]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W




W
K







K

? ? ?
K?



K

W
K





K
K
K

K




K
K

K

K K

K

K
K

K
K

K



K
K
K
K
K
K

K


K
K
W
K
K
K
K
K
K
K

]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

.W

WW
K K
K K
K K

W

. W

K W

.W

--


K
(permanent magnet)
(Smarum (Niodenum Boron Iron) (ferrait)
FKcobalt)
E

K
K

K

K
K

J
EF
KK
W -

K
K

--


: -


K
:(Permeability) -

K
K
(Magnetic permeability)
K
(Magnetization curve)

K
K
W
= o r
(Absolute permeability) o
W
o=x H/m
(Relative permeability) r

: -

K K
K
K

--


:BJ
WEFL

B= wb / m 2 -
A
K :HJ
W
B
H= h/m -

:(Magneto-motive-force m.m.f) -
N
K
(ampere.turn) K
W
m.m.f=N.I AT -
:(Magnetic reluctance) Rmag -

W
m.m. f N .I
Rmag = = AT / wb -

K
A L
W
L
Rmag =
A
-
K E F

K
J K
KLBIL

--


F
W
F=BLI -

K
K

J

J


K

K
J E F
K
J K
K A,F ABCDEF
K AB, BC, CD, DE, EF
EFKINCD

--


J K
W
LAB LBC LCD LDE
RmagAB = RmagBC = RmagCD = RmagDE =
AB AAB BC ABC CD ACD DE ADE
Lgap
Rmag gap =
o Agap
LEF
RmagEF =
EF AEF
WRmag-t
LAB L L L L L
Rmagt = + BC + CD + DE + EF + gap
AB AAB BC ABC CD ACD DE ADE EF AEF o Agap

N.IEF
WJ Rmag-t
N.I
=
LAB L L L L L
+ BC + CD + DE + EF + gap
AB AAB BC ABC CD ACD DE ADE EF AEF o Agap
J K


K K
KJ

--


J J


J

m.m.f KK e.m.f KKK
Rmag =
L

L
R=
A A
m.m. f E
I =
= R
Rmag

I
J =
B = A
A

K
J
K
J
K
J
K

--


J
K J
K
g pK
K ac y t
K
KJ

J

L H A B
m.m.f
Fg Lg Hg Ag Bg m

Ft Ht At Bt m
Lt
Fac Hac Aac Bac ac=m/
Fp Lac Hp Ap Bp m
Lp
Fy Hy Ay By
y= m/
Ly

J
W

2Lg 2Lt m Lac 2L p m L y
m.m. f = Ftotal = m + m + + m + -
o Ag t At 2 ac Aac p Ap 2 y Ay

--


J
J
WJ J B
2 B g Lg 2 Bt Lt Bac Lac 2B p L p By Ly
Ftotal = + + + +
o t ac p y
J J
F
total
= 2 H g L g + 2 H t Lt + H ac Lac + 2 H p L p + H y L y
F = Fg + Ft + Fac + F p + F y
total
J
K

K J
W

K
K
K

--


KJ J

L J
EL B
W


E=BLV sin() volt

K
K EJ F

K

EJ

--


KJ J

W(Faraday)
d
E = N( ) -
dt

K
EJ F
K(self induced )

. EJ F(mutual induced)

xJ
K
W{K
K

--


X,Y J
WL
L=*((x-)+(y-))=*(-+-)= cm=m
N= turns R= V=V B= tesla A=(*-)=*- m
V 24
i= = = 12 A
R 2
Ni 25 *12
H= = = 375 A / m
L 0.8
= BA = 0.008 * 25 *10 4 = 0.00002 wb

--


K J
J W K K
J J
K
d
WLav
-
Lav=d=** = m
A= *- m r= o=*- N= I= A
Lav 1.57
- Rmag = = = 2.78 *10 6 At / wb
r o A 1500(4 *10 7 )(3 *10 4 )
- mmf=NI =*= At
mmf 1200
H= = = 763.33 At / m
L 0.0157
av
1200
= 4.32 *10 4 wb
mmf
- = =
R 2.78 *10 6
mag

4.32 *10 4
B= = = 1.44 tesla
A 3 *10 4

--


J
K
K J
K J
J
K J
K J
K J
J
KL
K { K,
K
J
Kx
K {
W {
K
{ J
K
K

--

]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
K

WW
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K

W

KW

KEFW

KW

--


DC Generators
K

K
K
K
K

KK

K
K
J
J J


WK
J EF

J
K
(S) (N) (abcd)
J

--


W
e=BLv
v(m/sec) L(m) B(wb/m)
K(volt) (e) K
(cd) (ab)
KJ

EF

EFEF
J
J (abcd)
oE oF
oK

J (sinewave)

