Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2017 CL2 Syllabus
2017 CL2 Syllabus
Required Textbook
Bernas S.J., Fr. Joaquin (2011) The 1987 Philippine Constitution: A Comprehensive Reviewer,
Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.
Bernas S.J., Fr. Joaquin (2003) The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines: A
Commentary, Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.
Nachura, Antonio (2006) Outline Reviewer in Political Law, Quezon City: VJ Graphil Arts, Inc.
Classroom Policies
Students are expected to have read the assigned materials for the class sessions and will be
called for recitation.
Cell phones and other electronic devices must be kept in silent mode. Students must refrain
from using these devices during classroom sessions.
Plagiarism and cheating are grave offenses of intellectual dishonesty and are punishable by
university rules.
Consultation and discussion is available upon request of the student. Email me:
ebaddiri@gmail.com
Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law
nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the law.
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5. Primacy of Human Rights
Republic v. Sandiganbayan GR 104768, July 21, 2003
Mijares v. Ranada, GR 139325, April 12, 2005
In General
Banco Espanol Filipino v. Palanca 37 P 921
Macapagal-Arroyo v. People of the Philippines, G.R. No. 220598, July 21, 2016
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Baritua v. Mercader 350 SCRA 86
Barbers v. Laguio 351 SCRA 606
People v. Herida 353 SCRA 650
People v. Medenilla GR 1311638 Mar. 26, 2001
People v. Rivera GR 139180 July. 31, 2001
People v. Basques GR 144035 Sept. 27, 2001
Cooperative Development v. DOLEFIL GR 137489 May 29, 2002
Garcia v. Pajaro GR 141149 July 5, 2002
Briaso v. Mariano, GR 137265, Jan. 31, 2003
Macias v. Macias GR 1461617, Sept. 3, 2003
Albior v. Auguis, AM P-01-1472, June 6, 2003
Republic v. Sandiganbayan, GR 152154, Nov. 18, 2003
Ty v. Banco Filipino Savings and Mortgage Bank, 422 SCRA 649
People v. Larranaga, 412 SCRA 530
R. Transport v. Philhino 494 SCRA 630
Trans Middle East v. Sandiganbayan 499 SCRA 308
Uy v. First Metro 503 SCRA 704
Deutsche Bank v. Chua 481 SCRA 672
People v. Santos 501 SCRA 325
Victoriano v. People 509 SCRA 483
Santos v. DOJ 543 SCRA 70
DBP v. Feston 545 SCRA 422
Ruivivar v. OMB 565 SCRA 324
Borromeo v. Garcia 546 SCRA 543
Cesar v. OMB 553 SCRA 357
DAR v. Samson 554 SCRA 500
Hilano v. People 551 SCRA 191
Pastona v. CA 559 SCRA 137
Bibas v. OMB 559 SCRA 591
Espina v. Cerujano 550 SCRA 107
Geronga v. Varela 546 SCRA 429
OMB v. Magno GR 178923, Nov. 27, 2008
Avenido v. CSC 553 SCRA 711
Romuladez v. COMELEC 553 SCRA 370
Multi-Trans Agency v. Oriental 590 SCRA 675
Siochi v. BPI 193872, October 18, 2011
Catacutan v. People 656 SCRA 524
Mortel v. Kerr 685 SCRA 1 (clear violation and errors of counsel)
Gravides v. COMELEC 685 SCRA 382 (error of counsel)
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2. Judges and Disciplinary Process
OCA v. Pascual 259 SCRA 125
Valenzuela v. Bellosillo 322 SCRA 536
4. Extradition Proceedings
Sec, of Justice v. Lantion 343 SCRA 377
Cuevas v. Munoz GR 140520 Dec. 18, 2000
Govt. of U.S.A v. Purganan GR 148571 Sept. 24, 2002
Rodriguez v. Presiding Judge, 483 SCRA 290
Govt. of Hong Kong v. Olalia, GR 153675 April 19, 2007
5. Arbitration
RCBC v. Banco de Oro 687 SCRA 583
Academic Discipline
1. In General
Angeles v. Sison 112 SCRA 26
Malabanan v. Ramento 129 SCRA 359
Guzman v. NU 142 SCRA 699
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Alcuaz v. PSBA 161 SCRA 7
Non v. Judge Dames 185 SCRA 523
ADMU v. Capulong 222 SCRA 644
U.P. v. Ligot-Telan 227 SCRA 342
Go v. Colegio De San Juan de Letran 683 SCRA 358
Deportation Proceeding
1. In General
Lao Gi v. CA 180 SCRA 756
Domingo v Scheer, 421 SCRA 468
1. Rates
Philcomsat y. Alcuaz 180 SCRA 218
Randiocom v. NTC 184 SCRA 517
Maceda v. ERB 199 SCRA 454
Globe Telecom c. NTC, 435 SCRA 110
2. Profession
Corona v. UHPAP 283 SCRA 31
3. Preventive Suspension
Alonzo v. Capulong 244 SCRA 80
Castillio Co v. Barbers 290 SCRA 717
Bacsasar v. CSC 576 SCRa 787
Carabeo v. CA 607 SCRA 390
Villasenor v. OMB, GR. No. 20230, 725 SCRA 230
Ordinance/Status/Memo Cir/Rules
People v. Nazario 165 SCRA 136
Franscisco v. CA 199 SCRA 595
Misamis Or. V. DOF 238 SCRA 63
Estrada v. Sandiganbayan GR 148560 Nov. 19, 2001
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Motion for Reconsideration
Mendenilla v. CSC 194 SCRA 278
Mendenilla v. CSC 221 SCRA 295
Rodreguez v. Proj. 6 247 SCRA 528
Lazo v. CSC 236 SCRA 469
Salonga v. CA 269 SCRA 534
Bernardo v. CA 275 SCRA 413
Casuela v. Ombudsman 276 SCRA 635
Cordenillio v. Executive Secretary 276 SCRA 652
Chua v. CA 287 SCRA 33
De la Cruz v. Abelle 352 SCRA 691
Rodreguez v. CA GR 134275 August 7, 2002
Gonzales v. CSC 490 SCRA 741
Berboso v. CA 494 SCRA 583
Pontejos v. Desierto 592
I. Suretyship
Stronghold Insurance v. CA 205 SCRA 605
L. Closure Proceeding
CB v. CA 220 SCRA 536
Rural Bank v. CA 162 SCRA 288
Phil. Merchants v. CA GR 112844 June 2, 1995
M. Biddings
N. UDHA RA 7279
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Ynot v. Intermediate Court of Appeals 148 SCRA 659
Agustin v. Edu, 88 SCRA 195
Balacuit v. CFI 163 SCRA 182
National Development Co. and New Agrix v. Phil. Vet. Bank 192 SCRA 257
Maranaw Hotel v. NLRC 238 SCRA 190
Magtajas v. Pryce Properties 234 SCRA 255
Bennis v. Michigan No. 94-8729 March 4, 1996
Cruzan v. Dir. Missouri No. 88-1503 June 25 1990
JMM Promotion and Management Inc. v. CA 260 SCRA 319
Corona v. United Harbor 283 SCRA 31
Kelly v. Johnson 425 US 238
Chavez v. Romulo 431 SCRA 534 (2004)
Cruz v. Flavier, GR 135385, December 6, 2000
Smith Kline v. CA, GR 121267, October 23, 2001
Pareno v. COA 523 SCRA 390
Esponcilla v. Bagong Tanyag 529 SCRA 654
BF v. City Mayor 515 SCRA 1
St. Lukes v. NLRC 517 SCRA 677
Carlos v. DSWD 526 SCRA 130
Perez v. LPG 531 SCRA 431
MMDA v. Viron 530 SCRA 341
Sec. of DND v. Manalo 568 SCRA 42 (Amparo)
SJS v. DDB 570 SCRA 410
SJS v. Atienza 545 SCRA 92
SEC v. Interport 567 SCRA 354
People v. Siton 600 SCRA 476
White Light v. City of Manila 576 SCRA 416
CREBA v. Romulo 614 SCRA 605
Southern Hemisphere v. ATC 632 SCRA 146
Roxas v. Macapagal-Arroyo 630 SCRA 211
Meralco v. Lim 632 SCRA 195
Pollo v. Karina Constantino. GR 181881, October 8, 2011
Sto. Tomas v. Paneda 685 SCRA 245
b) Strict Scrutiny Test: A legislative classification which impermissibly interferes with the exercise
of a fundamental right or operates to the peculiar disadvantage of a suspect class is presumed
unconstitutional, and the burden is upon government to prove that the classification is
necessary to achieve a compelling state interest and that it is the least restrictive means to
protect such interest. This is used on issues of speech, gender, and race.
c) Intermediate Scrutiny Test: government must show that the challenged classification serves
an important state interest and that the classification is at least substantially related to serving
that interest.
