ch to graphene

hai lp, graphene dng dy nano (graphene nanoribbons), gn nhm chc

ln graphene.

4. Ti liu tham kho

[1] Graphene - An Introduction to the Fundamentals and Industrial

Applications - 1118842561 (2015).

[2] Graphene carbon in 2D [Mikhail_I._Katsnelson].

[3] Experimental Review of Graphene, ISRN Condensed Matter Physics,

Daniel R. Cooper, Benjamin DAnjou, Nageswara Ghattamaneni, Benjamin

Trang 18
 Harack, Michael Hilke, Alexandre Horth, Norberto Majlis, Mathieu

Massicotte, Leron Vandsburger, Eric Whiteway, v Victor Yu (2012).

[4] Graphene synthesis, properties, and phenomena, Wiley, C. N. R. Rao v

A. K. Sood (2013)..

[5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene.

[6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerene.

[7] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotube.

[8] https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/d73wwv/a-medical-chip-that-
could-do-100-tests-on-one-drop-of-blood.

[9] http://nanotube.korea.ac.kr/?page_id=2091.

[10] https://www.slideshare.net/yadukrishnat/graphene-coating.

[11] http://sites.psu.edu/robinsonresearch/research/

[12] Synthesis of Graphene Films on Copper Foils by Chemical Vapor

Deposition, Xuesong Li, Luigi Colombo and Rodney S. Ruoff, 2016.

[13] Synthesis of high-quality graphene films on nickel foils by rapid

thermal chemical vapor deposition, L.Huanga, Q.H.Changa, G.L.Guoa,

Y.Liua, Y.Q.Xiea, T.Wanga, B.Lingb, H.F.Yangb, 2011.

[14] Detection of individual gas molecules adsorbed on graphene, Nat Mater,

F. Schedin, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, E. W. Hill, P. Blake, M. I. Katsnelson,

v K. S. Novoselov (2007).

[15] Graphene transistors, Nat Nano, Frank Schwierz (2010).

Trang 19
Trang 20
Trang 21
Trang 22