--


(DC) E F
K
KJ A, BE F
(abcd)J A
BJ
J

KJ
KEF
K K

d
b
a

EF E
F

EF
J

--


J J


K
WKJ

W(Yoke)

KJ K

W(Main poles)
(Pole face or shoe)
W (Field coils)K
(series field coil) (shunt field coil)
K K

KEJ F

--


J
W (Commutating poles)

EF
K
K

--


J
WEF
W(Armature core)

K
K
KJ

W(Armature windings)

K
K
K

W (Commutator )EF

K
KEF
K

W(Brushes holder)

--


KEF
K

WArmature windingJ J

EFJ
K
J K
J

(commutator segments)
W
W(Lap winding)J
J

E {{F
K

--


K
J K
K
W(Wave winding) J


KJ (commutator pitch)
K

EFEF
J

--


J

K
v (m/sec) B (tesla) L (m)
e (volt)EJ F
W
e=BLv volt
Wr meter
v = r = 2n r
60
EF (rad/sec) L(rpm) n


B= =
A 2rl / 2 p
J J J A
W
e = 2 p l 2n r
2rl 60
J
e = 2 pn
60
a Za
W
2p n
Ea = Z a
2a 60

--


J
KL
K
p= a=[wave winding] Za= n= rpm = megalines/pole
=* * ={ wb/pole
2p n
Ea = Z a
2a 60
6 1200
E a = * 0.04 * 250 * = 600 volt
2 60
J
KL
K
p= a=p[lap winding] Za= n= rpm Ea= V
2p n
Ea = Z a
2a 60
8 600
220 = * * 960 *
8 60
=*/(*)= wb/pole

--


(Armature Reaction) J

(Lenz Law)

K K
K
J K
(M.M.Ff) KE F
F
(G.M.A) KE
K(M.N.A)

J
K
K x


K (M.M.Fa)

--


(M.M.Ft) K J
(M.N.A) (M.M.Ff)
J K(G.M.A)
KJ
J K (ab)
(bc)
KJ
K

EF

(Demagnetizing effect)

W

J
K
KJ
J
K

--


EFEFEF

J
K

K

J J
K (Fa) (Fc)
K

EF
J
K

--


--


(Methods of Excitation)EFJ
EF
K

KW
(Separately excited) EF J
KEF
(Self excited) J
K

(Separately excited generators)J J
J
K


K

--


J
W
W(Kirechhoffs Law)
Ea = VL + I a Ra

EaEFVL
W
2p
Ea = Z a N / 60
2a
KILRaIa
Ia = IL

--


L J
K
K{KL
n= rpm IL= A VL= V n= rpm Ra={
Ea n as If is constant
Ea=VL+ILRa
= H*{= V
Ea1 n1
=
E a 2 n2
133 1200
=
Ea 2 1000
1000 *133
Ea 2 = = 110.8 V
1200
Ea=VL+ILRa=ILRL+ ILRa
V 125
RL = L = = 0.625
I L 200
{=IL[{H{]=IL[{]
110.8
I L2 = = 166.62 Amp.
0.665

(Self excited generators)J J

W
(series excitation) J
(shunt excitation) J
(compound excitation) J

(series excited generator)J J J

KJ

--


J
:
Ea = VL + I a (Ra + R f )
Ia = IL = I f
J
K,,KL
K L
K

Pout=Kw VL= V n= rpm Rf={ Ra={ n=rpm IL= A
=
Pout 15 * 103
I L1 = = = 120 Amp.
V L1 125
Ea=VL+ILRf+IaRa=VL+IL[Rf+Ra] as IL=Ia
Ea=+[+]= V
Ea1 1 n1
=
E a 2 2 n2
nE 1.31 * 1200 * 171.8
E a 2 = 2 2 a1 = = 233.05 V
1n1 1 * 1150
Ea=VL+ILRf+IaRa=VL+IL[Rf+Ra]
VL=Ea-IL[Rf+Ra]=-[+]= volt

--


(Shunt excited generators)J J J

KJ


K

:
Ea = VL + I a Ra
V f = VL = I f R f
Ia = IL + I f

K

J
J
KK ,
IL= A VL= V Ra={ Rf=
Vf VL 240
If = = = = 4.36 Amp
Rf Rf 55
Ia=IL+If=H{={ Amp

--


Ea=VL+IaRa=H{*{={ V

J
{
K, K

p=a [lap winding] Za= Ra={ Rf= Pout=*=W VL=
V ={ wb/pole
Pout=VL*IL
P 200 * 60
I L = out = = 100 A
VL 120
V 120
If = f = = 1.26 A
Rf 95
Ia=IL+If=H{={ A
Ea=VL+IaRa=H{*{={ V
2p
Ea = Z a n / 60
2a
2p
121.01 = * 0.02 * 500 * n / 60
2p
n={*/({*)= rpm
(Compound excited generators)J J J


