Levnu0022 03 PDF

Chng 3
BK
TP.HCM
BIN I Z
Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering

HCMC University of Technology
268, av. Ly Thuong Kiet,
T.S. inh c Anh V
District 10, HoChiMinh city
Telephone : (08) 864-7256 (ext. 5843)
Fax : (08) 864-5137
Email : anhvu@hcmut.edu.vn
http://www.cse.hcmut.edu.vn/~anhvu
Ni dung
Bin i Z
B thun
B ngc
Cc tnh cht ca B Z
B Z hu t
im khng (Zero) im cc (Pole)
Pole v t/h nhn qu trong min thi gian
M t h/t LTI bng hm h thng
Bin i Z ngc
Phng php tch phn
Phng php khai trin thnh chui ly tha
Phng php phn r thnh cc hu t
Bin i Z mt pha (Z+)
Tnh cht
Gii PTSP bng B Z+
Phn tch h LTI
p ng ca h
p ng tc thi, qu
Tnh n nh v nhn qu
DSP Lecture 3, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE 2

Bin i Z
Tng qut
Mt cch biu din t/h khc v mt ton hc
Bin i t/h t min thi gian sang min Z
D kho st t/h v h/t trong nhiu trng hp (da vo cc t/c ca B Z)
nh ngha +
Cng thc X (z) =
n =-
x(n)z - n
Quan h x(n)
z
X (z )
K hiu X(z) Z{x(n)}
Bin z im thuc mt phng z

z = a + jb hay z = rej
Min hi t (ROC) {z |X(z)| < }
Ch quan tm X(z) ti nhng im z thuc ROC

Bin i Z
V d
T/h nhn qu x(n) = anu(n)
+ +
X ( z) = x(n) z
n = -
-n
= ( az -1 ) n
n =0
1
Khi az -1 < 1 (i.e. z > a ), X ( z) =
1 - az -1
ROC : z > a
T/h phn nhn qu x(n) = anu(n1)
+ -1
X ( z) = x ( n) z
n = -
-n
= (-a ) z
n = -
n -n
= - ( a -1 z ) l
l =1
-1 a -1 z 1
Khi a z < 1(i.e. z < a ), X ( z) = - =
1 - a -1 z 1 - az -1
ROC : z < a
ngha
T/h RRTG x(n) c xc nh duy nht bi biu thc B Z v ROC ca n
ROC ca t/h nhn qu l phn ngoi ca vng trn bn knh r2, trong khi ROC
ca t/h phn nhn qu l phn trong ca vng trn bn knh r1

Bin i Z
ROC ca cc t/h
T/h hu hn T/h v hn
T/h ROC T/h ROC

Nhn qu (t/h
Nhn qu
Mpz \ {0} bn phi) z> r2
[x(n)=0 n<0]
[x(n)=0 n<0]
Phn nhn qu
Phn nhn qu Img
Mpz \ {} (t/h bn tri) z< r1
[x(n)=0 n>0]
[x(n)=0 n>0] Re
Vnh khuyn
2 bn Mpz \ {0, } 2 bn
r1 >z> r2
+
B Z mt pha X + ( z ) = x ( n) z - n
n =0
Bin i Z
Tch phn Cauchy

1 1 k = n

n -1- k
z dz =
2pj C 0 k n
Bin i Z ngc
+
T X ( z) = x (
k = -
k ) z -k
Nhn 2 v vi zn1
Tch phn 2 v theo ng cong kn C bao gc O thuc ROC ca X(z)
+
C
X ( z ) z n -1dz =
C
x (
k = -
k ) z n -1-k
dz
p dng tch phn Cauchy
+
C
n -1
X ( z ) z dz =
k = -
x(k ) z n-1-k dz = 2pjx(n)
C
1

n -1
x ( n) = X ( z ) z dz
2pj C
Bin i Z Tnh cht
ROC = ROC1 ROC2 ROCn

Tuyn tnh x1 (n)
z
X1 ( z)
x2 ( n )
z
X 2 ( z)
x(n) = ax1 (n) + bx2 (n)
z
X ( z ) = aX 1 ( z ) + bX 2 ( z )
V d x(n) = anu(n) + bnu(n1)

