Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ccna R&S PDF
Ccna R&S PDF
Ahmad H Almashaikh
1
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
, .
:
,
,
.
,
.
E-Mail ahmad.private.mashaikh@gmail.com
Facebook : Ahmad H Mashaikh
Mobile: 00972598053163
2
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Cisco Certified Network
Associate
.
CCNA
:
: IP EIGRP, VLANs, Ethernet,
ACLs.
) (On Line
IP
). (WAN
.
:
: CCNA CCNA 200-120 , 200-125
: ) (ICND1 and ICND2
Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices 1 and 2
CCNA 200-120:
CCNA :
.
IPs IP .
WLAN
.
.
CCNP .CCDP
3
) Level ( 1 Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Networking Fundamentals
Networking Fundamentals
5 ......................................................................
11.......................................................
12..............................................Network Architectures
25...................................................................... Protocols
27................................................................................................... OSI
45........................................................................................
51..............................................
53..........................................................
55.................................................................................
59..................................................................
61....................................................
71........................................................................................
4
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
.
ARPANET Advanced
Research Project Agency Net .
) (NSF National Science Foundation
ARPANET
1991
) (www ) (www (World
) Wide Web 3991 ) (ISOC
() 1.111.111 1991
Netscape Navigator. 1996 ()
.
() 111. 1111 :
:
. .
. .
LAN
) (Satellite WAN
PAN
.
5
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: :
Local Area
Network LAN
.
500
hub switch
.
.
.
.
:
. Mesh networks .1
.Star networks .1
.Bus networks .3
.Tree networks .1
.Ring Topology .5
:
.
.
.
6
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
:
- 1 .
- 1 .
- 3 .
- 1 .
- 5 .
.
.
.
:
- 1
.
- 1 .
- 3
.
-1
.
7
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
:
.
8
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-
:
: LAN
, ,
.
: WAN
.
9
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: CAN
.
: PAN 11
.
: MAN
) (MAN ) (LAN
.
11
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: WLAN
.
: GAN
.
11
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: SAN
.
Network Architectures
:
Peer to Peer Networks
Client / Server Networks
:
Peer to Peer -
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 20
.Workgroup
-6 .
12
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- Client / Server
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .
-6 .
Physical Network Topologies
.
13
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: Bus Topology
Terminator
.Backbone
: Star Topology
.
14
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: Ring Topology
.
: Mesh Topology
.
15
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
16
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Physical Media
.
:
Coaxial Cable .1 .
Twisted Pair Cable .1 .
Fiber Optic Cable .3 .
17
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-1 :
. 1929
1941 AT&T
. 1941
.
-3 :
.
.
, .
. .
.
.
.
.
-4 : .
.
.
.
.
.
-5 :
18
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
.
- :
:
-1 Shielded Twisted Pair / STP
.
19
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
,
UTP 6 :
Cat 1
4. Cat2
10. Cat3
16. Cat4
100. Cat5
1000 Cat5
.
1000 . Cat6
21
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Category 6
1 .
STP UTP :
- .
- .
- .
- UTP :
- .
- .
STP : UTP
) (Straight cable
) (Crossover cable
Rj-45 :
21
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
:
-1 : Core
.
-2 : Cladding
.
-3 : Buffer coating
.
22
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
:
- .
- .
- 100
200000 .
-
.
23
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
:
single mode fiber
.
micron 9 1 0,001
nm.1.55-1.3
multi -mode fibers
.
micron 5..6 .
:
-1 ( 100/ )
200,00/.
-1
.
-3 .
-1 .
.
-5 .
-6 .
:
.
24
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Protocols
.
- Port
0 65535
0 Port 1024
.
:DNS - Domain Name System
IP
. IP
:DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
IP Hosts
Workstation TCP/IP
) (IP address conflict IP
( )
.
:SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol
IETF ()
.
:NTP - Network Time Protocol
. 123
.UDP
:FTP - File Transfer Protocol
,
.
25
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
26
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
27
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
OSI
Open Systems Interconnection
: OSI Source device
.Destination device
.
) (ISO 1983 , 7498
.
:
) (Layers.
.
4 :
)(Routing
1994 .
.
.
.
:
. .1
. .2
VoIP. .3
. .4
28
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: OSI
Provides a standard for hardware development
Allows for modular software development
Speed development of new technology
: OSI Layers
-1 Troubleshooting.
-2 . Encapsulations
-3 OSI
,
, Ping
Tcp/ip OSI
physical ) data link . ( Tcp
-4 OSI
.
-5
.
-6
.
29
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
( ) 7 :
. ,
7- Application layer
6- Presentation layer
5- Session layer
4- Transport layer
3- Network layer
2- Data link layer
1- Physical layer
31
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
OSI Layer :
.
7- Application layer
Google Chrome Mozilla
Firefox
FTP Client
Outlook Application layer
Application
layer
. Application layer
Mozilla Firefox Outlook
Application layer .
))Application
: Application layer -
SNMP , DNS , FTP , LDAP , LMP , NTP , HTTP , DHCP ,
Open VPN , SMTP , POP3 , IMAP , WAE , WAP , SSH, Telnet
, SIP , PKI , SOAP , rlogin , TLS / SSL .
31
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
6- Presentation layer
.
Application layer
Presentation layer
png , jpeg
, gif .
Presentation layer
: Presentation layer -
JPEG , MPEG , ASCII , EBCDIC , HTML , AFP , PAD , NDR ,
RDP , PAD , AVI .
: .
:
.
32
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
5- Session layer
Session
Session
) (single
( )half duplex
,
( ) Full duplex
()Full duplex
: Session layer -
SAP, RTP, NFS, SQL, RPC, NETBIOS NAM, NCP, SOCKETS,
SMB, NETBEUI, 9P.
33
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
4-Transport layer
TCP Connection oriented protocol
, UDP Connectionless
UDP
TCP
.
Transport layer -
TCP: Transmission Communication Protocol
UDP: User Datagram Protocol
34
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: Transport layer
.
-3 , flow control Error correction
flow control Sequencing
Acknowledgments .
Flow-control
-. TCP
. or UDP
-3 .
-:
) ) 0 to 1024
.
35
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
36
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
TCP : UDP
TCP: Transmission Communication Protocol
Three Way handshake
, .
.
Connection Based
.
. TCP
UDP :
UDP Connectionless
TCP
.Three Way handshake
TCP Connection-Oriented
.
37
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
UDP : TCP
UDP TCP UDP
TCP
.
UDP
TCP
.
TCP UDP :
FTP = Port 21, Telnet = Port 23, SMTP = Port 25, DNS = Port 53,
TFTP = Port 69, SNMP = Port 161, RIP = Port 520.
38
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
3- Network layer
Packet
Packet Transport layer
segment Network layer
segment Packet IP
Packet
routing
RIP , EIGRP , OSPF
.BGP
: Network layer -
IPv4, IPv6 , IPx , ICMP , IPsec , IGMP,CLNP,EGP,EIGRP,IGRP,IPx
SCCP, GRE, OSPF, ARP, RIP, Routed-SMLT
.
39
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
41
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Physical layer
41
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Data link layer - Physical layer
:
Application layer Data
Presentation layer Data
Session layer Data
Transport layer Segment
Network layer Packet
Data link layer Frame
Physical layer Bites
:
Application layer PC
Presentation layer PC
Session layer PC
Transport layer Switch Core
Network layer Router
Data link layer Switch , HUB
Physical layer NIC, Cable
42
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
OSI Layers
TCP/IP
. TCP/IP
.TCP/IP
TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
,1970
DARPA .
.
TCP/IP Hardware
Software
.
:
.
.
.
43
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
.
.
.
TCP/IP
TCP/IP
.
TCP/IP
TCP/IP :
(SMTP) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
.
) File Transfer Protocol (FTP .
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
)World Wide Web (www
PC
.
Linux )(php
) (ASP
). (HTML
.
.
.
TCP/IP Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol TCP
.
44
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
OSI
OSI .
TCP/IP : IP
IP
IP.
.
: SOCKETS
TCP/IP
.
.
TCP/IP .
.
): (TCP/IP
Transport Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
TCP/IP
DHCP
IP IP
( )
IP 32
8
131,107,2,200 8
1 255 ()
: TCP/IP
Application
Transport
Internet
Network Interface
45
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Network Devices
:
-1 : HUB
,
.
.
.
Physical Layer
.
. HUB
Passive Hub -1 .
Active Hub -1 .
Hybrid Hub -3 .
Smart (intelligent) Hub -1 .
46
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-. : Switch
Bridge Physical
Layer Data Link Layer OSI
Switch
.
Switch : Hub
-1
8
5
.
Mac-Address
Frame Mac-Address
Frame Broadcast
.
-1 ) . ) One to One
-3 .Collision Domain
-1 .OSI
-5 Mac-Address-Table .
-6 .Mac-Address
-7 .ffff.ffff.ffff
-8 .
47
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-1 : Repeater
.
Twisted pair 91
91 .
48
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-1 : Router
. Newtork Layer
:
-1 10.0.0.0
192.168.1.0
.
-1
Source Destination
.
: ADSL
ADSL .
Router -
Modem -
49
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-5 : Gateway
OSI
Router
Gateway
.
Gateway :
: External Gateway -1
.
: Internal Gateway -1
Gateway .
Gateway
51
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-6 : Bridge LAN
Routing Table
.
Bridge
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-7 : NIC
NIC
( )Transceiver NIC NIC
MAC Address
.
NIC = Network Interface Card
. OSI -1
. -1
-3
.CSMA/CD
. -1
51
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Methods of Sending Data in the Physical Media
Networks
.
Simplex
Half Duplex
Full Duplex
52
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
)(Simplex
.
)(Half Duplex
.
.
.
)(Full Duplex
.
.
.
.
53
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Methods of Sending Data in the Network
Any Cast IPv6
.
Unicast
.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Multicast
51 15
.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
54
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Broadcast
.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Any cast
Broadcast
Broadcast IPv6 . Any cast
- : Any cast :
-1 .
-1 DDOS
.
-3 .
-1
.
55
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Collision Domain
:
,
.
Hub Repetar
LAN Switch
Router .
:
.
: ,
,
.
:
: Router Broadcast
. Collision Domain
: Broadcast Domain
IP Broadcast Domain
.
: Collision Domain
.
56
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
HUB
One Collision Domain
,
5
6 5
5
1 6 7
6 , ) ) IP
Broadcast , ffff.ffff.ffff
. Mac Address -
, .
Broadcast Domain 1
Collision Domain 1
57
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
,
, Mac Address
Broadcast .
, .
Broadcast Domain 1
Collision Domain 4
58
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
:
1
A . B
- Broadcast A and B . Collision Domain 3
Broadcast Domain 2
Collision Domain 5
CD : BD
Collision Domain
.Broadcast Domian
59
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Cisco Three Layers Hierarchical Model
.
:
1- Access Layer
2- Distribution Layer
3- Core Layer
:
-1 : Access Layer
,
.
.
-. : Distribution Layer
Access Layer ) (Vlan
.
-1 : Core Layer
Distribution
.
:
CORE Layer DISTRIBUTION Layer ACCESS Layer
6500 switches 4000 switches 700 routers
8500 switches 3600 routers 1900 Switches
12000 router 4000 routers 2820 Switches
6500 switches 4000 switches 1700 routers
61
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Cisco Three Layers Hierarchical Model
61
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
IP Address - IPv4 / IPv6
Internet protocol
IPv4 Address
.
32 bit
Octet
.
8
255
8 .
bit Byte
IP
.
: Bit 0 1
.OSI
: Byte
8
0 1 8
:
)00000000) 8
8 Bit Byte
32
.
62
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
IP
.
-1 :Binary System 0 1
:
Octet 8 bits Octet 8 bits Octet 8 bits Octet 8 bits
00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111
IP 8
32 .
-1 : Decimal System
0 255
:
0.0.0.0
255.255.255.255
IP
8 32
8 0
8
:
0.0.0.0 IP
00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
.
255.255.255.255 IP
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111
.
-
:
255.255.255.255 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111
0.0.0.0 = 00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
63
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
IP Address Class
A , B , C , D , E
A , B , C D , E
:
A B C
.
:Class D .
:Class E .
A , B , C , D , E :
IPv4
IP
.
: Class A A 1 126 0 127
0 127 A
1 126 0 127 .
64
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
A
:
N. H. H. H
10.0.0.0
- N Network H Host
A
126 A 16,777,216
.
- Subnetmask A 255.0.0.0
.Subnetmask
: Class B B 128 . 191
B
, :
N. N. H. H
150.1.0.0
- N Network H Host
B
65,534 B
16,384 .
- Subnetmask B 255.255.0.0
.
: Class C C 192 . 223
C
, :
N. N. N. H
192.168.1.0
- N Network H Host
C
2,097,152 C
255 .
