Red Hat Linux

.2003
.9
.
.

.
( 1000) .
.

()
.

.
.

.
.

9 .
KDE .

26 2003

5 ....................................................................................................................
.
.GNU
.Linus Torvalds

7 ....................................................................................................................
( ).
( ).

26 ..........................................................................................
.Kernel
.GNU
.
.X Window System
( ).
( ).

30 .....................................................................................................
XFree86 ( ).
.
.
.
(.)Display Manager

33 ..........................................................................

35 .....................................................................................................
.
.
.
.
.KDE
.KDE
.

64 ...........................................................................................................
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

93 ...................................................................................................
( ).
.
.
.KPPP

3
 105 ...................................................................................................
(Konqueror Mozilla gaim xmms xine Evolution
.)gFTPgedit gtoaster

171 .......................................................................................
( )Shell (.)Bash
(.)Terminal
.

180 ................................................................................................
.
(.)Source Code
RPM .

184 ..................................................................................................
.
(.)Run Levels
.
(.)Firewall

192 ..............................................................................
( ).
.
( ).
.
.
.
.
(.)Laptops

( ................................................ )Boot Loader198 .....................

.
.
.

- 201 .................................................................................
.
(.)Mount Points
(.)Singly Linked
(.)File Permissions

208 ............................................................... 9
.
.

211 ................................................................ .
214 ................................................................ - .
222 ................................................................ 1
223 ................................................................
224 ................................................................

4
 Unix

.
.

. ""Bell
.
"."C

. .
. .

( AT&T ) .

Free Software Foundation

.1984 ( )open source code
.

GNU's Not Unix .GNU

. ( )Kernel .

.
(.)Compiler

.
. (.)Assembler

. .
(.)Library

Free Software Foundation

. .

( )Hurd .1991

( .)Linus Torvalds ( )PC
. Mainframe
.Workstation PC Workstation .

. .
(. )386

.Linux ( ).

5
 : + = GNU .

( + + GNU + GNOME + KDE
) ( )Compile .
.

GPL

.

GNOME KDE .
.

(GNU's Not Unix )GNU www.gnu.org

Linux Kernel www.kernel.org
XFree86 Graphical User Interface www.xfree86.org
GNOME Desktop www.gnome.org
KDE Desktop www.kde.org
Red Hat Linux, USA www.redhat.com
Mandrake Linux, France www.mandrakelinux.com
SuSE Linux, Germany www.suse.com

9 .

9 6 .
( )Source Code .

.Back
(.)CTRL+ALT+DEL

( )Red Hat Linux 9 CD#1
.

:


BIOS .
DEL
BIOS ( )Boot Order

.

.
. :
boot:

.Enter

. OK
: Pass Fail
.
. .
Skip .

.
.
Gnome .KDE

.
. ( )www.xfree86.org
. XFree86
(.)Linux

.
.
( )RAM ( )CPU Release
Notes .

7
 .Next

.
( ) . ( )English .Next

8
 .Next .

.
. Emulate 3 :
button mouse
. .Next

.
:
.I .Personal Desktop
.II .Workstation
.III .Server
.IV ( ) .Custom

: ( )GNU
. .

" " .
KDE "" . C
" " . " " .
"".
:

.

9
 .
:
.I (.)Automatic Partitioning
.II (.)Manual Partitioning

.
.

10
 )/( : ( )swap . (.)/boot

( ) .
.

:1
( )40GB . ( )20GB Win
XP ( )20GB ( .)format
Keep all partitions and use existing free space :
.

:2
40 ( )40GB . 20 ( )C Drive
Win XP 20 ( )D Drive .

. Remove all partitions
. .

:3
40 ( )40GB . 20 ( )C Drive
Win XP 20 ( )D Drive .
( )C Drive ( )D Drive
D C . .

3 :

.

11
 ( .)C and D :

( ) dev/hda/
vfat 20000 dev/hda1/
extended 20000 dev/hda4/
vfat 20000 dev/hda5/

( .)/dev hda .hdb

hda ( .)C and D hda1 .hda2

4 ( ) . 5 6
( .)Extended Partition .
3 .

:
/dev/hda1
/dev/hda2
/dev/hda3

/dev/hda4 :

/dev/hda5

.3 C .D

( )C: /dev/hda1 : .

( )D: . () /dev/hda5 :

/dev/hda5 vfat
FAT32 Win 98 .Win ME Win XP FAT32 .NTFS

12
 .Delete .
. . Add
. ( )/ Ext3 .
19000 19GB D .20GB .

( )Partition Table .Continue

. Add ( ) . .
swap . ( )
. 500 .

. RAM
. 3 . .
. 5 .
.
.

. .swap
.Page File

( )/ and swap Next . D

20GB ( ) / 19GB ( )swap .500MB 500MB
. ( )/
.Edit . ( )/ ()ext3
19000MB .19GB
: Use maximum available space .

.

13
 :4
40 . ( IBM
Compaq )HP C . :
. 1 2 .3
C .

C .
. FIPS Red Hat Linux CD#1 .dosutils

. ( )Startup Disk Win 98 .Win ME
..Start Computer with CD-ROM Support :

() Red Hat Linux CD#1 :

cd D:

.D :
dir

.dosutils :
cd dosutils

:
fips.exe

.
( ) .

14

. FIPS
.
:
( )
Next
.
.
.
.Grub Lilo Change
Boot Loader .Lilo

( )Windows
. . ( Default Label
.)Device : Dos ( .)/dev/hda1
.Win XP Edit .
Win XP . Red Hat Linux 9.
( ).

.Default Win XP :
.Red Hat Linux
.Default

.Use a boot loader password : Grub

( ) .
.

.Configure Advanced Boot Loader Options :

Next .
: ( )MBR

15
 ( ).

( .)MBR .Force LBA32
.
.

.Kernel Parameters .
. .Next

.
. .

.Network Device .
( eth0 ) .
.
.

Edit .
.Host Name .DHCP
Manual .

Miscellaneous Settings
.
:
( Gateway)
Next
. Continue .

16
 (.)Firewall
High Medium .No Firewall ( )Default Medium
.

High .

. Use Default :
.Firewall Rules ! .Next

.
:-( . .

.
:

( ) .
.
.

.
.
. .
.

( .)www.arabeyes.org .
.
.

17
 .
( ) . GMT
. GMT .Greenwich Mean Time .

11:14 .GMT+3
.

System clock uses UTC : Universal Time

Coordinate .UTC UTC .GMT

( ) .Next GMT
. .Next

18
 (.)root

( . )Administrator

19
 6 . .
.Next

(.)Authentication
( )Default
.
( .)Shadow Password & MD5

( )NIS .
.

.
. Accept Next .
(/ ) Customize Next
Next .

:
(
) .
( X Window System) .
Details
.
.

20
 .
( )Format ( )Partitions .
.

2 .3
( 15 60) .Next

21


.
( ) (.)Boot Diskette
Yes .Next
. . No
Next .

.
.
. .Skip X Configuration :
. . .Next

.
.
. !!

:

( .)Probe
( ) .

22


23
 .
( )Color Depth 24 -
.
( .)True Color - 24 bits ( )Screen Resolution 800x600 .1024x768

:
.1 (.)Text
.2 (.)Graphical

.Graphical

.Next

( ) .Exit

( )Grub Red Hat Linux .Enter

----------------------------------------------------------------------

24


. .Forward
( ahmed) ( Ahmed Jamal) .
. 6 . .
. .Forward

. .Forward

. . .Play Test Sound

.
.
!

( .)Red Hat Network .

