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MT S CNG THC TON HC LP 10 & 11

1. Cc tnh cht c bn ca bt ng thc:

1.1. Tnh cht 1 (tnh cht bc cu): a > b v b > c a > c
1.2. Tnh cht 2: a>b a+c>b+c
Tc l: Nu cng 2 v ca bt ng thc vi cng mt s ta c bt ng thc cng
chiu v tng ng vi bt ng thc cho.
H qu (Quy tc chuyn v): a>b+c ac>b
1.3 Tnh cht 3:
a > b
a+c >b+d
c > d
Nu cng cc v tng ng ca 2 bt ng thc cng chiu ta c mt bt ng
thc cng chiu. Ch : KHNG c quy tc tr hai v ca 2 bt ng thc cng chiu.
1.4 Tnh cht 4:
a > b a.c > b.c nu c > 0
hoc a > b c.c < b.c nu c < 0
1.5 Tnh cht 5:
a > b > 0
a.c > b.d
c > d > 0
Nu nhn cc v tng ng ca 2 bt ng thc cng chiu ta c mt bt ng
thc cng chiu. Ch : KHNG c quy tc chia hai v ca 2 bt ng thc cng chiu.
1.6 Tnh cht 6:
a > b > 0 an > bn (n nguyn dng)
1.7 Tnh cht 7:
a > b > 0 n a > n b (n nguyn dng)

2. Bt ng thc Cauchy (C-si):

a+b
nh l: Nu a 0 v b 0 th a.b . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi: a = b
2
Tc l: Trung bnh cng ca 2 s khng m ln hn hoc bng trung bnh nhn ca
chng.
H qu 1: Nu 2 s dng c tng khng i th tch ca chng ln nht khi 2 s
bng nhau.
ngha hnh hc: Trong tt c cc hnh ch nht c cng chu vi, hnh vung c din
tch ln nht.
H qu 2: Nu 2 s dng c tch khng i th tng ca chng nh nht khi 2 s
bng nhau.
ngha hnh hc: Trong tt c cc hnh ch nht c cng din tch hnh vung c chu
vi nh nht.

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3. Bt ng thc cha gi tr tr tuyt i:

x > 0 nu x 0
x =
x > 0nu x < 0

T nh ngha suy ra: vi mi x R ta c:
a. |x| 0
b. |x|2 = x2
c. x |x| v -x |x|
nh l: Vi mi s thc a v b ta c:
|a + b| |a| + |b| (1)
|a b| |a| + |b| (2)
|a + b| = |a| + |b| khi v ch khi a.b 0
|a b| = |a| + |b| khi v ch khi a.b 0

4. nh l Vi-et:
Nu phng trnh bc 2: ax2 + bx +c = 0 (*) c 2 nghim x1 , x2 (a 0) th tng v tch 2
nghim l:
b
S = x1 + x2 =
a
c
P = x1.x2 =
a
Ch :
c
+ Nu a + b + c = 0 th phng trnh (*) c nhim x1 = 1 v x2 =
a
c
+ Nu a b + c = 0 th phng trnh (*) c nhim x1 = -1 v x2 =
a
H qu: Nu 2 s u, v c tng S = u + v v tch P = u.v th chng l nghim ca
phng trnh: x2 S.x + P = 0

5. Chia on thng theo t l cho trc:

a. uuu uuur Cho 2 im phn bit A, B. Ta ni im M chia on thng AB theo t s k
nhr ngha:
nu MA = k MB
b. nh l: Nu imuuuM chia on thng AB theo t s k 1 th vi im O bt k ta c:
r uuur
uuuur OA kOB
OM =
1 k

6. Trng tm tam gic: uuur uuur uuur r

a. im G l trng tm tam gic khi v ch khi: GA + GB + GC = 0

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uuur uuur uuur uuur
b. Nu G l trng tm tam gic, th vi mi im O ta c: 3OG = OA + OB + OC

7. Cc H Thc Lng Trong Tam Gic:

7.1. nh l Cosin trong tam gic:
nh l: Vi mi tam gic ABC, ta lun c:
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc.cos A
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 2ac.cos B
c 2 = b 2 + a 2 2ba.cos C

7.2. nh l sin trong tam gic:

nh l: Trong tam gic ABC, vi R l bn knh ng trn ngoi tip ta c:
a b c
= = = 2R
sin A sin B sin C

