J

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K


K

K




W




14

18
20
22
26 W
26
27
31
32
33
34
37
40
43
45
50 W


51
52
53
54
60 NAND
63
67 W
69
70 EF
71
72
74
77
78
79 L
81
82
83
84
84
85 L
87
89




K
W

_ _ K


K
W
K
K
K
K

W
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K
K

K

W
K

W
K
K
K
K
K
K

K
W
K
K

( ?ASCII)
K?The American Standard Code for Information Interchange

W (Decimal System) K
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, W
9 0
7, 8, 9
K

K

9
K4.5 W
2
K

W
1 (10) 0 , 10 (10) 1 , 100 (10) 2 , 1000 (10) 3 , ......
W
0.1 (10) 1 , 0.01 (10) -2 , 0.001 (10) -3 , 0.0001 (10) -4 , ......

9 0 W
K

W
374 3 10 2 7 101 4 10 0
0.95 9 10 1 5 10 2
374.95 3 10 2 7 101 4 10 0 9 10 1 5 10 2


W(Binary System)K
1
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KE2F2??

W??
1 2 0 , 2 21 , 4 2 2 , 8 2 3 , 16 2 4 , 32 2 5 , ......

W??
0.5 2 1 , 0.25 2 -2 , 0.125 2 3 , 0.0625 2 -4 , ......


K


0W
W

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1000 8
1001 9
1010 10
1011 11
1100 12
1101 13
1110 14
1111 15







WK

WK{

K

WW

(1) 110101 , (2) 0.1101 , (3) 101.111

W
(1) 110101 (1 2 0 ) (0 21 ) (1 2 2 ) (0 2 3 ) (1 2 4 ) (1 2 5 )
(1 1) (0 2) (1 4) (0 8) (1 16) (1 32)
1 0 4 0 16 32 53

(2) 0.1101 (1 2 -1 ) (1 2 2 ) (0 2 -3 ) (1 2 4 )
(1 0.5) (1 0.25) (0 0.125) (1 0.0625)
0.5 0.25 0 0.0625 0.8125

(3) 101.111 (1 2 0 ) (0 21 ) (1 2 2 ) (1 2 1 ) (1 2 2 ) (1 2 3 )
(1 1) (0 2) (1 4) (1 0.5) (1 0.25) (1 0.125)
1 0 4 0.5 0.25 0.125 5.875


WK{

W

WK{{
K 2E
K 2E
KE

WW
(1) 12 , (2) 19 , (3) 45

W


W2E
12
0 6
2
6
0 3
2
3
1 1
2
1
1 0
2

KE1210 1100 2 F1100W12

W2E
19
1 9
2
9
1 4
2
4
0 2
2
2
0 1
2
1
1 0
2

KE1910 10011 2 F10011W19

W2E

45
1 22
2
22
0 11
2
11
1 5
2
5
1 2
2
2
0 1
2
1
1 0
2

KE 4510 101101 2 F101101W45

WK{{
2 E
K
2E
K
K0E

WW
(1) 0.6875 , (2) 0.3125
W
2 E1
W
1 0.6875 2 1.375
0 0.375 2 0.75
1 0.75 2 1.5

1 0.5 2 1.0

K

KE 0.687510 0.1011 2 F0.1011W0.6875

2 E2
W
0 0.3125 2 0.625
1 0.625 2 1.25
0 0.25 2 0.5
1 0.5 2 1.0

K
KE 0.312510 0.01012 F0.0101W0.3125

91.15625W
W
W2
91
1 45
2
45
1 22
2
22
0 11
2
11
1 5
2
5
1 2
2

2
0 1
2
1
1 0
2
KE 9110 1011011 2 FW

W2
0 0.15625 2 0.3125
0 0.3125 2 0.625
1 0.625 2 1.25
0 0.25 2 0.5
1 0.5 2 1.0
F 0.00101 W 0.15625
KE 0.15625 10 0.00101 2

1011011.00101W91.15625
KE 91.15625 10 1011011 .00101 2 F

WK
WK{
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9
K?
W
000
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0 , with a carry of 1 to the next column
1 1 1 1 , , with a carry of 1 to the next column