1
x1 (n) = a n u (n)
z
X1 ( z) = -1
ROC : z > a
1 - az
1
x2 (n) = -b u (-n - 1)
n
X 2 ( z ) =
z
-1
ROC : z < b
1 - bz
1 1
Do x ( n ) = x1 ( n ) - x2 ( n )
z
X ( z) = X 1( z) - X 2 ( z) = -
1 - az -1 1 - bz -1
ROC : a < z < b

Bin i Z Tnh cht
Dch theo thi gian x ( n) z
X ( z)
x(n - k )
z
z -k X ( z)

0 k > 0
ROC = ROC x ( n ) \
k < 0
ROC ca vic kt hp cc B Z
Nu kt hp tuyn tnh ca cc B Z c khong thi gian hu hn, ROC ca B Z
c xc nh bi bn cht hu hn ca t/h ny, m khng phi ROC ca cc B
ring l
1 0 n N -1
V d x(n) =
N -1
0 others
N z =1
X ( z ) = 1. z -n -1
= 1+ z +L + z - ( N -1)
= 1 - z - N ROC : mpz \ {0}
n =0 1 - z -1 z 1
Mt khc, c th biu din x(n) = u(n) u(nN)
X(z) = Z{u(n)} Z{u(nN)} = (1z-N)Z{u(n)}
1
Z {u (n)} = ROC : z > 1
1 - z -1
Bin i Z Tnh cht
Co gin trong min Z x ( n)

z
X ( z) ROC : r1 < z < r2
a n x(n)
z
X ( a -1 z ) "a (thuc hay phuc)

ROC : a r1 < z < a r2
Im(z)
z
ngha r

a = r0 e jw 0 Re(z)
jw Z {x(n)} = X ( z )
z = re
Z {a n x(n)} = X ( w)
w = a -1 z w=a1z
1 j (w -w 0 )
w = a z =
-1
r e Im(w)
w
r0
r/r0
0
co r0 > 1 Re(w)
Thay bien + quay mpz
gian r0 < 1
Bin i Z Tnh cht
z
o thi gian x ( n )
X ( z) ROC : r1 < z < r2
Z 1 1
x (-n) X ( z ) -1
ROC : < z <
r2 r1
ngha
ROCx(n) l nghch o ca ROCx(n)
Nu z0 ROCx(n), 1/z0 ROCx(n)
Vi phn trong min Z x ( n)

z
X ( z)
dX ( z )
nx(n)
- z z
dz
Bin i Z Tnh cht
Tch chp x1 (n)

z
X1 ( z)
x2 ( n )
z
X 2 ( z)
x(n) = x1 (n) * x2 (n)
z
X ( z) = X1 ( z) X 2 ( z)
Tnh tch chp ca 2 t/h dng php B Z

Xc nh B Z ca 2 t/h
X1(z) = Z{x1(n)}
X2(z) = Z{x2(n)} Min thi gian min Z
Nhn 2 B Z vi nhau
X(z) = X1(z)X2(z) X l trong min Z
Tm B Z ngc ca X(z)
x(n) = Z-1{X(z)} Min Z min thi gian
Bin i Z Tnh cht
Tng quan x1 (n) z

X1 ( z)
x2 ( n )
z
X 2 ( z)

rx1 x2 (l ) = 1 2
x ( n
n = -
) x ( n - l )
z
R x1 x 2 ( z ) = X 1 ( z ) X 2 ( z -1
)
Vic tnh tng quan gia 2 t/h c thc hin d dng nh B Z

V d: xc nh chui t tng quan ca t/h x(n) = anu(n) (|a| < 1)
1
x ( n) = a n u ( n)
z
X ( z) = -1
ROC : z > a
1 - az
1 1
X ( z -1 ) = ROC : z <
1 - az a
1 1 1
Rxx ( z ) = X ( z ) X ( z -1 ) = =
1 - az -1 1 - az 1 - a ( z + z -1 ) + a 2
1
ROC : a < z <
a 1 l
rxx (l ) = a - < l <
1- a 2