(cumulative compound )

K(differential compound)

F(short-shunt)
(long-shunt) E

--


J J
Kshse

W
Ea = VL + I a Ra + I L Rse
I a = I L + I sh
I se = I L
:
Ea = VL + I a ( Ra + Rse )
I a = I L + I sh
I se = I a

EFEF
EFEF J
K

(demagnetize the machine)

K
K J
{ {
K
VL= V IL= A Ra={ Rse={ Rsh=

--


Vsh VL 230
I sh = = = = 1.84 A
Rsh Rsh 125
Ia=IL+Ish=H{={ A
Ea=VL+Ia(Ra+Rse)=H{*({H{)={ Volt

--


(Characteristic Curves of DC Generators) J

J
J


K
Ea a,P
KN
Ea = k N

KVL
W
No-load characteristic, Eo=f(If), N=constant J

(o.c.c)
K(If) (Eo)
Load characteristic, VL=f(If), Ia and N=constant J

(If) (VL)
K
External characteristic, VL=f(IL), If and N=constant J

K(IL)(VL)

Internal characteristic, Ea=f(Ia), If and N=constant J

--


J J
No-load characteristic J

WEa
Ea = k
(If)
Ea = k I f

Eo
J

If EoK
(b) (a) J
K

EFEF
EFEFJ

--


Load characteristicJ

(armature reaction) (Eo)
(Ea) (VL)
EF (IaRa)
FVL VL(RL)
E F E
J J K
I IIIJ K
III(IaRa)AB
CB II
(VL)
(CD) (Eo)
K

EFEF
EFEFJ
(External characteristic)J
J
Ea(II)

--


Eo (I)
K
(III)
K(IL)(VL)
(Internal characteristic)J
Ea=f(Ia) J II
(IL) (Ia)(Ea)
K
Ea AB
K
J
W
E o VL
% = 100
VL

J
J J

K
EF
W

--


K
K

(Magnetization curve) J
(Eo)(If)
K
(Er)
K
(Rf) (Lf)
K

K(Residual magnetism) Er

J
J J J
K
J
K(RL)K
(Ia)

--


K(VL)
I J
I III
KA.C

OPK IL
KJ
EIIIF IaRa
Ea EIIF
IIIE F
K

EFEF
J J J

--


J J J
J I
K III II

KEo IV K
W
E AA
% = o 100
AA

EFEF
J J J
J J J
(long-shunt )
K(short-shunt)

K
E F
K
W J

VL
KJ

--


WJ

KVL
WJ

KJ

J
Energy Losses and Efficiency of DC GeneratorsJ



EF
K

F
KKE
Magnetic losses (Iron losses)EFJ

Electrical losses (Cupper losses)EFJ

Mechanical losses (Friction losses)EFJ

--


EFJ J
W
:Hysteresis lossJ
W
Wh = B1g.6 f
WEddy current loss EFJ
We = B g2 f

K
K
J J

W
W J
Armature cupper loss=I aRa

W J
For shunt machine=IshRsh(or VIsh)
K
For series machine=IseRse
WJ
Loss due to brush contact resistance=IaVB
KVB
J J
(bearing)
K
K

--


J J

(Prime mover)
J Input power
K H.P= Watt.W H.P
Pi Pmech
WEFPgPg
Pg=Ea Ia
Pg=Pin-(Pmech+Pi)
Pg
J K PL Pout
K

A B C


Pi&Pmech Pcu
Pin Pg Pout

--


o/p

i/p VLIL
IaEa

I2seRse
I2shRsh
VIa
I2aR
Pmech+Pi

--


EfficiencyJ J

W
WJ
B Ea I a
m = =
A HP * 746
WJ
C VL I L
e = =
B Ea I a
WJ
o/ p C VL I L
= = m e = =
i/ p A HP * 746

Pout
=
Pout + losses
P losses
= in
Pin
L J
{ {K
K
K


n= rpm Pout= Kw VL= V Ra={ Rse={ Rsh=
Pi+Pmech= W
Pout 45 * 103
IL = = = 187.5 A
VL 240
V V 240
I sh = sh = L = = 3.7 A
Rsh Rsh 65
Ia=IL+Ish={H{={ A

--


Pcu=IaRa+ IaRse+ IshRsh= Ia (Ra+Rse)+ IshRsh

=({)*({H{) + ({)*={ W
Losses=Pcu+Pi+Pmech
={H={ W
Pout 45 * 103
= = = 0.866 = 86.6%
Pout + Losses 45 * 103 + 6948.87