WW
(1) 10 11 , (2) 11 11 , (3) 110 100 , (4) 111 101
W

1
1 0
1 1
(1)
1 0 1
10 11 101W

1 1
1 1
1 1
(2)
1 1 0
11 11 110 W
1
1 1 0
1 0 0
(3)
1 0 1 0
110 100 1010 W
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 0 1
( 4)
1 1 0 0
111 101 1100 W


WK{

10


WW
1101 , 1010.01 , 0.010101 , 10000
W

10000 1101 1010.01 0.010101

W

W

000
1 0 1

11 0
0 1 1 , , with a borrow of 1 from the next column

WW
(1) 11 10 , (2) 101 11
W
1 1
1 0
(1)
0 1
11 10 1W

0 1
1 0 1
1 1
( 2)
0 1 0
101 11 10 W

11


WK{

W

00 0
0 1 0

1 0 0
11 1

WW
(1) 11 11 , (2) 101 111 , (3) 1001 1011
W

1 1

1 1
(1)
1 1

1 1
1 0 0 1

11 11 1001 W


1 0 1

1 1 1
( 2)
1 0 1
1 0 1
1 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 1

12


101 111 100011 W

1 0 0 1

1 0 1 1
(3)
1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1

0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1
1 1 0 0 0 1 1

1001 1011 1100011 W

WK{
K

WW
(1) 110 11 , (2) 110 10
W
10
11 110
11
000
110 11 10 W

13


11
10 110
10
010
10
00
110 10 11 W

WK
0 n W
K 2 n 1
08W
K65535016 K255

K
W J.1.5
1 0
K

8 JW
(1) 19 , (2) 19 W
W
K10011W192E1
K00010011W8 J
K10010011W J-19E2

W JW

14


(1) 10010 , (2) 00101

W
(1) 10010 (10) (1 21 0 2 0 ) 2

(2) 00101 (101) (1 2 2 0 21 1 2 0 ) 4 0 1 5


J n W
( 2 n 1 1) ( 2 n 1 1)

J8W
K127 -127
K32767 -3276716

W1.2.5
J
K10

W81W17
(1) 19 , (2) 19
W
J 19 14 1E
K100010011W8
000100111-19E
K11101100W1

W1W18
(1) 00010111 , (2) 11101000
W

15


(1) 00010111 (10111) 1 2 4 0 2 3 1 2 2 1 21 1 2 0

16 0 4 2 1 23

(2) 11101000 (00010111) (10111)
(2 4 2 2 21 2 0 ) (16 4 2 1) 23


1 n W
( 2 n 1
1) ( 2 n 1
1)

18W19
K127 -127
K32767 -3276716

W2.3.5
J
10
K 1

W82W20
(1) 19 , (2) 19
W
J 19 14 1E
K200010011W8

000100112-19E
K11101101W111101100W1

16


WE8F
2 0 , 21 , 2 2 , 2 3 , 2 4 , 2 5 , 2 6 , 2 7

W2W21
(1) 01010110 , (2) 10101010
W

(1) 01010110 0 ( 2) 7 1 2 6 0 2 5 1 2 4
0 2 3 1 2 2 1 21 0 2 0
2 6 2 4 2 2 21 64 16 4 2 86

(2) 10101010 1 (2) 7 0 2 6 1 2 5 0 2 4
1 2 3 0 2 2 1 21 0 2 0
(2) 7 2 5 2 3 21 128 32 8 2 86

2 n W
( 2 n 1 1) ( 2 n 1 )

28W22
K127 -128
K32767 -3276816

2

1
W
00000000 , 11111111
W J

17


00000000 , 10000000

W(Hexadecimal System)K6
W
0 , 1 ,2 , 3 , 4, 5, 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , A , B , C , D , E , F
KE16F16

KW

W23
W

0 0000 0
1 0001 1
2 0010 2
3 0011 3
4 0100 4
5 0101 5
6 0110 6
7 0111 7
8 1000 8
9 1001 9
A 1010 10
B 1011 11
C 1100 12
D 1101 13
E 1110 14
F 1111 15


WK7
W.1.7

18


2? 16 2
16 16 2
K?