65
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- Subnetmask C 255.255.255.0
.
.
IP
.
8 byte 8 bit
8 IP
.
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
.
: . IP
8 .
0 7 :
2^0 = 1
2^1 = 2
2^2 = 4
2^3 = 8
2^4 = 16
2^5 = 32
2^6 = 64
2^7 = 128
66
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-
:
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1 1 1 111
- 255
8 byte :
255 = 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1
:
255.255.255.255
8
byte . 32 byte
.
192.168.50.1
8
.
-1 .
-1
0 . 1
-3 .
- :
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 0 0 0 000
192
192 192 128
128 1 128
128 192 192
192 64
1 , 64 128 + 64= 192
67
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
192
192
128 + 64 1
.
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 0 0 000
168
168
128 64 168
128 32 8
128 + 32 + 8 = 168
168 1
128 32 8 .
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 0 1 1 0010
50
50
32 16 2 50
32 + 16 + 2=50 50
1 32 , 16 , 2
0 .
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
1
1
0 .
:
8
:
68
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
192.168.50.1
:
126.50.1.1 A :
Decimal System :126.255.240.20
Binary System: 01111110.11111111.11110000.00010100
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IP
:
00000000 = 0
10000000 = 128
11000000 = 192
11100000 = 224
11110000 = 240
11111000 = 248
11111100 = 252
11111110 = 254
11111111 = 255
69
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
IPv4
-3 Private IPv4 Address
.
1.0.0.0 : A 126.255.255.254 -3
: B 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.254 -.
192.168.0.0 : C 192.168.255.254 -1
239.0.0.0 : D -4
71
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
71
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
IP Subnetting
:Subnetting ,
IP .
IP
A
Subnetting
.
:
Broadcast -1
Broadcast
.
. -2
. -3
. -4
. -5
72
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
.
- ) 10.0.0.0/8 ) A
10.0.0.0/8 255.0.0.0
8
.
8 :
10.0.0.0/8 255.0.0.0
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1
1
^
5 .
128 , 64 , 32 1
^
:
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1
2^1 = 2 2
2^2 = 4 4
2^3 = 8 8
8 3
5
.
Subnet mask 255.224.0.0
. 128 + 64 + 32 = 224
CIDR /8
/11 11 /8
. 1 + 1 + 1 + 8 = 11
:Block size
Block size 32
64 Block size .
73
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
10.0.0.0/11 255.224.0.0
10.0.0.0/11 255.224.0.0
10. 31.0.1
10.31.255.254
10.31.255.255
10.32.0.0/11 255.224.0.0
10.32.0.1
10.63.255.254
10.63.255.255
10.64.0.0/11 255.224.0.0
10.64.0.1
10.95.255.254
10.95.255.255
10.96.0.0/11 255.224.0.0
10.96.0.1
10.127.255.254
10.127.255.255
74
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
10.128.0.0/11 255.224.0.0
10.128.0.1
10.159.255.254
10.159.255.255
10.160.0.0/11 255.224.0.0
10.160.0.1
10.191.255.254
10.191.255.255
10.192.0.0/11 255.224.0.0
10.192.0.1
10.223.255.254
10.223.255.255
10.224.0.0/11 255.224.0.0
10.224.0.1
10.255.255.254
10.255.255.255
75
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- ) 192.168.1.0/24 ) C
192.168.1.0/24 255. 255. 255.0
8
.
8 :
192.168.1.0/24 255.255.255.0
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1
1
^
8 .
128 , 64 , 32 1
^ :
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1
2^1 = 2 2
2^2 = 4 4
2^3 = 8 8
8
.
CIDR /24
/27 27 /24
. 1 + 1 + 1 + 24 = 27
A
.
76
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
192.168.1.0/27 255. 255. 255.224
192.168.1.0/27 255.255.255.224
192.168.1.1
192.168.1.30
192.168.1.31
192.168.1.32/27 255.255.255.224
192.168.1.33
192.168.1.62
192.168.1.63
192.168.1.64/27 255.255.255.224
192.168.1.65
192.168.1.94
192.168.1.95
192.168.1.96/27 255.255.255.224
192.168.1.97
192.168.1.126
192.168.1.127
77
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
192.168.1.128/27 255.255.255.224
192.168.1.129
192.168.1.158
192.168.1.159
192.168.1.160/27 255.255.255.224
192.168.1.161
192.168.1.190
192.168.1.191
192.168.1.192/27 255.255.255.224
192.168.1.193
192.168.1.222
192.168.1. 223
192.168.1.224/27 255.255.255.224
192.168.1.255
192.168.1.254
192.168.1.255
78
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
IPv6
Internet Protocol Version 6
128 bit
Octet 16
hexadecimal
16
.IPv6
: IPv6 ) ) IPv4
IPv6
). (IPv4
: IPv6
-1 BroadCast
Any Cast
.
-1
IPsec
IPsec .
-3
.
-1
.
-5 IP Header v6 IP Header v4
IP Header .
-7 340
4.3 .
79
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: IPv6
Unicast, Multicast, Any Cast
BroadCast Any Cast .
fec80:0000:0000:0000:0c41:1536:3f57:fef5 IPv6
64 bit Network ID
64 bit .Host
IPv6 Address
Format :
2005:0005:0100:0000:0000:0000:0000:070
,
,
.
2005:0005:0100:0:0:0:0:070
,
0005
:
2005:5:100:0:0:0:0:70
Colon :: :
2005:5:100::70
: 4 Colon
2005:5::100::70 Colon
.
81
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
IPv6
Private IPv6 Address
Link-Local Unicast Address = APIPA -3
APIPA
.Link-Local Unicast Address
.Unique-Local Address = Private IP Address -.
, Private IP Address
.Unique-Local Address
Global Unicast Address = Public IP Address -1
Public IP Address Global
.Unicast
81
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
IPv4 : IPv6
82
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- IPv4 Header
, . IPv6 Header
IPv4 Header 14 .
Version , IHL , Type of Service , Total Length , Identification ,
Flags , Fregment Offset , Time to live , Protocol , Header
Checksum , Source Address , Destination Address , Options ,
Padding .
.
:Version
IPv4
Header .4 bit
:IHL IP 32 bit
. 4 bit
84
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: Type of Service
. 8 bit
: Total Length
.16 bit
: Identification
. 16 bit
: Flags
. 3 bit
: Fregment Offset
. 13 bit
: Time to live
. 8 bit
: Protocol
. 8 bit
: Header Checksum
.
: Source Address IP
. 32 bit
: Destination Address IP
. 32 bit
:Options
0 .32
85
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Padding :Data
.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IPv6 Header
:IPv6 Header
IPv4 Header 14 8
8 .
:Version
IPv6
Header .4 bit
: Flow Label
.
: Source Address IP
128 bit
32 bit . 128 bit
: Destination Address IP
128 bit
128 bit .
86
Level ( 2 ) Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Routing Networks
Routing Networks
88................................................ Router Devices
90.......................................................
91...............................Cisco Modes DevicesNetwork Architectures
93.................................................................Basic Command Router
95......................................................Install packet tracer
98...........................................................................Router Passwords
104.......................................................................Password Recovery
119................................................................................Routing
213...........................................................
220............................................................................Passive Interface
87
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Devices Router
.
: Router Components -
-3
-.
-1
-4
-6
-5
1- CPU = Central Processing Unit
2- Memories
3- RAM = Random access memory
4- ROM = Read-Only memory
5- Flash Memory
6- NVRAM = Non Volatile Random access memory
88
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: Interface
:Console Port -1
Console
.
:Auxiliary Port -2
.
:LAN Interfaces -3
.
:WAN Interfaces -4
.
: Port Serial
DCE = Data Communication Equipment -1
DTE = Data Terminal Equipment -.
:
) (DCE ) (DTE
) (Cisco 2522 .
) (DCE/DTE
89
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Cisco Router Boot Sequence
:
.
: Boot Sequence
Post = Power on self-Test -1
Boot Strap -1
ISO = Internetwork OS -3
RAM -1
Startup Configuration -5
NVRAM RAM -6
Running Configuration
.
91
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Cisco Modes Devices
:
. -1 . -. . -3
-3
User Exec Mode
Router >
Privilege Exec Mode
Router > Enable
Router #
Global Configuration Mode
Router # Config Terminal
Router (config) #
-.
Interface Configuration Mode
Router (config) # interface fast Ethernet 0/1
Router (config-if) #
Sub Interface Configuration ) (
Mode
Router (config) # interface fast Ethernet 0/1.1
Router (config-subif) #
Routing Protocol Mode
Router (config) # router eigrp 1
Router (config-router) #
91
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-1
Setup Mode
Continue with configuration dialog? [Yes/no]:
Rommon Mode
> Rommon 1
Cisco IOS
:
:IOS .
:IOS XE IOS
.
:IOS-XR
.
:NX-OS .
92
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Basic Command
Router
Router >? All Command
Router > enable To get to Privileged Mode
Router # disable To get back to User Mode
Router > terminal history size To set the command buffer
size
Router > terminal no editing To disable advanced editing
features
Router > show history To show the command buffer
Router # config t Enter global configuration
mode
Router # show version View IOS version
Router # show interface Display interfaces on router
and their status
Router # show ip interface brief Check interface status
Router # show ip protocol Display ip protocol info
Router # show protocol Display which protocols are
configured on the router
Router # show flash View IOS version, size of
IOS, and free space in
FLASH
Router # show running-config View current configuration
file (RAM)
Router # show startup-config View saved configuration file
(NVRAM)
Router # show processes cpu View CPU utilization
Router # show processes View info about programs in
RAM
Router # reload Reboot the router and reload
the startup config from
NVRAM
Router(config) # no ip routing Disable IP routing on a router
(enabled by default)
Router(config)# hostname Router1 Give the router a hostname
Ctrl+A To move to the beginning of
the command line
93
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
94
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Install packet tracer
.
: Packet Tracer ,
.
......
-1
. Next
.Next -1
Next . Install -3
. -1
.Finish -5
https://www.itechtics.com/download-cisco- ..........
/packet-tracer-6-2-free-direct-download-link
95
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
96
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
:
Router -3
Switches -.
Hubs -1
Wireless Devices -4
Connection -6
End Devices -5
-7
-8
-9
-01
-00
-01
-01
97
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Router Passwords
And Password Recovery
:
-
Console
.
-
Console
.
No :
98
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
:
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # line console 0
Router (config-line) # Password cisco123
Router (config-line) # login
:
- . Port Console
- Aux .
99
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- Ctrl + C
Router # .
- : Aux
:
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # line aux 0
Router (config-line) # Password cisco456
Router (config-line) # login
:
111
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- . Port Aux
- .
: Enable
:
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # enable password cisco789
:
:
:
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # service password-encryption
-
:
Service password-encryption
- : .
111
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
112
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-
. Enable
-
.
Router (config) # enable secret cisco789
113
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-
:
Router # copy running-config startup-config
-
.
Enter
, Enter
.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Password Recovery
.
114
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
:
Console . -1
-1
Ctrl + C .
.Rommon -3
-1
Rommon > confreg 0x2142 Enter
Rommon > reset
.
:
.
- :
Ctrl
+ C . Rommon
115
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Ctrl + C . Rommon
116
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
No :
:
Router > enable
Router # copy startup-config running-config
:
117
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Enter .
:
Router # show running-config
Router (config) # no enable secret
Router (config) # line console 0
Router (config-line) # no password
Console
Router (config-line) # exit
Router (config) # line aux 0
Router (config-line) # no password
Aux
Router (config-line) # exit
Router (config) # no service password-encryption
Router (config) # config-register 0x2102
Router (config) # end
Router # Copy running-config startup-config
118
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Show running-config -
.
-
OK
.
119
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- Show running-config
.
- Enable .
-
. Console Port , Aux Port
111
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Remote Access , Telnet
: Telnet
TCP/IP
.
- ) (Telnet TCP/IP
, TCP/IP
) (Telnet
Online
. ( Database , chat ) Services
- Telnet Clients
Telnet Serve r,
.
. Telnet
, Local Logon
. Telnet
- : ) (Telnet
) (Telnet ()
:
) (Telnet ) (Telnet
.
111
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- : Telnet
.1 Telnet
Source Telnet
.
.1 Telnet FTP Client
.Telnet
.3 Telnet POP Mail
POP
Mail . Post Office Protocol
Telnet
Cisco Packet Tracer Student .
LAB
-
vty
PC 2
. vty
112
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- .
IP : 19.168.1.1 -3
Mask : 255.255.255.0 -.
GY : 192.168.1.100 -1
Interface FastEthernet 0/0 -4
.
-
, .
PC 2
IP :192.168.1.1 -3
Mask : 255.255.255.0 -.