. .
. ( .)www.redhat.com
Yes No Forward .

. .Forward

Forward .
.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

25


.
. :
(.)GNU
(.)kernel
(.)File System
(.)X Window System
(.)Gnome & KDE
.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

( )GNU's Not Unix GNU 1984 ( .)Unix
( .)Free Software ( .)www.gnu.org
. 1974 .
.MIT ( .)Emacs, gcc, gdb
1984 .

.
.

.
( ) . ()
.

( )
. .

. .
MIT .
.

. .

.
.

.

. ( )Free/Open
( )GNU General Public License .GNU GPL
.

( ) .
. .

.
. ( ) .
( .)RAM
. . (.)Linux

26
 () . .
. . . .

. (gcc, glibc, gdb

.)gas . GPL
( ).

.GNU/Linux Operating System

.
"" .

1991 ( .)2.6
/ .9
.

( )www.kernel.org .
"" .

. .X.Y.Z

.X : . Y
( ) ( ) . Z .

:
2.5.10 ( )5 .

:
2.4.21 ( )2003 ( 4 ).

.
. .
.

.ext2
. ()
. 40GB
. ext2 .
( ) .
.ext3

ext3 .
( .)Journaling
( Y 5) . Y
ext3 .

( FAT MSDOS ) FAT32

( vfat ) ( NTFS ).

27
 .

. / Root File System .root

.

.9

. . /
. /etc
( Grub .)Lilo /boot
( )root /home
. /lib
. /dev
( ). /mnt
( ) / . /proc
.root /sbin
.root /root
. /var
. /tmp
. /usr/bin
(.)Documentation /usr/share/doc

. /usr/local/bin

( .)/etc/fstab
( ) .

fdisk .mkfs man

. fdisk man fdisk
.

.
.

( )
. .

X Window System .X
. X ().

X ! Fail Safe
( .)Session . ( )x
! X
( )Libraries .

28
 . .
( )Gnome .KDE

( )Office Suite
( ) . .
.

.
.
.

.
.KDE
.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

29


( )Graphical User Interface :

XFree86 ( ).
.
.
.
(.)Display Manager

----------------------------------------------------------------------

:
.
.

:

.
.

.

.
.
.
!

:
.
.
(.)Rock solid, baby
.
.
(.)Blue Screen of Death

:
.
.

.

. ( )Libraries
Gnome KDE X
.
Gnome KDE!!

XFree86
MIT
X Window System X . .
X.Org IBM HP .Sun

X X.Org XFree86.org
. XFree86 X.Org .
.

30
 GNU/Linux GPL
XFree86
.9

/ . X ()
. .X X
. X .

X . (
) X . X
( ).

X 3.4 ( .)2003 X
X -version : .

X ( )/usr/X11R6 (.)/etc/X11

/etc/X11/XF86Config X
.

/usr/X11R6/lib/modules/drivers :
.

.XF86Config
X .

31
 . ( )root ( OLD )
. ( )XF86Config
. X .

( )Resolution ( )Color Depth
.System Settings--Display

:
redhat-config-xfree86

root . .

KDE
CTRL+ALT+Backspace : X .
.

( )Resolution :
( )CTRL + ALT+ +
.

()Display Manager
X (
) . Shell .

X
.

.
.Session

( GDM ):
Gnome Display Manager .GDM
KDE KDE Display Manager .KDM
X X Display Manager .XDM

/etc/sysconfig/desktop
:

DISPLAYMANAGER=GDM

DISPLAYMANAGER=KDM

DISPLAYMANAGER=XDM

( 3) 5
. XDM .
:

.
----------------------------------------------------------------------

32
 -

()Applications
: ( ls)
( )XFree86 xpdf .PDF

KDE
KDE .KDE

GNOME
GNOME .GNOME

GNOME
.
.GNOME

KDE
.
.KDE

XFree86
( X
)xpdf .

kernel
( ).
.
(
) .

Hardware
( ) ( )
( ) .
!

Video Card
.
( ) .
.XFree86

33
 KDE
| | | |
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
| | | |
KDE | |
|
| | | |
| | | |
|
| | | |
| | | |
XFree86 |
|
| | |
| |
| |
|
| | |
| | |
|
|
| |
| |

|
|

34


KDE X
.

KDE
.

KDE
.

( )X
.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

35
 KDE

.
.
.
.
.KDE
.KDE
.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

X
. X ( )
. Fail Safe .Session
X :
. exit .Enter

X
.X .Window Manager

.Light Desktop
( KDE )Gnome .
.

.
K Desktop Environment KDE.

KDE 1996 Matthias Ettrich .

KDE Qt ( )C++
.Troll tech GPL (.)2.2

KDE .GPL KDE :

(.)KWin
(.)Konqueror
(.)Konqueror
(.)Control Center
(.)KOffice

KDE ( )Panel ( )K Menu ( )
.KDE

.
.

36

.
. ( ) . Applets

.
.Properties

KDE KDE
.

. ( )
( ) .

( )K Menu .
KDE Gnome .
. ( )
( ) . ( )KDE
KDE .

37
 KDE .Klipper .

System Tray .

: KDE . KDE
"" "".

() .

38
 KDE

39
 . ()4-1
.

: KDE (.)Terminal

. .
. .

.
.

.
( ) .
.

: .
.
" " . . ""
" " . "" . " "
.

: .
( ) " "Remove Pager
. .

: (.)K Menu
: .

: -- -- K
.

^ ^

Remove .

40

KDE ( ).

" " .
( .)Terminal "
" . ( .)ALT+F2 :

" "
.KDE

"( " Home )Personal Files

( .)/home/loner/ : " "
.
( ).

.KDE Help :

KDE .

41
 " ."Find Files
. .
6 .

( ) .
( System Settings )System Tools KDE !
( System Settings )System Tools .

.Sound & Video

.

:
.xmms ==> ()CD, mp3,wav, etc
.xine ==> ()VCD, DVD, mpeg, avi,etc
.grip ==>
.kword ==> ( )
.gaim ==> ( )messenger
.konqueror ==>
.kmail ==>
.gimp ==>

!
( ):
"."KDE 3.1
5 ( ).
" ".
"."Recent Documents

KDE .

42
 KDE
KDE KDE
.
. .
(. :-

.Regional & Accessibility

Accessibility .

43
 KDE .Country/Region & Language .
.

Keyboard Layout .Enable keyboards layouts :

"".

"".

" " " " .root " "

Proxy .

" " 30
. .

44
 ( )Laptop Laptop Battery Show battery
monitor . .

" " .
KDE " "Sound System " " .
xmms .xine
!

" " !

" ."Background ( )
" "Background " " . !!

. " ".

X . (
) ( ).

" ."Common background "

"Common background . " "1 . "
"2 .

. . " "Single wallpaper

" " " " .
"" .

KDE .
" "Multiple wallpapers " " .
.
.

45
 1 2 3
4 5.

46
 .
"" . " " .
" "Use anti-aliasing for fonts .

. .KDE
.KDE ( ) KDE
( .)K KDE Icons
( ) . .KDE

47
 .KDE "" . The :
.Slick Theme

. " "Screensaver .
. ""
" "Setup ( ).

. ( )
.
"."Require password to stop screensaver

" "Style . ""

. .

" "Effects . " "Menu Effects " " . "

"Menu Opacity .%90 "" . (
K) . (.)Way too cool, man

.
. .KDE2 ( )
.

48


49
 . . ""
"."NumLock on KDE Startup

. " ."Left handed

. "
".

.
.

" " .

" " . " "Appearance

.