Bin i Z Tnh cht
Nhn 2 chui x1 (n) z

X1 ( z)
x2 ( n )
z
X 2 ( z)
1 z -1
x(n) = x1 (n) x2 (n)
X ( z ) =
z
X 1 (v) X 2 ( )v dv
2pj C v
C : bao dong quanh goc 0, thuoc ROC chung cua X 1 (v) va X 2 (1 / v)
Cch xc nh min hi t
X 1 (v) hoi tu r1l < v < r1u
X 2 ( z ) hoi tu r2l < z < r2u
z
X 2 ( z / v) hoi tu r2l < < r2u
v
Do do, X ( z ) hoi tu r1l r2l < z < r1u r2u
Bin i Z Tnh cht
nh l gi tr u
Nu x(n) nhn qu [x(n) = 0 "n<0]
x ( 0 ) = lim X ( z )
z
Phc hp x ( n)
z
X ( z)
x * ( n)
z
X * ( z*)
Phn thc
1
Re{x ( n )}
[ X ( z ) + X * ( z*)]
z
2
Phn o
1
Im{x ( n )}
[ X ( z ) - X * ( z*)]
z
2j
Bin i Z hu t zero & pole
Zero ca B X(z): cc gi tr z sao cho X(z) = 0

Pole ca B Z: cc gi tr ca z sao cho X(z) =
ROC khng cha bt k pole no
K hiu trn mpz: zero vng trn (o) v pole ch thp (x)
1 1 - z -1
X (z) = X (z) =
1 - 0 .9 z -1
1 - z -1 - 2 z - 2

Bin i Z dng hu t
Rt hu ch phn tch h LTI RRTG
Vic xt tnh cht hay thit k h c tnh cht no ch cn
quan tm trn v tr ca cc im zero-pole
M
Cc cch biu din k
b z -k
N ( z ) b0 + b1 z -1 + L + bM z - M
Dng m m X ( z) = = -1 -N
= k =0
D( z ) a0 + a1 z + L + a N z M
a z
k =0
k
-k
M -1 bM
b0 N - M z + b10 z +L +
M b
b0
Dng m dng X ( z ) = z
a0 z N + aa10 z N -1 + L + aN
a0
M
( z - z1 )( z - z 2 ) K ( z - z M ) (z - z k )
Dng Zero-Pole X ( z ) = Gz N - M = Gz N - M k =1
( z - p1 )( z - p2 ) K ( z - p N ) N
b
(z - p )
k =1
k
G 0
a0
Dng hu t t zeros-poles
( z - z1 )( z - z 2 ) K ( z - z M )
X ( z ) = Gz N - M
( z - p1 )( z - p2 ) K ( z - p N )
G: li (gain)
VD: Tm dng hu t v v gin zero-pole cho X(z):
Zeros: Zk=0.8ej2k/M , k=1..M %Tim Huu ti, zplane: zpm.m
Poles: M pole ti 0 %----------------------------------
M=8;
a=0.8;
p=zeros(M,1);
z=zeros(M,1);
for k=1:M,
z(k,1)=a*exp((j*2*pi*k)/M);
end;
[num den] = zp2tf(z,p,1);
disp(num);
disp(den);
zplane(z,p);

M t hnh hc cho X(z)

|X(z)| l hm thc, dng ca bin z
b mt
Zeros: cc nh dng, cao
Poles: cc nh m, thp
VD:
1
X ( z) =
1 - 0.9 z -1
Dng hnh hc dng Matlab
ezmesh('a', 'b',
'0.1*log10(abs(1/(1 - 0.9*(a+j*b)^-1)))',
[-2,2,-2,2]);

Bin i Z hu t
V tr pole v hnh vi ca t/h nhn qu min thi

gian
V tr pole nh hng tnh cht b chn, phn k ca tn
hiu nhn qu min thi gian
V tr pole quyt nh tnh n nh ca h thng nhn qu
Tnh cht ca tn hiu min thi gian, trong trng hp
pole nm ngoi hay trong hay trn vng trn n v qua
nhng v d sau

Bin i Z hu t V tr pole


p=0.8ej/4 p=1.2ej/4
p=ej/4 p=0.8ej/4

B Z hu t Hm h/t ca h LTI
x(n) y(n)
H thng LTI VD
h(n)
h(n) = (1/2)nu(n)
y(n) = x(n)*h(n) x(n) = (1/3)nu(n)
z z z
1
Y(z) = X(z) H(z) H ( z) =
Xc nh y(n) 1 - 12 z -1
Tnh X(z) v H(z) 1
Xc nh Y(z) X ( z) =
Tm y(n) bng cch tnh B Z ngc ca Y(z)
1 - 13 z -1
Tm p ng n v 1 1
Y ( z) =
Y ( z)
1 - 12 z -1 1 - 13 z -1
H ( z) = = h( n) z - n
X ( z ) n = - 6
=
Hm h/t: H(z) ( z -1 - 2)( z -1 - 3)
H(z): c trng cho h/t trong min Z
h(n): c trng cho h/t trong min TG