GY : 192.168.1.100 -1
-
0/0
vty .
-
:
113
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
No
:
Router > enable
Router # show ip interface brief
114
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- :
Router # config t
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0
Router (config-if) # ip address 192.168.1.100 255.255.255.0
Router (config-if) # no shutdown
- 0/0
up
.
Router (config-if) # end
Ctrl + C
Router # show ip interface brief :
115
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- 192.168.1.100 0/0 up
up .
-
vty .
vty :
- :
- . vty
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # line vty 0
0 0 4
Router (config-line) # password cisco123
Router (config-line) # login
Router (config-line) # end
Router # copy running-config startup-config
116
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- PC 2
Command Prompt :
117
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- :
- :
PC > telnet 192.168.1.100
. 789
- vty
SSH
vty
.
118
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Routing
: Routing
, Packet
.
: Packet
.
: Packet
Interface
Routing Table .
: Routing Table
Routing Table
Packet
.
: Routing Table
-1
( ) .
. -2
IP TCP/IP -3
.
IP -4
( )
( ) .
) (route print -5
) (command prompt
.route delete, route change , route add :
" . -6
119
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
:
:
: Network ID -1
: Network mask mask IP network -2
IP
: Gateway -3
: Interface Interface -4
"
Interface
: Metric -5
: Directly attached network IDs metric
.
router
IP address
data link layer Ethernet token-ring
.
:
Routing Table
- :
:Direct Connected -1
, " " C
( )Connected ) (0
.
:Static Routing -1
,
" " S ( )Static
) (1 ) )0
.
:Default Routing -3
, ( ( 1
" " S ip : 0.0.0.0 mask :
0.0.0.0 Gy : 192.168.1.100
.
:Dynamic Routing -4
,
.
121
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
:Dynamic Routing -
Dynamic Protocols
Packet
.
-1
Link Status Protocol
OSPF EIGRP
.
-2
Distance Vector
IGRP RIP v1 RIP v2
.
- Classful Classless
, IP .
122
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Routing Protocols
Routed Protocols :
:
.
Routing
123
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- .
- .
) : Network ( 1
IP: 192.168.1.0/24 .
Mask: 255.255.255.0 .
GY: 192.168.1.100
f0/0 .
PC 0
IP: 192.168.1.1 .
Mask: 255.255.255.0 .
124
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
GY: 192.168.1.100 .
) : Network ( 2
IP: 192.168.2.0/24 .
Mask: 255.255.255.0 .
GY: 192.168.2.200
f0/0 .
:
125
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
PC 1
IP: 192.168.2.1 .
Mask: 255.255.255.0 .
GY: 192.168.2.200 .
) : Network ( 3
-
Router 0 f0/1
Router 1 Router 1
f0/1 . Router 0
126
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
IP: 10.0.0.0/8 .
Mask: 255.0.0.0 .
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Router 0
No ................
- 192.168.1.0/24
127
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
:
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0
Router (config-if) # ip address 192.168.1.100 255.255.255.0
Router (config-if) # no shutdown
- 192.168.1.100 . f0/0
- . Router (config-if) # exit
- f0/1 .10.0.0.1
.
128
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
:
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/1
Router (config-if) # ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router (config-if) # no shutdown
10.0.0.1 . f0/1 -
. Router (config-if) # end -
RAM .NVRAM -
Router # copy running-config startup config -
- Router 0
f0/0 192.168.1.0/24 f0/1
129
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
10.0.0.0/8
Router 1 .
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Router 1
No ................
- 192.168.2.0/24
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0
Router (config-if) # ip address 192.168.2.200 255.255.255.0
Router (config-if) # no shutdown
- 192.168.2.200 . f0/0
- . Router (config-if) # exit
- f0/1 .10.0.0.2
131
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
:
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/1
Router (config-if) # ip address 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router (config-if) # no shutdown
. f0/1 10.0.0.2 -
. Router (config-if) # end -
.NVRAM RAM -
Router # copy running-config startup config -
131
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- Router 1
f0/0 192.168.2.0/24 f0/1
10.0.0.0/8 .
192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24
10.0.0.0/8
Static Routing
.
:
Router # show ip interface brief
Up or Down
Router # show ip route
Router # show ip protocol
Router # show running-config
.
132
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- Router 0
:
Router # show ip route
Router 0
- 10.0.0.0/8
192.168.1.0/24
" " C ,
192.168.2.0/24
192.168.1.0/24 Router 1
Router 1
:
133
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
192.168.1.0/24
.
- Static Routing :
- Router 0 .............
:
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.2
10.0.0.2
192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24
. Router 1
Router (config) # end
Router # copy running-config startup-config
134
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Router 0
Router # show ip route 192.168.2.0/24 .
: Router 0
- 192.168.2.0/24
10.0.0.2/8
135
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Router 0 Router1
192.168.1.0/24 .
-
[1/0] 192.168.2.0/24 Next Hop
] [1/0
.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Router 1
:
Router # show ip route
Router 1
192.168.1.0/24
.
- Static Routing :
- Router 1 .............
:
136
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Router # show ip route . 192.168.2.0/24
Router 1
137
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-
:
192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24
10.0.0.0/8 .
Ping .
Ping
:
Router 0 Ping 10.0.0.2 Router 1
Success ping
5 packet packet 4 packet.
ping 192.168.2.200 packet
5 packet 192.168.2.200
:
Router 0
-
Router 0 :
138
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Router 1
- ping PC 0
192.168.1.1 ping PC 1
192.168.2.1 :
PC 0
139
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- PC 1 192.168.2.1
4 packet .
- ping PC 1
192.168.2.1 ping PC 0
192.168.1.1 :
- PC 0 192.168.1.1
4 packet .
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. Static Routing
.
Static Routing
Router (config) # ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.1
.
Router (config) # ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.1
141
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: RIP
) (Bellman-Ford
1967 . ARPANET
:RIP ,
. RIP
( ) .
15 RIP.
RIP . RIP
UDP . 520.
Application
. Layer
Distance Vector
. Protocol
.Routing Table
RIP . 120
15 .
RIP
.
: Distance Vector -
RIP 15 15
15
15 . Hop Count
- RIP
, RIP
.......
142
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
PC 1
192.168.1.0/24
192.168.4.0/24 PC 4
,
.
: Administrative distance
Administrative distance
, Routing protocol Administrative
distance
AD
.
143
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Administrative distance .
: Metric
AD metric
RIP metric
EIGRP
Bandwidth, Delay, Reliability, Load
metric , OSPF bandwidth
AD metric.
144
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- EIGRP RIP
show ip route Router 0 :
- RIP Table AD
EIGRP EIGRP
192.168.9.0 3
metric .
AD metric
- ,
.
145
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
15 15
120 120
224.0.0.9 255.255.255.255
RIPv1
255.255.255.255
4 4
RIPv1 1 2
RIPv1 1
2 Broadcast 255.255.255.255
1
2 3 4 3 4 RIPv1
3 IS-IS 4
OSPF
1 2
RIPv1
RIPv2 .
RIPv2 224.0.0.9
RIPv2
146
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
R1 R2
RIPv2 R1 R2
224.0.0.9
RIPv2 .
RIPv1
RIPv2
- : RIP
-1 Update Timer
30
RIP
30 .
147
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- : RIP Configuration
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # router rip
Router (config-router) # version 2
Router (config-router) # network 200.0.0.0
Router (config-router) # network 100.0.0.0
RIP Configuration
RIP
RIPv2 ........
:
. 192.168.5.0/24 -1
. 192.168.10.0/24 -1
10.0.0.0/8 -3
192.168.5.0/24 192.168.10.0/24
.RIPv2
RIPv2 R1 R2 -1
.
R1 R2 -5
.
148
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: R1 -
:
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0
Router (config-if) # ip address 192.168.5.1 255.255.255.0
Router (config-if) # no shutdown
Router (config-if) # exit
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/1
Router (config-if) # ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router (config-if) # no shutdown
Router (config-if) # end
149
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
R1
-
. RIPv2
:
Router # config t
Router (config) # router rip
Router (config-router) # version 2
Router (config-router) # network 192.168.5.0
Router (config-router) # network 10.0.0.0
- RIPv2 R1
R2 .
Router (config-router) # end
Router # copy running-config startup-config
151
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: R2 -
:
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0
Router (config-if) # ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
Router (config-if) # no shutdown
Router (config-if) # exit
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/1
Router (config-if) # ip address 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router (config-if) # no shutdown
Router (config-if) # end
R2
-
.RIPv2
:
151
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Router # config t
Router (config) # router rip
Router (config-router) # version 2
Router (config-router) # network 192.168.10.0
Router (config-router) # network 10.0.0.0
- RIPv2 R2 .
Router (config-router) # end
Router # copy running-config startup-config
RIPv2
R1 R2 :
Router # show ip route
R1
- 192.168.10.0/24
10.0.0.2 , RIPv2 ( . ( R
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Router # show ip route
152
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
R2
- 192.168.5.0/24
10.0.0.1 , RIPv2 ( . ( R
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- 10.0.0.1
10.0.0.2 Ping R1
R2 Packet
.
R1
- !!!!!
.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
153
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
R2
- !!!!!
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Packet
Packet .
: RIP EIGRP
OSPF
RIP
EIGRP OSPF
.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
154
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
OSPF
Open shortest Path First
) : ( OSPF link
state . Link State
Routing
Autonomous System . OSPF
OSPF IGP = Interior
Gateway Protocol .
: link
state .
) (BGP
.
: OSPF )(IP
( ) .
.
.
155
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
OSPF , -
,- .
,
) (LSDB .
LSDB OSPF
OSPF
.
( ) ,
, .
.
, OSPF ,
.
32 , ,
, IPv4.
, ( 0) 0.0.0.0
OSPF
,
OSPF. ,
(ABR). ABR
.
OSPF UDP ,
. 89
, , RIP
(BGP) . OSPF .
OSPF
OSPF .OSI Layer
.IGP = Interior Gateway Protocol
156
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
.Standard
. Link State Protocol
.Open Source
SPF = Shortest Path First OR Dijikstra
.Algorithm
.IP = Internet Protocol
IPx . Apple Talk
SPF .
. Has Unlimited hop count
.
.Administrative Distance 110
VLSM . Subnetting
Classless .
4 Load
.Balancing to 4 equal Paths
Triggerd Update and
.Periodic Update
: ) (Topology Table
) (Neighbor Table ). (Routing Table
.Area
.Cost
it is the Metric .
.
OSPF OSPF Routers
224.0.0.5 . OSPF DR 224.0.0.6
157
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
OSPF
OSPF .
,
,
OSPF
.
158
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Area : OSPF
.Area0
:
Area 0
Area 0
Area 1 , Area 2 , Area 3
Area 0
. Area 0
159
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- : Area
Area 1 , Area 2 Area 0 Area 1 ,
. Area 2
- OSPF
.
- 5 :
OSPF - :
Backbone Router -3
Area 0
. Backbone Router
161
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Internal Router -.
Area 1 Backbone
Router . Area 1
Area Border Router = ABR -1
Area
Area Area 0
Area 100 Area 0 Area 100
ABR .
Autonomous System Border Router = ASBR -4
OSPF OSPF
OSPF
OSPF .
Designated Router = DR -6
(DR):
.
) (DR ) (NBMA .
NBMA
.
161
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
162
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- OSPF
OSPF
5
.
: Down State -3
OSPF
OSPF
Hello
Packets
Hello Packets 224.0.0.5 Multicast
Point to Point Broadcast
Frame Relay
.Unicast
163
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
164
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
:Exstart State -4
DataBase Description DBD
.
: Exchange State -6
DBD Router ID
Summary DBD
Sequence numbers
. DBD
-1 DBD Link-
State Acknowledgment .LSAck
-2 Router
..
up-to-date .. Link-
State Request LSR ..
LSR . Loading State
-3
Link-State Update LSU ..
Router LSAck
..
area .. Routers
. Full-State
165
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
( )1
( )2
166
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
OSPF
OSPF Packet Types
- OSPF
.
- 5
.
- LSA
0x80000001 0x7FFFFFFF . LSA
: Hello Packets -1
.
: Hello Packets
1- Router ID
2- Router Priority
3- Hello (default 10s for broadcast network, default 30s for non-
broadcast network) and dead (4 times of hello) timers.
4- Authentication password.
5- Area ID
6- Subnet Mask
7- Designated router and backup designated router is ip address
8- Known neighbours
Hello Packets
.
: Router ID -1
OSPF . BMA
- Router ID
. Neighbor Adjacency Database
167
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: Router Priority -1
OSPF ).Priority Default (1
:
Router # show ip ospf neighbor
168
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Hello (default 10s for broadcast network, default 30s for non- -1
broadcast network) and dead (4 times of hello) timers.
.