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People v. Cayat 68 PHIL. 12, 18
Ichong v. Hernandez 101 PHIL. 1155
Villegas v. Hiu Chiong Tsai Pao Ho 86 SCRA 270
Dumlao v. COMELEC 96 SCRA 392
Goesart v. Cleary - 335 US 464
Ormoc Sugar Central v. Ormoc City Feb. 7, 1968
Sison, Jr. v. PAGCOR May 14, 1991
Republic v. Sandiganbayan 230 SCRA 711
Himagan v. People 237 SCRA 538
Almonte v. Vasquez 244 SCRA 286
Telebap v. COMELEC 289 SCRA 337
Tiu v. CA GR 127410 Jan. 20, 1999
Aguinaldo v. COMELEC GR 132774 June 21, 1999
De Guzman v. COMELEC 336 SCRA
People v. Mercado GR 116239, Nov. 29, 2000
People v. Jalosjos 324 SCRA 689
People v. Piedra 350 SCRA 163
International School v. Quisumbing June 1, 2000
Central Bank Employees Assn. v. BSP 446 SCRA 299
Ycasuegi v. PAL 569 SCRA 467
SJS v. Atienza 545 SCRA 92
Gobenciong v. CA 550 SCRA 302
MIAA v. Olongapo 543 SCRA 269
Nicolas v. Romulo 578 SCRA 438
League of Cities v. COMELEC 608 SCRA 636
Quinto v. COMELEC 613 SCRA 385
CREBA v. Romulo 614 SCRA 605 (supra)
NPC v. Pinatubo 616 SCRA 611
Biraogo v. PTC 637 SCRA 78
League v. COMELEC 643 SCRA 149
PAGCOR v. BIR 645 SCRA 338
Gancayco v. Quezon City 658 SCRA 853
Mendoza v. People, GR 183891, October 19, 2011
Bureau of Customs v. Teves, GR 181704, December 6, 2011
Pichay v. Office of the Deputy Executive Secretary (supra)
Alvez v. People 677 SCRA 673
Garcia v. People 677 SCRA 750
Arroyo v. DOJ
Sto. Tomas v. Paneda 685 SCRA 245
Republic v. Daisy Yahon, GR No. 201043, 726 SCRA 437, June 16, 2014
Zamboanga City Water District v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 213472, January 26, 2016
Philippine Health Insurance Corporation v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 213453, November
29, 2016
Rama v. Moises, G.R. No. 197146, December 6, 2016
Section 2. The right to of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects
against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be
inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to
be determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the
complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be
searched and the persons or things to be seized.
1. Purpose of Section 2
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Waterous Drug Corp. v. NLRC, GR 113271, Oct 16, 1997
People v. Mendoza, GR 109279, Jan 18, 1999
People v. Bongcarawan, GR 143944, July 11, 2002
A. Probable Cause
I. Definition
Henry v. US, 361 US 98
For Arrest:
People v. Syjuco, 64 Phil 667
Alvarez v. CFI , 64 Phil 33
Webb v. De Leon, GR 121234, August 23, 1995
Young v. People, G.R. No. 213910, February 3, 2016
For Search:
Burgos v. Chief of Staff, 133 SCRA 800
Prudente v. Dayrit, 180 SCRA 69
United States v. Jones, January 23, 2012
IV. In General
Nala v. Barroso, GR 153087 Aug. 7, 2003
Betoy v. Judge AM NO. MJJ-05-1108, Feb 26, 2006
20th Century Fox v. CA, 162 SCRA 655
Columbia Pictures v. CA, 262 SCRA 219
Reyes v. Ombudsman, G.R. Nos. 212593-94, March 15, 2016
C. Personal Examination (After Examination Under Oath or Affirmation the Complainant and the
Witnesses He May Produce)
Bache & Co. v Ruiz 37 SCRA 823
Soliven v. Makasiar, GR 8287, Nov. 14 1981
Luna v. Plaza, 26 SCRA 310
Kho v. Judge Makalintal, GR 94902-06, April 21, 1999
Alvarez v. Court, 64 Phil 33
Bache v. Cruz, 37 SCRA 823
Borlongan v. Pena, GR 143591, Nov. 23, 2007
People v. Mamaril, GR 147607, Jan 22 2004
Ortiz v. Palaypayon 234 SCRA 391
D. Particularity of Description
People v. Veloso 48 Phil 169
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Alvarez v. CFI 64 Phil. 33
Corro v. Lising 137 SCRA 541
Pangandaman v. Casar, 159 SCRA 599 (1988)
Stonehill v. Diokno (1967)
People v. Martinez 235 SCRA 171
Microsoft Corp. v. Maxicorp (2004)
Burgos v. Chief of Staff, AFP 133 SCRA 890
Frank Uy v. BIR , 344 SCRA 36
Yousex Al-Ghoul v. CA GR 126859 Sept. 4 , 2001
People v. CA 291 SCRA 400
Paper Industries v. Asuncion, GR 122092 May 19, 1998
Malalaon v. CA, 232 SCRA 249
People v. Estrada GR 124461, June 26, 2000
*Administrative Arrest (Exceptions to the rule that only a judge may issue a warrant):
Commissioner of Immigration and Deportation may issue warrants to carry out a final finding of
a violation. (Board of Commissioners v. Judge De La Rosa, 197 SCRA 853) It is issued after a
proceeding has taken place.
Two Requisites:
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1. Item to be searched was within the arrestees custody or area of immediate control.
2. Search was contemporaneous with an arrest.
Requisites:
1. Prior valid intrusion
2. Evidence was inadvertently discovered by the police
3. Illegality of the evidence is immediately apparent; and
4. Noticed without further search.
iv. Consent/Waiver
Requisites:
1.It must appear that the right exists.
2. The person involved had knowledge, either actual or constructive, of the existence of the
right.
3. The person had actual intention to relinquish the right.
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People v. Correa, 285 SCRA 679
People v. Ramos, 222 SCRA 557
People v. Tudtud, GR 144037, Sept 26, 2003
People v. Tabar 222 SCRA 144
People v. Encinada 280 SCRA 72
People v. Aruta 288 SCRA 626
v. Customs Search
Papa v. Mago, 22 SCRA 857
Pacis v. Pamaran, 56 SCRA 16
People v. Gatward, 267 SCRA 785
People v. Susan Canton, GR 148825, December 27, 2002
People v. Johnson 348 SCRA 526
De la Cruz v. People, G.R. No. 209387, January 11, 2016
Malacat (1997): Probable cause is not required. However, mere suspicion or a hunch is not
enough. Rather, a genuine reason must exist, in light of the police officers experience and
surrounding conditions, to warrant the belief that the person detained has weapons concealed
about him.
Laserna v. DDB, GR 158633, Nov. 3, 2008: The constitutional validity of the mandatory, random,
and suspicionless drug testing for students emanates primarily from the waiver of their right to
privacy when they seek entry to the school, and from their voluntary submitting their persons
to the parental authority of school authorities.
In case of private and public employees, the constitutional soundness of the mandatory,
random and suspicious drug testing proceeds from the reasonableness of the drug test policy
and requirement.
However, there is no valid justification for mandatory drug testing for persons accused of crimes
punishable with at least 6 years and one day imprisonment as they are singled out and
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impleaded against their will. The operative concepts in the mandatory drug testing are
randomness and suspicionless.
Pimentel, Jr v. COMELEC, GR 161658, November 3, 2008: The mandatory drug test requirements
as a pre-condition for the validity of a certificate of candidacy of electoral candidates not
established under the Constitution, e.g. local government positions, is valid.
7. Warrantless Arrests
Rule 113, Section 5. A peace officer or a private person may, without a warrant, arrest a person:
a. When, in his presence, the person to be arrested has committed, is actually committing, or
attempting to commit an offense;
b. When an offense has in fact been committed, and he has personal knowledge of facts
indicating that the person to be arrested has committed it; and
c. When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who has escaped from a penal establishment or
place where he is serving final judgment or temporarily confined while his case is pending or
has escaped while being transferred from one confinement to another
A. In Flagrante Delicto
B. Hot Pursuit
Two Requisites:
1. An offense had just been committed.
2. The person making the arrest has probable cause to believe, based on his personal
knowledge of facts and circumstances, that the person to be arrested committed it.
*There must be immediacy between the time the offense is committed and the time of the
arrest.
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People v. Sequino 264 SCRA 79
People v. Nazareno 260 SCRA 256
People v. Mahusay 282 SCRA 80
People v. Alvario 275 SCRA 529
Larranaga v. CA 287 SCRA 521
People v. Olivarez GR 77865, Dec. 4, 1998
Cadua v. CA 312 SCRA 703
People v. Cubcubin 360 SCRA
People v. Compacion 361 SCRA 540
Posadas v. Ombudsman 341 SCRA
People v. Acol 232 SCRA 406
C. Escaped Prisoner
D. Waiver
E. Procedural Rules
Section 3. (1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except
upon lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise as prescribed
by law.
(2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be inadmissible for
any purpose in any proceeding.
Cybercrime Law- R.A. 10175 (Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012): The State recognizes the vital
role of information and communications industries such as content production,
telecommunications, broadcasting electronic commerce, and data processing, in the nations
overall social and economic development. The State also recognizes the importance of providing
an environment conducive to the development, acceleration, and rational application and
exploitation of information and communications technology (ICT) to attain free, easy, and
intelligible access to exchange and/or delivery of information; and the need to protect and
safeguard the integrity of computer, computer and communications systems, networks, and
databases, and the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information and data stored
therein, from all forms of misuse, abuse, and illegal access by making punishable under the law
such conduct or conducts. In this light, the State shall adopt sufficient powers to effectively
prevent and combat such offenses by facilitating their detection, investigation, and prosecution
at both the domestic and international levels, and by providing arrangements for fast and
reliable international cooperation.
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Riley v. California, June 25, 2014
U.S. v. Graham, August 05, 2015
Not Covered
Alejano v. Cabuay, 468 SCRA 188
In Re: Wenceslao Laureta, 148 SCRA 382
People v. Albofera, 152 SCRA 123
Dr. Lee v. P/Supt. Ilagan, GR No. 203254, October 08, 2014
Gamboa v. P/Supt. Chan, GR No. 193636, July 24, 2012
Exclusionary Rule
Gaanan v. IAC 145 SCRA 112
Salcedo-Ortanez v. CA 235 SCRA 111
Zulueta v. CA 253 SCRA 699
Ople v. Torres 293 SCRA 141
Waterous Drug Corp v. NLRC, GR 113271, October 16, 1997
People v. Marti 193 SCRA 57
People v. Artua 288 SCRA 626
Section 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the
press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress
of grievances.
Content-based Regulation: Restraint is aimed at the message or idea of the expression. Apply
the Strict Scrutiny Test and the challenged act must overcome the clear and present danger
rule.
Content-neutral Regulation: Restraint is aimed to regulate the time, place or manner of the
expression in public place without any restraint on the content of the expression. Apply the
Intermediate Approach Test wherein a regulation is justified if it is : within the constitutional
power of government, furthers an important or substantial government interest, government
interest is unrelated to the suppression of free expression, and the incident restriction on the
alleged freedom of speech and expression is no greater than is essential to the furtherance of
that interest. Here, it only requires substantial government interest for validity.