" "Behavior . " "Enable desktop menu

:

" "Enable icons on desktop (

) X .
X " "Mounted Floppy "Mounted .
"CD-ROM " "Mounted CD Writer .

.
.

50
 ( CD-ROM )CD Writer
.

" " .

. " ."Multiple desktops
( 1 2 3).

51
 " ."Panels " "Arrangement (
) .

" "Hide automatically

. ""
3 . .

"."Only hide when...

( ) .
"."Allow other windows...

X " "Show right panel-hiding button "Show left panel-

."hiding button

" "Menus ( .)K ( .)KDE 3.1

X " ".

. ( ) .
" " " "Recent Documents X
.

. 5
" "Show the applications most recently used 5 .
KDE . .

.42

52


" "Taskbar .
( )2 X " ".

X " " . " "Group similar tasks

. "" .
"".

53
 " " " ."Window Behavior
. 4 . Kword
2 ( ) Free Cell .4
( 4) ( 2)
4 .2

.
3 .4 2
.1 1 .3
" "Always enabled " ".

.
1 3
( ) .3

" "To Desktop .

" " " ."Component Chooser

( )Default KDE (.)Text

KDE .Kmail
. .

54
 "" ( ) .
.USB

55
 KDE

KDE . KDE
.KDE KOffice
KWord KPresenter KSpread
.

Konqueror
.
.

()Apple
... ....

""
.

" " (
).

" " " "Send File ( Kmail ).

56
 "" .

" " .""

. " "
.

"" ""
. . ""
.

". "Create New

"" . " "

" " . " "Sort
.
( ).

"" .
.

( ). .
" ".

" "Folder Icons Reflect Contents !

.
.

" " !
" " . .
"" .

57
 "" . "" .

. " "
loner /home/loner
.

" " .
.

/usr/share/doc " " .

" " . " "
.

58
 "".

" " . " ".

" "Create Image Gallery

.

"" . "
" . " " .

" " .
.

" " .

" "
.
" " .

( )Behavior, Appearance, Preview, and File Association

. Behavior . .
X " ".

X " " .
X "."Show previews in file tips

.
.

59


60
 "" .

" "Terminal Emulation

.

" "Navigation Panel

( )/.

( .)F9 !

( ) ""
. " ".

"
.
" .

61
 KDE .
.

" "Eject
. " "Unmount .
. .

62


KDE KDE
. .Session Management

1 2 xmms 3
( .)Terminal KDE
.

" " KDE !

Restore previous session On Login .

.Start with an empty session

Default Action After Logout .KDE

KDE " ".

----------------------------------------------------------------------

63


.
.
.
.
.
.
.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

.KDE .
.

KDE ! KDE Qt
. ( )Miguel De Icaza
1997 . .GNU Network Object Model Environment

:
( )Trolltech Qt
.GPL

KDE ( )
.

( )G KDE (.)K

KDE 2
.

( )Gnome 2.2 KDE

.KDE .
( ) .
.

KDE KDE ( )Konqueror ( .)Kwin

( )Nautilus ( .)Metacity
KOffice .

( )Panel ( )G Menu ( )
.Gnome

( ).

64

.
. ( .)Applets .
.Properties

( )Panel " "Properties

.

.
.
" ."Autohide
" "Show "."Arrows

""
( )Transparent
!

" ."New Panel

. "."Delete This Panel

65
 About Panels .

About GNOME .

.Add To Panel
( ) ().

( )
. .
" "Move
.

Remove From Panel .

( ) ( )
.

.
.

66
 " " . .
" "Add
.

( ) .
" "Add " "Close .
.

"" ( ).

9 gedit kedit KWord

. OpenOffice.Org Writer (
).

67
 .Panel Notification Area
( ) . .

.
" " .

" "

.

" "

.

" " . X .
( )Monitor 1 2 .
4 . " " .

( )Default .
"
" ""
.

" " ( ) .
.

( M) .

() .

( .)Terminal ( )
.

() ( )Restart (.)Shutdown

.
. .
.

"" .
.root

68
 .

:1 " ".
" " Add To Panel ""
.
. " " .

69
 :2 .
.
.
" "Properties .

""
.

"" .

.OK

:3 .
. ( .)Source Code
( .)/usr/local/bin ./usr/local/bin/gtypist :
. .

Add To Panel "" .

"" .

70
 (
) .
.

""
.

" ".

" ."Terminal
" "

.

71
 :
Games
Internet
Graphics
Office ( )
Preferences
Programming
Sound & Video
System Settings
System Tools

" "More .

" "Network Servers ( SMB ) .

.SMB

" " (.)Nautilus

"" .
. .
.

72

. " "
.ALT + F2

" " .
Enter "".

" " ( )
.

" "Open Recent .

" " "" .

. xmms
. Sound & Video
( Audio Player xmms ) .
.

73

Preferences .

Preferences Control Center

.

74
 .

" "CD Properties

. .

" "Mount CD when inserted
" "Open file manager window
.Data CDs

"Run
command when CD is inserted ". Audio CDs

. " "Network Proxy

" "Manual HTTP Secure HTTP FTP .

.
.

75
 . mp3 .xmms
"."File types and programs

. " "File Management

" "Menus & Toolbar . .

" "
.

.
.

76
 " "About Myself
.

.
" "Apply .

" "
.

() .

77
 " "
.

"."Galeon

"."Gedit

( ) .Gnome Terminal

"" .
.
"."Select windows when the mouse moves over them

"Raise selected
."windows

.

. (
) ( ALT
)
.

. " "Screensaver .
. " "xmatrix ""The Matrix
(:-

" "Mode :
( ) .Disable -
( ) .Blank Screen -
.Only One Screen Saver -
( ) .Random Screen Saver -

( ) " "Lock Screen .0

"."Blank After

" ."Settings
"."Preview

78
 .

79
 ( ) "" " "...
" ".

" "Sound Effects

.

"" .
( )Sans " ."Desktop Font
.

""
" "Theme .
. " "Smokey Blue "."Grand Canyon

. .

80
 "" . " "
"."Change Desktop Background

" "Select picture

.

" "
.

:
(.)/usr/share/background/images/

:
)/usr/share/backgrounds/images/space/(.

81
 " "More Preferences "."CD Database

( ) " "FreeDB Round Robin

( ).

82

.
( )Nautilus
.
. .

. .
. ( ) .
( ).

100 + -
. " " . " ".

""
.

83
 "" . .

" "
" "Move to Trash .
" ".

"" .

Background and Emblems .

.
.

" "Patterns . " "Color

. Emblems
.

: " "icons " "Red Hat Pics

" "music . .

84
 "" Preferences
.
" "View
.

" ".
. " Show hidden and
."backup files

. "Sort folders
."before files

85
 ( )
. Single click to activate items.

"
" "."Ask before emptying

(
" ") "."Include a delete

"" .
.

.
.
.
" "Side Pane .

( )Location Bar ( )Toolbar

( )Status Bar .

86
 "" . "" .

" "Trash " ".

" " " ".

" " . " "loner

. " ".

" "CD Creator ( .)CD Writer

""CD Creator
.

.
" "Write contents to CD ""Write to CD
.
. " ."CD Name
" "Write files to CD .

87

. " "
( )/etc/X11 " ".

. .

" ."Stretch icon

.
.

88
 "" . ""
" ".

""
.

""
.

89
 .
.

" "New Launcher

"."New Terminal

" ."Change Desktop Background "Use

."Default Background

Disk "
" " " .
" "Eject . .
( ).

