Transients in DC Circuits

-1

.

.
.

-1 -- Natural Response of RLC

Circuit

.
) (1
V0 I0
.

iL iR
+
iC
VO V
- IO

)(1
v
:
t
v 1 dv
vd I 0 C 0 )(1
R L0 dt
1 dv v d 2v
C 2 0 )(2
R dt L dt
2
d v 1 dv v
2
0 )(3
dt RC dt LC

-2 --

Step Response of Parallel RLC Circuit
.
) (2 .

+
iC
iR V
iL -

)(2

1
 iL
.

:
iL iR iC I )(4
or
v dv
iL C I )(5
R dt
diL
vL )(6
dt
dv d 2i
L 2L )(7
dt dt
L diL d 2 iL
iL LC 2 I )(8
R dt dt

d 2 iL 1 diL iL 1
2
)(9
dt RC dt LC LC
:
) iL(0 diL(0)/dt
: .
i = If + function of the same form as the natural response )(10
or
v = Vf + function of the same form as the natural response )(11
If Vf .

-3 --

The natural responses of a series RLC circuits
) (3
:
t
di 1
dt C 0
Ri L id V0 0 )(12

:
2
di d i i
R L 2 0 )(13
dt dt C
2
d i R di i
2
0 )(14
dt L dt LC

+
)I(0 )V(0
i -

)(3

2
 :
R 1
s2 s 0 )(15
L LC
:
2
R R 1
s1, 2 )(16
2L 2L LC
or
s1, 2 2 02 )(17
) ( :
R
rad / s )(18
2L
:
1
0 rad / s )(19
LC
:

i (t ) A1e s1t A2 e s2t )(overdamped )(20

t t
)i (t ) B1e cos d t B2 e sin d t (underdamped )(21
t t
i (t ) D1te D2 e )(critically damped) (22

-4 --

Step Response of Series RLC Circuit

) (4
.
+ VR - + VL -
R L +
i C V
-C

)(4
:
di
V Ri L vC )(23
dt
i vC :
dv
iC C )(24
dt
di d 2 vC
C 2 )(25
dt dt
2
d vC R dvC vC V
2
)(26
dt L dt LC LC
:
vC V f A1e A2 e
s1t s2 t
)(overdamped )(27

3
 vC V f B1e t cos d t B2 e t sin d t (underdamped) (28)
vC V f D1te t
D2 e t (critically damped) (29)
( 5) vC Vf
.V

4
Example (5):
The initial energy stored in the circuit is zero. At t = 0, a dc current source of 24
mA is applied to the circuit. The value of the resistor is 400 .
1) What is the initial value of iL?
2) What is the initial value of diL/dt?
3) What are the roots of the characteristic equation?
4) What is the numerical expression for iL(t) when t 0 ?

iC iL iR +

V
24 mA t<0
-

Solution:
1) Since the initial current in the inductor is zero, the inductor
prohibits an instantaneous change in its current. Therefore
IL(0) = 0 immediately after the switch has been opened.
2) The voltage at the capacitor is zero at t = 0. Because v = L
diL/dt, then:
diL (0 )
0
dt
3) From the circuit elements, we obtain:
1 1012
02 16 108
LC ( 25)(25)
and
1
5 10 4 rad / s
2 RC
Because 02 2 , the roots of the characteristic equation are real and
distinct, thus:
s1 5 10 4 3 10 4 20,000rad / s
s2 5 10 4 3 10 4 80,000rad / s
4) The inductor current response will be overdamped. Thus:
iL I f A1e s1t A2 e s2t
Hence, from this solution, the two simultaneous equations which
determine A1 and A2 are:
iL (0) I f A1 A2 0
diL
(0) s1 A1 s2 A2 0
dt
Solving for A1 and A2 gives:
A1 32mA and A2 8mA
The numerical solution for iL(t) is

iL (t ) 24 32e 20, 000t 8e 80, 000 mA, t 0

5
Example (6):

VC
-

No energy is stored in the inductor or the capacitor when the switch is closed.
Find vC(t) for t 0 .

Solution:
The roots of the characteristic equation are
2
280 280 106
s1 (1400 j 4800) rad / s
0.2 0.2 (0.1)(0.4)
s2 (1400 j 4800)rad / s.
The roots are complex, so the voltage response is underdamped. Thus
vC (t ) 48 B1e 1400t cos 4800t B2 e 1400t sin 4800t , t 0
No energy is stored in the circuit initially, so both vC(0) and dvC(0+)/dt are zero.
Then:
vC (0) 0 48 B1
and
dvC (0 )
0 4800 B2 1400 B1
dt
Solving these two equations:
B1 48V and B2 14V
Therefore the solution for vC(t) is
vC (t ) 48 48e 1400t cos 4800t 14e 1400t sin 4800t V , t 0