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Facial Challenge Concept: A facial challenge is an exception to the rule that only persons who
are directly affected by a statute have legal standing to assail the same. This is only applicable to
statutes involving free speech, impeached on the grounds of overbreadth or vagueness. Here,
the litigants are permitted to challenge a statute not because their own rights of free expression
are violated, but because of a judicial prediction or assumption that the statutes very existence
may cause others not before the court to refrain from constitutionally protected speech or
expression.
Imbong v. Ochoa, GR 204819, April 8, 2014: While this Court has withheld the application of
facial challenges to strictly penal statues, it has expanded its scope to cover statutes not only
regulating free speech, but also those involving religious freedom, and other fundamental
rights. The underlying reason for this modification is simple. For unlike its counterpart in the
U.S., this Court, under its expanded jurisdiction, is mandated by the Fundamental Law not only
to settle actual controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and enforceable, but
also to determine whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack
or excess of jurisdiction on the part of any branch or instrumentality of the Government.
Overbreadth Doctrine: A ground to declare a statute void when it offends the constitutional
principle that a government purpose to control or prevent activities constitutionally subject to
state regulations may not be achieved by means which sweep unnecessarily broadly and
thereby invade the area of protected freedoms.
The freedom of television and radio broadcasting is lesser in scope that the freedom accorded
to newspapers and print media. (Eastern Broadcasting Corp v. Dans Jr)
Hecklers Veto: This involves situations in which the government attempts to ban protected
speech because it might provoke a violent response.
1. Prior Restraint: Refers to official governmental restrictions on the press or other forms of
expression in advance of actual publication or dissemination.
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INC v. CA, 259 SCRA 529 (1996)
SWS v. COMELEC, GR 147571, May 5, 2001
Chavez v. Gonzales, GR 168338, February 15, 2008
Newsounds Broadcasting v. Dy, GR 170270 and 179411, April 2, 2009
MTRCB v. ABS-CBN, GR 155282, January 17, 2005
Re: Request for Radio-TV Coverage of the Estrada Trial, AM No. 01-4-03-SC, June 29, 2001
Soriano v. Laguardia, GR 164785, April 29, 2009
The Diocese of Bacolod v. Comelec, GR No. 205728, 747 SCRA 1, Jan 21, 2015
GMA Network, Inc. v. Comelec, G.R. No. 205357, September 2, 2014
Davao City Water District v. Aranjuez, G.R. No. 194192, June 16, 2015
1-United Transport Koalisyon (1-Utak) v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 206020, April 14, 2015
Social Weather Stations, Inc. v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 208062, April 7, 2015
2. Subsequent Punishment
People v. Perez 45 Phil. 599
Espiritu v. General Lim, GR 85727, October 3, 1991
Dennis v. US 341 US 494
Gonzales v. COMELEC 27 SCRA 835
Eastern Broadcasting v. Dans, Jr. 137 SCRA 628
Ayer Prod. PTY. LTD. V. Judge Capulong 160 SCRA 865
Kelley v. Johnson 425 US 238
Brandenburg v. Ohio 395 US 444
Miriam College Foundation v. CA, GR 127930, December 15, 2000
4. Commercial Speech
Rubin v. Coors Brewing 131 L. Ed. 2d 532
Cincinnati v. Discovery Network 123 L. Ed. 2d 99
Central Hudson Gas v. Public Service Commission of New York, 447 US 557
Pharmaceutical v. Secretary of Health, GR 173034, October 9, 2007
City of Laduc v. Gilleo 129 L. Ed. 2d 36
Disini v. Secretary of Justice, GR No. 203335, 2014
Rappler, Inc. v. Bautista, G.R. No. 222702, April 5, 2016
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6. Obscenity (Unprotected Speech)
Miller v. California 37 L. Ed. 2d 419
Gonzales v. Kalaw-Katigbak 137 SCRA 717
Pita v. CA 178 SCRA 362
Barnes v. Glen Theater 498 US 439
FCC v Pacifica Foundation 438 US 726
Renton v. Playtime Theater 475 US 41
Bethel School District v. Fraser 478 US 675
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier 484 US 260
Fernando v. CA, GR 159751, December 6, 2006
Soriano v. Laguardia, GR 164785, April 29, 2009
Section 5. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without
discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the
exercise of civil or political rights.
Purpose
I. Non-Establishment Clause
Aglipay v. Ruiz, 64 Phil 201
Garces v. Estenzo, 104 SCRA 510
School District v. Schempp, 394 RS 203
Board of Education v. Allen, 392 US 236
Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 US 602
Tilton v. Richardson, 403 US 672
Country of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union, 57 LW 504
Zobrest v. Catalina, No. 92-94 June 18, 1993
Capitol Square Review Board v. Pinetter & Ku Klus Klan, US No. 94-780, June 29, 1995
Lee v. Welsman, US No. 90-1014, June 24, 1992
Manosca v. CA, 252 SCRA 412
Islamic Dawah v. ES, GR 153888, July 9, 2003
Taruc v. Dela Cruz, 453 SCRA 123
UCCP v. Bradford, 674 SCRA 92
Imbong v. Ochoa, GR 204819, April 8, 2014
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b) Compelling State Interest Test: When a law of general application infringes religious exercise,
albeit incidentally, the state interest sought to be promoted must be so paramount and
compelling as to override the free exercise claim. Three-step test:
1. Has the statute or government action created a burden on the free exercise of religion?
2. Is there a sufficiently compelling state interest to justify this infringement of religious liberty?
9.23 3. Has the state in achieving its legitimate purposes used the least intrusive means
possible so that the free exercise is not infringed any more than necessary to achieve the
legitimate goal of the state? (Estrada v. Escritor)
c) Conscientious Objector Test: Persons who are conscientiously opposed to participation in war
in any form by reason of religious training and belief may be exempted from combat training
and service in the armed forces. Religious training and belief means an individuals belief in
relation to a Supreme Being involving duties superior to those arising from any human relation,
but does not include essentially political, sociological or philosophical views or a merely
personal code.
Section 6. The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed by law
shall not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court. Neither shall the right to travel be
impaired except in the interest of national security, public safety, or public health, as may be
provided by law.
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Return to Ones Country
Marcos v. Manglapus, 177 SCRA 668
Human Security Act, Section 26: In cases where evidence of guilt is not strong, and the person
charged with the crime of terrorism or conspiracy to commit terrorism is entitled to bail and is
granted the same, the court, upon application by the prosecutor, shall limit the right of travel of
the accused to within the municipality or city where he resides or where the case is pending, in
the interest of national security and public safety. Travel outside said municipality or city,
without the authorization of the court, shall be deemed a violation of the terms and conditions
of his bail, which shall then be forfeited under the Rules of Court.
Section 7. The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be
recognized. Access to official records, and to documents and papers pertaining to official acts,
transactions, or decisions, as well as to government research data used as basis for policy
development, shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided by
law.
(FOI) E.O. signed by Pres. Duterte on peoples constitutional right to information and the state
policies of full public disclosure and transparency in the public service: Section 3. Access to
information- Every Filipino shall have access to information, official records, public records, and
to documents and papers pertaining to official acts, transactions, or decisions, as well as to
government research data used as basis for public-document.
Right to Information
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RE: Request for Radio-TV Coverage, 365 SCRA 248
RE: Request for Live Radio-TV Coverage, 365 SCRA 62
Hilado v. Reyes, 496 SCRA 282 (Access to Court Records)
Sabio v. Gordon, 504 SCRA 704
Bantay v. COMELEC, 523 SCRA 1
Berdin v. Mascarinas, 526 SCRA 592
Chang v. NHA, 530 SCRA 335
Senate v. Ermita GR 169777, April 20, 2006
Suplico v. NEDA, GR 178830, July 14, 2008
Neri v. Senate GR 180643, March 25, 2008; MR Sept. 4, 2008
Akbayan v. Aquino GR 170516, July 16, 2008
Province of North Cotabato v. GRP Peace Panel, 568 SCRA 402
Guingona v. COMELEC, 620 SCRA 448
Antolin v. Domondon, 623 SCRA 163
Center for People v. COMELEC, 631 SCRA 41
Francisco v. TRB, 633 SCRA 470
Initiatives v. PSALM, 682 SCRA 602
Belgica v. Executive Secretary, GR 208566, November 19, 2013
Gov. Villafuerte, Jr. v. Hon. Robredo GR No. 195390, December 10, 2014 Sereno v. Committee on
Trade and Related Matters of the NEDA, G.R. No. 175210, February 1, 2016)
Section 8. The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private sectors, to
form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged.
Scope
Volkschel Labor Union v. Bureau of Labor Relations, 137 SCRA 42
Right to Association
Occena v. COMELEC, 127 SCRA 404
UPCSU v. Laguesma 286 SCRA 15
Bel-Air Village Association v. Dionisio, 174 SCRA 589
Padcom Condominium Association v. Ortigas Center Association, Inc, 382 SCRA 222
Quezon City PTCA Federation, Inc. v. Department of Education, G.R. No. 188720, February 23,
2016
Section 9. Private Property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.