. 1
2 .
" "Move to WorkspaceX X 1 2 .4 3
.3

( )
"."Put on All Workspaces

90


( .)Session Management
.
:
.Save current settings
. Logout
.Shutdown
.Restart the computer

( ) " "Save current settings .

.

" "Sessions Preferences

More Preferences .Sessions

" "Automatically save changes to session

.

.
"."Show splash screen on login

91
 " "Prompt on Logout

. .

----------------------------------------------------------------------

92


. .
.
.
. .

( ) .
.

+ + .

:
( ).
.
.
.KPPP

----------------------------------------------------------------------

( )
.DSL
DSL DSL !

: . :

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

( 250) . 50 .
" " . .
. ( .)CPU
( CPU RAM) .
(!) . ( ) ( .)freeze

.

" " .
( ) .
( ).

.
.

93
 .

! .
.

( )Serial ( ).
. System
Settings Network .

. ( ) .
.

" "Hardware
.

New .
.

94
 " "Modem .Ok

.
" "Modem Device /dev/ttyS0
0 .1

.)56K( 57600

" "Medium " ."Modem Volume

(:-

.OK

" ."Generic Modem

Edit .

95

" "Devices .New
" "Modem Connection .Forward

. " ."Phone Number

" ."Provider Name " ."Login Name
Password . .Forward

96
 . .Forward

. . .Apply

97
 " "Devices .

( )
Activate . . .Deactivate

System Settings Network .

Activate .

: . " "
.

" " () " " .

Add to Panel "" " ".

. .

. ""
.

98
 " " " " :
/sbin/ifup ppp0
/sbin/ifdown ppp0

ppp0 .ppp1
ppp .

. Advanced
" "Modem Lock file ttyS
.

:
/dev/ttyS0

:
/var/local/LCK..ttyS0

.Close

99
 " "
. Yes .

" " Yes

.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

KPPP
KPPP KDE .
.

KPPP .root
:
su
gedit /etc/pam.d/kppp

auth sufficient pam_rootok.so

:
auth sufficient pam_permit.so

.root

KPPP .

100
 .Setup

.
.New .Dialog

.Connection Name
Add .

101
 OK .

102
 Device

/dev/ttyS0

.Modem Device

/dev/ttyS1

Modem .

Query Modem
.
.

103
 .

.Close

.Connect

Show log window
.

104


.
.
.Mozilla
Konqueror .KDE
.xmms
.xine
.gaim
FTP . gFTP
.Evolution
.gedit
.gtoaster

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Mozilla
.
( ) . ( )Galeon .
. ( ) .
- - .
-

105
 ( ) . .
( )Side Bar ( ) .
: ( ).

.
(.)View

" "Show/Hide ( )Personal Toolbar

( .)Side Bar . " "Apply Theme
.
. " ."Modern

" "Modern .
(.)www.mozilla.org

.
" "Character Coding " "More " ."Middle Eastern .
( .Arabic )Windows-1256 (.Unicode )UTF-8

106
 " "File ( .)Tab
( )Hyperlink . (
) . .
. .Tab

" "Open Link in New Tab

.

( )Tab.

(.)Al Jazeera.net, MSN Hotmail, CNET News.com

X .

107
108
 " Edit . " ."Find on this page

.
. . " "Preferences

" "Go ( )
( .)Home ( )History .

" "Bookmarks .
.

" "Tools Preferences "."Edit

" Windows . Navigator

Mail & Newsgroups .Composer
Address Book . .Chat

. ( Navigator).

" "Help . " "Help Contents

( )Search .

109
 " "Release Notes .

.Plugins :
. .

Preferences .

. .

Composer Mail & Newsgroups .

.Appearance .Navigator
.

Fonts . ( )Western
( )Arabic .

110
 14 .

111
 ( )Colors . ( )Theme .

( )Languages/Content .
9 . (.)www.arabeyes.org

.Navigator

. .Blank Page
"."Choose File

History . 1 .

Languages
.

Internet Search . .Google

" "Open the search results in the side bar .
.Side Bar

Tabbed Browsing . "Hide the tab bar when only one tab is
."open Tabs .
X .
. .
.

112
 Privacy & Security " ."Cookies
.
( ) ( ) .
. " ."Enable all cookies
" "Limit maximum lifetime of cookies " ."current session
Cookies .

Advanced . .

Advanced . ( ).

. .
( ) .
.

. Scripts & Plugins

:
Open unrequested windows
Move or resize existing windows
Raise or lower windows
Hide the status bar ( )

113
114
 Cache .
. . 4MB (
) .50MB

.
.
( X ) .X
.

" "Clear Memory Cache "."Clear Disk Cache

Advanced . .
"."Direct connection to the Internet

" "Manual proxy configuration

( )Port " "HTTP Proxy " "SSL Proxy "FTP
."Proxy .

OK . OK
.

115
 .

( )www.macromedia.com
. .install_flash_player_6_linux.tar.gz :

. :
tar zxvf install_flash_player_6_linux.tar.gz
cd install_flash_player_6_linux

root .
. :
./flashplayer-installer
ENTER
ENTER
ENTER
m
y
q

. . :
java -version

116
 :
"java version "1.4.2-beta
(Java)TM( 2 Runtime Environment, Standard Edition )build 1.4.2-beta-b19
(Java HotSpot)TM( Client VM )build 1.4.2-beta-b19, mixed mode

. ( )java
"" . ( .)java.sun.com
Java Runtime Environment .JRE

plugins .
( .)/usr/lib/mozilla-1.2.1/plugins
. " "loner (.)/home/loner/.mozilla/plugins

:
/home/loner/j2sdk.1.4.2

( ) :
cd /home/loner/.mozilla/plugins

ln -s /home/loner/j2sdk1.2.4/jre/jre/plugin/i386/ns-610/libjavaplugin_oji.so

( ) .

Help Plugins .

( ) (
) . .

. 9
ns-610 . (
) . ns-610-gcc32 . :

ln -s /home/loner/j2sdk1.2.4/jre/jre/plugin/i386/ns-610-gcc32/libjavaplugin_oji.so

117
 ( .)Open Source

. ( )
.

Help About Mozilla

.

( )1.4 .
.
( .)20030624 2003 ( 6) .24

118
 .

9 ( )/usr/lib/mozilla/ ( .)/usr/bin/mozilla
( .)/home/loner/mozilla/
.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

119
 Konqueror KDE
KDE .
. .

( )K .
KDE .

( )Home Page .

.
.

Settings .Configure Konqueror

( )Cookies .

. .

Apply .

( .)Behavior .

120


121
 . " ."Enable Java globally
( .)java executable file "Path to
."Java executable , or java
. " java OK .

" ."Enable JavaScript globally JavaScript Web Popup policy

.

:
.Deny
.Allow
.Ask
.Smart

( )Fonts ( )Default .

( )Web Shortcuts .
( )Bookmarks .

( )History ( )Max number of URLs

( .)URLs expire after

.Clear History

122
 . " ."Enable cookies
"."Treat all cookies as session cookies

( )Cache .
"."Use cache

"."Keep cache in sync

" ."Offline browsing mode

.

" Disk cache size . .Clear Cache

123
 ()Cookies

()Cache

124
 .Proxy "."Use Proxy

" ."Manually specified settings Setup

. (.)FTP, HTTPS, HTTP

HTTP
"Use same proxy server
."for all protocols

( )http://
.

: proxy.isp.net :

HTTP :

http://proxy.isp.net

.OK

125
 .Plugins "."Enable plugins globally
Scan for new plugins
( ) .

(.)Tabs

( .)Fullscreen 4 .

( )Java Applets .