J
K{L
K { ,
K

p= a= [wave winding] Za= n= rpm Ia= A ={ wb
Ra={ Rse={ Rsh= Pi+Pmech=W
2p
Ea = Z a n / 60
2a
8
Ea = * 0.022 * 1200 * 600 / 60 = 1056 V
2
Ea=Va+IaRa
Va=Ea-IaRa= *{={ V
V 1052.4
I sh = a = = 4.21 A
Rsh 250
IL=Ia-If= {={ A
VL=Va-ILRse={ {*{={ V
Pout=VLIL={*{= W
Pcu=IaRa+ ILRse+ IshRsh
=()*{H({)*{H({)*={ W
losses=Pcu+Pi+Pmech={H={ W
Pout 58589
= = = 0.876 = 87.6%
Pout + Losses 58589 + 8271.5

--


K J
K J
K J
J
K J
J J J
K
J
J
KJ J J
K J
K J
J
J WK {L
J K{L
KLJ K{
J

K
K J
K K ,
K

--


J
K, { L
J J W
KJ
K, J

L {
K
K J
{ {
J J W
K{L
J
{ K{
K
L J

L
KK,,
KL J
{ {
J J W
K
L J
{ {

--

]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
.K

W W
K K
K K
K K
K K
K
K K
K

W

.W

.(F W

W
K

--


DC Motors

K
K
K

K
K
K
K
K
J

KEF

EF
K

J K
I B XX
F
LKcd, ab
W
F=BIL
T cd, ab
K

--


J
J Back e.m.f (Eb)

:(Back e.m.f)
2P n
Eb = Z a
2a 60

J
K
J
KEJ F
K

K
K
HZW
E a = V L + I a Ra
J ZEFW
Ea = VL I a Ra
--


KEJ FEJ F

EFK
WJ
VL Eb
Ia =
Ra
J
K Eb n
Eb

J
starting)
WEb=J (current
VL
I a ( st ) =
Ra
EFRaEFVL

--


K

J Rst
W
VL
I a ( st ) =
Ra + Rst
K
K

Developed Torque J
ra L J
F IcKB n
W
F = BLI
c
WEF

--


T = Fr
c a
= BLI r
ca
B 2r L
= a I
2 c
raLJ
W
= B(2ra L)
WJ B
I
Tc = c -
2
Za Ia p
Wa
T = Tc Z a 2 p
I
= c Za 2 p
2
WIc
I
Ic = a
2a
J J
W
2p
T= Z I
2a 2 a a
W
T = K I a

2 p Za
2a 2 =K
KIa J
WEbJ

--


E Ia
T= b
2n
60
W
P
T=

E xF EbIa = P
W
2n
=
60
KJ

-
Types of DC motors J
F
WE
EFJ
J

K
DC shunt motor J J

--


RshEF J
Ra K
K Rst
K

J
WJ
Eb = Vin I a Ra
I in = I a + I sh
W
Eb = K n
b
WJ J
Eb V I a Ra
n= = in
K K
b b

W
n=f(Ia) J
T=f(Ia)J
--


n=f(T) J
EFJ
KIJ
J
EF
KIIJ

J J
W
Vin Ra
n= T
K K 2 2
b
b
K J
Vin
n=
K
b (T=)K
J (no load speed )
K J K
K

--


J
:

K
K
L J
KK{
Vin= V n= rpm Ia= A Ra={
--


Eb=Vin-IaRa
= *{={ volt
T=EbIa/ =n/ rad/sec
T={*/(**L)={ N.m





J
K
K {K
K
p= Vin= V Za= Iin= A =megalines Ra={
Rsh=
Ish=Vin/Rsh=L={ A Ia=Iin-Ish= {={ A
Eb=Vin-IaRa
=- {*{={ V
2P n
Eb = Z a
2a 60
4
498.03 = * (3 *10 6 *10 8 ) * 960 *
n
2 60
n={ rpm
=n/ =*{L={ rad/sec
T=EbIa/ T={*{L{={ N.m

DC series motorJ J
J
W
--


Eb=Vin-Ia(Ra+Rse)
Ia=Iin=Ise
:IaIse
=CIse=CIa
WJ
T=KIa
K
Eb = K b n = K nI a
b {
WJ J
Eb V I a ( Ra + Rse )
n= = in
K Ia K I a
b b

J


J
K J (parabola)
J
(hyperabola) EF
KJ

--


J J
W
Vin R +R
n= T a 2 2 se
I a Ia
WJ J
Vin Ra + Rse
n=
T
KJ J
(T=)

--


J

EF
EF
K

K

KK
J
K,, L


Vin= V Ia=A n=rpm Ra={ Rse={ n={n
Ia=A
Eb=Vin-Ia (Ra+Rse)
= ({H{)={ V
Eb=Vin-Ia (Ra+Rse)
=-(+)= V
--