Expropriation in General
Heirs of Alberto Suguitan v. City of Mandaluyong, March 14, 2000
NHA v. Heirs of Isidro Guivelondo, GR 15441, June 19, 2003
Mactan v. Lozada, 613 SCRA 618 (Reversion)
Vda De Ouna v. Republic, 642 SCRA 384 (Reversion)
Department of Transportation and Communication v. Sps. Abecina, G.R. No. 206484, June 29,
2016
Republic v. Roque, G.R. No. 203610, October 10, 2016
Sangguniang Panlalawigan of Bataan v. Garcia, G.R. No. 174964, October 5, 2016
Municipality of Cordova v. Pathfinder Development Corporation, G.R. No. 205544, June 29, 2016
21
Power to Undertake Expropriation Case
Iron and Steel Authority v. CA, 249 SCRA 538
Philippine Press Institute v. COMELEC, 244 SCRA 272
Telebap v. COMELEC 289 SCRA 337
Estate of Heirs v. City of Manila, 422 SCRA 551
Lagcao v. Labra, GR 155746, October 13, 2004
1. Elements of Taking
Republic v. Vda. De Castelvi 58 SCRA 336
Garcia v. CA 102 SCRA 597
City of Government v. Judge Ericta 122 SCRA 759
US v. Causby 328 US 256
People v. Fajardo 104 Phil 443
Republic v. PLDT 26 SCRA 620
NPC v. Jocson 206 SCRA 520
Penn Central Transportation v. NY City 438 US 104
Ruckelshaus v. Monsanto 467 US 986
NPC v. Manubay 437 SCRA 60
NPC v. San Pedro 503 SCRA 333
NPC v. Tianco 514 SCRA 674
LBP v. Imperial 515 SCRA 449
NCP v. Bongbong 520 SCRA 290
Tan v. Republic - 423 SCRA 203
NPC v. Ibrahim 526 SCRA 149
NPC v. Purefoods 565 SCRa 17
NPC v. Capin 569 SCRA 648
PNOC v. Maglasang 570 SCRA 560 (lease not basis for taking)
NPC v. CO 578 SCRa 243
NPC v. Villamor - 590 SCRA 11
NPC v. Maruhom 609 SCRA 198
OSG v. Ayala 600 SCRA 617 (free parking spaces in malls)
NPC v. Tuazon 653 SCRA 84
2. Public Use
Sumulong v. Guerrero 154 SCRA 461
Phil. Columbian Assn. v. Hon. Panis 228 SCRA 668
Manosca v. CA 252 SCRA 412
Province of Camarines Sur v. CA 222 SCRA 173
Lagcao v. Judge Labra GR 155746, Oct. 13, 2004
Reyas v. NHA, GR 147511, Jan 20, 2003
Masikip v. Pasig, 479 SCRA 391
Didipio v. Earth Savers v. Guzon, 485 SCRA 586
Barangay v. CA, 581 SCRA 649
Manapat v. CA, 536 SCRA 32
Mactan v. Tudtud, GR 174012, November 14, 2008
City of Manila v. Tan Te, 658 SCRA 88(socialized housing)
Republic of the Philippines v. Heirs of Borbon, GR No. 165354, 745 SCRA 40, Jan 12, 2015
3. Just Compensation
City of Manila v. Estrada 25 Phil 208
Manila Railroad v. Paredes 31 Phil. 118
22
Santos v. Land Bank GR 137431, Sept. 7, 2000
Municipality of Daet v. CA 129 SCRA 665
NPC v. CA 129 SCRA 665
EPZA v. Dulay 149 SCRA 305
Maddumba v. GSIS 182 SCRA 281
Berkenkotter v. CA 216 SCRA 584
Meralco v. Pineda 206 SCRA 196
NPC v. CA 254 SCRA 577
Land Bank v. CA 249 SCRA 149; (MR) 258 SCRA 404
Panes v. VISCA 264 SCRA 708
Republic v. CA 263 SCRA 758
NPC v. Henson GR 129998, December 29 1998
Santos v. Landbank, GR 137431, Sept. 7, 2000
Sigre v. Ca, GR 109568, Aug. 8 2002
NHA v. Heirs of Isidro, GR 154411, June 19 2001
Mactan v. Urgello 520 SCRA 515
San Roque v. Republic 532 SCRA 493
Land Bank of the Philippines v. Peralta, G.R. No. 182704, April 23, 2014
Land Bank of the Philippines v. Eusebio, Jr., G.R. No. 160143, July 2, 2014
Department of Agrarian Reform v. Sta., G.R. No. 183290, July 9, 2014
Department of Agrarian Reform v. Beria, G.R. Nos. 183901 & 183931
Department of Agrarian Reform v. Susie Irene Galle, G.R. No. 171836,August 11, 2014
National Power Corporation v. Sps. Asoque, G.R. No. 172507, September 14, 2016
Land Bank of the Philippines v. Hababag, G.R. No. 172352, June 8, 2016
Vergara v. Melencio, G.R. No. 185638, August 10, 2016
4. Judicial Review
De Knecht v. Bautista 100 SCRA 660
Manotoc v. NHA 150 SCRA 89
Republic v. De Knecht 182 SCRA 141
Militante v. CA, GR 107040, April 12, 2000
Imbong v. Ochoa, Jr. G.R. No. 204819, April 8, 2014
23
Eugenio v. Drilon 252 SCRA 106
JMM v. CA (supra Substantive)
C & M Timber v. Alcala 273 SCRA 402
Republic v. Agana 2269 SCRA 1
Producers v. NLRC GR 118069, November 16, 1998
Blaquera v. Alcala GR109406, September 11, 1998
Philreca v. Sec. of DILG, GR 1543076, June 10, 2003
Republic v. Rosemoor Mining and Development Corp. 426 SCRA 517
Chavez v. COMELEC 437 SCRA 415
Alvarez v. PICOP - 508 SCRA 498
Lepanto v. WMC 507 SCRA 315
Republic v. Caguioa 536 SCRA 193
Land Bank v. Republic 543 SCRA 453
Serrano v. Gallant 582 SCRA 254
Alvarez v. PICOP 606 SCRA 444
Surigao v. ERC - 632 SCRA 96
Hacienda Luisita v. Pac 653 SCRA 154
Section 11. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal assistance
shall not be denied to any person by reason of poverty.
Indigent Party: One who is authorized by the court to prosecute his action or defense as an
indigent upon an ex parte application and hearing showing that he has no money or property
sufficient and available for food, shelter and basic necessities for himself and his family. (Rules
of Court, Rule 3, Section 21)
Section 12. (1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the
right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent
counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot afford the services of counsel, he
must be provided with one. These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence
of counsel.
(2) No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which violate the free
will shall be used against him. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar
forms of detention are prohibited.
(3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall be
inadmissible in evidence against him.
(4) The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for violations of this section as well as
compensation to the rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices, and their families.
A. Definition
People Pavillare, GR 129970, April 5, 2000
People v. Bandula - 232 SCRA 566
Navallo v. Sandiganbayan - 234 SCRA 175
24
Sebastian v. Garchitorena, GR 114028, October 18, 2000
OCA v. Sumulong, 271 SCRA 316
People v. Almanzor, GR 124918, July 11, 2002 (no need for counsel)
People v. Valdez, GR 129296, September 25, 2000
People v. Marra - 236 SCRA 565
People v. Labtan, G.R. No. 127493, December 8, 1999
Manuel v. NC Construction 282 SCRA 326
People v. de la Cruz, GR 137405, Sept. 27, 2002
*People v. Camat- 256 SCRA 52
People v. Evangelista - 256 SCRA 611
People v. Andan 269 SCRA 95
People v. Artellero, GR 129211, October 2, 2000
People v. De Jesus 213 SCRA 345
People v. Legaspi, GR 117802, April 27, 2000
B. Rationale
Miranda v. Arizona 384 US 436
People v. Canton, GR 148825, Dec. 27, 2002
A. Procedural Requirements
*Miranda v. Arizona- 384 US 436
People v. Mahinay GR 122485 February 1, 1999
People v. Camat - 256 SCRA 52
a. When to Invoke
People v. Sunga, GR 126029, Mar. 29, 2003
People v. Labtan, G.R. No. 127493, December 8, 1999
25
People v. Sapal, GR 124526, March 17, 2000
People v. Lamsing - 248 SCRA 471
People v. Maqueda - 242 SCRA 565
People v. Macam 238 SCRA 306
People v. De Jesus 213 SCRA 345
People v. Dimaano 209 SCRA 819
People v. Compil - 244 SCRA 135
People v. Loveria - 187 SCRA 47
d. Independence
People v. Porio, 376 SCRA 596
e. Competence
26
People v. Suela, supra, 373 SCRA 163
Uyboco v. People Of The Philippines, G.R. No. 211703, December 10, 2014
j. Right to Be Informed
People v. Manriquez, GR 122510-11, March 17, 2000
Magtoto v. Manguera - 63 SCRA 4
*People v. Camat- 256 SCRA 52
People v. Alegria - 190 SCRA 122
People v. Sabban 260 SCRA 630
People v. Barlis - 231 SCRA 426
People v. Agustin - 240 SCRA 541
People v. Samolde, GR 128551, July 31, 2000
People v. Sevilla, GR 124077, September 5, 2000
People v. Muleta GR 130189 June 25, 1999
People v. Tizon, GR 133228, July 30, 2002
People v. Llenaresas - 248 SCRA 629
People v. Cajara, GR 122498, September 27, 2000
People v. Manriquez, GR 122510-11, March 17, 2000
People v. Samolde, GR 128551, July 31, 2000
27
Malacat v. CA (supra, Warrantless Arrests)
People v. Bacor, 306 SCRA 522
People v. Quidato GR 117160 or 6 October 1, 1998
V. Extrajudicial Confessions
A. Difference Between Admission and Confession
Ladiana v. People, GR 144293, Dec. 4, 2002
People v. Maqueda - 242 SCRA 565
C. Voluntariness
People v. Santos 283 SCRA 443
People v. Alvarez, GR 140388-91, Nov. 11, 2003
Astudillo v. People - 509 SCRA 302
Jesalva v. People 640 SCRA 253
D. Presumptions
People v. Alicando - 251 SCRA 293
People v. Camat- 256 SCRA 52
People v. Figueroa, GR 134056, July 6, 2000
People v. Dano, GR 117690, September 1, 2000
People v. Maneng, GR 123147, October 13, 2000
People v. Vallejo, GR 144656, May 9, 2002
People v. Sahagun 274 SCRA 208
People v. Sabban 260 SCRA 630
People v. Ranis, GR 129113, Sept. 17, 2002
People v. Rous - 242 SCRA 732
People v. Parojinog - 203 SCRA 673
People v. Montiero 246 SCRA 786
28
People v. Ruelan - 231 SCRA 650