126
----------------------------------------------------------------------

127
 xmms
xmms . ()ogg, mp3, wav, mod
.

.Audio Player -- Sound & Video --

xmms .Audio Player

.

xmms WinAmp .

xmms (.)www.xmms.org

xmms .mp3 ( )8

. mp3 mp3

xmms mp3 . mp3 :

(.)mp3 support xmms linux rpm

( )www.google.com
mp3 . .xmms-mp3-1.2.7-21.p.i386.rpm
( )83KB 5 ( ).

. xmms
( ).

: ( )Equalizer
EQ .PL

( ).

( )Shuffle
( .)REP

PL .
.

. .

( ).

. .Add ( ) Sub
. .Sel
.Misc .List

128
 .

.xmms

Options .Skin Browser

. XMMS-GREEN .

129


xmms

130

Options .Preferences

Audio I/O Plugins . .Output Plugin

.xmms OSS Driver .

Visualization Plugins . 3
. Enable Plugin
.xmms

Effect/General Plugins ( ).

Options ( 2) .
.

Fonts .

( ) . Title
.

xmms Blur scope .OpenGL Spectrum Analyzer

131
 . xmms . .

Add .
. Add
.Selected files .
.Add all files in directory Close .

( ) Add
.DIR .
Ok .

( ) Add
.URL .
!

132
 .View File Info
. .

xmms .
Add . .
( .)/mnt/cdrom .

( ) .
Options .Preferences .Audio I/O Plugins
CD Audio Player .Configure Devices .
.

CD Info .

( ) .

133


134
 xmms . .
.

.
. ( ) Load List . Save
. List " " .OK

Load List
OK .

----------------------------------------------------------------------

135
 xine
() .
( )VCD, DVD, mpeg, wmv, avi .xine

( )8 xine .
.

xine( )http://xinehq.de . .DVD

( )www.freshrpms.net xine DVD
.

( xine ) xine
.xine xine xine .
( ) (
) xine.

xine :
xine-lib xine
xine
xine-skins Skins

136
 .
.

. .
. .

. / .
. ( )FILE
(.)VCD

(.)../

.xmms

.xine

:
.CD
VCD .VCD
DVD .DVD
( DVB ).

8 ( ).

. ( .)Mute
. . .

.xine

. .
.

. .

.
.

. .
.

137
 . .

gui Configuration experience level .

( ) .

3.
.osd_enabled
.osd_timeout

.skin ( ) .cloudy

snapshotdir .

xine . .splash

Audio .xine
audio driver to use .oss

138


.xine

( Sound & Video
)Volume Control .

PCM
.Vol

input . cdda_device
.

cdda_use_cddb.
.

DVD dvd_device . ( )/dev/dvd

(.)/dev/hdc

VCD vcd_device . ( )/dev/cdrom

(.)/dev/hdc

139


DEL DELETE . .

( ) VCD .

DVD . .DVD
.DVD :
ls -l /dev/dvd

lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 8 Sep 14 12:43 /dev/dvd -> /dev/hdc :

ls: /dev/dvd: No such file or directory . :

. :
ln -s /dev/hdc /dev/dvd

.root

VCD DVD .DMA DMA

:
/sbin/hdparm -d /dev/hdc

:
)/dev/hdc: using_dma = 1 (on

.
0 1 . :

sbin/hdparm -d1 /dev/hdc/

140
 ( ) DVD ". "The Matrix

DVD .Lagaan DVD .

.

141
----------------------------------------------------------------------

142
 gaim
( )Instant Messaging (
) .

gaim . gaim
AIM America Online .AOL
MSN .Yahoo

gaim
(.)gaim.sf.net

9 () .

(.)0.60

( ) (.)0.68

.
( Yahoo )MSN
( ) .AIM

.gaim

Accounts .

Screen
.Name .Online
gaim .Auto-login .

.Add

.Modify

.Delete

Add .

143
 Protocol .
Yahoo Yahoo . Hotmail MSN
MSN .

.Screenname

loner-dude@yahoo.com
.loner-dude :

.Password

.Alias

Remember password gaim

.

gaim
.Auto-login

.New mail notification

.

:
America Online Instant Messenger .AIM
.Yahoo
.MSN

Online .
.

.Auto-login

.Modify
.

3 .

144
 ( )Buddy List .

Buddies : .Homies

Buddies 6
( ).

Homies 3
( ).

:

.
(:-

Buddies .Add a buddy

( @
) Screen
.Name

( Alias ).

.Group

Add to
. .

gaim Preferences Tools

145
 ( .)Buddy List .

( )
.

.Show timestamp on messages

(.)Buddy List

Sorting .

.Show numbers in groups

Show
.buddy icons

146
 Plugins
.gaim

Auto-Reconnect
gaim
gaim .

----------------------------------------------------------------------

147
 FTP gFTP

.
( )OS X.

"" ( )
.
.

. .
.FTP .
.FTP FTP .gFTP

gFTP . ( .)www.gftp.org gFTP.

. ( )Bookmarks .

( )ftp.redhat.com Host
Enter . ( )Port, User, Pass .gFTP
.

. .

( ).

148
 ( ) .
( ).

. .
.

. .Filename Progress
().

gFTP .FTP

( )ftp.freshrpms.net .Bookmarks
RPM .

( ) . ( )
.

. 14MB %50
. . gFTP
: ( )Resume ()Overwrite
.Resume

149
 Evolution

( )SMTP Server ( POP Server

.)IMAP Server (.)Email Client

. Yahoo
Hotmail.MSN

Evolution .

Evolution .
( Ximian .) Novel Ximian (.)www.ximian.com

Evolution Internet .Evolution Mail

Evolution (.)1.2

( ) (.)1.4

Evolution
.

.Next

.Back

Next
.

150
 .

Full Name
.Email Address

Evolution .

.Server Type

POP
.IMAP

Host
.

.

Username .

( )SSL
:
(Use secure connection )SSL
.

Authentication type
.

(
)
.Remember this password

151
 Evolution

Automatically
.check for new mail
.

Evolution
10.

POP .
POP
(
)Evolution .
POP
Leave messages
.on server

(
).

.
.

( )Send .

Server Type :
SMTP .Sendmail

Sendmail
Evolution

.

.SMTP

.Host

:
(.Use secure connection )SSL

Server requires
.authentication
.Authentication type
.Username

.Remember this password

152

.

Home
Account

.

Make this
my default account

Evolution.

153
 . Finish
.

. Tools .Settings

. .New .Send/Receive

:
.Summary
.Inbox
.Tasks
.Calendar
.Contacts

( )Summary . My Weather
( ) . ( ).

Mail Summary . Outbox

. ( ) . Inbox

Appointments .Calendar Tasks .

Inbox .

154
 .

.Reply (
) .Reply to all

.Forward

.
.

New
.

Reply
Reply to all .Forward

.To
( Cc
" ", ).

.Subject

.

Attach

155
 . Send.
Calendar . .
( ) . Evolution
15 Reminder .

Evolution Tools Settings .

156
 .

Mail Summary Summary Preferences

Mail . .
Inbox .Outbox

Weather ( ) .
Add .
.Remove

Mail Accounts :
.Add
.Edit
.Delete
.Disable
.Default

( Evolution ) .
.Edit

157


Evolution 9 . . .
Evolution Help .Table of Contents

----------------------------------------------------------------------

158
 gedit
( )Configuration files ( plain text .)text

.

. .gedit

gedit (.)gedit.sourceforge.net

gedit Accessories " " . .gedit :

gedit ( ) . Open
. X .

Edit
( ).

. Find .
.