WW24
(1) 9719 , (2) 0.78125

W
W16E
9719
7 607
16
607
15 37
16
37
5 2
16
2
2 0
16

25F 716 W9710
(9710 )10 (15 F 7)16 W

16 E2
W
12 0.78125 16 12.5
8 0.5 16 8.0

0.C 816 W0.78125
(0.78125 )10 (0.C 8)16 W

19


W.2.7

WK162

WW25
39.B816
W

39.B816 (3 161 ) (9 16 0 ) (11 16 1 ) (8 16 2 )
(3 16) (9 1) (11 0.0625) (8 0.00390625)
48 9 0.6875 0.03125 57.71875

57.71875W 39.B816
(39.B8)16 (57.71875 )10 W

W.3.7
W
K4 E
K 4E
KE

WW26
(1) 1100101000 10111 , (2) 1111110000 1101001
W

20


(1) 1100101000 10111 0110010100 010111

0110 0101 0001 0111 (6517)16

(2) 1111110000 1101001 0001111110000 1101001
0001 1111 1000 0110 1001 (1F 869)16

W.4.7
W
K4E
KE

WW27
(1) 10 A416 , ( 2) CF 8 E16

W
(1) (10 A4)16 0001 0000 1010 0100 1000010100100

(2) (CF 8 E )16 1100 1111 1000 1110 1100111110 001110

WW28
(59.125)10 (111011 .001) 2 (3B.2)16

21


W10
W1
(1) 10 , (2) 100 , (3) 10000 , (4) 0,001
W2
WW3
(1) 11 , (2) 100 , (3) 1110 , (4) 100101
WW4
(1) 11 .01 , (2) 10.01 , (3) 0.1110 , (4) 1001.011
W5
(1) 17 , (2) 35 , (3) 49 , (4) 68 , (5) 82 , (6) 205
WW6
(1) 10 , (2) 17 , (3) 63 , (4) 628 , (5) 125 , (6) 186
WW7
(1) 0.32 , (2) 0.246 , (3) 0.0981 , (4) 12.34
WW8
(1) 10 11 , (2) 110 10 , (3) 111 111 , (4) 1010 1011
WW9

22


(1) 11 10 , (2) 110 10 , (3) 111 101 , (4) 1110 1011

W W10
(1) 10 11 , (2) 110 10 , (3) 111 111 , (4) 1010 1011
W W11
(1) 100 10 , (2) 1001 11 , (3) 1100 100
EF8
W12
W
(1) 29 , (2) 85 , (3) 100 , (4) 123 , (5) 99 , (6) 57
WW13
(1) 110011 , (2) 10110 , (3) 1100010 , (4) 010100101

WW14
(1) 5516 , (2) A7516 , (3) 8 B 5 D16 , (4)1CF 316
WW15
(1) 110011 , (2) 10110 , (3) 1100010 , (4) 010100101
WW16
(1) 5516 , (2) A7516 , (3) 8 B 5 D16 , (4)1CF 316
WW17
(1) 16 , (2) 377 , (3) 2784 , (4) 1024

23


24


25


W
K

WW
K
K
K
K
K

26


WK1



KEF
K
(True : T )
KK ( False : F )

WK2

W
K
W
K Ea
180 Eb
4 2 1 Ec
x 16 W x 3 Ed
2

Ee
K Ef

K
K

K
K

27


W
Ea
4 cm ABCD Eb
Ec


K????W
? W ? 4 cm ? ? ABCD ? W
K???

K

p , q , r , s , ....
K

K3
W
W "and " ??W(conjunction)

W " or" ??W (disjunction)

W " not " ?KKKK?W(negation)

p q .1.3

p q WKE "and " F??

p q K? q p ?
q p p q K q p
K p q

28


p q
K 1
p q q p

q p
K p q

p q pq
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
1

(F ) (T )
_ p q q p
K q p _

WW
E
4 2 7 E
26 E
06 E


K

29


p q K{

p q WKE " or" F??

p q K? q p
p q K q p
p
q p p q q
K
p q
K 2
p p q
K q

p q pq
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F


WW
E
4 2 7 E
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30


K??L
q p ? q p ?
K? q p ???K

q p
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K
KEF
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K? q | p ? p q

p .3.3
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p ?KKKKKKK?
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p p p p
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p p

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WW
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E
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K????W

31


W??W
K??


q p

K
p , q , r
W
p q r
T T T
T T F
T F T
T F F
F T T
F T F
F F T
F F F


WEFK
P ( p, q, r ,....)
KE F , , EF p, q, r ,....