People v. Aquino GR 123550-51 July 19, 1999
People v. Tolentino, 423 SCRA 448
People v. De Vera, G.R. No. 128966, August 18, 1999
People v. Santos 283 SCRA 443
Santos v. Sandiganbayan, GR 71523-25, December 8, 2000
People v. Magdamit 279 SCRA 423
People v. Aquino, GR 130742, July 18, 2000
People v. Hernandez (supra, Warrantless Arrests)
People v. Sabalones 294 SCRA 751
People v. Calvo 269 SCRA 676
People v. del Rosario, G.R. No. 131036, June 20, 2001
G. Exceptions
VI. When Custodial Investigations May Not Apply
A. Preliminary Investigation
People v. Judge Ayson - 175 SCRA 216
B. Voluntary Surrender
People v. Taylaran 108 SCRA 373
C. Audit Examination
Navallo v. Sandiganbayan - 234 SCRA 175
Kimpo v. Sandiganbayan - 232 SCRA 53
D. Administrative Investigation
Manuel v. NC Construction 282 SCRA 326
Remolona v. Civil Service Commission, G.R. No.13747, August 2, 2001
Sebastian v. Garchitorena, GR 114028, October 18, 2000
Escleo v. Durado, AM no. P-99-1312, July 31, 2002
F. Police Line-up
General Rule
People v. Piedad, GR 131923, Dec. 5, 2002 (no need for counsel)
People v. Lamsing 248 SCRA 471
People v. Frago - 232 SCRA 653
*Gamboa v. Judge Cruz - 162 SCRA 675
People v. Salvatierra 276 SCRA 55 (supra, Warrantless Arrests)
Dela Torre v. CA 294 SCRA 196
People Pavillare, GR 129970, April 5, 2000
People v. Timple - 237 SCRA 52
People v. Dimaano 209 SCRA 819
People v. Loveria - 187 SCRA 47
People v. Tolentino, 423 SCRA 448
People v. Martinez, 425 SCRA 525
People v. Sultan, GR 130594, July 5, 2000
29
People v. Escordial, 373 SCRA 585 (line- up after custodial investigation starts, requires counsel)
Exceptions
People v. Hatton 210 SCRA 1
People v. Gamer, 326 SCRA 660
*People v. Teehankee, Jr. 249 SCRA 54 (supra, Procedural)
People v. Meneses 288 SCRA 95
G. Spontaneous Statements
People v. Barrientos 285 SCRA 221
Arroyo v, CA - 203 SCRA 750
People v. Andan 269 SCRA 95
People v. Dumantay, 307 SCRA 1
People v. Morada GR 129723 May 19, 1999
People v. Dano, GR 117690, September 1, 2000
People v. Ulit, 423 SCRA 374
H. Marked Money
*People v. Linsangan 195 SCRA 784
I. Booking Sheets
*People v. Ang Chun Kit 251 SCRA 660
J. Paraffin Test
People v. Gamboa 194 SCRA 372
L. Taking of Pictures
People v. Gallarde, 325 SCRA 835
A. Violation of Rights
People v. Simon - 234 SCRA 555
People v. Hermoso, GR 130590, October 18, 2000
People v. Pinlac - 165 SCRA 675
People v. Bacamante - 248 SCRA 47
People v. Andan 269 SCRA 95
People v. Montes GR 117166 December 13, 1998
People v. Salcedo 273 SCRA 473
People v. Macoy 275 SCRA 1
People v. Arceo - 202 SCRA 170
People v. Atrejenio GR 120160 July 13, 1999
Tan v. People, G.R. No. 134298, August 26, 1999
People v. Binamira 277 SCRA 232
People v. Turingan 282 SCRA 424
People v. Pagaura 267 SCRA 17
People v. Quidato GR 117401 October 1, 1998
People v. Sequino 264 SCRA 79
30
People v. Alicando - 251 SCRA 293
People v. Agustin - 240 SCRA 541
People v. Paglinawan, 324 SCRA 97
People v. Alegria - 190 SCRA 122
People v. Bravo, GR 13562
People v. Bariquit, GR 122733, October 2, 2000
People v. Malimit 264 SCRA 167
People v. Rivera 245 SCRA 421
People v. Meneses 288 SCRA 95
People v. Figueroa, GR 134056, July 6, 2000
People v. Paburada, GR 137118, December 5, 2000
People v. Lapitaje, GR 132042, Feb. 19, 2003
C. Re-enactments
People v. Suarez 267 SCRA 119
D. Applicability to Aliens
People v. Wong Chuen Ming - 256 SCRA 182
E. Verbal Confessions
People v. Deniego 251 SCRA 626
People v. Bonola 274 SCRA 238
People v. Suela, 373 SCRA 163 (confession to private party)
People v. Taboga, 376 SCRA 500 (confession to private party)
People v. Baloloy, GE 140740, Apr. 12, 2002 (res gestae)
People v. Guillermo, 420 S 326
I. Admissible Evidence
People v. Espiritu, 302 SCRA 533
People v. Lumandong, 327 SCRA 650
Section 13. All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion perpetua
when evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, or be
released on recognizance as may be provided by law. The right to bail shall not be impaired
even when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended. Excessive bail shall not be
required.
I. Right to Bail
31
Lavides v. CA, 324 SCRA 321
People v. Gako, GR 135045, December 15, 2000
*Yap v. CA, GR 141529, June 6, 2001
Fortuna v. Sitaca, AM No. RTJ-01-1633, June 19, 2001
Jinggoy Estrada v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 148965, February 26, 2002
Govt of USA v. Hon Purganan, GR 148571, Sept. 24, 2002
Serapio v. Sandiganbayan, GR 148468, Jan. 28, 2003
*Govt of Hongkong v. Hon. Olalia, April 19, 2007
People v. Sandiganbayan 529 SCRA 764
Juan Ponce Enrile v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 213847, August 18, 2015
Jinggoy Estrada v. Office of the Ombudsman, G.R. Nos. 212140-41, January 21, 2015
Balanay v. Judge White, A.M. No. RTJ-16-2443, January 11, 2016
People v. Piad, G.R. No. 213607, January 25, 2016
Enrile v. Sandiganbayan, Resolution on MR, G.R. No. 213847, July 12, 2016
People v. Villanueva, G.R. No. 210798, September 14, 2016
People v. Sobrepena, G.R. No. 204063, December 5, 2016
Section 14. (1) No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of
law.
(2) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary is
proved, and shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel, to be informed of the
nature and cause of the accusation against him, to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial, to
meet the witnesses face to face, and to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of
witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf. However, after arraignment, trial may
proceed notwithstanding the absence of the accused provided that he has been duly notified
and his failure to appear is unjustifiable.
Due Process
People v. Boras, GR 127495, December 22, 2000
People v. Horio, GR 137842, August 23, 2001
Macapagal-Arroyo v. People of the Philippines, G.R. No. 220598, July 21, 2016
Military Tribunal
Olaguer v. Military - 150 SCRA 144
Tan v. Barrios - 190 SCRA 685
32
Presumption of Innocence
*United States v. Luling - 324 PHIL. 725
People v. Mingoa - 92 PHIL. 856
*Dumlao v. COMELEC - 95 SCRA 392
Pamintuan v. People - 234 SCRA 63
Marquez v. COMELEC 243 SCRA 538
Hizon v. CA 265 SCRA 517
People v. Caranguian, GR 124514, July 6, 2000
People v. Aquino, GR 130742, July 18, 2000
People v. Guillermo, GR 111292, July 20, 2000
People v. Balacano, GR 127156, July 31, 2000
People v. Mansueto, GR 135196, July 31, 2000
Soriano v. Angeles, GR 109920, August 31, 2000
People v. Fajardo, GR 128583, November 22, 2000
Rueda v. Sandiganbayan, GR 129064, November 29, 2000
People v. Baulite, G.R. No. 137599, October 8, 2001
Office of the Court Administrator v. Judge Ruiz, A.M. No. RTJ-13-2361 [Formerly OCA IPI No. 13-
4144-RTJ], February 2, 2016
People v. Yepes, G.R. No. 206766, April 6, 2016
People v. Garrucho, G.R. No. 220449, July 4, 2016
Derilo v. People, G.R. No. 190466, April 18, 2016
Right to Counsel
*People v. Holgado - 86 PHIL. 752
United v. Ash - 413 U. S. 300
People v. Rio 201 SCRA 702
Salaw v. NLRC - 202 SCRA 7
Carillo v. People - 229 SCRA 386
People v. Macagaling - 237 SCRA 299
De Guzman v. Sandiganbayan - 256 SCRA 171
People v. Cuizon - 256 SCRA 329
People v. Cabodoc 263 SCRA 187
People v. Echegaray 267 SCRA 682
Reyes v. CA 267 SCRA 543
People v. Serzo 274 SCRA 553
Dans v. People 285 SCRA 504
Amion v. Chiongson AM No. RTJ-97-1371 January 22, 1999
People v. Ambray GR 127177 February 25, 1999
People v. Bolatete GR 127570 February 25, 1999
People v. dela Cuesta GR 126134 March 2, 1999
People v. Lakindanum GR 127123 March 10, 1999
People v. Cantos GR 129298 April 14, 1999
People v. Alba GR 131858-59 April 14, 1999
People v. Onabia GR 128288 April 20, 1999
People v. Bermas GR 120420 April 21, 1999
People v. Pedres GR 129533 April 30, 1999
People v. Acala GR 127023-25 May 19, 1999
People v. Puertollano GR 122423 June 17, 1999
33
People v. Bonghanoy GR 124097 June 17, 1999
People v. Larena GR 121205-09 June 29, 1999
People v. Nuez GR 128875 July 8, 1999
People v. Ramilla GR 127485 July 19, 1999
People v. Sesbreno, G.R. No. 121764, September 8, 1999
People v. Santoclides, G.R. No. 109149, December 21, 1999
People v. Salonga, G.R. No. 131131, June 21, 2001
People v. Bagas, G.R. No. 104383, July 12, 2001
People v. Liwanag, G.R. No. 120468, August 15, 2001
People v. Bernas, 377 SCRA 391
People v. Caralipio, GR 137766, Nov. 27, 2002
Sia v. People 504 SCRA 507
Briones v. People 588 SCRA 362
Villanueva v. People 644 SCRA 356
Ibanez v. People, G.R. No.190798, January 27, 2016
Inacay v. People, G.R. No. 223506, November 28, 2016
Absence of Violation
People v. Aquino, GR 129288, March 30, 2000