File . 5 .
gedit File .

159
 Edit Preferences .gedit

.Fonts Use default theme font .

Open () . .
Add .

160
 gedit
.
(~) .
.

gedit
Autosave current file
.

Print Page : .Fonts

gedit . Page
Print page headers X.

Fonts
.

Body
.

161
 gedit
.Plugins

Manager
.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

162
 gtoaster
( )CD Writer gtoaster ( )backup
( Phex
.)Edonkey2000

gtoaster (.)gnometoaster.rulez.org

gtoaster System Tools More system Tools .CD Writer

.root

( ) .

Preferences . Import
( )CD-RW (.)Different Sessions

Clear Disc (.)CD-RW

Record .

Home ( .)root

:
.Unix Tree
CD-ROM Drives .

( ).

: ( )
.

163
 :
(.)backup
( )T .
( ).

: ( CD-ROM Drive )DVD-ROM Drive

(.)CD Writer

gtoaster cdrecord .cdrdao

gtoaster () cdrecord cdrdao
( ).

cdrecord :
www.fokus.gmd.de/research/cc/glone/employees/joerg.schilling/private/cdrecord.html
. () :
(.)/usr/share/doc/cdrecord-2.0/README

gtoaster . Preferences
.CD-ROM and Recorder Setup

( ) .
( )DVD-ROM . Add . :
( Device File )/dev/hdc
( Mount Point .)/mnt/cdrom Model Manufacturer . Ok
. Apply .

164
 ( .)File Editor
Unix Tree .
Unix Tree home .
. ( )
.

( )icons Delete
Files .

( CDROM ) :
.Rename Volume/Directory

( )links
. .

Record ( ).

. CDROM
drives ( DVD-ROM) .
. ( )T .

Record ( ).

Unix Tree
. ( )T .

165

. 14 20 .

( )My Best Jamz ( )Unnamed disc

. Record .

mp3 .
( ).

gtoaster .
( )google.com mpg123 linux rpm : .

mpg123-0.59q.3dnow-1.i386.rpm : .70KB

.mp3 .

.

which mpg123 :

./usr/local./bin/mpg123 :
.gtoaster Preferences .Filetypes
mpg123 .Filtername

:
mpg123 -r 44100 -s --stereo -q -

166
 ( )which /usr/local/bin/mpg123 :

/usr/local/bin/mpg123 -r 44100 -s --stereo -q -

( ) . .Apply

.Recorder Speed
24 24 .

.Fixate
. .Fixate

.
( ) .
Buffer-Underrun Protection .

167
 gtoaster ( 10) .
( ) .
(.)CD-RW

168
----------------------------------------------------------------------

169


( ) .
() . :
( )Shell (.)Bash
(.)Terminal
.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

( )Shell ()Bash
(
) . ( )Shell
.

( )Prompt .
( )ls ( )gedit .
.

(
).

(.)BASH

. 1000 ( ).bash_history
. ( )
.

. .Enter
.Enter

Enter
.
.

170


( )Prompt ( ) . .
( ) . .PS1

PS1 :
echo $PS1

.Enter PS1 :
)\u@CSUSB( :

PS1 .

( .bash_profile .bashrc ).

( .).bashrc .
( /usr/bin /usr/local/bin) . gedit( .)/usr/bin/gedit
. .
( )/usr/bin/ .

.
. .

( .)/home/loner/j2sdk1.2.4 ( )java
( .)/home/loner/j2sdk1.2.4/bin java :
/home/loner/j2sdk1.2.4/bin/java

. ( . ).bashrc :
java

( ).bashrc gedit .PATH

( ): ( ): .

171
 PATH ( ). .

( )config .
. ! .PATH
( )config :
./config

. (
) PATH ( ).bashrc .

( ).bashrc . .

()Terminal
. New Terminal .
System Tools .Terminal

( ) .
Add to Panel Launcher from menu System Tools .Terminal

() .

.

.

man info
. ls :
man ls

info ls

man .Unix info .

172

.ls

ls :

ls -l :

ls -l /etc/fstab :

pwd :

cd :

cd /etc/X11 ( )/etc/X11/:

cd .. :

cd ( ) :

(~) ( .)/home cd /home/loner .cd ~loner

mkdir ( ) .rmdir
mkdir new-folder
rmdir new-folder

.touch

touch new-file ( )new-file:

( )new empty file:

touch new empty file

.cp
touch file1
cp file1 file2

.mv
mv file1 file4
mv file4 .gnome-desktop

.rm !
rm file2

( )-r ( )-f .
( )root !
mkdir new-dir
cd new-dir
touch file1
touch file2
touch file3
cd ..
rm -rf new-dir

173
 ( )shortcut .ln file6 :link-to-file6
touch file6
ln -s file6 link-to-file6

.find .
. . find ( )/etc
15:
find /etc -cmin +15

()regular expression & wild cards

ls . ( )/dev
.

(*) .
() ( ).
(\) .
([]) .

.clear

.echo ( $ ) .PATH
echo hello
echo Hello to everyone
echo $PATH

174
 cat .
cat file1

. less
. ( )space bar
Page Down . .Page Up .Q
less /etc

wc (.)-l
wc -l .bashrc

Enter . .
(;) .
mkdir new-dir; cd new-dir; touch file1;cd ..;rm -rf new-dir

.
(|) .Pipe ls
ls wc .
ls -l /etc | wc -l

. (
) . :
( ) Standard Input stdin .0
( ) Standard Output stdout .1
( ) Standard Error stderr .2

(> .)<< ,< ,>> ,

.
. . .

3 cat .

175
 (< )2 . ( )Bash
( ) . ( ) .
Enter .
.

()Process Management
CTRL + C CTRL
.C

.ps -A

( )ps kill ( ).

(:)loner
ps -u loner

() xmms :4526
kill 4526

176

.
.

:
gedit

. . gedit
( .)Terminal gedit.

gedit gedit (&)

gedit:
& gedit

gedit .

.whoami

( who .)man

file .

.uptime

177
 ( )executable .
( )text files ( )executable files ( )Binary Code
. .od ( )-c ASCII
.

:
od -c /usr/local/bin/gtypyist

----------------------------------------------------------------------

178

.
(.)Source Code
RPM .

----------------------------------------------------------------------

. System Settings - Add/Remove Applications
. .root

. (Desktop, Applications, System, Servers

.)Development ( )Graphics Details
.

( )Red Hat Linux 9 CD#1 or #2 or #3

( ) .

( )Red Hat Linux 9 CDs.

( X Window System Gnome .)KDE

179
 Details Office/Productivity

()Source Code
( )Binary Format .
( configure compile .)install

( )Source Code (586 486 386

Pentium Athlon MIPS) .
.

tar ( gzip )gz

( bzip2 .)bz2

: .gtypist-2.6.tar.gz
:
*tar zxvf gtypist
*cd gtypist
./configure
make
su
make install

180
 README .

) .INSTALL (
.

(*) ( ).

gz tar (.)zxvf

bz2 tar (.)jxvf

make install .root su root

.

rpm . ( )
rpm ( )compiled ( )CPUs .
( )
. ( ).

( ) ( )compile
( ) .
( .)Gentoo Linux

RPM
rpm . rpm .Red Hat Package Manager

.rpm

rpm (.)GNU GPL

rpm (
)/mnt/cdrom rpm .

( rpm man) .

(. )foo-2003-9a.i386.rpm

rpm -ivh foo-2003-9a.i386.rpm

( .)-Uvh U :
( .)i ( )-Uvh.

rpm -Uvh foo-2003-9a.i386.rpm

( )foo-2003-9a.i386.rpm ( )-e :

rpm -e foo

. .
foo-2003-9a.i386.rpm .foo
.
( )dependency .