T=EbIa/
=*/(*/)= N.m
T=EbIa/
=*/(**/)= N.m

--


J
K
, , {
KK
K
p= Vin=V Ia=A Za= = wb Ra= Rse=
T=T
Eb=Vin-Ia(Ra+Rse)
=-(+)=V
2p n
E b1 = Z a 1
2a 60
4 n
204.4 = * 0.018 * 630 * 1
2 60
n= rpm
T=EbIa/ =*/(*/)= N.m
TIa
T2 I2 I2
= 0.6 = a22 = a 2 2
T1 I a1 (52)
I a 2 = 0.6 * (52) 2 = 40.3 A
Eb=Vin-Ia(Ra+Rse)
=-(+)= V
Eb 2 n2 2 n2 I a 2
= =
Eb1 n1 1 n1 I a1
208 n2 * 40.3
=
204.4 541 * 52
208 * 541 * 52
n2 =
204.4 * 40.3
n= rpm

--


DC compound motorJ J

K
KJ

J J J
W
Eb = Vin I a Ra I in Rse -
Vsh = I sh R sh = Vin I in Rse -
I in = I se = I a + I sh -
V I a Ra I in Rse
n = in -
K
:
Eb = Vin I a ( Ra + Rse ) -
Vsh = I sh R sh = Vin -
I in = I a + I sh -
V I a ( Ra + Rse )
n = in -
K

--


J
K
E F
WK
:(Comulative compound motor)J

KJ
: (Level compound motor)J

KJ
W(Differential compound motor)J

K
KJ

J
:

K
(Rolling mills )

--


K
Speed control and reversal J
E J J J F

K
K
J J
WJ

S, S, S KJ
J K
J K
K S, S, SS

K

--


WJ

J ? ?
GM
M
K
KK
(flux control)WJ

K
J J
W
WW
J

??J

--


WW
I-
IinK in

J K
WW

KJ
K

J J

K K

K
KJ

--


J
Starting MethodsJ
K
W
W
Vin Eb
Ia =
Ra
W
Vin Eb
Ia =
Ra + Rse

K
KEF
J J J

WK
W
Vin
I starting =
Ra
W

Vin
I starting =
Ra + Rse

--


,J J
EF
K
(starter)
EF

K
J J

K
(A)J
(B)Rst

on(A)

(S)K
(on)

K(off)

--


J
J J
EF
(overload)
J K(s)(circuit breaker)
off AK
ES
C B A
K
ACDC
ARstKC
Kon
C S
on A D
K A (spring) off
--


F E
E F
C
KAD

Losses and Efficiency J

W
Mechanical lossJ
Copper lossJ
Iron lossJ

KEFK

--


J J


(W). J Input power
Pg
WPg
Pg=Ea Ia
Pg=Pin-Pcu -
Pmech Pg
Pin
KJ KPout
W
W
J
o / p HP * 746
= =
i/ p Vin I in

Pout
=
Pout + losses
Pin losses
=
Pin

Pcu Pi&Pmech
Pin Pg Pout HP

--


o/p
HP
i/p IaEa

Pmech+Pi
VI
I2seRse
2
I shR sh
I2aRa

J
KL
WKK,
J
K,J
K
HP= n=rpm Vin=V = Rsh= Ra=
Pout
=
Pin
150 * 746
0.91 =
Pin
150 * 746
Pin = = 122967 W
0.91
Pin = Vin I in 122967 = 550 * I in I in = 122967 / 550 = 223.6 A
V V 550
I sh = sh = in = =2 A
Rsh Rsh 275
I a = I in I sh = 223.6 2 = 221.6 A
Pcu = I a2 Ra + I sh2 Rsh = (221.6) 2 * 0.1 + (2) 2 * 275 = 6011 W
--


Plosses = Pin Pout = 122967 150 * 746 = 11067 W

Plosses = Pmech + Pi + Pcu

- Pmech + Pi = Plosses Pcu = 11067 6011 = 5056 W
Eb = Vin I a Ra = 550 221.6 * 0.1 = 527.84 V
EI EI 527.84 * 221.6 * 60
-T = b a = b a = = 1163.5 N .m
2n 2 * * 960
60
T Ia

TI a
T1 I a1
= = 0 .6
T Ia
I a1 = 0.6 * I a = 0.6 * 221.6 = 132.96 A
Eb1 = Vin I a1 ( Ra + Rad ) = 550 132.96 * (0.1 + 0.2) = 510.1 V
E b1 I a 1 E b1 I a1
T1 = =
1 2 n1
60
510.1 * 132.96 * 60
0.6 *1163.5 =
2 * * n1
510.1 * 132.96 * 60
- n1 = = 928 rpm
2 * * 0.6 * 1163.5

--


K J
K J
K J
K J
K J
J
K
J
J

K J
J J
K
{ ,
K
KL J
K,
J J
, ,K

K
L J
, ,

--


K
J
K K,
K
J
L
K
{ ,
J W
K

--

]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

K

W W
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K

W

K W

KEF W

.W

--


Single Phase Transformers

EF

K
K

K
K
K
K
K
KK

K
J

(core)
KEJ F
(Magnetic flux)