Villanueva v. People, GR 135098, April 12, 2000
Presence of Violation
People v. Nadera, 324 SCRA 490
Callangan v. People 493 SCRA 269
Right to Be Informed
*People v. Regala 113 SCRA 613
Enrile v. Salazar - 186 SCRA 217
People v. Taguba - 229 SCRA 188
People v. Barte - 230 SCRA 401
People v. Vitor - 245 SCRA 392
Sabiniano v. CA 249 SCRA 24
People v. Reyes - 242 SCRA 264
People v. Legaspi - 246 SCRA 206
People v. Ramos - 245 SCM 405
People v. Namayan - 246 SCRA 646
Pecho v. People 262 SCRA 518
People v. Laurente - 255 SCRA 543
People v. Rosare 264 SCRA 398
People v. Evangelista - 256 SCRA 611
People v. Cruz 259 SCRA 109
People v. De Guzman 265 SCRA 228
Salud Imson-Souweha v. Rondez 279 SCRA 258
People v. Manansala 273 SCRA 502
People v. Palomar 278 SCRA 114
People v. Ortega 276 SCRA 166
People v. Antido 278 SCRA 425
People v. Sadiosa 290 SCRA 92
People v. Villamor GR 12444 October 7, 1998
People v. Rosare 264 SCRA 398
People v. Llaguno 285 SCRA 124
People v. Bugayong GR 126518 December 2, 1998
People v. Manalili 294 SCRA 220
People v. Dimapilis GR 128619 December 17, 1998
People v. de Guzman 289 SCRA 470
People v. Quitlong 292 SCRA 360
People v. Perez GR 122764 September 24, 1998
People v. Renido 288 SCRA 369
34
People v. Venerable 290 SCRA 15
People v. Lozano GR 125080 September 25, 1998
People v. Padilla GR 126124 January 20, 1999
People v. Acosta, G.R. No. 142726, October 17, 2001
People v. de la Pena G.R. No. 138358-59 Nov. 19, 2001
People v. Abino, G.R. No. 137288, December 11, 2001
People v. Tan, GR 116200-02, June 21, 2001
People v. Tagana, GR 137608-09, July 6, 2001
People v. Alcalde, GR 139225, May 29, 2002
People v. Mejeca, GR 146425, Nov. 21, 2002
People v. Esurina, 374, SCRA 429
People v. Togud, 375 SCRA 291
People v. Espejon, 377 SCRA 412
People v. Lavador, 377 SCRA 424
People v. Hermanes, 379 SCRA 190
People v. Portugal, 379 SCRA 212
People v. Baluya, 380 SCRA 533
People v. Arofo, 380 SCRA 663
People v. Cana, GR 139229, June 6, 2002
People v. Soriano, GR 135027, July 3, 2002
People v. Radam, GR 138395, July 18, 2002
People v. Abala, GR 135858, July, 23, 2002
People v. Romero, GR 137037, Aug. 5, 2002
People v. Magtibay, GR 142985, Aug. 6, 2002
People v. Miclat, GR 137024, Aug. 7, 2002
People v. Guardian, GR 142900, Aug. 7, 2002
People v. Ocampo, GR 145303, Aug. 7, 2002
People v. del Ayre, GR 139788, Oct. 3, 2002
People v. Caliso, GR 131475, Oct. 14, 2002
People v. Buado, GR 137341, Oct. 28, 2002
People v. Alemania, GR 146221, Nov. 13, 2002
People v. Terible, GR 140635, Nov. 18, 2002
People v. Victor, GR 127904, Dec. 5, 2002
People v. Velasquez, 377 SCRA 219
People v. Lachica, GR 143677, May 9, 2002
People v. Sajolga, GR 146684, Aug. 21, 2002
People v. Ramos, GR 142577, Dec. 27, 2002
People v. Mascarinas, GR 144034, May 28, 2002
People v. Sanchez, 375 SCRA 355
People v. Abayon, GR 142874, July, 31, 2002
People v. Gavina, GR 143237, Oct. 28, 2002
People v. Orbita, GR GR 136591, July 11, 2002
Dado v. People, GR 131421, Nov. 18, 2002
Santos v. People, GR 14761, Jan. 20, 2002
People v. Bon, GR 149199, Jan. 28, 2003
People v. Llanto, GR 146458, Jan. 20, 2003
People v. Migrante, GR 147606, Jan. 14, 2003
People v. Dy, GR 115326-37, Jan. 16, 2003
People v. Lapitaje, GR 132042, Feb. 19, 2003
People v. Ostia, GR 131804, Feb. 26, 2003
People v. Ganete, GR 142930, Mar. 28, 2003
Garcia v. People, GR 144785, Sept. 11, 2003
People v. Villanueva, GR 138364, Oct. 15, 2003
Burgos v. Sandiganbayan, GR 123144, Oct. 15, 2003
People v. Rote, GR 146188, Dec. 11, 2003
People v. Rata, GR 145523-24, Dec. 11, 2003
Andaya v. People 493 SCRA 539
People v. Estrada 583 SCRA 302
35
People v. Abella 610 SCRA 19
People v. Pangilinan GR 183090, November 14, 2011
People v. Padit, G.R. No. 202978, February 1, 2016
People v. Ballacillo, G.R. No. 201106, August 3, 2016
Relationship
People v. Cepedon, 542 S 550
People v. Talan, GR 177354, November 14, 2009
People v. Estrada 610 SCRA 222
People v. Corpuz 577 SCRA 465
People v. Regino 582 SCRA 189
36
People v. Gutierrez, GR 132772, August 31, 2000
People v. Villanueva, GR 135330, August 31, 2000
People v. Melendres, GR 133999-4001, August 31, 2000
People v. Mendez, GR 132546, July 5, 2000
People v. Alarcon, GR 133191-93, July 11, 2000
People v. Baybado, GR 132136, July 14, 2000
People v. Surilla, GR 129164, July 24, 2000
People v. Campaner, GR 130500, July 26, 2000
People v. Balacano, GR 127156, July 31, 2000
People v. Villaraza, GR 131848-50, September 5, 2000
People v. Baniguid, GR 137714, September 8, 2000
People v. Bali-Balita, GR 134266, September 15, 2000
People v. Cajara, GR 122498, Sepember 27, 2000
People v. Nogar, GR 133946, September 27, 2000
People v. Magtrayo, GR 133480-82, October 4, 2000
People v. Taguba, GR 112792-93, October 6, 2000
People v. De la Cuesta, GR133904, October 5, 2000
People v. Arves, GR 134628, October 13, 2000
People v. Baldino, GR 137269, October 13, 2000
People v. Baltazar, GR 130610, October 16, 2000
People v. Francisco, GR 136252, October 20, 2000
People v. Sarmiento, GR 134768, October 25, 2000
People v. Gallarde, 325 SCRA 835
People v. Crispin, 327 SCRA 167
People v. Paramil, GR 128056-57, March 31, 2000
People v. Gallego, GR 130603, August 15, 2000
People v. Tejada. G.R. No. 126166, July 10, 2001
People v. Lalingjaman, G.R. No. 132714, September 6, 2001
People v. Mercado, G.R. No. 139904, October 12, 2001
Estrada v. Sandiganbayan G.R. No. 148560, Nov. 19, 2001
People v. Marahay, GR 120625-29, Jan. 28, 2003
People v. Montemayor, GR 124474, Jan. 28, 2003
People v. Delim, GR 142773, Jan. 28, 2003
People v. Acosta, GR 140402, Jan. 28, 2003
People v. Caloza, GR 138404-06, Jan. 28, 2003
People v. Layoso, GR 14773-76, Jan. 22, 2003
People v. Baldogo, GR 128106-07, Jan. 24, 2003
People v. De la Cruz, GR 175954, December 16, 2008
People v. De la Cruz, GR 174371, December 11, 2008
Andres v. People 588 SCRA 830
Sambilon v. People 591 SCRA 405
Valenzuela v. People 596 SCRA 1
Number of Offenses
People v. Tresballes, G.R. No. 126118, September 21, 1999
People v. Gerona, G.R. No. 126169, December 21, 1999
People v. Pambid, GR 124453, March 15, 2000
People v. Alvero, GR 134536, April 5, 2000
People v. Guiwan GR 117324-8, April 27, 2000
People v. Surilla, GR 129164, July 24, 2000
People v. Rama, 379 SCRA 477
People v. Cuyugan, GR 146641, Nov. 18, 2002
People v. Montinola, 543 SCRA 412
37
People v. Narito, G.R. No. 132058, October 1, 1999
People v. Magbanua, G.R. No. 12888, December 3, 1999
People v. Ladrillo, G.R. No. 124342, December 8, 1999
People v. Ferolino, GR 131730-31, April 5, 2000
People v. Gianan, GR 135288-93, September 15, 2000
People v. Trelles, GR 137659, September 19, 2000
Sumbang v. General Court Martial PRO- Region 6, GR 140188, August 3, 2000
Arambulo v. Laqui, GR 138596, October 12, 2000
People v. Tagana, G.R. Nos. 137608-09, July 6, 2001
People v. Bidoc 506 SCRA 481
People v. Ceredon, 542 SCRA 550
People v. Pascual, 569 SCRA 534
People v. Aure, 569 SCRA 836
People v. Diocado, GR 170567, November 14, 2008
People v. Canares 579 SCRA 582
People v. Aboganda 585 SCRA 1
People v. Jimenez 586 SCRA 580
People v. Lazaro 596 SCRA 587
No Violation
People v. Escoro, 376 SCRA 670
People v. Pascual, 379 SCRA 235
People v. Conde, 380 SCRA 159
People v. Miranda, GR 142566, Aug. 8, 2002
People v. Roque, GR 130569, Aug. 14, 2002
People v. Segovia, GR 138974, Sept. 29, 2002
People v. Caralipio, GR 137766, Nov. 27, 2002
People v. Cantomayor, GR 145522, Dec. 5, 2002
People v. sarazan, GR 123269-72, Jan. 22, 2003
People v. Taperla, GR 142860, Jan. 16, 2003
People v. Lizada, GR 143468-71, Jan. 24, 2003
People v. Dy, GR 115326-37, Jan.16, 2003
Batulanan v. People 502 SCRA 35
v. Corpuz 482 SCRA 435
Soledad v. People 644 SCRA 258
Torres v. People 655 SCRA 720
38
Benares v. Lim 511 SCRA 100
Gaas v. Mitmug, 553 SCRA 535
Albert v. Sandiganbayan 580 SCRA 279
Tan v. People 586 SCRA 139
Tallo v. People 588 SCRA 520
Olbes v. Buemio 607 SCRA 336
Jacob v. Sandiganbayan 635 SCRA 94
Barcelona v. Lim, G.R. No. 189171, June 3, 2014
Impartiality of a Judge
Soriano v. Angeles, GR 109920, August 31, 2000
Almendra v. Asis, AM RTJ-1550, April 6, 2000
People v. Zheng Bai Hui, GR 127580, August 22, 2000
People v. Genosa, GR 135981, September 29, 2000
Uy v. Judge Flores, RTJ-12-2332, 2014
Compulsory Process
Fajardo v. Garcia - 98 SCRA 514
People v. Yambot, GR 120350, October 13, 2000
Relative to CA, G.R. SP NO. 108807 OCA IPI No. 14-220-CA-J, March 17, 2015
39
Admissibility of Evidence
People v. Morial, G.R. No. 129295, August 15, 2001
People v. Tulin, G.R. No. 111709, August 30, 2001
Section 15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of
invasion or rebellion when the public safety requires it.