181
 .

.
.

( )--nodeps:

rpm -Uhv --nodeps foo-2003-9a.i386.rpm

(:)--force

rpm -Uhv --nodeps --force foo-2003-9a.i386.rpm

(: )--nodeps

rpm -e nodeps foo

( )-qi ( .)-ql
( .)-qp (.)-qa

rpm -qi foo

(.)--rebuilddb

rpm --rebuilddb

( )-qa
.
. grep ( )name-i-am-searching .
grep .rpm | ( Enter)
.

rpm -qa | grep name-i-am-searching

rpm :

rpm -Uhv *rpm

----------------------------------------------------------------------

182


.
(.)Run Levels
.
(.)Firewall

----------------------------------------------------------------------

( ).

System Settings .Users and Groups

( )User ( )Group . (
) root .

.File

Preferences ( Users )Groups

( ) . .

( ).

( Identification .)ID
.

() .500

500 .

0 .root

183
 Add User .

.User Name

( )Capital Letters (
" )"- .

TheOne .

Ok
.

184
 .Properties

. User Data
.

Account Info
Enable
account expiration .

.User account is locked

Password Info

Days before
.change required

185
 .

Groups
.

.Add Group
.OK

.
.
.
.

.Properties

Group Data .

Group Users
.

186
 ()Run Levels
( )Services .

: () .

/sbin/init .

( )/etc/inittab .

6 ( init )
(.)/etc/rc.d

0 .6 5 init
( .)/etc/rc.d/rc5.d 3 init
(.)/etc/rc.d/rc3.d

187
 .

.Shutdown 0
. root . 1
. ( .)NFS 2
. . 3
. 4
. . X. 5
.Reboot 6

/sbin/init .

:
/sbin/init 0

:
/sbin/init 6

( 3 ):
/sbin/init 3

( 1 ):
/sbin/init 1

( 5 ):
/sbin/init 5

( )myprog 3 ( )/etc/rc.d/rc3.d
( )Shell Script (.)/etc/rc.d/init.d

. .

(.)/etc/rc.d

( )Default ( .)/etc/inittab ( )
:

id:5:initdefault:

. ( 5)

188

/sbin/service ( stop
start restart .)status

xinetd :

/sbin/service xinetd restart

System Settings Server Settings .Services

Save Changes .File

.

( Stop Start )Restart .Actions

.Edit Runlevel
.

. () .

Start .
Save Changes .File

Description .

189
 Status . ( Process ID .)PID
( .)Stopped
xinetd (.)xinetd service

()Firewall
( HTTP MAIL )DNS
.

System Settings .Security Level

./sbin/iptables

65000 .
.

Security Level :
High
Medium
No Firewall

High .

.

. Medium

No Firewall .
.

(Use default firewall

.)rules (
) Customize
( eth0 ).

( 80 25)
.

( )Apache Web Server

( .WWW )HTTP (
).

----------------------------------------------------------------------

190


( ).
.
( ).
.
.
.
.
(.)Laptops

----------------------------------------------------------------------

( )
(
.
NT 4.0 2000 .)XP

( ).

( )Hardware Compatibility List

( .)www.redhat.com/hcl ( ) .

( )
. . Linux
.

.
. .
( )www.google.com ( ) Linux .
.
.

. Low Level Hardware
.

Intel AMD ( )Motherboards Intel VIA

MSI .

( .)2.4
( ) ( )rpm
. ( )www.kernel.org .

( )
.
(.)Serial Port

( ) .
( ) . (.)www.linmodems.org

191

.
System Settings .Printing

( HP DeskJet 3820 USB ) .

.Edit ( )
.Default New .

.

Apply .
.Forward

.Name

.Short description

.Forward

192
 Select queue type

( )Locally-connected .

( /dev/lp0
)Parallel /dev/usb/lp0
( .)USB

.Forward

.

Select the printer
.manufacturer and model
. HP
.

.Forward

193

( ).

Back
.

.Apply

.Yes

( ) ( ) Action
.Sharing
. This queue is available to other computers

Allowed hosts ()Default

.

All
hosts .Edit
.

194

General
:
.Automatically find remote shared queres

.OK

(.)www.linuxprinting.org

HP (.)hp.sourceforge.net

( )CD Writer .gtoaster

cdrecord :

www.fokus.gmd.de/research/cc/glone/employees/joerg.schilling/private/cdrecord.html

. .

Graphics .Digital Camera Tool

Camera Add Camera .

Detect .

195

( )Scanner Graphics .Scanning

( )xsane Accept .
. . .

Help .

196
 ()Laptops
.
.

:
www.linux-laptop.net
tuxmobil.org
www.linux.org/hardware/laptop.html

----------------------------------------------------------------------

197
 ()Boot Loader

BIOS ( )Motherboard
( ) . ( )Sector 0

. ( ) ( .)RAM

.
( )CPU .
( ).

9 .grub grub (.)/boot/grub/grub.conf

:
.
.
.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

( ) .
( )
. )Sector 0( 0
.

( )grub ( )Floppy Boot Diskette

(.)Red Hat Linux 9 CD#1

( ) . :
linux rescue

.English Tab .
OK ( )spacebar .

. .US Tab OK
.

. Tab NO
.

. Continue .
.

. .

:
chroot /mnt/sysimage

grub-install /dev/hda

:
exit
exit

198
 grub .

.grub

grub .E grub () 3
.

( )kernel E .

. .

3 :

linux 3

Enter B .

.
(.)/etc/inittab

( ) .
.

( ) .
grub .

grub .
grub (.)/boot/grub/grub.conf

199
 98 ( .)dev/hda1 grub :
title Microsoft Windows 98
(rootnoverify )hd0,1
chainloader +1

grub .

.M$ Windows 98

default ( 0 1
).

timeout grub .
grub ( .)default 10.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

200
 -

.
(.)Mount Points
(.)Singly Linked
(.)File Permissions
----------------------------------------------------------------------

C: D: E: .
.

( / ).

( )
./

./

) (
( )/home ( .)Partition .

( .)/dev/hda2
( )/home ( )/home .
(. )/home

. (.)/home

()Mount Points
( C .)D
( )network drive ( .)F

. D
( ) . ( ) .

( C) C:
( )Directory ( .)Partition
.

. ( .)mount
(.)Mount Points

(.)/etc/fstab

.mount root .

201
 mount :

mount option partition directory

( )options ( ext3 ext2 vfat).

( )partition ./dev/hda1

( )directory ./home

:1 .
/dev .root

/dev /mnt
.

( ) ./mnt/floppy

( ) ./mnt/cdrom

/mnt/floppy :

mount /mnt/floppy

umount /mnt/floppy

: ! /mnt/floppy

mount
. mount

. ( .)/etc/fstab

( )/etc/fstab mount . mount

/mnt/floppy /mnt/cdrom .

( )KDE .

:2 .
/mnt/cdrom :

mount /mnt/cdrom

( ) :

umount /mnt/cdrom

( )KDE .
. umount .eject

202

. :3

. .

( XP FAT32) ./dev/hda1

:
( ).
mount .
( )/etc/fstab .

: root

mkdir /mnt/windows

mount -t vfat /dev/hda1 /mnt/windows

( )-t . FAT 32 vfat .