7.3. Cng thc di ng trung tuyn:

b2 + c2 a 2
ma =
2

2 4
a + c b2
2 2
mb2 =
2 4
b + a c2
2 2
mc2 =
2 4

8. T s lng gic ca mt s gc cn nh:

00 300 450 600 900 1200 1350 1500 1800

Gc 2 3 5
0
6 4 3 2 3 4 6
1 2 3 3 2 1
sin 0 1 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 2 1 1 2 3
cos 1 0 -1
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
tg 0 1 3 || 3 1 0
3 3
1 1
cotg || 3 1 0 1 3 ||
3 3

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9. Cng thc bin i tch thnh tng:

1
cos a.cos b = [cos(a b) + cos(a + b)]
2
1
sin a.sin b = [cos(a b) cos(a + b)]
2
1
sin a.cos b = [sin(a + b) + sin(a b)]
2

10. Cng thc bin i tng thnh tch:

a+b a b
cos a + cos b = 2 cos .cos
2 2
a+b a b
cos a cos b = 2sin .sin
2 2
a+b ab
sin a + sin b = 2sin .cos
2 2
a+b ab
sin a sin b = 2 cos .sin
2 2
11.Cng thc nhn i:
cos 2a = cos 2 a sin 2 a = 2 cos 2 a 1 = 1 2sin 2 a
sin 2a = 2sin a cos a
2tga
tg 2a = (a + k , a + k , k Z)
1 tg a
2
2 2 2

12. Cng thc nhn ba:

sin 3a = 3sin a 4sin 3 a
cos 3a = 4 cos3 a 3cos a

13. Cng thc h bc:

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cos 2a + 1
cos 2 a =
2
1 cos 2a
sin 2 a =
2
1 cos 2a
tg 2 a =
1 + cos 2a
3sin a sin 3a
sin 3 a =
4
3cos a + cos 3a
cos3 a =
4

14. Cng thc cng:

sin(a + b) = sin a cos b + cos a sin b
sin(a b) = sin a cos b cos a sin b
cos(a + b) = cos a cos b sin a sin b
cos(a b) = cos a cos b + sin a sin b
Ngoi ra ta cng c cng thc sau vi mt s iu kin:
tga tgb
tg (a b) = (*)
1 + tga.tgb
tga + tgb
tg (a + b) = (**)
1 tga.tgb

(*) c iu kin: a + k , b + k , a b + k
2 2 2

(**) c iu kin: a + k , b + k , a + b + k
2 2 2

a
15. Cng thc tnh tga, cosa, sina theo t = tg :
2
2t
sin a =
1+ t2
1 t2
cos a =
1+ t2
2t
tga = , a + k
1 t 2
2

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16. Cng thc lin h gia 2 gc b nhau, ph nhau, i nhau v hn km nhau 1 gc

hoc :
2
16.1. Hai gc b nhau:
sin( a) = sin a
cos( a ) = cos a
tg ( a ) = tga
cotg ( a ) = cotga

16.2. Hai gc ph nhau:

sin( a ) = cos a
2

cos( a ) = sin a
2

tg ( a ) = cotga
2

cotg ( a) = tga
2

16.3. Hai gc i nhau:

sin( a) = sin a
cos(a ) = cos a
tg (a ) = tga
cotg (a ) = cotga

16.4 Hai gc hn km nhau :
2

sin(a + ) = cos a
2

cos(a + ) = sin a
2

tg (a + ) = tga
2

cotg (a + ) = cotga
2
16.5 Hai gc hn km nhau :

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sin(a + ) = sin a
cos(a + ) = cos a
tg (a + ) = tga
cotg (a + ) = cotga
16.6. Mt s cng thc c bit:

sin x + cos x = 2 sin( x + )
4

sin x cos x = 2 sin( x )
4
17. T hp, hon v, chnh hp:
17.1. Hon v:
+ nh ngha: Mt hon v ca n phn t l mt b gm n phn t , c sp xp
theo mt th t nht nh, mi phn t c mt ng mt ln. S tt c cc hon v khc
nhau ca n phn t k hiu l Pn
+ Cng thc : Pn =1.2.3.....n = n !
17.2 Chnh hp:
+ nh ngha: Mt chnh hp chp k ca n phn t ( 0 k n ) l mt b sp th t
gm k phn t ly ra t n phn t cho. s tt c cc chnh hp chp k ca n phn t k
k
hiu l An
+Cng thc :
n!
Ank =
( nk)!
Ank = n(n 1)...( n k + 1)
Ank +1 = (n k ) Ank
Ann = Pn = n !
An0 = 1
Ann 1 = Ann = n !
(qui c 0! = 1)
17.3 T chp:
+ nh ngha: Cho mt tp hp a gm n phn t (n nguyn dng). Mt t hp chp k
ca n phn t ( 0 k n ) l mt tp con ca a gm k phn t. S tt c cc t hp chp k
k
ca n phn t k hiu l Cn

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