Section 16. All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases before all
judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies
40
Almonte v. Vasquez 244 SCRA 286
People v. Go 237 SCRA 73
Regala v. Sandiganbayan 262 SCRA 122
People v. Malimit 264 SCRA 167
Galman v. Pamaran (supra, Custodial Investigation)
People v. Banihit, GR 132045, August 25, 2000 (relate to Tan Teng)
People v. Besonia, 422 SCRA 210
Sabio v. Gordon 504 SCRA 704
Benares v. Lim 511 SCRA 100
**Standard Chartered v. Senate 541 SCRA 546
Dela Cruz v. People of the Phil. GR No. 200748, July 23 2014
Section 18. (1) No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs and
aspirations.
(2) No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a punishment for a crime whereof
the party shall have been duly convicted.
Section 19. (1) Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman
punishment inflicted. Neither shall death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons
involving heinous crimes, the Congress hereafter provides for it. Any death penalty already
imposed shall be reduced to reclusion perpetua.
(2) The employment of physical, psychological, or degrading punishment against any prisoner or
detainee or the use of substandard or inadequate penal facilities under subhuman conditions
shall be dealt with by law.
Section 20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax.
Section 21. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same offense. If an
act is punished by a law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under either shall constitute a
bar to another prosecution for the same act.
41
People v. Bayker, G.R. No. 170192, February 10, 2016
People v. Comboy, G.R. No. 218399, March 2, 2016
People v. Jugueta, G.R. No. 202124, April 5, 2016
42
People v. Romero, GR144156, March 20, 2003
People v. Espinosa, GR 153714, Aug. 15, 2003
Oriente v. People 513 SCRA 348
Pacoy v. Cajigal 534 SCRA 338
Summerville v. Eugenio 529 SCRA 274
Herrera v. Sandiganbayan 579 SCRA 32
Javier v. Sandiganbayan 599 SCRA 324
Co v. Lim 604 SCRA 702
Lejano v. People 639 SCRA 760
Bangayon v. Bangayon, GR 172777, October 19, 2011
Goodland v. Co, GR 196685, December 18, 2011
Same Offenses
*People v. Tiozon - 198 SCRA 368
Lamera v. CA - 198 SCRA 186
Gonzales v. CA - 232 SCRA 667
People v. Turda - 233 SCRA 702
People v. Manungas - 231 SCRA 1
People v. Deunida - 231 SCRA 520
People v. Fernandez - 239 SCRA 174
People v. Quijada 259 SCRA 191
People v. Ballabare 264 SCRA 350
People v. Calonzo 262 SCRA 534
People v. Benemerito 264 SCRA 677
People v. Tobias 266 SCRA 229
People v. Manoyco 269 SCRA 513
People v. Tan Tiong Meng 271 SCRA 125
People v. Sadiosa 290 SCRA 92
People v. Sanchez 291 SCRA 333
People v. Saley 291 SCRA 715
People v. Juego GR 123162 October 13, 1998
People v. Ganadin GR 129441 November 27, 1998
People v. Balasa GR 106357 September 3, 1998
Paluay v. CA 293 SCRA 358
People v. Mercado 304 SCRA 504
People v. Yabut, G.R. No. 115719, October 5, 1999
People v. Ong, 322 SCRA 38
People v. Meris, GR 117145-50, March 28, 2000
People v. Logan, G.R. No. 135030-33, July 20, 2001.
Potot v. People, GR 143547, June 26, 2002
People v. CA, 423 SCRA 605
Ramiscal v. Sandiganbayan 499 SCRA 375
People v. Comila 517 SCRA 153
Diaz v. Davao 520 SCRA 481
Merencillo v. People 521 SCRA 31
Lapasaran v. People 578 SCRA 658
*Ivler v. Modesto 635 SCRA 191
People v. Ocden 650 SCRA 124
People v. Lalli, GR 195419, October 12, 2011 (trafficking in person)
43
People v. CA, GR 132396, Sept. 23, 2002
People v. Sandiganbayan 491 SCRA 185
People v. CA 516 SCRA 383
People v. Laguio 518 SCRA 393
People v. Dumlao 580 SCRA 409 (void acquittal)
Tiu v. CA 586 SCRA 118
People v. De Grano 588 SCRA 550
People v. Nazareno 595 SCRA 438
People v. Duca 603 SCRA 159 (void acquittal)
*Mupas v. People, GR 189365, October 12, 2011 (void order on demurrer)
Parties
Metrobank v. Meridiano, G.R. No. 118251, June 29, 2001
Applied to Impeachment
*Estrada v. Desierto, GR 146710-15 and GR 146738, March 2, 2001and MR-GR
146710-15 and 146738, April 3, 2001
People v. Logan, G.R. No. 135030-33, July 20, 2001.
44
2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;
3. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship
upon reaching
the age of majority; and
4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.
Paragraph (3)
*Co. v. Electoral Tribunal - 199 SCRA 692
*Republic v. Sagun 666 SCRA 321
Paragraph (4)
So v. Republic 513 SCRA 267
Go v. Republic, G.R. No. 202809, 729 SCRA 138, July 2 2014
Republic of the Philippines v. Huang Te Fu, G.R. No. 200983, 2015
Loss of Citizenship
*Yu v. Defensor-Santiago - 169 SCRA 364
Frivaldo v. COMELEC - 174 SCRA 245
*Frivaldo v. COMELEC 257 SCRA 727
Labo, Jr, v. COMELEC - 176 SCRA 1
*Labo, Jr, v. COMELEC 211 SCRA 297
Aznar v. Osmena - 185 SCRA 703
*Mercado v. Manzano GR 135083 May 26, 1999
Tabaso v. CA 500 SCRA 9
David v. Agbay, G.R. No. 199113, March 18, 2015
Poe-Llamanzares v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 221697, March 8, 2016
No Collateral Attack
Vilando v. HRET 656 SCRA 17
Section 2. Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens of the Philippines from birth without
having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those who elect
Philippine citizenship in accordance with paragraph (3), Section 1 hereof shall be deemed
natural-born citizens.
Section 3. Philippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired in the manner provided by law.
Section 4. Citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens shall retain their citizenship, unless by
their act or
omission they are deemed, under the law, to have renounced it.
Section 5. Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national interest and shall be dealt with
by law.
45
RA 9225 An Act Making the Citizenship of Philippine Citizen who Acquire Foreign Citizenship
Permanent
*AASJS-Calilung v. Datumanong, G.R. No. 160869, May 11, 2007
Article V. SUFFRAGE
Section 1. Suffrage may be exercised by all citizens of the Philippines not otherwise disqualified
by law, who are at least eighteen years of age, and who shall have resided in the Philippines for
at least one year and in the place wherein they propose to vote for at least six months
immediately preceding the election.No literacy, property, or other substantive requirement shall
be imposed on the exercise of suffrage.
Section 2. The Congress shall provide a system for securing the secrecy and sanctity of the
ballot as well as a system for absentee voting by qualified Filipinos abroad.
The Congress shall also design a procedure for the disabled and the illiterates to vote without
the assistance of other persons. Until then, they shall be allowed to vote under existing laws
and such rules as the Commission on Elections may promulgate to protect the secrecy of the
ballot.
Section 1. The Congress shall give highest priority to the enactment of measures that protect
and enhance the right of all the people to human dignity, reduce social, economic, and political
inequalities, and remove cultural inequities by equitably diffusing wealth and political power for
the common good.
To this end, the State shall regulate the acquisition, ownership, use, and disposition of property
and its increments.
Section 2. The promotion of social justice shall include the commitment to create economic
opportunities based on freedom of initiative and self-reliance.
LABOR
Section 3. The State shall afford full protection to labor, local and overseas, organized and
unorganized, and promote full employment and equality of employment opportunities for all.
It shall guarantee the rights of all workers to self-organization, collective bargaining and
negotiations, and peaceful concerted activities, including the right to strike in accordance with
law. They shall be entitled to security of tenure, humane conditions of work, and a living wage.