-1
default 10s for broadcast network
.
-1 PPP
MPLS Frame Relay
default 30s for non-broadcast network
.
-3 40
4 itmes of hello 10
4
.
:
.
:
Router # show ip ospf interface
169
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: Authentication password -1
.
:
Router # show ip ospf interface
: Area ID -5 Area 0
Area 100 .
171
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: Subnet Mask -6
.
: OSPF
Wildcard Mask Wildcard Mask .
: Known neighbours -8
.
171
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
:DBD Header
Header 31 Bit
Header Hello Packets
.
OSPF Packet Header
: DBD
1-Version , 2- Type, 3-Packet Length , 4- Router ID , 5- Area ID,
6- Checksum, 7-AuType, 8-Authentication, 9- Data
172
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-
.
:Version -3 OSPF
.
:Type -.
:
Hello Packets .
Data base Description .
Link State Request .
Link State Update .
Link State Acknowledgment .
:Router ID -1
OSPF .
: Area ID -5
ID .
: Checksum -6 .
: AuType -7
.
: Authentication -8
.
: Data -9
.
173
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
:LSR Header
Header 32 Bit
Header
.LSR
174
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
LSDB
.
Routing Table
.
Neighbor Table
.
:Link State ID -2
.
:Advertising Router -3
.
175
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
:LSU
Header Header 32 Bit
.
Link State Update
: LSU
1- LS Age
2- Options
3- LS Type
4- Link State ID
5- Advertising Router
6- LS Sequence Number
7- LS Checksum
8- Length
9- LSA body / LS type
176
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-
.
: LS Age -1 LSA
. 2 bits
: Options -1 OSPF
OSPF .1 bits
: LS Type -1 LSA
.1 bits
: Link State ID -1
OSPF IP
.4 bits
:Advertising Router -5
IP .4 bits
: Length -8 LSA .
- LSU LSA
Link State Advertisemant
11 LSA .
177
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
179
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- 11 7
7 :
-
. Types of link-state advertisements
:LSAck
Header Header 32 Bit
.
181
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- OSPF
.background network
181
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-
.
-
R1 R2
.
Hello
Packets .OSPF Header
-
Router Dead Interval : 40 seconds
40
.
182
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- R2
DBD R2 :
- OSPF Header
LSA
,
,
OSPF IPv4
Src 10.0.0.1 . Dst 10.0.0.2
- LSA Type 1 , LSA Type 2
. LSA Type 3 ,
183
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- R2 DBD R1
LSR R1
. R2
- LSA
.
- R2 LSA
. LSU
184
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
header LSA headers
LSA
LSA headers
.
- Attached Router
.
185
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
DR and BDR
:
.
:Priority -3 Priority
Priority Default 1 0
255 0
DR BDR
Priority Default 1 Priority Default 2
DR Priority Default 2
Priority Default 1 BDR
Priority Default 1
RID .
186
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
:Loopback IP Address -1
100.100.100.100
200.200.200.200
DR BDR
.
-
DR DR
OSPF DR
Broadcast
.
: BMA
Frame
Relay PPP
DR
.BMA
: DRother - DR BDR
DRother Two
, Way State DR BDR . Full State
- OSPF
DR BDR . DRother
:224.0.0.5 DRother
.
:224.0.0.6 DR BDR
.
187
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- OSPF DR BDR
OSPF
.
- :
DR
.
188
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- Process id 1 65,535
- : OSPF Configuration
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # router ospf 1 Process id
Router (config-router) # network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Router (config-router) # network 15.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Router # show ip route
Router # show ip ospf neighbor
Router # show ip ospf database
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
189
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
OSPF
DR BDR 10.0.0.0/8
DR . BDR
191
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: R1 -
:
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0
Router (config-if) # ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router (config-if) # no shutdown
Router (config-if) # exit
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/1
Router (config-if) # ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
Router (config-if) # no shutdown
Router (config-if) # exit
Router (config) # router ospf 1
Router (config-router) # network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Router (config-router) # network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Router (config-router) # end
Router # copy running-config startup-config
R2 R1
.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: R2 -
:
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0
Router (config-if) # ip address 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
191
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
192
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
193
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: R5 -
:
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0
Router (config-if) # ip address 10.0.0.5 255.0.0.0
Router (config-if) # no shutdown
Router (config-if) # exit
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/1
Router (config-if) # ip address 192.168.5.1 255.255.255.0
Router (config-if) # no shutdown
Router (config-if) # exit
Router (config) # router ospf 1
Router (config-router) # network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Router (config-router) # network 192.168.5.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Router (config-router) # end
Router # copy running-config startup-config
R6 R5
.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: R6 -
:
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0
Router (config-if) # ip address 10.0.0.6 255.0.0.0
194
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- OSPF O
O . OSPF
- R1 :
Router > enable
Router # show ip route
195
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
R1
7
R1
OSPF
OSPF
7 ,
. OSPF
- R2 :
Router > enable
Router # show ip route
196
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
R2
- 7
R2 .
10.0.0.0/8 Area 0
10.0.0.0/8
10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2
BMA
.
- R3 R4 R5
R6
:
Router > enable
Router # show ip route
197
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
R3
R4
198
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
R5
R6
-
7 Backbond
Area 0 10.0.0.0/8 .
-
DR BDR
OSPF :
199
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- OSPF R1
:
Router # show ip ospf neighbor
R1
- R1
DR
DR R2
DR
BDR 192.168.3.1
.
- R2
.
Router # show ip ospf interface
R2
-
DR 192.168.1.1
R1
.
- BMA
Point-to-Point
.
211
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
.1 . 192.168.1.0/24
.1 . 192.168.2.0/24
. 150.0.0.0/8 .3
OSPF
DR BDR 10.0.0.0/8
DR . BDR
-
R1
OSPF
.
211
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: R1 -
:
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0
Router (config-if) # ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router (config-if) # no shutdown
Router (config-if) # exit
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/1
Router (config-if) # ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
Router (config-if) # no shutdown
Router (config-if) # exit
Router (config) # router ospf 1
Router (config-router) # network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
Router (config-router) # network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
Router (config-router) # end
Router # copy running-config startup-config
R2 R1
.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: R2 -
:
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0
Router (config-if) # ip address 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
212
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- !!!!! R2
.
- DR
. BDR
R1
R2
213
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
EIGRP
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
-
.Cisco Routing Protocol
EIGRP Enhance to IGRP -
EIGRP .EIGRP
EIGRP -
Link Status Protocol
.Distance Vector
Netxt Hop Count 224 -
. EIGRP
Dual -
.
. -
-
.Triggered Update
Periodic Update -
.
.224.0.0.10 -
OSPF -
EIGRP .
= Autonomous System -
AS OSPF .Area
Administrative distance 90 EIGRP -
EIGRP -
.
214
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
. -
. -
.MD5 -
.IP, Apple Talk , IPx -
-
.
EIGRP UDP . TCP -
.Network Layer 3 -
Summarization . -
CIDR . VLSM -
.Classless -
EIGRP
EIGRP Table
-3 Neighbor Tabe
EIGRP
. EIGRP
:
Router # show ip ospf neighbors
-. Topology Table
Metric .
:
Router # show ip ospf topology
-1 Routing Table OR Global Routing Table
.
:
Router # show ip route
215
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
EIGRP
EIGRP Packet Types
Hello Packets, Update Packet, Query Packet, Relpy Packet, ACK Packet
- EIGRP
.
- 5
.
-1 : Hello Packet
EIGRP
216
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: Hello Packets
EIGRP Message Format
.
- Encapsulated EIGRP
Message :
1- Data Link Frame Header, 2- IP Packet Header, 3- EIGRP
Packet Header , 4- Type / Length / Values Types.
217
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- Header
.
1- Version
2- Opcode
- Flags
- Sequence
- Ack
- Autonomous System Numbers
3- Check sum
4- TLVs / EIGRP Message
- :
218
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
:Version -
.
: Opcode -
.
: Flags - Header
.
: Sequence - .Header
: Ack -
AS AS .
:Autonomous System Numbers -
.
: Check sum -
.
: TLVs -
.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: Update Packet -.
EIGRP
.
219
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-
ACK
.
: Query Packet -1
Dual ACK
.
: ACK Packet -6
.
211
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- : EIGRP
.
Hello Packet 5
15 .
BMA= Broadcast Multiaccess Network /
Point to -Point
Frame Relay , MPLS 60
180
.
NBMA = Non Broadcast Multiaccess
- Triggered Update Periodic
: Update
- : Triggered Update
.
- : Periodic Update
.
- 224.0.0.10 . Multicast
211
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
EIGRP
EIGRP Neighbor Adjacencies
7
.
1- Hello Packet
2- Hello + Update
3- Ack
4- Modify Topology Table
5- Update
6- Ack
7- Modify Topology Table
- EIGRP
,
AS AS 1
AS 1
.
212
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
EIGRP Successor, Feasible Successor Routes
- EIGRP
.
.Successor
.Feasible Successor
213
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
214
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
215
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
216
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
AS = Autonomous System
:AS
AS EIGRP
AS
Exterior .
- AS AS :
217
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
218
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
:Load Balancing -
.
-
.
- : Load Balancing
.
R2 R3
R1
.
219
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Passive Interface
- : Passive Interface
.
-
Passive
Interface .
R1
HOST1
... R1
Router (config) # router eigrp 1
Router (config -router) # passive-interface fastethernet 0/1
- f 0/1 R1
.HOST1
: EIGRP
.
221
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- : EIGRP Configuration
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # router eigrp 1 AS number 1
Router (config-router) # network 192.168.1.0
Router (config-router) # network 192.168.2.0
Router (config-router) # exit
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Router # show ip route
Router # show ip eigrp topology
Router # show ip eigrp neighbors
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
221
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
EIGRP
.
- R1 :
:
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0
Router (config-if) # ip address 100.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router (config-if) # no shutdown
Router (config-if) # exit
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/1
Router (config-if) # ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
Router (config-if) # no shutdown
Router (config-if) # exit
Router (config) # router eigrp 1
222
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
223
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
:
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0
Router (config-if) # ip address 100.0.0.3 255.0.0.0
Router (config-if) # no shutdown
Router (config-if) # exit
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/1
Router (config-if) # ip address 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0
Router (config-if) # no shutdown
Router (config-if) # exit
Router (config) # router eigrp 1
Router (config-router) # network 100.0.0.0
Router (config-router) # network 192.168.3.0
Router (config- router) # end
Router # copy running-config startup-config
R4 R3
.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: R4 -
:
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0
Router (config-if) # ip address 100.0.0.4 255.0.0.0
Router (config-if) # no shutdown
224
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
225
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
226
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-
.
: EIGRP D
D .EIGRP
- R1 :
Router > enable
Router # show ip route
R1
R1
7 R1
EIGRP
EIGRP
7 ,
. EIGRP
- R2 :
227
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- R2 7
R2
.
-
100.0.0.0/8
100.0.0.0/8
100.0.0.1 100.0.0.2
BMA
.
R3 R4 R5
R6
:
Router > enable
Router # show ip route
228
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
R3
R4
229
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
R5
R6
231
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
7
100.0.0.0/8 EIGRP
.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IPv4
IPv6 :
IP Address v6 -3
Static Router IPv6 -.
Routing Information Protocol Next Generation (RIPng) -1
Enhanced Interior Gateway (EIGRP) -4
Open Shortest Path First (OSPFv3) -6
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IPv6
.
231
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- .
- : 3
fec1::1/64 -1
fec2::1/64 -1
2001::1 /64 -3
.
.
- R1 :
:
Router> enable
232
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Router # config t
Router (config) # ipv6 unicast-routing
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0
Router (config-if) # ipv6 address 2001::1/64
Router (config-if) # no shutdown
Router (config-if) # exit
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/1
Router (config-if) # ipv6 address fce1::1/64
Router (config-if) # no shutdown
Router (config-if) # end
Router # copy running-config startup-config
-
:R1
: R2 -
:
233
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Router> enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # ipv6 unicast-routing
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0
Router (config-if) # ipv6 address 2001::2/64
Router (config-if) # no shutdown
Router (config-if) # exit
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/1
Router (config-if) # ipv6 address fce2::1/64
Router (config-if) # no shutdown
Router (config-if) # end
Router # copy running-config startup-config
: R2
, -
.
234
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- R1 :
:
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # ipv6 route fec2::/64 2001::2
Router (config) # do show ipv6 route
R1
: R1
-
C
S
S Static L
APIPA
FEC1::2/64
FEC2::2/64
.2001::1/64
235
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- R2
:
:
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # ipv6 route fec1::/64 2001::1
Router (config) # do show ipv6 route
R2
:R2
-
R1 R2
R1
Ping :
- R2 R1 !!!!!
.