K

32


( p q ) WW


W
p q q p q ( p q ) W
T T F F T
T F T T F q p
F T F F
T
F F T F T K (F ) (T )

K
K , ,
K
( p q )
q p
WK

p q ( p q )
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

WK
(T )
EF
K

33


F (F )
KE (F )

a ) p ( p q ) b) ( p q ) ( p q ) W W
W
p q p p q p ( p q) (a
p ( p q ) W
T T F T T
(T )
T F F T T
W
F T T T T
p ( p q) T
F F T F T

E F

W (b

pq pq pq ( p q) ( p q)
p q

T T T T F F
T F F T F F
F T F T F F
F F F F T F
(F ) ( p q ) ( p q ) W
( p q ) ( p q ) F W

WK
E F
P ( p, q,...) Q ( p, q,...) W
KE F

34


p q p q WEFW
WW
p q p q pq p q p q pq
T T
T T T F F F F
T F
T F F T F T T
F T
F T F T T F T
F F
F F F T T T T

W p q p q
pq pq

WK
p, q, r
K
E E
a) p q q p a) p T T b) p F p

b) p q q p c) p F F d) p T p

E E
a) p (q r ) ( p q) r a) p p T b) p p F

b) p ( q r ) ( p q ) r c) T F d) F T
E E
a ) p (q r ) ( p q ) ( p r )
p p
b) p ( q r ) ( p q ) ( p r )
E E
a) p p p a) ( p q) p q

b) p p p b) ( p q ) p q

35


W
EF (2a )
K
p ( q r ) ( p q ) r
( p q ) r p ( q r ) W

p q r pq ( p q) r qr p (q r )

T T T T T T T
T T F T T T T
T F T T T T T
T F F T T F T
F T T T T T T

F T F T T T T
F F T F T T T

F F F F F F F


EF ( p q ) p p WW
p q p q ( p q) p W
E p F
T T T T
WE ( p q ) p F
T F F T
( p q) p p
F T F F
K
F F F F
( p q ) p p

K
K

36


WW
a ) ( p q) ( p q) p
b) ( p q ) ( p q ) q T

W
( a
( p q) ( p q) ( p q) ( p q) E a F
p ( q q ) E b F
p T E a F
p E d F


(b

( p q) ( p q) q q ( p p) q E a F
q F q E b F
q q E b F
T E a F



W

WW
( p q) ( p q r ) ( p q)

W

37


( p q ) [ p ( q r )] ( p q ) E a F
( p q ) { p [( q r ) q ]} E b F
( p q) ( p q) EF
p (q q) E b F
p T E a F
p E d F


KK
W .1.8
q p (if p then q ) ? q p ?
K p q W
K? q p ?? q p ? p q
W
p q p q
p q p q
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T T T

T F F

F T T
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F F T p ? q p ?
q p
W

WW
q W p W

38


W p q
K q p p


W

p : 3 8 , q : 3 5 8 WW
3 5 8 3 8 W p q
K p q p q
K p q q p

p W q : 4 2 3 WW
4 2 3 W p q
q p
K p q

W ( ) () L

pq pq

p q p q p pq
W
T T T F T

T F F F F
F T T T T

F F T T T

p q p q W

K? q p ?? q p ?

39


WW
pq , q p , pq , q p


p q p q q p p q p q q p
W
T T T T F F T T
T F F T F T T F
F T T F T F F T
F F T T T T T T

W
pqq p

q p pq

W
q p p q q p
pq

q p p q
K p q

WK p : x 2 4 q : x 4 WW
K x 4 E x 2 F x 2 4 W p q
x 1 x 2 4 x 4 W q p
K x 3
x 1 x 4 x 2 4 W p q
K x 3

40


W
p q p q ( p q)
T T T F
T F F T p q p q W
F T T F W
F F T F ( p q) ( p q) p q


W.2.8

K p q W? q p ?
q p
K
p q p q
W
T T T
W
T F F
p q ( p q) (q p)
F T F
EF
F F T


: K
P1 , P2 , P3 ,....., Pn
W Q
P1 , P2 , P3 ,....., Pn Q
E F P1 , P2 , P3 ,....., Pn Q
P1 , P2 , P3 ,....., Pn E Q F
KEF