They shall also participate in policy and decision-making processes affecting their rights and
benefits as may be provided by law.
The State shall promote the principle of shared responsibility between workers and employers
and the preferential use of voluntary modes in settling disputes, including conciliation, and shall
enforce their mutual compliance therewith to foster industrial peace.
The State shall regulate the relations between workers and employers, recognizing the right of
labor to its just share in the fruits of production and the right of enterprises to reasonable
returns to investments, and to expansion and growth.
46
Eagle Security v. NLRC - 173 SCRA 479
SSS Employees v. CA (supra, Right to Form Association)
De Vera v. NLRC 200 SCRA 439
Republic v. CA - 180 SCRA 428
MPSTA v. Laguio (supra, Right to Form Association)
Union v. Nestle 192 SCRA 396
Jacinto v. CA 281 SCRA 657
Telefunken Employees Union v. CA, GR 143013-14, December 18, 2000
Lanzaderas v. Amethyst Security, GR 143604, June 20, 2003
Standard Chartered Bank Employees v Confesor, GR 114974, June 16, 2004
Agabon v. NLRC, GR 158693, Nov. 17, 2004
Agrarian Reform
Section 4. The State shall, by law, undertaken an agrarian reform program founded on the right
of farmers and regular farmworkers, who are landless, to own directly or collectively the lands
they till or in the case of other farmworkers, to receive a just share of the fruits thereof. To this
end, the State shall encourage and undertake the just distribution of all agricultural lands,
subject to such priorities and reasonable retention limits as the Congress may prescribe, taking
into account ecological, developmental, or equity considerations, and subject to the payment of
just compensation. In determining retention limits, the State shall respect the right of small
landowners. The State shall further provide incentives for voluntary land-sharing.
Section 5. The State shall recognize the right of farmers, farmworkers, and landowners, as well
as cooperatives, and other independent farmers' organizations to participate in the planning,
organization, and management of the program, and shall provide support to agriculture through
appropriate technology and research, and adequate financial, production, marketing, and other
support services.
Section 6. The State shall apply the principles of agrarian reform or stewardship, whenever
applicable in accordance with law, in the disposition or utilization of other natural resources,
including lands of the public domain under lease or concession suitable to agriculture, subject
to prior rights, homestead rights of small settlers, and the rights of indigenous communities to
their ancestral lands.
The State may resettle landless farmers and farmworkers in its own agricultural estates which
shall be distributed to them in the manner provided by law.
Section 7. The State shall protect the rights of subsistence fishermen, especially of local
communities, to the preferential use of the communal marine and fishing resources, both inland
and offshore. It shall provide supportto such fishermen through appropriate technology and
research, adequate financial, production, and marketing assistance, and other services. The
State shall also protect, develop, and conserve such resources. The protection shall extend to
offshore fishing grounds of subsistence fishermen against foreign intrusion. Fishworkers shall
receive a just share from their labor in the utilization of marine and fishing resources.
Section 8. The State shall provide incentives to landowners to invest the proceeds of the
agrarian reform program to promote industrialization, employment creation, and privatization
of public sector enterprises. Financial instruments used as payment for their lands shall be
honored as equity in enterprises of their choice.
47
Heirs of Santos v. CA, GR 109992, March 7, 2000
Padunan v. DARAB, GR 132163, Jan. 28, 2003
*Hacienda Luisita v. PARC GR No. 171101, July 5, 2011
Section 10. Urban or rural poor dwellers shall not be evicted nor their dwelling demolished,
except in accordance with law and in a just and humane manner.
No resettlement of urban or rural dwellers shall be undertaken without adequate consultation
with them and the communities where they are to be relocated.
Human Rights
Section 17. (1) There is hereby created an independent office called the Commission on Human
Rights.
(2) The Commission shall be composed of a Chairman and four Members who must be natural-
born citizens of the Philippines and a majority of whom shall be members of the Bar. The term
of office and other qualifications and disabilities of the Members of the Commission shall
provided by law.
(3) Until this Commission is constituted, the existing Presidential Committee on Human Rights
shall continue to exercise its present functions and powers.
(4) The approved annual appropriations of the Commission shall be automatically and regularly
released.
Section 18. The Commission on Human Rights shall have the following powers and functions:
(1) Investigate, on its own or on complaint by any party, all forms of human rights violations
involving civil and political rights;
(2) Adopt its operational guidelines and rules of procedure, and cite for contempt for violations
thereof in accordance with the Rules of Court;
(3) Provide appropriate legal measures for the protection of human rights of all persons within
the Philippines, as well as Filipinos residing abroad, and provide for preventive measures and
legal aid services to the underprivileged whose human rights have been violated or need
protection;
(4) Exercise visitatorial powers over jails, prisons, or detention facilities;
(5) Establish a continuing program of research, education, and information to enhance respect
for the primacy of human rights;
(6) Recommend to the Congress effective measures to promote human rights and to provide for
compensation to victims of violations of human rights, or their families;
(7) Monitor the Philippine Government's compliance with international treaty obligations on
human rights;
48
(8) Grant immunity from prosecution to any person whose testimony or whose possession of
documents or other evidence is necessary or convenient to determine the truth in any
investigation onducted by it or under its authority;
(9) Request the assistance of any department, bureau, office, or agency in the performance of
its functions;
(10) Appoint its officers and employees in accordance with law; and
(11) Perform such other duties and functions as may be provided by law.
Section 19. The Congress may provide for other cases of violations of human rights that should
fall within the authority of the Commission, taking into account its recommendations.
Article XIV Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture and Sports
Section 1. The State shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality education at all
levels and shall take appropriate steps to make such education accessible to all.
Section 3. (1) All educational institutions shall include the study of the Constitution as part of
the curricula.
(2) They shall inculcate patriotism and nationalism, foster lover of humanity, respect for human
rights, appreciation of the role of national heroes in the historical development of the country,
teach the rights and duties of citizenship, strengthen ethical and spiritual values, develop moral
character and personal discipline, encourage critical and creative thinking, broaden scientific
and technological knowledge, and promote vocational efficiency.
(3) At the option expressed in writing by the parents or guardians, religion shall be allowed to
be taught to their children or wards in public elementary and high schools within the regular
class hours by instructors designated or approved by the religious authorities of the religion to
which the children or wards belong, without additional cost to the Government.
Duty of Institutions
*Miriam College v. CA, GR 127930, December 15, 2000
Section 5. (1) the State shall take into account regional and sectoral needs and conditions and
shall encourage local planning in the development of educational policies and programs.
(2) Academic freedom shall be enjoyed in all institutions of higher learning.
(3) Every citizen has a right to select a profession or course of study, subject to fair, reasonable,
and equitable admission and academic requirements.
(4) The State shall enhance the right of teachers to professional advancement. Non-teaching
academic and non- academic personnel shall enjoy the protection of the State.
49
(5) The State shall assign the highest budgetary priority to education and ensure that teaching
will attract and retain its rightful share of the best available talents through adequate
remuneration and other means of job satisfaction and fulfillment.
Language
Section 6. The national language of the Philippines is Filipino. As it evolves, it shall be further
developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages. Subject to
provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall take steps
to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as language
of instruction in the educational system. Section 7. For purposes of communication and
instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by
law, English.
The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as
auxiliary media of instruction therein.
Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis.
Section 8. This Constitution shall be promulgated in Filipino and English and shall be translated
into major regional languages, Arabic, and Spanish.
Section 10. Science and technology are essential for national development and progress. The
State shall give priority to research and development, invention, innovation, and their
utilization; and to science and technology education, training, and services. It shall support
indigenous, appropriate, and self- reliant scientific and technological capabilities, and their
application to the country's productive systems and national life.
Section 11. The Congress may provide for incentives, including tax deductions, to encourage
private participation in programs of basic and applied scientific research. Scholarships, grants-in-
aid, or other forms of incentives shall be provided to deserving science students, researchers,
scientists, inventors, technologists, and specially gifted citizens.
Section 12. The State shall regulate the transfer and promote the adaptation of technology from
all sources for the national benefit. It shall encourage the widest participation of private groups,
local governments, and community-based organizations in the generation and utilization of
science and technology.
Section 13. The State shall protect and secure the exclusive rights of scientists, inventors, artists,
and other gifted citizens to their intellectual property and creations, particularly when beneficial
to the people, for such period as may be provided by law.
50
Arts and Culture
Section 14. The State shall foster the preservation, enrichment, and dynamic evolution of a
Filipino national culture based on the principle of unity in diversity in a climate of free artistic
and intellectual expression.
Section 15. Arts and letters shall enjoy the partronage of the State. The State shall conserve,
promote, and popularize the nation's historical and cultural heritage and resources, as well as
artistic creations.
Section 16. All the country's artistic and historic wealth constitutes the cultural treasure of the
nation and shall be under the protection of the State which may regulate its disposition.
Section 17. The State shall recognize, respect, and protect the rights of indigenous cultural
communities to preserve and develop their cultures, traditions, and institutions. It shall consider
these rights in the formulation of national plans and policies.
Section 18. (1) The State shall ensure equal access to cultural opportunities through the
educational system, public or private cultural entities, scholarships, grants and other incentives,
and community cultural centers, and other public venues.
(2) The State shall encourage and support researches and studies on the arts and culture.
Sports
Section 19. (1) The State shall promote physical education and encourage sports programs,
league competitions, and amateur sports, including training for international competitions, to
foster self-discipline, teamwork, and excellence for the development of a healthy and alert
citizenry.
(2) All educational institutions shall undertake regular sports activities throughout the country
in cooperation with athletic clubs and other sectors.
Section 1. The State recognizes the Filipino family as the foundation of the nation. Accordingly,
it shall strengthen its solidarity and actively promote its total development.
Section 2. Marriage, as an inviolable social institution, is the foundation of the family and shall
be protected by the State.
Section 4. The family has the duty to care for its elderly members but the State may also do so
through just programs of social security.
51