(.)/mnt/windows

. .
(:)/etc/fstab

/dev/hda1 /mnt/windows vfat defaults,uid=500,gid=500 0 0

. ./mnt/windows

uid gid . root

./mnt/windows uid gid .
gid .uid

XP NTFS .FAT32

( .)/etc/filesystems vfat NTFS

. NTFS ( ).

NTFS ( )recompile NTFS

( )http://linux-ntfs.sf.net .

()Singly Linked
.

( )/dev/hda1 /winXP .3 :

mount -t ext3 /dev/hda5 /winXP

/winXP (.)/dev/hda5

( ) .
( )/dev/hda5 :

umount /dev/hda5

203
 . .
.

()File Permissions
. .

ls ( )-l .

7 . :dir1

drwxrwxr-x 2 loner loner 4096 Date&time dir1

( ).

. .1 (
) . ( )user .

( )group . .
4096 . .

. :ls
(.)-
(.)d
( )link (.)l

dir1 (.)d

:
.r
.w
.x

. ( gedit). r
. . w
( cd ). ( )execute . x

204

.chmod

chmod permissions file/dir

( )permission ( ) + -
.

+ - = =.

:
.u
.g
.o
.a

:1 .file1

chmod u+rwx,g-rwx,o-rwx file1

:2 .file1

chmod u+rwx,g=r,o=r file1

chmod a=r,u+wx file1

:3 :file1

chmod a=r file1

( rwx +) .

:
.r=4
.w=2
.x=1

. 7 .7 .4
.6

( u g )o ( ).

:1 :file1

chmod 700 file1

205
 :2 :file1

chmod 660 file1

:3 :file1

chmod 744 file1

. ( .)rwx 3 :
( Set User ID .)SUID
( Set Group ID .)SGID
(.)Sticky Bit

( . )executable files
( User ID )UID . UID
root . .umount :

( )User rws .rwx

s :

chmod u+s umount

. ( )UID
( )GID .
.

( ) file3 .644 .

( )Group r-S . r-x

S :

chmod g+s file3

206
 ( ) :

chmod 2644 file3

( )644 ( )rwx . 2

( )
( )Sticky Bit:
.4 --
.2 --
.1 --

. .7

T x ( Other )o
.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

207
 9
.
.
.KDE

----------------------------------------------------------------------

. (
).

( ) System Settings .Language

. .OK
. .

( ) .
.

. .Fonts

ArabicFonts.

( )/usr/share/fonts cp .mv :

cp -R ArabicFonts /usr/share/fonts

. :

fc-cache /usr/share/fonts

208
 xfs :

/sbin/service xfs restart

chmod -R 755 /usr/share/fonts/ArabicFonts

.9

( ).

209
 KDE
( ) . KDE
.
KDE ( .)www.arabeyes.org kde-i18n-ar .

tar xjvf kde-i18n-ar*.tar.bz2

cd kde-i18n-ar
configure --prefix=/usr
make
su
make install

----------------------------------------------------------------------

210


. .
.

.
. .
24 .

. BBC
!

.
. 24 .

.

. .
. .

.

. ( ) .

.
.
.

. .

()PORT
. 1234 .
1234 15 .
. .
. .
( ) () .

: . . .
. . .

.
Request For Comment .RFC
.

211
 /
: .
. .
.
. . ()
() . :
( ) .

.

.

( )Internet Protocol IP
. .IP

( )125.40.30.200 . 255-0
.

InterNIC ( .)www.internic.org
. .
.InterNIC .

( )Transmission Control Protocol TCP

. .
2000 . TCP .Packet
.
.
. TCP .
. 2000 300 .
.
.

( )Domain Name System DNS

IP .
.IP www.aljazeera.net IP
( .)120.54.104.15 DNS IP .
DNS
.IP

( )Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SMTP

.
SMTP . !
.

( )Hypertext Transfer Protocol HTTP

. .
. .1991

.
.

. !

. .

HTTP . .
Hyperlinks .

212
 ( )File Transfer Protocol FTP
.
. ftp:
ftp ftp.red.hat.com
username: anonymous
password: loner@localhost.com

. ( ).

Telnet
.
. .:
telnet redhat.com
username: loner
******** password:

( )Secure Shell SSH

FTP telnet
.
. .
FTP Telnet . SSH Telnet : .

. .
( )www.ietf.org :
.Internet Engineering Task Force

----------------------------------------------------------------------

213
 -

. .
( )Documentation .

.
.
.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

( )Network Card .

( )Network Cables . ( .)Ethernet

.
( )Category 5 UTP (.)100Mbps

( HUB .)Switch
( .)Router
.Crossover Cable .

.
InterNIC IP ( ) . IP
. IP
( ).

( ) .
. .

. ( ) .
.

. :
127.0.0.0
10.0.0.0
192.168.0.0

( )127.0.0.1 ( ) . !
IP .
( .)127.0.0.1 .

( )10.0.0.0 255 255 255 ( 16 ).

( .)192.168.0.0 255 255 ( 65

).

214

. System Settings
.Network

Devices
. eth0
eth1.

Hardware
( )eth0 .

( ) (
)Devices ()ethX
.

(
).

.Edit

New .

215
 Ethernet .OK

.Adapter

Device eth1
( .)eth0

( )
( ).

.OK

.Hardware

Devices
(.)eth1

216
 Devices New
.

( ).

.Forward

( eth1 ).

DHCP ( )
Automatically obtain IP address DHCP . DHCP IP
.

Statically
.set IP addresses

.Addresses

Subnet Mask

.

( )Gateway
Default Gateway
.Address
.

.Forward

217
 .
.Apply

Devices ( )eth1 . . Activate

.Deactivate

.Edit
.

218

Activate device
.when computer starts

:
Allow all user to enable ...

DNS
.Primary DNS

DNS ()
.Secondary DNS

DNS
.Tertiary DNS

DNS
.

219
 ( )127.0.0.1 .

Edit
.

. New

IP .Address
.Hostname ( )
.Aliases

.OK .Hosts

( )Network service .

ping .
ping ( )packets .

( .)Network unreachable

ping ( )-c .3 ping

( .)CTRL + C ( )-c 3 ping 3 .

220


----------------------------------------------------------------------

221
 1

2002 .. 6 ( ).

.
.

2002 ( .)Red Hat Enterprise Linux

().

2003 :
( ) .
.

9 ( )2003 . 10
.

.
( )Red Hat Linux Project
.

( )www.fedora.us 2002 .
.

.
( )Support
.

)Fedora Core 1( 1 .2003 (.)fedora.redhat.com

( ) .
. (
) . .

(
) . .

9 .1
.1

----------------------------------------------------------------------

222


9 .

( :)7.0

Title: Red Hat Linux 7 Unleashed

Author: Bill Ball, David Pitts, et al

Sams Publishing

ISBN: 0-672-31985-3

( : )7.2

Title: The Complete Reference Red Hat Linux

Second Edition

Author: Richard Petersen

McGraw-Hill/Osborne

ISBN: 0-07-219178-3

----------------------------------------------------------------------

223

( )2004
( ).
KPPP .KDE
.Xine

.

. ()
.
.
.

( )
2 ( 2004 ).
( .)OpenOffice.org
GNU Privacy Guard .Evolution
( )P2P .Edonkey2000
(.)RAID, LVM, Quota
(.)Automation
(.)Web, DNS, Mail, DHCP, NFS, NIS, Samba

----------------------------------------------------------------------

224
 :

faisaldsc@yahoo.com :

: 2003.

: 2004.

OpenOffice.org Writer .1.1

:

( ) .
:
1424

217
80606300145 :
-1 .

1424/5280 005369

1424/5280 :
9660-10-857-0 :

(:-

Allez avec Dieu

225