41


W W
EF (b) p q , q p EF
(a ) p , p q q
W
p q p (a
K q
W

p q p q

T T T

T F F

F T T
F F T

q
p , p q q WK
K

W (a (b
q p q
p
E p F
KEF p q , q p
p q p q
T T T
T F F
F T T

42


F F T

P1 , P2 , P3 ,....., Pn
E F P1 P2 P3 ..... Pn
Q EF P1 , P2 , P3 ,....., Pn Q
W P1 P2 P3 ..... Pn
WKEF ( P1 P2 P3 ..... Pn Q ) T

p q , q r p r W
W
( p q ) ( q r ) ( p r )
W

p q r pq qr pr ( p q ) (q r ) ( p q ) (q r ) ( p r )
T T T T T T T T
T T F T F F F T
T F T F T T F T
T F F F T F F T
F T T T T T T T
F T F T F T F T
F F T T T T T T
F F F T T T T T

( p q ) ( q r ) ( p r ) T
KEF p q , q r p r

W
K
K
K

43


W
W
P1 W P1 W
P2 W P2 W
P1 W p1 p 2 , p 2 W
W p1 p 2 , p 2 p1 W
( p1 p 2 ) p 2 p1 T

P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 p 2 ( p1 p 2 ) p 2 ( p1 p 2 ) p 2 p1
T T F F T F T
T F F T F F T
F T T T T F T
F F T T T T T

K ( p1 p 2 ) p 2 p1 T

K
Q ( p, q,...) Q ( p, q,...) P ( p, q,...)
W P ( p, q,...)
P ( p, q,...) Q ( p, q,...)

p q p q
p q p W
T T T W p q
T F T
F T T
F F F

44


p q p
K p p q K

P ( p, q,...) Q ( p, q,...)
K P ( p, q,...) Q ( p, q,...)
P Q P Q
W
K
W Q ( p, q,...) P ( p, q,...)
Q ( p, q,...) P ( p, q,...)
EF P ( p, q,...) Q ( p, q,...)
E F P Q

45


WW
K Ea
K Eb
K Ec
45 58 Ed
K Ee
Ef
K 2 2 5 Eg

p W?? q W??WW
a ) p , b ) p q , c ) p q , d ) q p W

WW
p :
q :
r :
W , ,

K Ea
K Eb
K Ec
Ed
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WW
p :

46


q :

r :
s :
W
a) p q , p r , p s , q r , q s , r s
b) p q , p r , p s , q r , q s , r s

( p q ) ( p q ) F WW

WW

a ) p ( p r ) , b) ( p q ) ( p q ) q , c ) p ( p q ) q

WW
a) p ( p r ) ( p q) ( p r )
b) p ( p q ) p
c) ( p q ) p q

WW
a) p ( p q) T
b) { p ( p q )} q T

c) { p ( p q)} {q ( p q)} q
d ) {( p q ) ( p q)} q T

WW
a) ( p q) ( p q r )
b) p {q ( p q )}
c) ( p q) ( p q r ) ( p q)

47


WW
K (a
(b
K
K (c

WW
a) 3 8 11 1 3 4 b) 3 11 10 1 3 7
c) 3 8 11 1 3 7 d ) 3 8 10 1 3 4

WW
p : ABC q : ABC

p q

:W
a)
b)

E p q p q WF

WW
K (a)
K (b)
K (c)

48


W W
(a) p p T (b) [ p ( p q )] q T
(c ) ( p q ) ( p q ) T (d ) ( p q) ( p q) T
(e) [( p q ) (q r )] ( p r ) T ( f ) ( p q) (q p) T

W W
a) ( p q) (q p)
b) p q ( p q ) ( p q )
c) ( p q) r p (q r )

W W
a) p q , p q
b) p q, q p
c) p q, r q, r p

W W
K

WW
K 7 4 7 K 7 4 7

49


50


KW

WW
K
K
K
K
K NAND

51


K
W
p a K
p a K
E ab a b
F K
K
(T ) W 1 K
(F ) W 0 K


W

52


1 pqq p abba

2 pqq p ab ba

3 ( p q) r p (q r ) ( a b ) c a (b c )
( p q) r p (q r ) ( a b ) c a (b c )
4
5 p (q r ) ( p q) ( p r ) a (b c ) ( a b ) ( a c )
6 p (q r ) ( p q) ( p r ) a (b c ) ( a b ) ( a c )
7 ( p q) p q a b ab
8 ( p q) p q ab a b
9 p p p , p p p a aa , aaa
10 pT T , pT p a 1 1 , a 1 a
11 p pT , p p F a a 1 , a a 0
12 pF p , pF F a0a , a00




WW
a) Z (a bc)(ab c) b) Z a bc
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Z (a bc)(ab c) Z abc
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7
a ab ac abbc bcc a (b c ) 8
0 b ac a 0 c bc 9 , 11 a (b c)
0 ac 0 bc 12
ac bc 12
Z c( a b)
5

WK

53


K
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54


0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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55


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56


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57


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58


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59


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60


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61


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62


NAND
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63


64


WW
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65


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66


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67


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68


69


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70


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71


Descriptive Statistics E1

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72


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73


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74


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3 6 1 6 1 1 7 5 1 1 2 3

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4 4 5 3 7 2 6 1 7 3 7 4

2 2 1 6 3 6 3 5 4 4 3 3

7 5 5 1 5 7 3 5 7 3 1 1

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75


1 18
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W(Classes)K{
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76


: n
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26.9 77.8 14.9 33 46.3 71.5 46 7.9 64.5 87.8

33.7 27 71.8 33.8 59.1 28.8 80.2 81.3 43.7 41.6

7.1 64 58.3 37.9 72.2 79.9 54.3 89.7 61.3 21.5

70.1 67 15.5 2.2 28.6 31.7 4.9 26.8 99.2 0.3

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93.7 51 40 20.2 73.9 18.2 25.4 24.5 67.3 16.4

25.4 35.9 26.5 83.1 88 37.8 19.1 80 45.4 73.8

73.9 63.8 54.2 23.2 53 52.3 63.6 46.2 24.9 55.6

77


W R EF
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WK

( ) F

0 20 14
20 40 26

40 60 17

60 80 22

80 100 11

90

K65W



70 100 8
100 120 10
120 140 16
140 160 14
160 180 10
180 200 5

200 - 220 2

65

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78


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K E
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8 + 10 +16 + 14 = 48W

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79


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60 80 22 24.44

80 100 11 12.22

90 100

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80


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81


0 0

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80 79

100 90

0 90

20 76

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WW
K40 Ea
K60 Eb
K 8040 Ec
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82


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83


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W
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30
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W(Polygon)K{

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84


Frequency
30
27
25
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10 9
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WK6


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K
K

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85


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86


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xi
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87


8,10,13,9,7,11,10W
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88


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44 98 40 60 66 71 82 64 72 68

55 69 77 78 88 60 65 68 69 79

69 89 64 71 66 61 75 87 54 81

70 62 74 68 60 73 82 71 62 50

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K Ea
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K75 Ec

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5059 6069 7079 8089 9099 100109 110119

8 10 16 15 10 8 3

W
K Ea

K Eb
K Ec

89


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7,9,6,8,9,10,6,11,8,7,9,10,9,7,6,10,8,11,9,8
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18 14 15 14 1 20 17 8

16 3 18 15 19 14 20 17

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90


K J
Design and Analysis of
Alfred Aho, John Hopcroft and Computer Algorithms,
Jeffrey Ullman Addison Wesley, Reading,
England, 1974.
Mathematics for scientific and
technical students, Addison
Gwyn Davies and Gordon Hick
Wesley Longman, Harlow,
England, 1998.
Computer and Intractability,
Micheal Garey and David A Guide to the Theory of NP-
Johnson Completeness, Freeman, San
Francisco, 1979.
Elements of Discrete
C. L. Lui Mathematics, McGraw-Hill,
New York, 1977.
Theory of Linear and Integer
Programming, John Wiley &
Alexander Schrijver
Sons, Chichester, England,
1986.
Basic Mathematics, John
Wiley & Sons, Chichester,
Peter Tebbutt
England, 1998.

KK

Introductory Statistics.
Hassett, Weiss London : Addison-Wesley
Publishing Company, 1982

91