236
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- IPv6
:
. EIGRP , OSPFv3 , RIPng
237
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: RIPng
Router (config) # ipv6 unicast-routing
Router (config) # ipv6 router rip 1 Process ID
Router (config-rtr) # exit
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0
Router (config-if) # ipv6 rip 1 enable
Router (config-if) # exit
Router (config) # show ipv6 router
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
, RIPng
Process ID Process ID
.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- .
- : 3
fec1::1/64 .1
fec2::1/64 .1
2001::1 /64 .3
238
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
.
RIPng
.
- R1 :
:
Router> enable
Router # config t
239
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
241
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Router> enable
Router # config t
241
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
RIPng
R1 :
Router (config) # show ipv6 route
- R1
RIPng R
] [120/2 .
- R2
RIPng .
Router (config) # show ipv6 route
- R2
RIPng . R
242
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- : 3
fec1::1/64 .1
fec2::1/64 .1
2001::1 /64 .3
243
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
.
OSPFv3
.
- R1 :
:
Router> enable
Router # config t
:
Router> enable
Router # config t
245
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- R1
OSPFv3 O
] [110/2 .
- R2
OSPFv3 .
246
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- R2
OSPFv3 . O
-
Router # show ipv6 ospf neighbor , R1
R1
- R1 DR
R2 .
R2
R2 .BDR
Router # show ipv6 ospf neighbor / Router # show ipv6 ospf database
247
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
:EIGRP
Interior IPv6,
Gateway
FF02::A 224.0.0.10
.AS Router-ID
: OSPFv3
Router (config) # ipv6 unicast-routing
Router (config) # ipv6 router eigrp 1 Process ID
Router (config-rtr) # router-id 1.1.1.1
Router (config-rtr) # exit
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0
Router (config-if) # ipv6 eigrp 1
Router (config-if) # end
Router # show ipv6 route
Router # show ipv6 eigrp interfaces
Router # show ipv6 eigrp neighbors
Router # show ipv6 eigrp topology
248
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Routing Loops Avoidance
-
.
-
:
1- Maximum Hop Count
2- Split Horizon
3- Route Poisoning
4- Hold Downs
5- Periodic Updates Triggered Updates
.
.
249
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: Split Horizon
.
251
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
251
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: BGP
ISP
.
- :
)Interior gateway routing (IGP
OSPF ,
.EIGRP , RIP,
)Exterior gateway routing (EGP
BGP , EGP
.
BGP TCP 179
.
- . BGP
.
252
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
BGP
.
BGP . EGP
BGP AS
. EIGRP
.
BGP .Path Vectory
TCP
.
BGP Peers Table , Topology Table
.Routing Table
BGP .
BGP
BGP .
.
BGP .
BGP .
Application TCP
. Port 179
BGP
, BGP
.
30 Sec
AS
5 Sec .
.
Admin distance 20 BGP Ex
BGP In . Admin distance 200
. Vlsm , CIDR , Classless
. Split-horizon
253
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: BGP
Single homed Customers
.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BGP Table , BGP
- BGP
BGP .
1- Neighbor Table
List of BGP Neighbors BGP peers, Configured statically
2- BGP forwarding database table
List of all Networks learned from each neighbor
3- IP routing table
List of best paths to destination networks
254
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- :
:Neighbor Table
.BGP
:BGP forwarding database table
BGP
.
:IP routing table
BGP
.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BGP Messages
BGP
BGP
:
BGP
.
: Open Message
ID.
: Keepalive Message
60 Sec
.
255
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: Update Message
.
: Notification Message
.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BGP Startup Operation , BGP
BGP
.
:Idel State
.
:Active 1 State
.Active
:Connect State
.
:Open Sent
.
:Active 2 State
.
:Open Confirm
.
:Established State
.
256
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
BGP Synchronization
:Synchronization BGP
Rule IBGP
IGP
.
Synchronization
Router (Config-Router) # no synchronization
Disables BGP Synchronization so a router can advertise routers
in BGP without lerning them in IGP , but make sure that you
make all restrictiong to avoid black holes .
BGP Split horizone rule : Avoid routing loops inside the AS
Loops
.Loops Network
Full Mesh Fashion (sessions between all BGP neighbors) to avoid
split horizon rule.
: Full Mesh Fashion
:
-3 AS AS AS.
Route reflector -1 .
257
Level ( 3 ) Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Ethernet LANs and Switches
Ethernet LANs and Switches
260..............................................Ethernet LANs
263....................................Ethernet Frame Format
270...................................................................................Switch
277.....................................Cisco Switch Configuration Command
278.....Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN)
295.....................................................VLAN Trunk Protocol (VTP)
308.......................................................................Router on a Staick
333...............................................................................Port Channel
339.................................................................Ether Channel
258
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Ethernet LANs
:Local Area Network = LAN
.
: Ethernet Token
Ring
.
, WAN . Router
:
,
.
259
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: Ethernet
) (frames
) (workstations ) (LANs 1
physical layer 2 data link layer
OSI Model
- 1 OSI - ,
-
2 OSI - MAC Address
).( Data Link Layer
0979
.
: Ethernet : Mbps Fast Ethernet : 10
Mbps Giga Ethernet : 100 Gbps 10 Giga
Ethernet 1 . Gbps 10
: Ethernet
Ethernet = 10 MB | Fast Ethernet = 100 MB
Giga Ethernet = 1 GB | Ten Giga Ethernet = 10 GB
): (Medium
) (Data Rate:
(Coaxial Cable) :
ThickNet 10 Mbps 10
BaseBand , ) (Network Span
2500 , 100
500 Base5 10
Base 5 .
ThinNet 5
Mbps 10 BaseBand ,
) (Network Span 925 ,
30 500 Base2 10
Base 2
261
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
,
.
10
Broad36 1.1-1.4 Mbps 10
BroadBand , )(Network Span
3600 1800.
Twisted Pair : Shielded Twisted Pair
) (STP ) Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP
.
UTP 1.6-1.4
Mbps 10 BaseBand ,
) (Network Span 500 100
. BaseT 10.
UTP Mbps 100 Mbps 100
Gigabit .
(Optical Fiber) : UTP
) (switches hubs
.
IEEE :
802.3x = Full Duplex
802.3ae = 10 GB
802.3at = POE
802.3u = 100 MB
8023ab = 1 GB
261
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Header Tralier
Data and Pad
Header ,
.
262
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
263
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
264
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: A B C D Medium
Segment.. A B ,
A
MAC D A
( C D ) .
) (BroadCast
.
.
: ""
Carrier
..
. :
(
) .
:
..
,
) (grambled
/
) (back off time/delay
.
Segmentation :
Segment Collision Domain
Multiple Collision Domain
.
Segmentation :
Segmentation
..
, () ..
265
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
:
)(Data Terminal Equipment DTE
.
(Data communication
) equipment DCE
( Repeater
Hub) Bridge Switch Routers
Segment
Network Interface Cards NICs
.
Hub :
Hub Frame
Segment
.
Bridge :
Bridge Hub
.. Bridge Hub
.
Bridge
( ) ( ).
Switch :
Switch Ports
DCE - Hub Switch - DTE -
. Switch
Node Switch
) (Switched Networks Collision Free .
266
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Switch ..
Segment Switch
port
.
Switch : Full Duplex technology Half
Duplex Technology
Half Duplex port switch
DCE DTE NIC
.
Full Duplex port
..
Mbps 100 Full Duplex
. Mbps 200
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Media Access Control OR Mac Address
267
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
TCP/IP
IP ) (ARP Address Resolution
Protocol ) , (IPv4) (NDP Neighbor Discovery
Protocol (IPv6). broadcast
- Ethernet
( Frame )
. Data
link OSI
.
:
IEEE 802 MAC-48
.
( )- ():
. : address2 01:23:45:67:89:ab
address1 01:23:45:67:89:ab Cisco
,
. ab 0123,4567,89 : .
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MAC Address Table
:
.
Forward filter Table
Content Addressable Memory Physical Address MAC
Address Table
268
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Switch
: Switch Hub
Source MAC Address
.
: Source MAC Address
.
One
, Collision Domain
Mb 100
.
269
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
1- Address Learning
2- Filtering / Forwarding Deision
3- Loop Avoidance
Address learning :
MAC - Address
Broad Cast: ffff.ffff.ffff
....
271
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-
.
271
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- Frame
Frame
PC2 PC3
....
- Frame
.........
272
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- PC3 PC1
Frame Frame
....
- Frame Frame
PC1
Port 1 ..........
- Frame PC1
.
273
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Loop Avoidance :
( ) Switch
STP .
Loop
274
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Frame ()Switch
Frame
:
1- Store and Forwarding
2- Cut Through
3- Fragment Free
275
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
276
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: Vlan
Vlan Vlan
.
Vlan :
- Vlan 1, Vlan 2, Vlan 3
.
277
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Vlan 1 Vlan
2 Vlan 3
. Vlan
: Vlan .
- Vlan : Subnetting
-1 Subnetting IP Address
IP Address A,B,C
.
Vlan -2
.
- : Vlan
-1 . BroadCast
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 ,
.Vlan
Vlan -6 BroadCast Domain
BroadCast Domain
.
---------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------
Vlan
Type of Vlan
- Vlan
.
1- Data Vlan
2- Default Vlan
3- Native Vlan
4- Voice Vlan
5- Management Vlan
278
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: Management Vlan
HTTP
Telent , SSH , SNMP . Vlan
279
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Vlan
Vlan ID Range
- Vlan Vlan
,
,
.
281
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: Access Port -1
. Native Vlan
: Trunk Port -2
Vlan Frame
Vlan . Trunk
: Trunk Port
Vlan 1 Vlan 1
Vlan 1
,
Trunk
Vlan
Trunk ,
:
281
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Trunk Port
SW2 SW3 Vlan 200
Trunk Port
. Vlan
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trunk Port
- Frame
Trunk Port .
- ISL header .
282
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-
.
- ,
.
0000 Ethernet
0001 Token-Ring
0010 FDDI
0011 ATM
283
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- ISL header
:
- :
- ISL header
:
- :
: INDEX FIELD -
,
.
: RES FIELD -
FDDI
Token Ring Ethernet .16 bits
IEEE 802.1Q -1
ISL
IEEE 802.1Q , ISL IEEE
802.1Q Tag Frame 4 byte
ISL Encapsulation Frame 26 byte
IEEE 802.1Q
Tag Frame Frame
.
: IEEE
.ISL
Frame format - :
encapsulate , .
285
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
. IEEE 802.1Q -
.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vlan Switch
Vlan Configuartion
Switch > enable
Switch # config t
Switch (config) # vlan 2
Switch (config-vlan) # name IT
Switch (config-vlan) # exit
Switch (config-vlan) # vlan 3
Switch (config-vlan) # name PMP
Switch (config-vlan) # exit
Switch (config) # interface fastethernet 0/1
Switch (config-if) # switchport access vlan 2
Switch (config-if) # exit
Switch (config) # interface fastethernet 0/7
Switch (config-if) # switchport access vlan 3
Switch (config-if) # exit
Switch (config) # exit
Switch # copy running-config startup-configt
286
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- Vlan
, :
- Vlan
Trunk Port .
:
192.168.1.0/24 -1
Vlan 2 . Name IT
192.168. 2.0/24 -2
Vlan 3 . Name HR
-3
.
Vlan
Vlan .
- : Vlan 2 Vlan 1
, 1002 , 1003
, 1004 , 1005
.
287
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: SW 1 -
:
Switch> enable
Switch # config t
Switch (config) # vlan 2
Switch (config-vlan) # name IT
Switch (config-vlan) # exit
Switch (config) # interface fastethernet 0/1
Switch (config-if) # switchport access vlan 2
Switch (config-if) # exit
Switch (config) # interface fastethernet 0/2
Switch (config-if) # switchport access vlan 2
Switch (config-if) # exit
Switch (config) # vlan 3
Switch (config-vlan) # name HR
Switch (config-vlan) # exit
Switch (config) # interface fastethernet 0/3
Switch (config-if) # switchport access vlan 3
288
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- vlan 2 vlan 3
:
Switch # show vlan
289
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- vlan 2 vlan 3
, vlan
2 vlan 3
...
- Ping vlan
2 vlan 3 ,
vlan 2 Command
Prompt
vlan 3 .