K
N (primary winding)
KN (secondary winding)

--


J J
W
(Power transformers)-
K
(Electronic transformers) -
K
K
(Instrument transformers) -
K
W
J
EFJ
J
J
W
J
J

--


J J

(windings) (core) W
K
(legs)W(core)J
K (yoke)
K, EF
,K,KKK,
K
K
K
KJ

K
K

(Leg) J
:

(Core type) J
J
L
EF J
EFEF
K
K

--


core typeJ
Shell typeEFJ
J IE
EFIE
EF E I

K
K

shell typeJ

--


W(windings) J
(disc windings)(cylindrical windings)
K
J

K(Sandwich)
J J

J Kcore) (type


K,K,
K

EF
EFK
K

J




--


J J

KJ

J


K

Ideal TransformerJ
K
K

K
J
EF
K
v K
W e
--


d
v1 = e1 = N1
dt
N
W
d
v 2 = e2 = N 2
dt
J K e N
WJ
v1 e1 N 1
= = -
v 2 e2 N 2
N1
N>N
N2
K N>N

W
v1i1 = v2 i2
KJ J
i1 N 2
=
i2 N 1

--


J
J KJ
K

KvvK
WJ J
2
V1 N 1 V2
=
I 1 N 2 I 2

WZ(load impedance)
V2
= Z2
I2
J J
2
V1 N 1
= Z2
I 1 N 2

ZZJ
2
N
Z 2 = 1 Z 2
N2
Z Z J
KK





J

--


J
K
(t ) = m sin t
WJ
e1 (t ) = N 1 m cost -
WJ f=f
e1 (t ) = 2N 1 m f sin(t + 90 )
o

W
e1 (t ) = 2 E1 sin(t + 90 )
o

WeE
2
E1 = N 1 m f
2
E1 = 4.44 N 1 m f

W
E2 = 4.44 N 2 m f
J J
EJ J K
Ko
K

--


L J

L
KL

B=lines/cm A=x=cm E= V E=V
=BA=** ={ wb
E={fN
E={fN N=/({**{)= turns
E={fN N=/({**{)= turns

J
J
KJ J

KVA= N= N= V=V
V1 N 1 500
= = = 12.5
V2 N 2 40
3000
V2 = = 240V
12.5
KVA 25 *10 3
I1 = = = 8.33 A
V1 3000
KVA N 2 500
I2 = = I1 = * 8.33 = 104.13 A
V2 N1 40
E1 = 4.44 fN 1

--


3000
= = 0.027 wb
4.44 * 50 * 500


L J
KK,
J J W



KVA= V/V=/ f= Hz I= A P.F={ lead
W
V2 = 1100 volt
I 2 = 40 cos 1 0.8 A
I 2 = 4036.87 o A
-The transformer ratio is
V1 N 1 440
= = =4
V2 N 2 110
Thus
V= V
N2 1
I1 = I 2 = (4036.87 o ) = 1036.87 o A
N1 4
- The load impedance is
V 1100
Z2 = 2 = = 2.75 36.87 o
I 2 4036.87 o

- The impedance of the load referred to the primary side is

2
N1
Z 2 = Z 2 = (4) 2 (2.75 36.87 o = 44 36.87 o
N2
V 440
or Z 2 = 1 = = 44 36.87 o
I 1 1036.87 o

--


J


K
K
RK
KR

X
KX=fL (Leakage reactance)

X
J K (X=fL)
K
K
K

--


Xo K J
K Ro
Io Ia
EJ F K Im
J K J
( )
WK

J
N1
V2 = V2 -
N2
N
I 2 = 2 I 2 -
N1

--


2
N
R2 = R2 1 -
N2
2
N
X 2 = X 2 1 -
N2

J
E F
E F
E
F
K J
KJ

--


J J XeqReq
W
Req1 = R1 + R2
X eq1 = X 1 + X 2
W
2
N
Z L = Z L 1
N2

W
N2
V1 = V1
N1
N
I 1 = 1 I 1 -
N2
2
N
R1 = R1 2 -
N1
2
N
X 1 = X 1 2 -
N1
J
W XeqReq

--


Req 2 = R1 + R2


X eq 2 = X 1 + X 2

LJ
R={ X={ R={ X={ R= W
Xo=
KK,
KEFJ
W
2 2
N 400
R={ X={ R2 = R2 1 = 0.25 = 0.01
2
N 2000
2 2
N 400
X 2 = X 2 1 = 0.75 = 0.03
N2 2000