B Z hu t Hm h/t ca h LTI
Hm h thng ca h LTI m t bi PTSP TT HSH

N M
y (n) = - ak y (n - k ) + bk x(n - k ) x(n) b0
+ +
y(n)
k =1 k =0
H pole-zero Z-1 Z-1

M
a1
Y ( z) k
b z -k b1
+ +
H ( z) = k =0
N
X ( z)
1 + ak z - k Z-1
a2 Z-1
H ton zero
k =1 b2
+ +
ak = 0 1kN
M M
1 aN1
H ( z ) = bk z -k
= M b z k
M -k
bM1
k =0 z k =0 + +
FIR
Z-1 Z-1
bM aN
H ton pole
bk = 0 1kM
b0 b0 z N
H ( z) = N
= N
a0 1
1 + ak z - k a z k
N -k
k =1 k =0
IIR
Bin i Z ngc
Tng qut
Tm t/h trong min thi gian t B Z ca n
K hiu x(n) = Z1{X(z)}
Biu thc tng qut
1

n -1
x ( n) = X ( z ) z dz
2pj C
C : bao dong quanh goc O, thuoc ROC
Phng php
Tnh tch phn trc tip
Khai trin thnh chui theo bin z v z1
Khai trin phn s cc b v tra bng

Bin i Z ngc
Phng php tch phn trc tip

nh l thng d Cauchy
Nu o hm df(z)/dz tn ti trn v trong bao ng C v nu f(z)
khng c pole ti z = z0
1 f ( z) f ( z0 ) z0 bn trong C

2pj C z - z0
dz =
0 z0 bn ngoi C
Tng qut, nu o hm bc k+1 ca f(z) tn ti v f(z) khng c pole
ti z = z0
1 d k -1 f ( z )
1 f ( z) z0 bn trong C
2pj C ( z - z0 ) k
dz = ( k - 1)! dz k -1
z = z0
0 z0 bn ngoi C

V phi ca 2 biu thc trn gi l thng d ca cc ti z = z0
Bin i Z ngc
Gi s f(z) khng c pole trong bao ng C v a thc g(z) c cc

nghim n ring bit z1, z2, , zn trong C
1 f ( z) 1 n Ai ( z )
dz = dz
2pj g ( z )
C 2pj i =1 z - zi
C
n
1 Ai ( z )
= dz
i =1 2pj z - zi
C
f ( z)
n Ai ( z ) = ( z - zi ) : Thng d
= Ai ( zi ) g ( z)
i =1
Bin i Z ngc
1

n -1
x ( n) = X ( z ) z dz
2pj C
= [thang du cua X ( z ) z
cac pole{ zi }trong C
n -1
tai zi ]
= ( z - zi ) X ( z ) z n -1
z = zi
i
Bin i Z ngc
1
V d: tm B Z ngc ca X ( z ) = z > a
n -1 n 1 - az -1
1 z 1 z
x ( n) =
2pj C 1 - az -1
dz =
2pj C z - a
dz
C: vng trn bn knh r > |a|
1. n 0: zn khng c pole trong C. Pole bn ngoi C l z = a
x(n) = f(z0) = an
2. n < 0: zn c pole bc n ti z = 0 (bn trong C)
1 1 1 1
x ( - 1) =
2p j C z( z - a)
dz =
z-a z =0
+
z z=a
=0
1 1 d 1 1
x ( -2) =
2pj z ( z - a )
C 2
dz = + 2
dz z - a z = 0 z z =a
=0
C th CM c x(n) = 0 khi n < 0

x(n) = anu(n)
Bin i Z ngc
PP khai trin thnh chui theo bin z v z1

Da vo tnh duy nht ca B Z, nu X(z) c
khai trin thnh

X ( z) = n
c z -n
n = -
th x(n) = cn "n
Nu X(z) hu t, php khai trin c thc hin

bng php chia
PP ny ch c dng xc nh gi tr vi mu u
ca t/h
Bin i Z ngc
1
V d: xc nh x(n) t X ( z) =
1 - 1.5 z -1 + 0.5 z - 2
Vi a) ROC |z| >1 v b) ROC |z| < 0.5
x(n) l t/h nhn qu
1 3 -1 7 -2 15 -3
X ( z) = -1 -2
= 1 + 2 z + 4 z + 8 z +L
1 - 1.5 z + 0.5 z
x(n) = {1, 3/2, 7/4, 15/8, }
x(n) l t/h phn nhn qu

1
X ( z) = -1 -2
= 2 z 2
+ 6 z 3
+ 14 z 4
+L
1 - 1.5 z + 0.5 z
x(n) = {, 14, 6, 2, 0, 0}

Bin i Z ngc
PP khai trin phn s cc b v tra bng

Nguyn tc
Nu X(z) c biu din X(z) = a1X1(z) + a2X2(z) + + akXk(z)
th x(n) = a1x1(n) + a2x2(n) + + akxk(n)
T dng hu t X ( z ) = N ( z ) = b0 + b1 z -1 + L + bM z - M
D ( z ) 1 + a1 z -1 + L + a N z - N
X(z) l hp l nu aN0 v M<N
Nu M >= N, chia a thc a v
N ( z) N ( z)
X ( z) = = c0 + c1 z -1 + L + cM - N z -( M - N ) + 1
D( z ) D( z )
-1 -M
N ( z ) b0 + b1 z + L + bM z
Gi s X(z) hp l X ( z ) = =
D( z ) 1 + a1 z -1 + L + a N z - N
b0 z N + b1 z N -1 + L + bM z N - M
=
z N + a1 z N -1 + L + a N
Phng php X ( z ) b0 z N -1 + b1 z N - 2 + L + bM z N - M -1
=
Khai trin phn s cc b z z N + a1 z N -1 + L + a N
Tra bng xc nh B Z ngc ca tng phn s
Bin i Z ngc
Khai trin phn s cc b

Tm pole bng cch gii PT zN + a1zN-1++aN = 0
(gi s cc pole: p1, p2, , pN)
Pole n ring bit X ( z ) = A1 + A2 + L + AN
z z - p1 z - p2 z - pN
Xc nh Ak ( z - pk ) X ( z )
Ak =
z z = pk
Cc pole lin hp phc s to ra cc h s lin hp phc trong khai trin

(i.e. nu p2 = p1* th A2 = A1*)
Pole kp
Gi s pole pk kp bc l
X ( z) A1 A2 A1k A2 k Alk AN
= + +L + + L + + L +
z z - p1 z - p2 z - pk ( z - pk ) 2 ( z - pk ) l z - pN
Xc nh Aik
1 d l -i ( z - pk ) l X ( z )
Aik = l -i i = 1,2,..., l
(l - i )!(- pk ) dz z z= p
k

Bin i Z ngc
Tm B Z ngc ca tng phn s cc b

Nu cc pole n ring bit 1 1 1
X (z) = A1 + A2 + L + AN
1- p1z -1 z - p2 z -1 z - pN z -1
-1 1 ( p ) n
u(n ) ROC : z > pk ( nhn qua )
do Z -1
= k
1 - pk z - ( p k ) n
u( -n - 1) ROC : z < pk ( phan nhn qua )
Nn x(n) = ( A1 p1n + A2 p2n + L + AN p Nn )u (n)
Nu c 2 pole lin hp phc, c th kt hp 2 pole

xk (n) = [ Ak ( pk ) n + Ak* ( pk* ) n ]u (n)
Ak = Ak e ja k
Nu th
jb k
pk = rk e
1 1
Z -1 Ak -1
+ A *
k * -1 = 2 Ak k cos( b k n + a k )u ( n)
r n
neu ROC : z > pk = rk
1 - pk z 1 - pk z
pz -1
-1
Nu c pole kp Z -1 2 = np n
u ( n) ROC : z > p
(1 - pz )
Bin i Z ngc
Xc nh biu thc khai trin ca
p1 = 1
2 + j 1
2
p2 = 1
2 - j 1
2
1 + z -1 X (z) A1 A2
X ( z) = = +
1 - z -1 + 0.5 z - 2 z z - p1 z - p2
A1 = 1
2 - j 3
2
A2 = 1
2 + j 3
2
1 X ( z) A1 A2 A3
X ( z) = = + +
(1 + z -1 )(1 - z -1 ) 2 z z + 1 z - 1 ( z - 1) 2
A1 = 14 , A2 = 34 , A3 = 1
2

Bin i Z ngc
Phn r B Z hu t
Dng trong vic hin thc cc h/t RRTG (cc chng sau)
Gi s c B Z c biu din ( n gin a01)
M M
b z k
-k
(1 - z z
k
-1
)
X ( z) = k =0
N
= b0 k =1
N
1 + ak z - k (1 - p z
k
-1
)
k =1 k =1
Nu M N, X(z) c th c bin i thnh

M -N
X (z) = k + X pr ( z )
c z
k =0
-k
Nu Xpr(z) c cc pole n ring bit, Xpr(z) c phn r thnh

1 1 1
X pr ( z ) = A1 + A 2 + L + A N
1 - p1 z - 1 1 - p 2 z -1 1 - p N z -1
Nu Xpr(z) c nghim phc (lin hp), cc nghim lin hp ny c nhm li
trnh to ra h s phc
A A* b 0 + b1 z - 1 vi b0 = 2 Re( A) a1 = - 2 Re( p )
+ = 2
1 - pz -1 1 - p * z -1 1 + a1 z -1 + a 2 z - 2 b1 = 2 Re( Ap *
) a2 = p

Bin i Z ngc
Tm li
M -N K1
bk K2
b0 k + b1k z -1
X ( z) = k
c z
k =0
-k
+
k =1 1 + a z -1
+
k =1 1 + a z -1
+ a z -2
k 1k 2k
vi K1 + K 2 = N

Bin i Z ngc
Phn r B Z hu t
X(z) c th c biu din di dng tch
Cc pole phc (lin hp) v cc zero phc (lin hp) c kt hp
trnh h s phc cho phn r ca X(z)
(1 - z k z -1 )(1 - z k* z -1 ) 1 + b1k z -1 + b2 k z -2
=
(1 - pk z )(1 - pk z ) 1 + a1k z -1 + a2 k z - 2
-1 * -1
b1k = -2 Re( z k ) a1k = -2 Re( pk )

trong 2 v 2
b2k = z k a 2k = p k
n gin, cho M = N, X(z) c biu din thnh

K1
1 + bk z -1 K 2 1 + b1k z -1 + b2 k z -2
X ( z ) = b0 -1 -1 -2
k =1 1 + a k z k =1 1 + a1k z + a 2k z
trong K1 + K 2 = N

Bin i Z mt pha
Gii thiu
Trong k thut: tc ng thng bt u t thi im n0 no .
p ng cng thng bt u t n0 v cc thi im sau n0, vi
iu kin u no
Bin i Z mt pha (Z+) ch quan tm n phn tn hiu x(n), n0
nh ngha
X + ( z ) x ( n) z - n
n =0
z+
K hiu Z+{x(n)} v x( n) X + ( z )
c tnh
Z+{x(n)} khng cha thng tin ca x(n) khi n < 0
B Z+ ch l duy nht i vi t/h nhn qu
Z+{x(n)} = Z{x(n)u(n)}
ROC bn ngoi vng trn
Khng xt n ROC khi tnh B Z+
Bin i Z mt pha
Tnh cht
Cc tnh cht ca B Z u ng cho B Z+, ngoi tr tnh cht dch
theo thi gian
z+
Dch theo thi gian x(n) X + ( z )
Tr k
x(n - k ) z [ X ( z ) + x(- n) z n ]
z+ -k +
k >0
n =1
Nu x(n) l t/h nhn qu, ta c
z+
x(n - k ) z - k X + ( z ) k >0
k -1
z k [ X + ( z ) - x( n) z - n ]
+
Nhanh x(n + k )
z
k <0
n =0
nh l gi tr cui cng
lim x(n) = lim( z - 1) X + ( z )
n z 1
Gii hn tn ti nu ROC ca (z-1)X+(z) cha vng trn n v

Bin i Z mt pha
Gii PTSP
Dng B Z+ gii PTSP vi iu kin u khc 0
Phng php
Xc nh PTSP ca h
Tnh B Z+ c 2 v PTSP bin i n thnh PT i s trong min Z
Gii PT i s tm B Z ca t/h mong mun
Tm B Z ngc xc nh t/h trong min thi gian
V d: xc nh p ng bc ca h y(n) = ay(n1) + x(n) (|a|< 1)
vi /k u y(1) = 1
Y+(z) = a[z1Y+(z) + y(1)] + X+(z)
+ 1
X ( z) =
1 - z -1
a 1 1
Y + ( z) = +
1 - az -1 1 - az -1 1 - z -1
n +1
1 - a 1
y (n) = a n +1u (n) + u ( n) = (1 - a n + 2 )u (n)
DSP Lecture 3, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE
1- a 1- a 40
Phn tch h LTI
Tm p ng ca t/h x(n) i vi mt h/t LTI

Bit p ng xung n v h(n)
x(n) y(n)
H LTI
1 Ghi phng trnh vo-ra

N M
Phng trnh SP y(n) = - ak y(n - k ) + bk x(n - k )

k =1 k =0
2 Bin i Z hai v
Y(z) = H(z)X(z)
3 Bin i Z ngc (PP: phn r)
p ng y(n)
Phn tch h LTI
p ng ca h/t pole-zero vi hm h/t hu t
Gi s B(z) N (z)
H (z) = v X (z) =
A( z ) Q(z)
Nu h/t ngh (tc y(-1) = y(-2) = = y(-N) = 0)
B( z) N ( z)
Y ( z) = H ( z) X ( z) =
A( z ) Q ( z )
Gi s
H/t c cc pole n p1, p2, , pN v X(z) c cc pole n q1, q2, , qL
pk qm (k = 1, , N v m = 1, , L)
Khng th c lc gia B(z)N(z) v A(z)Q(z)
N L
Ak Qk
Y (z) = -1
+ -1
k =1 1 - p k z k =1 1 - q k z
Bin i ngc N L
y (n) = Ak ( pk ) u (n) + Qk (qk ) n u (n)
n
k =1 k =1
p ng t nhin p ng cng bc
C th tng qut ho trong trng hp X(z) v H(z) c pole chung hoc
pole bi
Phn tch h LTI
Tm p ng ca t/h x(n) i vi mt h/t LTI c /k u
Bit p ng xung n v h(n)
Bit cc /k u ca h/t
x(n) y(n)
H LTI
1 Ghi phng trnh vo-ra
Phng trnh SP
2 Bin i Z+ hai v
Y+(z) = H+(z)X+(z) C th tch ra Y+zi(z) v Y+zs(z)
3 Bin i Z ngc, (PP: phn r)
p ng: y(n) C th tch ra yzi(n) v yzs(n)

Phn tch h LTI
p ng ca h/t pole-zero vi /k u khc 0
Cho t/h x(n) nhn qu v cc /k u y(-1), y(-2), , y(-N)
N M
y (n) = - ak y (n - k ) + bk x(n - k )
k =1 k =0
B Z+ c 2 v v X+(z) = X(z)
M N k
b k
z -k
a k
z -k
y (- n) z n
Y + (z) = k =0
N
X (z) - k =1
N
n =1
1+ ak =1
k
z -k 1+ a
k =1
k
z -k
N k
N (z)
= H (z) X (z) + 0 N 0 (z) - a z k -k
y (- n) z n
A( z ) k =1 n =1
p ng gm 2 phn
p ng trng thi khng Yzs(z) = H(z)X(z) (cng thc phn trc)
p ng khng ng nhp (p1, p2, , pN l pole ca A(z))
N
N ( z)
Yzi ( z ) = 0 Z+
y zi (n) = Dk ( pk ) n u (n)
A( z ) k =1
Do y(n) = yzs(n) + yzi(n)
N L
y (n) = k =1
A ( pk ) u (n) +
'
k
n
Q
k =1
k (qk )n u (n) ( A k' = A k + D k )
/k u ch lm thay i p ng t nhin ca h/t thng qua h s co gin
Phn tch h LTI
N
p ng t nhin ynr (n) = Ak ( pk ) n u (n)
k =1
Khi pk< 1 ("k), ynr(n) tim cn v 0 khi n : p ng nht thi
L
p ng cng bc y fr (n) = Qk (qk ) n u (n)
k =1
Khi t/h nhp l t/h sin, cc pole qk nm trn vng trn n v v cc p
ng cng bc cng c dng sin: p ng u
Tnh nhn qu v n nh trn H(z)
Nhn qu
LTI : nhn qu
h(n) : nhn qu
H(z) : c ROC l ngoi vng trn bn knh R no
n nh
LTI : n nh
h(n) : kh tng tuyt i
H(z) : c ROC cha vng trn n v
Nhn qu v n nh
LTI nhn qu : n nh
H(z) : tt c cc pole nm trong vng trn n v
Phn tch h LTI
p ng u v tim cn
Xc nh p ng u v tim cn ca h/t m t bi PTSP
y(n) = 3y(n1) + x(n) khi t/h nhp l x(n) = 2sin(n/4)u(n)
H/t c /k u bng 0.
n nh v nhn qu
Cho h/t LTI c c trng bi hm h/t
3 - 4 z -1 1 2
H (z) = -1 -2
= -1
+
1 - 3 .5 z + 1 .5 z 1- 2 z
1
1 - 3 z -1
c t ROC ca H(z) v xc nh h(n) trong cc trng hp
H/t n nh
H/t nhn qu
H/t phn nhn qu
n nh ca h/t bc 2

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Chng 3

Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering

DSP Lecture 3, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE 2

Bin z im thuc mt phng z

DSP Lecture 3, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE 3

DSP Lecture 3, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE 4

T/h ROC T/h ROC

Tch phn Cauchy

ROC = ROC1 ROC2 ROCn

V d x(n) = anu(n) + bnu(n1)

DSP Lecture 3, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE 7

Co gin trong min Z x ( n)

Vi phn trong min Z x ( n)

Tch chp x1 (n)

Tnh tch chp ca 2 t/h dng php B Z

Tng quan x1 (n) z

Vic tnh tng quan gia 2 t/h c thc hin d dng nh B Z

DSP Lecture 3, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE 12

Nhn 2 chui x1 (n) z

Zero ca B X(z): cc gi tr z sao cho X(z) = 0

DSP Lecture 3, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE 15

DSP Lecture 3, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE 17

M t hnh hc cho X(z)

DSP Lecture 3, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE 18

V tr pole v hnh vi ca t/h nhn qu min thi

DSP Lecture 3, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE 19

DSP Lecture 3, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE 20

DSP Lecture 3, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE 21

DSP Lecture 3, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE 22

DSP Lecture 3, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE 23

Hm h thng ca h LTI m t bi PTSP TT HSH

H pole-zero Z-1 Z-1

DSP Lecture 3, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE 25

Phng php tch phn trc tip

Gi s f(z) khng c pole trong bao ng C v a thc g(z) c cc

C th CM c x(n) = 0 khi n < 0

PP khai trin thnh chui theo bin z v z1

Nu X(z) hu t, php khai trin c thc hin

x(n) l t/h phn nhn qu

DSP Lecture 3, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE 30

PP khai trin phn s cc b v tra bng

Khai trin phn s cc b

Cc pole lin hp phc s to ra cc h s lin hp phc trong khai trin

DSP Lecture 3, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE 32

Tm B Z ngc ca tng phn s cc b

Nu c 2 pole lin hp phc, c th kt hp 2 pole

DSP Lecture 3, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE 34

Nu M N, X(z) c th c bin i thnh

Nu Xpr(z) c cc pole n ring bit, Xpr(z) c phn r thnh

DSP Lecture 3, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE 35

DSP Lecture 3, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE 36

b1k = -2 Re( z k ) a1k = -2 Re( pk )

n gin, cho M = N, X(z) c biu din thnh

DSP Lecture 3, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE 37

Gii hn tn ti nu ROC ca (z-1)X+(z) cha vng trn n v

Tm p ng ca t/h x(n) i vi mt h/t LTI

1 Ghi phng trnh vo-ra

Phng trnh SP y(n) = - ak y(n - k ) + bk x(n - k )

3 Bin i Z ngc (PP: phn r)

1 Ghi phng trnh vo-ra

Y+(z) = H+(z)X+(z) C th tch ra Y+zi(z) v Y+zs(z)

3 Bin i Z ngc, (PP: phn r)

p ng: y(n) C th tch ra yzi(n) v yzs(n)