- SW 1 SW 2
. Trunk
291
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: SW 2 -
:
Switch> enable
Switch # config t
Switch (config) # vlan 2
Switch (config-vlan) # name IT
Switch (config-vlan) # exit
Switch (config) # interface fastethernet 0/1
Switch (config-if) # switchport access vlan 2
Switch (config-if) # exit
Switch (config) # interface fastethernet 0/2
Switch (config-if) # switchport access vlan 2
Switch (config-if) # exit
Switch (config) # vlan 3
Switch (config-vlan) # name HR
Switch (config-vlan) # exit
Switch (config) # interface fastethernet 0/3
Switch (config-if) # switchport access vlan 3
Switch (config-if) # interface fastethernet 0/4
Switch (config-if) # switchport access vlan 3
Switch (config-if) # end
Switch # copy running-config startup-config
291
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
SW 2
- vlan 2 vlan 3
:
Switch # show vlan
- vlan 2 vlan 3
, vlan 2
vlan 3
,
SW 2 SW 1
292
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Trunk
Trunk .
- SW 1 :
:
Switch> enable
Switch # config t
Switch (config) # interface fastethernet 0/24
Switch (config-if) # switchport mode trunk
Switch (config-if) # end
Switch # copy running-config startup-config
- : trunk
.
- SW 2
SW 1 . trunk
293
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
VTP
VLAN Trunk Protocol
: VTP
, VTP Vlan
,Vlan
Vlan
VTP
Trunk port Frame .
- VTP
Vlan ,
Vlan
Vlan
,
. VTP
294
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
295
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: VTP Domain -
,
, VTP VTP Domain 1
VTP Domain 2 VTP
. Domain
: VTP Pruning -
.
296
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: VTP Advertisements -
,
.
VTP Advertisements
-
.
297
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
298
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
VTP Version
299
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
VTP
VTP Configuartion
VTP Server
311
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
:
192.168.1.0/24 .1
Vlan 2 . Name IT
192.168. 2.0/24 .2
Vlan 3 . Name HR
.3
.
SW 1 VTP Server .4
SW 2 ,SW 3 VTP Client
.
-
VTP Server
VTP .
311
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- VTP
Vlan
, VTP
.
- SW 1 :
:
Switch > enable
Switch # config t
Switch (config) # vtp domain ABC
Switch (config) # vtp version 2
Switch (config) # vtp mode server
Switch (config) # vtp password 123
Switch (config) # end
Switch # copy running-config startup-config
SW 1 VTP Server
: Vlan
SW 1 , vtp
. VTP Server
312
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- vtp SW
1 Vlan vtp
.
- SW 1 Vlan HR
, IT .
SW 1
- vtp SW 1
.VTP Server
-
,
VTP .
- SW 2
VTP . SW 2
313
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
SW 2
: SW 2 -
:
Switch > enable
Switch # config t
Switch (config) # vtp domain ABC
Switch (config) # vtp version 2
Switch (config) # vtp mode client
Switch (config) # vtp password 123
Switch (config) # end
Switch # copy running-config startup-config
314
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- SW 2 Vlan
.
SW 2
- Vlan vtp
, SW 2
SW 1 , SW 2
Trunk Port ,
SW 1
.
- SW 1
: Trunk Port
- SW 1 Trunk Port
f0/1 , f0/2 SW 2
SW 3 .
315
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- SW 2
:
SW 2
-
.
-
.
SW 3
:
- . VTP
316
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Router on a Staick
:Router on a Staick -
Vlan
Vlan ,
Vlan
Gy .
- Vlan
,
Gy
,
Router on a Staick .
317
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
318
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: -
. Trunk Port
: R1
:
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0
Router (config-if) # no shutdown
Router (config-if) # exit
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0.1
Router (config-subif) # encapsulation dot1q 2
Router (config-subif) # ip address 192.168.1.100 255.255.255.0
Router (config-subif) # exit
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0.2
Router (config-subif) # encapsulation dot1q 3
Router (config-subif) # ip address 192.168.2.100 255.255.255.0
Router (config-subif) # exit
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0.3
Router (config-subif) # encapsulation dot1q 4
Router (config-subif) # ip address 192.168.3.100 255.255.255.0
Router (config-subif) # exit
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0.4
Router (config-subif) # encapsulation dot1q 5
Router (config-subif) # ip address 192.168.4.100 255.255.255.0
Router (config-subif) # end
Router # copy running-config startup-config
319
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- f0/0
, Router on a Staick
Trunk Port
...
-
f0/24
:
Switch > enable
Switch # config t
Switch (config) # interface fastethernet 0/24
Switch (config-if) # switchport mode trunk
- Router on a
, Staick Gy
. Vlan
-
....
.....
-
f0/0
. Vlan
: Vlan 1
Vlan 2 Router on a
. Staick
- Router on a Staick
.
311
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Switch Port Modes
-
,
, .
1- Dynamic Desirable
2- Trunk
3- Access
4- Dynamic Auto Access
5- No Negotiate
6- DTP = Dynamic Trunking Protocol
: Dynamic Desirable
Trunk Port ,
.
: Dynamic Desirable
Access
Access .Dynamic Desirable
: Trunk Trunk Port
.
: Access Access
.
: Dynamic Auto Access
Access Access
Trunk .Trunk
: No Negotiate
.
311
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
312
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
STP
Spanning Tree Protocol
:STP
STP
STP
.
- .Data Link Layer
- STP
juniper .
- STP IEEE . 802.1D
,
,
,
.
313
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- : STP
-3 . Root Bridge
-. . Non Bridge
- Root Bridge
, Non Bridge
.
BPDU = Bridge
Protocol Data Units
,
,
.
: BPDU
BPDU
Root Bridge .
:Bridge ID
Root Bridge Non Bridge
Bridge ID ..
1- Bridge Prioirty , 2- MAC Address
Bridge ID ................................
314
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: Bridge Prioirty
, 0 to 65535 .Default Value = 32768
: Mac Address
.
- : Root Bridge
BPDU
Bridge Prioirty MAC Address
, Prioirty
Prioirty
, Root Bridge Prioirty
Mac Address
BPDU
Root Bridge
.
- : STP
Root Bridge
,
.
315
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: STP Port
1- DP = Designated Port
2- RP = Root Port
3- BP = Block Port
: DP = Designated Port Root
Bridge .
: RP = Root Port
Non Bridg
Root Bridge .
: DP RP
RP Non Bridg .
: BP = Block Port .Cost
316
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-
, STP
STP
.
SW 1 , SW 2
2 ,
STP
, Root Bridge
:
- Root Bridge
, SW 1
Prioirty 32768 SW 1 , SW 2
SW 1 MAC
Address : 0000.0000.0000.1 MAC SW 2
Address : 0000.0000.0000.2 SW 1
Root Bridge
, SW 1
Root
Bridge .
317
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
SW 1
: STP
:
Switch > enable
Switch # show spanning-tree
SW 1
- Root Bridge
DP = Designated Port
, SW
2 .
- SW 2 :
SW 2
- , Non Bridg F
0/1 RP = Root Port
Root Bridge ,
F 0/ 2 BP = Block Port
STP loop
.
-
.STP
Root Bridge Non Bridg
,
318
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- Root Bridge
, SW 2
Prioirty 32768 SW 1 , SW 2 , SW 3
SW 1
MAC Address : 0000.0000.0000.2 SW 2
MAC Address : 0000.0000.0000.1 MAC SW 3
Address : 0000.0000.0000.3 SW
2 Root
Bridge , Non Bridg Cost
Cost 19 .
- SW 1
: STP
: -
Switch > enable
Switch # show spanning-tree
319
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
SW 1
- SW 2 :
- Root Bridge SW 2
DP = Designated Port
,
SW3 .
- SW3 :
-
.STP
321
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
SW 1 , SW 2 , SW 3 , SW 4
2 ,
, STP
, Root Bridge
:
Root Bridge
, SW 1
Prioirty 32768 SW 1 , SW 2 , SW 3 ,
SW 4
SW 1
MAC Address : 0005.5EAE.6CBB
MAC Address : 000A.F3EE.0929 SW 2
MAC Address : 0060.47C9.E392 SW 3 SW4
, MAC Address : 00D0.BAC0.2BBA
SW 1
Root Bridge , Non Bridg
Cost
Cost 19 ,
SW 3 SW
321
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
4 SW 3 SW 1
SW 2
SW 4 ,
SW 3 SW 4 Cost 57
SW 3
SW 1 Cost 19
SW 1 SW 2 Cost 38
SW 2 SW 4 Cost 38
Cost 57 .
SW 1
: STP
:
Switch > enable
Switch # show spanning-tree
- Root Bridge SW 1
DP = Designated Port
,
SW 2 .
- SW 2 :
SW 1
322
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- , Non Bridge SW 2
.
SW 2
-
.
Fa0/1 Desg FWD SW 4
Root Bridge .Non Bridge
Fa0/2 Root FWD Root SW 1
.Bridge
STP
,
.
323
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- SW 3 :
- , Non Bridge SW 3
.
SW 3
-
.
- SW 4 :
SW 4
324
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- SW 4
.
Fa0/1 Root FWD SW 1
.Root Bridge
STP
. STP
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
STP switch port states
- 30
, .
1- Blocking
2- Listening
3- Learning
4- Forwarding
5- Disabled
325
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-
.
: Blocking
.
Blocking
30 :
: Listening Access
Trunk 15
.
: Learning 15
Access
.
: Forwarding
.
:Disabled
.
326
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- STP
,
, STP
.
1- Port Fast
2- Uplink Fast
3- Backbone Fast
4- RLQ BPDU = Root Link Query
:Port Fast
30 sec Listening,
Learning
30 sec
.
- :
Access ,
.
: Uplink Fast
.
:
.
: Backbone Fast
RLQ BPDU
.
327
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
328
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: RSTP STP
,802.1w
STP 20 Sec
RSTP 6 Sec
STP .Root Bridge
- . RSTP
-
. STP
- STP
RSTP .
STP switch port states
1- Blocking , 2- Listening , 3- Learning , 4- Forwarding , 5- Disabled
329
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
1- Discarding
2- Learning
3- Forwarding
1- Root
2- Designated
3- Alternate Root
4- Backup
5- Disabled
RSTP
- :
1- Point to Point
2- Shared
3- Edge
331
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Link Type
331
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Port Channel
: Port Channel -
.
STP
Loop ,
Port Channel ,
,
.
-
100 Mb Port Channel
400 Mb .
- :
- .Trunk
- .OSI
332
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- , 100 mb / 100
mb , 10 mb /100 mb / 1000 mb
.
-
,
.
- .
- .
- Logical Port
STP
, Logical Port
Physical Port .
- :
100 mb , STP
. Root Bridge
Port Channel
400 mb
.
Port Channel Configuration
Switch > enable
Switch # config t
Switch (config) # interface range fastethernet 0/1 4
Switch (config-if-range) # channel-group 1 mode desirable
Switch (config-if-range) # channel-protocol pagp
334
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- SW 1
:
Switch > enable
Switch # config t
Switch (config) # interface range fastethernet 0/1 4
Switch (config-if-range) # channel-group 1 mode desirable
Switch (config-if-range) # channel-protocol pagp
Switch (config-if-range) # end
Switch # copy running-config startup-config
. SW 2
- SW 2
:
Switch > enable
Switch # config t
Switch (config) # interface range fastethernet 0/1 4
Switch (config-if-range) # channel-group 1 mode desirable
Switch (config-if-range) # channel-protocol pagp
Switch (config-if-range) # end
Switch # copy running-config startup-config
. SW 2
-
.400 mb
335
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- SW 1
Port Channel .
:
Switch > enable
Switch # show running-config
SW 1
- SW 1 F
0/1 , F 0/2 , F0/3, F0/4 channel-
protocol pagp
.
- : STP
Switch # show spanning-tree
336
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- STP SW 1
, Root Bridge
Port Channel
400 mb .
- SW 2
Port Channel .
:
Switch > enable
Switch # show running-config
SW 2
- SW 2 F
0/1 , F 0/2 , F0/3, F0/4 channel-
protocol pagp
.
- : STP
- STP SW 2
, Non Bridge
Port Channel
400 mb .
337
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Ether Channel
338
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
IP HOST
Workstations TCP / IP
) (IP address conflict
IP ( )
.
DHCP :
. -
) (Client-Server DHCP
. System Administrator
DHCP
DNS BOOT DHCP ) (MAC
IP DHCP BOOTP .
- : DHCP
1-Static Configuration
2-Dynamic Configuartion
3-Alternate Configuartion
- .
IP
IP
.
339
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: Static Configuration
,
,
.
: Dynamic Configuartion
DHCP
DHCP ,
DHCP
.
341
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: Alternate Configuartion
Static Dynamic
,
Alternate ,
Alternate APIPA
.
Alternate Configuartion
- DHCP
:
1- IP Address
2- Subnet Mask
3- IP Default Gateway
4- DNS Server
5- WINS
6- Time
- IP ) (DHCP Lease Stages
.
341
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- IP
:
-
.
1- Client Sends a DHCP Discover Broadcast
2- Server Sends a DHCP Offer Unicast
3- Clinet Sends a DHCP Request Broadcast
4- Server Sends a DHCP ACK Unicast
: Client Sends a DHCP Discover Broadcast
, IP
, Broadcast
, IP
DHCP , IP
Offer
.
:Server Sends a DHCP Offer Unicast
IP Unicast
IP
DHCP
.
: Clinet Sends a DHCP Request Broadcast
DHCP
IP DHCP IP
, IP
IP .IP
:Server Sends a DHCP ACK Unicast
, IP DHCP .
342
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
DHCP DORA
DHCP UDP :
Server DHCP . UDP Port 67
DHCP Client . UDP Port 68
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:DHCP 50% )(renew
DHCP IP
87.5% DHCP
DHCP DISCOVER
IP .
:DHCP Relay Agents DHCP
DHCP
DHCP
Broadcast DHCP
DHCP Relay Agents
DHCP
DHCP Relay Agents
.
343
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- .
-1 DHCP Server .
-1 A
. 10.0.0.0/8
344
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-3 DNS .10.0.0.99/8 IP
-1 IP . GY : 10.0.0.100/8
-5 IP
DHCP Server .
:
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0
Router (config-if) # ip address 10.0.0.100 255.0.0.0
Router (config-if) # no shutdown
Router (config-if) # exit
Router (config) # ip dhcp pool HR
Router (dhcp-config) # network 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
345
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- IP 10.0.0.1
.
-
IP DHCP Server .
346
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- IP
DHCP Server :
- PC 2
Static DHCP
IP 10.0.0.2
DNS .
-
DHCP :
347
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- IP
DHCP
DHCP
.
- DHCP
:
-
DHCP :
-1 DHCP
.
-2 .IP 192.168.1.0/24
-3 . IP 192.168.2.0/24
-4 DNS .
-5 IP .
348
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-
DHCP :
DHCP Server
-
:
,
,
.
,
Host-NM-10/100 ,
,
349
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
,
............
-
,
.
-
DHCP
:
-
IP , Fast Ethernet 0/0
....
351
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-
DHCP .......
351
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- Services
DHCP :
- Pool Name
, IP Gy
352
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
DNS Start
IP Address SubnetMask
. Add
: DHCP
Off .ON
......
- DHCP
.
:
,
.
-
IP PC
.1
- PC1
.192.168.1.0/24
353
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- IP DHCP
.
- Laptop 1
IP .
354
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: NAT
Private IP
Public IP
Defult Gateways (
) ,
.
: NAT
1- Static NAT One To One
2- Dynamic NAT Group To Group
3- PAT NAT One To Group
-
.
: NAT
-1 .
-1 .
-3 .
355
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: Static NAT
Private IP
Public IP
Static NAT
Private IP Public IP
- Private Network
Public Network
,
Src 10.0.0.15 Dest
200.0.0.10 200.0.0.10
123.0.0.0/24
NAT
,
10.0.0.15
.
- Static NAT
Private IP Public IP
Public IP .
356
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- Pool
, Public IP
NAT Pool
.
-
NAT
Pool
.
357
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
:PAT NAT
Public IP
.
-
NAT PAT
NAT
NAT PAT
.
- : NAT
NAT
.
RIP
NAT PAT
358
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-
.
NAT Names
NAT
1- Global Address = Public Address
2- Local Address = Private Address
359
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- Inside
Outside
.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NAT
361
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
361
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
NAT
.
: NAT
NAT NAT
. RIP
:
NAT
. NAT
- R2 :
. RIPv2
: inside , outside
.
:
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0
362
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
363
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
. NAT-PAT
R1 Ping .R2
R2
.
R1 .
Router # show ip route
- R RIPv2
* S default gateway
0.0.0.0
.
- R2
.
364
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
R1 -
R2
NAT PAT .
Packet -
192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24
R1
NAT PAT
Router # debug ip nat .
.
-
192.168.1.1 65.65.60.1
.
: -
365
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
NAT
Packet
IP NAT
.
First Hop Redundancy Protocols = FHRP
:FHRP
IP
366
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
.
-
IP .
- : FHRP
FHRP
.
367
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: HSRP
Gateway
IP
.
: HSRP -
.
HSRP version 1
368
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Actice
priority . Actice
- : HSRP
HSRP
10 ,
224.0.0.2 all routers
.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HSRP
HSRP Configuration
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/1
Router (config-if) # standby 1 priority 90
Router (config-if) # standby 1 ip 10.0.0.0 Virtual IP
Router (config-if) # standby 1 preempt Group
- HSRP
HSRP
.
:
192.168.1.0/24 .
192.168.2.0/24 .
369
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- R1
HSRP .
:
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # interface fastEthernet 0/0
. R2 R1 -
: R2 -
:
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # interface fastEthernet 0/0
Router (config-if) # ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0
Router (config-if) # no shutdown
371
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
372
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
.
:
Router # show standby brief
R1 Virtual IP
. R2
HSRP
R1 :
Router # show standby
373
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- :
:
- Gy
192.168.1.1
.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:VRRP HSRP
.
HSRP
:
HSRP Active
. Standby
VRRP Master
. Backup
Active = Master, Standby = Backup
374
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
375
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: GLBP
OSI
Load Balancing
.
) Active Virtual Gateway (AVG .
) Active Vritual Forword (AVF .
. Multicast ip 224.0.0.102
. UDP Port 3222
.Mac Address 0007.B400.XXYY
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLBP
GLBP Configuration
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0
Router (config-if) # glbp 1 priority 100
Router (config-if) # glbp ip 12.1.1.1
Router (config-if) # glbp 1 preempt
376
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: NTP
, .
NTP UDP .123
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NTP
NTP Configuration
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # ntp server 192.168.1.100
Router (config) # ntp authentication-key 1 md5 cisco
Router (config) # ntp update-calendar
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- :
:
377
Level ( 4 ) Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
WAN
WAN
379........................................................Wide Area Networks WAN
378
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: WAN
.
- : WAN
.
- WAN
WAN
379
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Packets
.
- WAN OSI Layer
.
- WAN
.
: Leased Line -3
ISP Leased Line
.
- : Leased Line
Leased Line .
Leased Line
.Leased Line
381
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Leased Line
. HDLC , PPP
) : High Level Data Link Control (HDLC
.
HDLC
. IP Header
HDLC .
HDLC -1 6
.
.
HDLCv2 -1 7
Proprietary
.
: Flag Frame
.8 bits
381
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: Address IP
.8 bit
: Control
Flow Control
.8 bit
: Protocol
PPP, HDLC .LLC Header
: Data
.
: FCS
FCS
.
: Flag
.
Circuit Switching -. Circuit-
Switching
.
- : Circuit Switching
-1 Reverse Charging
.
-1 Call
.Redirect
382
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-3
.
- : Circuit Switching
-1
.
-1
.
-3
.
-1
.
: Packet Switching -1
.
Serial
)Data Communication Equipment(DCE
383
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
.
- : Packet Switching
-1
.
-1
.
-3
.
-
.
-1 .
-1 .
-3 .
-
.
: X.25 Packet-
Switching Data Communication Equipment
) (DCE )Data Terminal Equipment (DTE
X.25
Router . Gy
X.25
OSI Layers :
-1 Physical Layer
.
-1 Data-Link Layer
.
384
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-3
. Packets
Full Duplex
.
DCE
DTE , X.25
.HDLC
.
X.25
Packet-Switching
. OSI Layers
385
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: PPP WAN
Data Link OSI Layers
HDLC
PPP
.HDLC
PPP Header Header
HDLC .
Header HDLC
Header , PPP
HDLC
PPP ,
Header HDLC
Header PPP Header
, :
386
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
PPP . -
-1 Negotiation
.
-1 Authentication
.
-3 Compression
.
-1 Error Detections
Header
.
-5 Multilink
.
387
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- PPP
Authentication
.
- Authentication :
388
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-
.
389
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
391
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-
.
-
.
-
223.255.255.0 ppp
.
- R1
:
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # hostname R1
Router (config) # interface Serial 0/3/0
391
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: -
R1 # copy running-config startup-config
R1 -
: R2
392
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: R2 -
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # hostname R2
Router (config) # interface Serial 0/3/0
Router (config-if) # ip address 223.255.255.254 255.255.255.0
Router (config-if) # encapsulation ppp
Router (config-if) # ppp authentication chap
Router (config-if) # exit
Router (config) # username R1 Password cisco123
: -
R2 # copy running-config startup-config
393
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: Frame Relay
. -1
. -1
. -3
ISDN -1
.
. -5
. -6
: Frame Relay
. -1
DLCI -1
. Frame Relay
Frame Relay -3
PVC
.
-1
Frame .
-5 Switch
DLCI
.
-6
In-Band Congestion Signaling
.
395
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
:Frame Relay
-1
.
-1 .
-3
.
Frame Relay :
-3
Customer
) Termination Equipment (CTE PVC
, . Frame Relay Service Point
-1 .
:CTE Frame Relay
.
Frame Relay
Frame Relay
. Frame Relay
: Frame Relay
-3 Full
. Mesh
396
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-1 Partial Mesh
.Topology
- Frame Relay
Frame Relay
Frame Relay
Frame Relay
Frame
Relay .
397
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- Frame Relay
Frame Relay
Frame Relay
Frame Relay
RIPv2 , EIGRP , OSPF
.
- :
:
-1 . Frame Relay
-1 .
-3
. Frame Relay
-4
Frame Relay
-5 RIPv2
.
-6 Frame Relay Frame
.Relay
398
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: -
(R1)
IP Address Private Network f0/0 192.168.1.1/24
IP Address Serial 0/0/0.103 172.20.3.1
IP Address Serial 0/0/0.102 172.20.1.1
Serial 0/0/0.103
Serial 0/0/0.102
DLCI 102
DLCI 103
: -
(R2)
IP Address Private Network f0/0 192.168.3.1/24
IP Address Serial 0/0/0.201 172.20.1.1
IP Address Serial 0/0/0.203 172.20.2.1
Serial 0/0/0.201
Serial 0/0/0.203
DLCI 201
DLCI 203
: -
(R3)
IP Address Private Network f0/0 192.168.2.1/24
IP Address Serial 0/0/0.301 172.20.1.1
IP Address Serial 0/0/0.302 172.20.2.1
Serial 0/0/0. 301
Serial 0/0/0. 302
DLCI 301
DLCI 302
399
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-
:
R1
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # hostname R1
R1 (config) # interface serial 0/0/0
R1 (config-if) # encapsulation frame-relay
R1 (config-if) # interface serial 0/0/0.102 point-to-point
R1 (config-subif) # frame-relay interface-dlci 102
R1 (config-subif) # ip address 172.20.1.1 255.255.255.252
R1 (config-subif) # interface serial 0/0/0.103 point-to-point
R1 (config-subif) # frame-relay interface-dlci 103
R1 (config-subif) # ip address 172.20.3.2 255.255.255.252
R1 (config-subif) # interface serial 0/0/0
R1 (config-if) # no shutdown
R1 (config-if) # exit
R1 (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0
R1 (config-if) # ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
R1 (config-if) # no shutdown
R1 (config-if) # exit
R1 (config) # router rip
R1 (config-router) # version 2
R1 (config-router) # network 192.168.1.0
R1 (config-router) # network 172.20.1.1
R1 (config-router) # network 172.20.3.2
R1 (config-router) # end
R1 # copy running-config startup-config
411
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
R1 -
.
R2
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # hostname R2
R2 (config) # interface serial 0/0/0
R2 (config-if) # encapsulation frame-relay
R2 (config-if) # interface serial 0/0/0.201 point-to-point
R2 (config-subif) # frame-relay interface-dlci 201
R2 (config-subif) # ip address 172.20.1.1 255.255.255.252
R2 (config-subif) # interface serial 0/0/0.203 point-to-point
R2 (config-subif) # frame-relay interface-dlci 203
R2 (config-subif) # ip address 172.20.2.2 255.255.255.252
R2 (config-subif) # interface serial 0/0/0
R2 (config-if) # no shutdown
R2 (config-if) # exit
R2 (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0
R2 (config-if) # ip address 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0
R2 (config-if) # no shutdown
R2 (config-if) # exit
R2 (config) # router rip
R2 (config-router) # version 2
R2 (config-router) # network 192.168.3.0
R2 (config-router) # network 172.20.1.1
R2 (config-router) # network 172.20.2.2
R2 (config-router) # end
R2 # copy running-config startup-config
411
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
R2
.
R3
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # hostname R3
R3 (config) # interface serial 0/0/0
R3 (config-if) # encapsulation frame-relay
R3 (config-if) # interface serial 0/0/0.301 point-to-point
R3 (config-subif) # frame-relay interface-dlci 301
R3 (config-subif) # ip address 172.20.3.1 255.255.255.252
R3 (config-subif) # interface serial 0/0/0.302 point-to-point
R3 (config-subif) # frame-relay interface-dlci 302
R3 (config-subif) # ip address 172.20.2.2 255.255.255.252
R3 (config-subif) # interface serial 0/0/0
R3 (config-if) # no shutdown
R3 (config-if) # exit
R3 (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0
R3 (config-if) # ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
R3 (config-if) # no shutdown
R3 (config-if) # exit
R3 (config) # router rip
R3 (config-router) # version 2
R3 (config-router) # network 192.168.2.0
R3 (config-router) # network 172.20.3.1
R3 (config-router) # network 172.20.2.2
R3 (config-router) # end
R3 # copy running-config startup-config
412
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-
Frame Relay
.
Frame Relay :
- Config Serial
:
413
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
DLCI
DLCI Frame Relay
.
-
Add
.
- Packets
Successful
Faill
.
414
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- Successful
:
.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:MPLS WAN
MPLS Frame Relay
MPLS
OSI Layers
IP IP
Packets
Frame .
MPLS
.
415
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
MPLS
Frame Relay, ATM, or Ethernet.
.
.
.
) (RVSP
(CR-LDP).
.
.
.
RSVP ) (CR-LDP
Cisco
.
- : MPLS
416
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
MPLS : Label
MPLS Label
Header
MPLS Label
MPLS Routing
Table
MPLS Label
Label .
Label Label :
Layer 2 Header [MPLS Header] IP Packets
32 bits MPLS Header
:
- :
-1
ISP
.
-1
.
417
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
VPN
Virtual Private Network
: VPN
Remote Access
VPN VPN
VPN
VPN .
: VPN
VPN
.
418
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
VPN :
.
:
VPN
VPN
. VPN
-
IP Public
.
419
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
VPN
GateWay
Target Network
Clients
.
)(Tunneling
.
:VPN Tunneling
VPN
.
- :
)Point T Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP
)Layer Two Tunneling Protocol (L2TP
- .
)Secure Socket Tunneling Protocol (SSTP
)VPN, Security Protocol (IPSec
411
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- VPN
, VPN .
-1 Authentication
.
-1 Data Integrity
.
-3 Confidentiality
.
-1 Anti Reply
.
: VPN
-1 Remotely Connection
. VPN
-3 Scalability
.
-1 Security
VPN
.
411
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: VPN
VPN
:
: VPN
1- Dial up VPN
2- )Point to point VPN (IP VPN
3- Site to Site VPN
4- )Site to Multi Site VPN (DM VPN
5- MPLS VPN
Dial up VPN .3
VPN
Dial up VPN
.
412
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
413
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
MPLS VPN .6
MPLS VPN
.
414
Level ( 5 ) Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Networks Security
425..........................................................Network security
427.........................................................................Firewall
415
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: ACL
.
- : ACL
-1
.
-1
.
-3 ACL Filtering
.
-1 OSI Layer .
-5
.ACL
-6 .
-7
.
-8 ACL
.
-9 ACL Premit , Deny
.
-11 .
416
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
417
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
ACL Configuration
ACL
Standard / Extended ACL Configuration
Standard
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # access-list 1 deny host 172.16.10.5
Router (config) # access-list 1 permit any
Router (config) # interface fastetherent 0/0
Router (config-if) # ip access-group 1 out
Router (config-if) # exit
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Standard Name ACL
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # ip access-list standard internet
Router (config-std-nacl) # deny host 172.16.10.5
Router (config-std-nacl) # permit any
Router (config) # exit
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0
Router (config-if) # ip access-group internet out
Router (config-if) # exit
418
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Extended
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # access-list 10 deny host 172.16.10.5 host
192.168.1.1 eq http
Router (config) # access-list 10 permit ip any any
Router (config) # interface fastetherent 0/0
Router (config-if) # ip access-group 10 in
Router (config-if) # exit
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Extended Name ACL
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # ip access-list extended http
Router (config-std-nacl) # deny tcp host 172.16.10.5 host
192.168.1.1 eq http
Router (config-std-nacl) # permit ip any any
Router (config) # exit
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0
Router (config-if) # ip access-group 100 in
Router (config-if) # exit
419
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-
ACL
:
192.168.1.0/24 . -1
172.16.1.0/16 . -1
10.0.0.0/8 ACL -3
.
. -1
- :
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router (config) # access-list 101 deny ip host 10.0.0.2
192.168.1.2 0.0.0.255
Router (config) # access-list 101 permit ip any any
Router (config) # interface fastEthernet 0/1
Router (config) # ip access-group 101 in
Router (config) # exit
Router # copy running-config startup-config
421
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- ACL Extended
10.0.0.0/8
192.168.1.0/24 .
- 10.0.0.0/8
.
10.0.0.0/8
192.168.1.0/24
ACL
172.16.1.0/16
.
172.16.1.0/16
ACL 10.0.0.0/8
.
421
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Switch Security
: Switch Security
.
:
.
-1
.
)Trucking Dynamic Protocol (TDP
Hub Broad Cast
Hub
.
422
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
:
Switch (config) # interface fastetherent 0/1
Switch (config) # interface fastetherent 0/1-10
Switch (config-if-range) # switchport mode trunk
Trunk
Trunk Trunk .
:
Switch (config-if-range) # switchport mode access
Switch (config-if-range) # switchport nonegotiate
---------------------------------------------------------------------
-1
. Port Security
-3 Vlan
.
-1
.
423
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-5 Vlan 1
Vlan .
-6 Vlan Vlan
Vlan
Vlan .
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Authentication Methods
: Authentication
.
-1
. Something You Know
-1
. Something You have
-3
. Certifcate Authority
-1 CHAP
.
424
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-5 Kerberos
Tickets
Kerberos
.
-6 PAP
. Kerberos
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Network security
:
:
.
.
.
:
.
:
425
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
.
.
.
.
.
.
:
: Data Confidentiality
: .
: Data Integrity
:
100 1000000
.
:Availability
.
426
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Firewall ,
: Firewall
/
.
,
:
.
-
.
.
() .
.
.
.
"
" .
427
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: Packet Filters
1988 )(DEC
.
AT&T
.
) (packets
.
(
"" .
) (TCP) (UDP .
) (TCP ) (UDP
" " (
.
: Stateful Filters
.
:
.
): (Application Layer Firewall
AT&T "
) (Application Layer Firewall
) (Proxy server
DEC . SEAL
428
) Level ( 6 Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting 430 .........................
434............................IPv4 / IPv6
436..............................
440.............................................................................................Syslog
441.................................
446.........................................................Virtualization
450........................................................................Cloud Technology
457.........................................................................Quality of service
461..........................................................Wireless LAN
429
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Troubleshooting
:
OSI
Show
,
.
.
OSI -1
.
TCP/IP . OSI -1
-3
.
-1
.
-5
.
-6
:
Backup , SNMP , Syslog , Wire shark , NetFlow
431
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
- OSI
.
.
-1 Application
Remote Control
.
431
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-1 Presentation
.
-3 Session
Session
.
-1 Transport
TCP , UDP
FTP ,
TFTP .
-5 Network
.
-6 Data Link
Data Link .
-7 Physical
.
432
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
.
- :
.
Router # show controllers serial 0/0/0
.
Router # show ip interface brief
.
Router # show running-config
.
: Vlan Problems
.
Switch # show van
Vlan
.
Switch # show interfaces trunk
Trunk .
Switch # show vtp status
VTP .
Switch (config) # no spanning-tree vlan 1,2,3,4
STP
Vlan .
Switch (config) # interface fastetherent 0/5
433
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
.
-1
.
-1
.
-3
.
-1
.
-5
Subnet
Mask .
434
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
-6
192.168.1.1
.
-7 DHCP
:
DHCP
Pool
.
DHCP
DHCP
.
DHCP
DHCP
DHCP Realy Agent
DHCP .
DHCP
DHCP
Pool .
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ACL - Access List
Router # show access-lists / Router # show ip access-lists
Router # show ip interface
435
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
. ACL
: NAT -
Router # show running-config
Router # show ip nat translations
: Static Routing -
Router # show ip route
Router # show ipv6 route
Router # ping
Router # traceroute
: Dynamic Routing -
RIP Trobleshooting
Router # show ip route
Router # ping
Router # traceroute
436
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
OSPF Trobleshooting
Router # show ip route
Router # show ipv6 route
Router # show ip ospf database
Router # show ipv6 ospf database
Router # show ip ospf neighbor
Router # show ipv6 ospf neighbor
Router # show running-config
Router # ping
Router # traceroute
EIGRP Trobleshooting
Router # show ip route
Router # show ipv6 route
Router # show ip eigrp database
Router # show ipv6 eigrp database
Router # show ipv6 eigrp neighbor
Router # show running-config
Router # ping
Router # traceroute
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
437
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: SNMP
.
1- SNMP Manager , 2- SNMP Agent , 3- Management Info Base
- : SNMP
- : SNMP
439
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Syslog
: Syslog
. Action
- UDP . Port 514
- .)Spluck , Kiwi Syslog( Syslog
441
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Syslog Levels
.
1- Emergencies
2- Alerts
3- Critical
4- Error
5- Warning
6- Notifications
7- Informational
8- Debugging
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Switch Ways With Frames
441
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
1- Cut-Through
.
2- Store and Forward
.
3- Fragment-Free
64 .
Router Ways With Packets
1- Process Switching
.
2- Fast Switching
442
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
443
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: Vlans Allowed
Vlan Vlan
Trunk Interface
Trunk Interface Vlan
.
Switch (config) # interface fastethernet 0/1
Switch (config-if) # switchport trunk allowed vlan 1-2
444
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
:
The control plane
The Data
plane .
OpenFlow
Control plane . Data planes
: SDN
SDN
SDN
.
- SND
. virtualization
445
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
. -
-
SDN
.
-
.
-
.
-
.
-
.
. GMPLS , MPLS -
-
.
-
.
446
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Virtualization ,
Vm Citrix
.
.
:
:
Paravirtualization , Binary Translation , Emulation
: Emulation
Emulation
Super Nintendo
Playstation Atari 2600
.
447
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: Paravirtualization PV
Sun
.
. PV xBSD
.
: Binary Translation BT
XYZ
BT .
.
448
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
:
.
. Virtual Machine Manager
VMM VT 4
""
.
:
4
VMPTLRD
.
VMLaunch . VMResume
- VMResume
.
- VMLaunch
Virtual Machine Control Structure
.
Bitmaps VMCS
. 32
VMResume
.
449
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
:
.
:
.
:
.
IBM
.
451
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Cloud Technology
:
.
Cloud Tech
.
451
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: Cloud Technology
. IP
DNS
.
session id
.
.
() .
.
.
, :
) (Autonomic Computing "
.
) (Client-server model
()
.
Transaction
. processing
452
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: Cloud infrastructure
"
Infrastructure as a Service
) (hardware virtualization
.
( ) .
.
: Cloud
-
.
-
, .
, -
, ,
, .
. -
Cloud -
.
-
. Cloud
. -
453
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
: Public Cloud
:
.
( )
.Gov Cloud
:
" " .
Payment
.Card Industry Data Security Standard
454
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
() :
.
( )
"
hybrid cloud computing
ibm hp
(VMware)
.
.
.
Hybrid Web Hosting
.
: Private Cloud
.
:Cloud engineering
.
.
.
: cloud storage
.
.
.
.
455
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
456
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
:
) (Identity management
.federation services
:
.
:
.
:
.
:
.
:
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
457
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Quality of service
QOS
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
"
" .
.
458
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
.
.
.
.
.
) (QoE
"" " .
.
: QOS
.
" " . " "
"" .
DiffServer ( )
.
"" "" . :
. :
.
:
:
.
.
.
459
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
:
.
.
:
.
.
.
:
.
.
.
. isochronicity
:
. .
:
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
461
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
.
.
. ''.
/
.
.
.
.
:
.
. .
.
.
.
60
.
.
461
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Wireless LAN
:
. .
: Networks Wireless
LAN ) (Local Area Network
:
WLAN
: Wide Area Network WAN
Wireless LAN WLAN
.
462
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
.
Wireless
LAN
.
) (WLAN
( )
2004
WLAN wireless local
area network radio
frequency RF .
.
1115
:
- 1 ) (wireless computer cards
.
.
- 2 ) (access point
.
.
:
.
:
.
463
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
.
- -
.
.
.
:
) (wirelessness
.
:
.
:
( )
:
.
:
.
: PCI
100 200 2004 30
.
:
464
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
:
.
Ethernet
.
Wired
Equivalent Privact WAP Wi
Fi Protected Access WPA
.
:
Lakehead
.
: IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.11
:
:
Infrared IR
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum FHSS
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum DSSS
.
MAC: .
: Distributed Coordination Function
Point Coordination Function MAC Layer
.
465
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
.
:
466