--


Req=R+R={H{={ Xeq=X+X={H{={
Zo=Ro//JXo=//J
The voltage V= V; thus
N1 400
V2 = V2 = 2000 = 400V
N2 2000
The current I=KVA*/V=*/= A
N2 2000
I 2 = I2 = 45 = 225 A
N1 400
The power factor={ lagging
I 2 = 225 36.87 o
V=V+I(Req+JXeq)
= 4000 + 225 36.87 o (0.025 + J 0.065)
= 4000 + 225 36.87 o * 0.0768.96 o
= 4000 + 15.7532.1o
V1 = 400 + 13.34 + J 8.37 = 413.34 + J 8.37 = 413.421.16V
500 * J 150 7500090 o
Zo = = = 143.773.3 o
500 + J 150 52216.7 o

V 413.421.16
Io = 1 = = 2.88 72.14 A
Zo 143.773.3
I 1 = I 2 + I o = 225 36.87 o + 2.88 73.3o
= 180 J 135 + 0.83 J 2.76 = 180.83 J 137.83 = 227.37 37.31o A
J EFJ
K

Transformer operation J
No load operationJ J

Io
K

IaIm, Ia IoK
--


V K Im

V1 = E m sin t
oIm
WK
= m cos t
oIa
KIoKIm
r r r
I o = I m + I a
J
WImIa
I a = I o cos o

I m = I o sin o
KIoo
XR
W
r r r r
V1 = E1 + I o Z 1
K Z 1 = R12 + X 12
EF



W
Po = V1 I o cos o
WRo
V1 V1
Ro = =
I a I o cos o
WXo

--


V1 V1
Xo = =
I m I o sin o
Io
K

--


Load operationJ J
I EFZL

I
KJ I
Io
W
r r r
I 1 = I 2 + I a
WI
V2
I2 = -
ZL
J I
KJ

J


--


Transformer regulationJ J
K
WK
V2 ( noload ) V2 ( rated )
Percentage Voltage Re gulation ( PVR ) = x100
V2 ( rated )
V V
EJ F
WV
V1 V2
Percentage Voltage Re gulation( PVR) = x100
V2
WV
V1 = V2 + I 2 ( Req 2 + JX eq 2 )
W
I 2 ( Req 2 cos 2 + X eq 2 sin 2 ) 1 I 2 ( X eq 2 cos 2 Req 2 sin 2 ) 2
( PVR) = + 100
V2 2 V2
EJ F
W
V1 V2
Percentage Voltage Re gulation( PVR) = x100
V2
WV
V1 = V2 + I 2 ( Req1 + JX eq1 )
W
I R cos 1 I 1 X eq1 sin 1
( PVR ) = 1 eq1 + 100
V 1 V 1
FJ J
KE

--


Equivalent circuit parameters J

J
RXR
KXoRoX
X=XR=RKN/N
W
l1
R1 =
A1
l
R2 = 2
A2
l ,A l ,A
WK
R1 l1 A2
=
R2 l 2 A1
W
l1 N1
=
l2 N 2
W
A2 I 2 N1
= =
A1 I 1 N 2
W
2
N
R1 = R2 1
N2
W
R1 = R2
J
WJ
Req = 2 R1 = 2 R2
X eq = 2 X 1 = 2 X 2

--


KKReq,Xeq, Ro,Xo
No load test J J
(open circuit test)
K
J
PoIoK
K
:Ro,Xo

Po = I oVo cos o
Po
cos o =
I oVo
I a = I o cos o
I m = I o sin o
V1
Ro =
Ia
V
Rm = 1
Im

J




--


Short circuit testJ J

J
Vsc

KI
Isc Psc
: Req, XeqVsc
Psc = I Req
2
sc -
V
Z sc = sc = Req2 + X eq2 -
I sc
KXeqJ ReqJ
R,X,R,X J J
KR,X

--


K L J
{K
K
KK {
Open circuit test: Vo=V Io={A Po=W
Short circuit test: Vsc={V Isc=Irated Psc=W
Po = I oVo cos o
P 2250
cos o = o = = 0.1156
I oVo 9.4 * 2300
o = cos 1 (0.1156) = 83.36 o
V Vo 2300
Ro = 1 = = = 2116
I a I o cos o 9.4 * 0.1156

V1 Vo 2300
Rm = = = = 246.33
I m I o sin o 9.4 * 0.9933
500 *10 3
I sc = I f .l = = 217.39 A
2300
P 8220
Req = sc2 = = 0.1739
I sc (217.39) 2
V
Z sc = sc = ( Req2 + X eq2 )
I sc
2
94.5
= (0.1739) + X eq
2 2

217.39
As a result, we get Xeq={
Req 0.1739
R1 = R2 = == 0.08695
2 2
X eq 0.3984
X 1 = X 2 = = = 0.1992
2 2
2
N1
R2 = R2
N2
2
N
2
230
R2 = R2 2 = 0.08695 * = .0008695
N1 2300

--


2
N
X 2 = X 2 1
N2
2
N
2
230
X 2 = X 2 2 = 0.1992 * = .001992
1
N 2300

Losses and Efficiency J

J J
Cupper loss Iron loss

K
Po

K
Piron=Po
K

K
KEF
K
K
Pcu=Psc

W
Pcu ( sc ) = I sc2 Req
Pcu ( f .l ) = I 2f .l Req
2
I
Pcu ( f .l ) = Pcu ( sc ) f .l

I sc

--


K
K
Pcu ( x ) = x 2 Pcu ( f .l )
J J
output power
W
P2
= x100
P2 + Piron + Pcu
P2
= x100
P1
WKPP
P2 = V2 I 2 cos 2
KPower factorcos
J J P
WEF
V2 I 2 cos 2
= 100
V2 I 2 cos 2 + Piron + I 2 Req
2

J
K
K,
KVA= Piron =W Pcu(f.l.)= W cos={
P=**{= W
P2 400000
= x100 = x100 = 97.56%
P2 + Piron + Pcu 400000 + 7500 + 2500
At half load

--


P(L)=L***{=W

Pcu(x)=xPcu(f.l)

Pcu(L)=L*=W

P2 (1 / 2 ) 200000
= x100 = x100 = 97.86%
P2 (1 / 2 ) + Piron + Pcu (1 / 2 ) 200000 + 1875 + 2500
J J
K,

V= V Pi= W Req= Xeq=

I=*/=A

Thus, substituting in Equation -, we get

2174(0.00173(0.8) + 0.00398(0.6)) 1 2174(0.00398(0.8) 0.00173(0.6)) 2

( PVR) = + 100
230 2 230
= 3.64%

Also, substituting in Equation -, we get

230 * 2174 * 0.8

= 2
* 100 = 97.46%
230 * 2174 * 0.8 + 2250 + 2174 * 0.00173
Auto-transformer J

K

KJ
KKJ

--


BC (N) J AB
K(N)
WK
V1 N 1 I L
= =
V2 N 2 I 1
W
I 2 = I L I 1
CK

KVariac KJ

K { W

K

K K

--


K J
J
J
K J
K J
J
J
J
J
J
J
K J
J
K J
J
J
X
L {
KL
o KW J
J K

K

--


KL J
K K,
KJ W
L J
R={ R={ X={ X={ W
K, ,
K
LJ
J W
Vo=V Io=A Po=W
J
Vsc=V Isc=A Psc={KW
K
L J
W
Vo=V Io={A Po=W
Vo=V Io={A Po=W

K ,
K

--

]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
K

W W
K K
K K
K K
. .

W

. W

KEF W

W
.

--


Three Phase Transformers

J
K

K
three phase)
(transformer
KJ K
K
KEF

--


Core type WJ J
J
V-U
K v-u
K
.

EF
J








--


Shell type WEFJ J

J
K

J
J


W
Star-Star Y-Y J J
Delta-Delta - J
Star-Delta Y- J
Delta-Star -Y J

Y-YJ J J
YJ J
KY
(Third-harmonic)

KK

--


Y-YJ

-J J J

KJ
K
K

K

-J

--


Y-J J J

J
KK
K

Y-J

- Y J J J

J KK
K

- YJ

--


J

K K
K
K
K


KK
K
(KVA)
(container) K
K
K K

(radiators)K
K
K
(forced cooling)
J K
K

--


J
J

K
K
K

WEFJ
K
K K
K
K
K
--


K
K
K J

K
K (circulating current)
K
K J
K
KIZK
K J

K

KKK
(phase sequence) J

K
J
K

--


J
K J
K
K J
K J
J
J

--


KL?? J
KL J
J SI J
KJ
KLL J
W

- Electrical Technology, Edward Hughes , ISBN:---
- Electrical Machines, G. R. Slemon and A. Straughan, Eddison-Weslley .
- Electric Machinery, M. S. Sarma, West Publishing Company, .
- Electrical Machines and Transformers Principles and Applications, P. F. Ryff, D.
Platnick and J. A. Karnas, Printice Hall.
- Principles of Electricity, B. J. Theraga, and B. K. Theraga.

- -


K
J
J
J
J
J
J J
J J

K
J
J J
J J
J J
J
J
EFJ
J J
J J
J J J
J J J
J J J
J
J J
J J


J J J
J J J
J J J
J
EFJ J
J J
J J
J J
J J

K
J
J
J
J
J J
J J
J J
J
J J
J J
J J
J
J J
J J
J
J J


K
J
J J
J J
J
J J
J J
J
J
J
J
J J
J J
J J
J
J J
J J
J
J J
J J
J
K
J
J J
EFJ J
J
J J J


J J J
J J J
J J J
J
J



EF

GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS