Economy and finance

Government finances

Figure 1: Public balance, 2015 and 2016 ()

(Net lending or net borrowing of the general government sector, % of GDP)

2015 2016 Threshold

EU-28 -2.4 -1.7 -3
EA-19 -2.1 -1.5 -3
10
Luxembourg 1.4 1.6 -3
Malta -1.3 1.0 -3
Sweden 0.3 0.9 -3
Germany 0.7 0.8 -3
Greece -5.9 0.7 -3 5
Czech Republic -0.6 0.6 -3
Netherlands -2.1 0.4 -3
Cyprus -1.2 0.4 -3
Estonia 0.1 0.3 -3 0
Lithuania -0.2 0.3 -3
Bulgaria -1.6 0.0 -3
Latvia -1.3 0.0 -3
Threshold
Ireland -2.0 -0.6 -3
-5
Croatia -3.4 -0.8 -3
Denmark -1.3 -0.9 -3
Austria -1.1 -1.6 -3
Slovakia -2.7 -1.7 -3
Slovenia -2.9 -1.8 -3 -10

Estonia

Romania
Luxembourg

Malta

Sweden

Greece

Lithuania

Bulgaria

Ireland

Croatia

Austria

Slovakia

Slovenia

France

Spain
EU-28

EA-19

Latvia

Finland

Poland

United Kingdom
Portugal

Belgium
Germany

Czech Republic

Netherlands

Cyprus

Denmark

Hungary

Italy
Hungary -1.6 -1.8 -3
Finland -2.7 -1.9 -3
Portugal -4.4 -2.0 -3
Poland -2.6 -2.4 -3
Italy -2.7 -2.4 -3
Belgium -2.5 -2.6 -3
United Kingdom -4.3 -3.0 -3 2015
Romania -0.8 -3.0 -3 2016
France -3.6 -3.4 -3 () Data extracted on 24.04.2017.
Spain -5.1 -4.5 -3 Source: Eurostat (online data code: tec00127)
-3
-3
START () Data extracted on 24.04.2017.
Source: Eurostat (online data code: tec00127)
STOP
Economy and finance
Government finances

Table 1: Public balance and general government debt, 2013-16 ()

(% of GDP)

Public balance General government debt

(net lending / net borrowing of general government sector) (general government consolidated gross debt)
2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016
EU-28 -3.3 -3.0 -2.4 -1.7 85.7 86.7 84.9 83.5
Euro area (EA-19) -3.0 -2.6 -2.1 -1.5 91.4 92.0 90.3 89.2
Belgium -3.1 -3.1 -2.5 -2.6 105.6 106.7 106.0 105.9
Bulgaria -0.4 -5.5 -1.6 0.0 17.0 27.0 26.0 29.5
Czech Republic -1.2 -1.9 -0.6 0.6 44.9 42.2 40.3 37.2
Denmark -1.0 1.4 -1.3 -0.9 44.0 44.0 39.6 37.8
Germany -0.2 0.3 0.7 0.8 77.5 74.9 71.2 68.3
Estonia -0.2 0.7 0.1 0.3 10.2 10.7 10.1 9.5
Ireland -5.7 -3.7 -2.0 -0.6 119.5 105.3 78.7 75.4
Greece -13.1 -3.7 -5.9 0.7 177.4 179.7 177.4 179.0
Spain -7.0 -6.0 -5.1 -4.5 95.5 100.4 99.8 99.4
France -4.0 -3.9 -3.6 -3.4 92.3 94.9 95.6 96.0
Croatia -5.3 -5.4 -3.4 -0.8 82.2 86.6 86.7 84.2
Italy -2.9 -3.0 -2.7 -2.4 129.0 131.8 132.1 132.6
Cyprus -5.1 -8.8 -1.2 0.4 102.2 107.1 107.5 107.8
Latvia -1.0 -1.6 -1.3 0.0 39.0 40.9 36.5 40.1
Lithuania -2.6 -0.7 -0.2 0.3 38.7 40.5 42.7 40.2
Luxembourg 1.0 1.4 1.4 1.6 23.4 22.4 21.6 20.0
Hungary -2.6 -2.1 -1.6 -1.8 76.6 75.7 74.7 74.1
Malta -2.6 -2.0 -1.3 1.0 68.7 64.3 60.6 58.3
Netherlands -2.4 -2.3 -2.1 0.4 67.7 67.9 65.2 62.3
Austria -1.4 -2.7 -1.1 -1.6 81.3 84.4 85.5 84.6
Poland -4.1 -3.5 -2.6 -2.4 55.7 50.2 51.1 54.4
Portugal -4.8 -7.2 -4.4 -2.0 129.0 130.6 129.0 130.4
Romania -2.1 -1.4 -0.8 -3.0 37.8 39.4 38.0 37.6
Slovenia -15.1 -5.4 -2.9 -1.8 71.0 80.9 83.1 79.7
Slovakia -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -1.7 54.7 53.6 52.5 51.9
Finland -2.6 -3.2 -2.7 -1.9 56.5 60.2 63.7 63.6
Sweden -1.4 -1.5 0.3 0.9 40.4 45.2 43.9 41.6
United Kingdom -5.6 -5.7 -4.3 -3.0 86.2 88.1 89.0 89.3

() Data extracted on 24.04.2017.

Source: Eurostat (online data codes: tec00127 and tsdde410)
 Economy and finance
Government finances

Figure 2: General government debt, 2015 and 2016 ()

(General government consolidated gross debt, % of GDP)

2015 2016 Threshold

EU-28 84.9 83.5 60 180 60
Euro area (EA-19) 90.3 89.2 60 60
Greece 177.4 179.0 60 160
Italy 132.1 132.6 60
140
Portugal 129.0 130.4 60
Cyprus 107.5 107.8 60 120
Belgium 106.0 105.9 60
Spain 99.8 99.4 60 100
France 95.6 96.0 60
United Kingdom 89.0 89.3 60 80
Austria 85.5 84.6 60
Croatia 86.7 84.2 60 60 Threshold
Slovenia 83.1 79.7 60
40
Ireland 78.7 75.4 60
Hungary 74.7 74.1 60 20
Germany 71.2 68.3 60
Finland 63.7 63.6 60 0

Spain

Croatia

Slovenia

Ireland

Poland

Sweden

Latvia
Euro area (EA-19)
Netherlands 65.2 62.3 60

EU-28

Greece

France

Austria

Finland

Malta

Slovakia

Lithuania

Romania

Bulgaria

Luxembourg

Estonia
Belgium
Portugal

United Kingdom
Italy

Hungary

Germany
Cyprus

Netherlands

Denmark

Czech Republic
Malta 60.6 58.3 60
Poland 51.1 54.4 60
Slovakia 52.5 51.9 60
Sweden 43.9 41.6 60
Lithuania 42.7 40.2 60
Latvia 36.5 40.1 60
Denmark 39.6 37.8 60
Romania 38.0 37.6 60
2015
Czech Republic 40.3 37.2 60 () Data extracted on 24.04.2017.
Bulgaria 26.0 29.5 60 Source: Eurostat (online data code: tsdde410)
Luxembourg 21.6 20.0 60
Estonia 10.1 9.5 60
60
Threshold
START () Data extracted on 24.04.2017.
Source: Eurostat (online data code: tsdde410)
Economy and finance
Government finances

Figure 3: Development of total expenditure and total revenue, 200616 ()

(% of GDP)

2006 2007 2008

EU-28: total expenditure 45.2 44.7 46.3
EA-19: total expenditure 46.1 45.3 46.6
EU-28: total revenue 43.6 43.8 43.8
EA-19: total revenue 44.6 44.7 44.4

() Data extracted on 24.04.2017. Note that the y-axis is cut.

Source: Eurostat (online data code: gov_10a_main)

52

50

48

46

44

42
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

EU-28: total expenditure EU-28: total revenue

EA-19: total expenditure EA-19: total revenue

Economy and finance
Government finances

Figure 4: Development of total expenditure and total revenue, 200616 ()

(Billion EUR)

2006 2007 2008

EU-28: total expenditure 5 545 5 798 6 038
EA-19: total expenditure 4 100 4 261 4 487
EU-28: total revenue 5 347 5 684 5 713
EA-19: total revenue 3 968 4 200 4 279

() Data extracted on 24.04.2017. Note that the y-axis is cut.

Source: Eurostat (online data code: gov_10a_main)

7 000

6 500

6 000

5 500

5 000

4 500

4 000

3 500
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
EU-28: total expenditure
EU-28: total revenue
EA-19: total expenditure
EA-19: total revenue
Economy and finance
Government finances

Figure 5: Government revenue and expenditure, 2016 ()

(% of GDP)

Total general Total general

government government
expenditure revenue
EU-28 46.6 44.9
Euro area (EA-19) 47.7 46.2 60

Finland 56.1 54.2

50
France 56.2 52.8
Denmark 53.6 52.7
40
Belgium 53.3 50.7
Sweden 50.0 50.9
Austria 51.1 49.5
30
Greece 49.0 49.7
Italy 49.6 47.1 20
Croatia 48.4 47.6
Hungary 47.5 45.6 10
Germany 44.3 45.1
Slovenia 45.5 43.6 0

Finland

Greece

Slovenia

Slovakia

Lithuania
Euro area (EA-19)
EU-28

France

Sweden
Austria

Croatia

Luxembourg

Estonia

Spain
Poland

Malta
Latvia
Bulgaria

Romania
Ireland
Belgium

Portugal

United Kingdom
Denmark

Italy

Hungary
Germany

Netherlands

Czech Republic

Cyprus
Portugal 45.1 43.1
Netherlands 43.6 44.0
Luxembourg 41.2 42.7
Slovakia 41.6 40.0
United Kingdom 42.1 39.1
Estonia 40.4 40.7
Czech Republic 39.9 40.5
Spain 42.4 37.9
Poland 41.3 38.8
Total general government expenditure Total general government revenue
Cyprus 38.9 39.2
Malta 38.1 39.1
Latvia 36.3 36.4 () Data extracted on 24.04.2017. Data ranked in descending order according to the average of total revenue and expenditure.
Bulgaria 35.5 35.5 Source: Eurostat (online data code: gov_10a_main)
Lithuania 34.2 34.5
Romania 34.7 31.7
Ireland 28.0 27.5

Norway 51.1 54.2

Iceland 41.2 58.4
Switzerland (2015) 33.9 35.0
() Data extracted on 24.04.2017. Data ranked in descending order according to the average of total revenue and expenditure.
Source: Eurostat (online data code: gov_10a_main)
Economy and finance
Government finances

Figure 6: Composition of total revenue, 2016 ()

(% of total revenue)

Market output, output for

own final use and payments
Taxes Net social contributions for non-market production Property income Others
EU-28 59.5 29.8 6.9 1.8 2.0
Euro area (EA-19) 56.2 33.2 6.9 1.6 2.1

() Data extracted on 24.04.2017.

Source: Eurostat (online data code: gov_10a_main)

0 25 50 75 100

EU-28

Euro area (EA-19)

Others Property income Market output, output for own final use and payments for non-market production Net social contributions Taxes
Economy and finance
Government finances

Figure 7: Main components of government revenue, 2016 ()

(% of total revenue)

Market output, output

for own final use and
payments for non-
Taxes Net social contributions market production Property income Others
EU-28 59.5 29.8 6.9 1.8 2.0 100
Euro area (EA-19) 56.2 33.2 6.9 1.6 2.1

Belgium 59.5 31.5 5.6 1.7 1.7

Bulgaria 60.3 22.4 7.8 2.4 7.1 75
Czech Republic 49.5 36.8 8.4 1.9 3.4
Denmark 87.4 1.8 7.0 1.7 2.0
Germany 52.3 37.1 7.4 1.3 2.0
50
Estonia 56.4 29.2 8.1 2.1 4.3
Ireland 72.7 16.6 6.6 2.4 1.7
Greece 55.2 28.5 6.5 0.8 9.1
Spain 58.6 32.3 5.7 1.9 1.4 25
France 54.5 35.4 7.1 1.3 1.7
Croatia 55.9 25.0 9.0 2.0 8.1
Italy 62.9 28.1 4.8 1.5 2.8
Cyprus 63.9 21.9 7.5 2.7 3.9 0

Spain

France

Croatia

Lithuania

Austria
Euro area (EA-19)

Bulgaria

Estonia

Ireland

Greece

Luxembourg

Malta

Poland

Romania
EU-28

Latvia
Belgium

Portugal
Denmark

Germany
Czech Republic

Italy

Cyprus

Hungary

Netherlands
Latvia 59.7 23.9 9.5 2.4 4.5
Lithuania 51.0 36.4 5.4 1.5 5.8
Luxembourg 62.0 27.9 6.5 3.1 0.6
Hungary 56.6 30.3 7.6 0.8 4.6
Malta 68.6 16.5 10.4 2.4 2.1
Netherlands 53.9 34.9 7.5 2.5 1.2
Austria 55.9 31.3 8.8 1.8 2.3 Others Property in
Poland 53.0 35.9 6.3 1.5 3.3
Portugal 58.2 27.1 8.5 1.5 4.7 Market output, output for own final use and payments for non-market production Net social c
Romania 56.0 25.7 6.3 3.1 8.9
Slovenia 51.3 34.4 9.2 2.9 2.2 Taxes
Slovakia 45.8 35.9 11.1 2.4 4.8
Finland 57.7 24.1 12.3 5.2 0.7
Sweden 80.5 7.2 7.6 3.1 1.6 () Data extracted on 24.04.2017.
United Kingdom 70.2 20.5 6.3 2.5 0.6 Source: Eurostat (online data code: gov_10a_main)

Iceland 56.1 6.2 5.0 4.9 27.9

Norway 50.6 19.6 7.1 22.1 0.6
Economy and finance
Government finances

Figure 8: Composition of total expenditure, 2016 ()

(% of total expenditure)

Compensation of Intermediate Property income Gross fixed capital Other current

Social transfers () employees, payable consumption paid (incl. interest) formation transfers, payable Subsidies, payable Others
EU-28 45.1 21.6 12.7 4.6 5.8 4.8 2.9 2.5
Euro area (EA-19) 47.8 21.0 10.9 4.6 5.3 4.7 3.2 2.5

(1) Data extracted on 24.04.2017.

(2) Social benefits other than social transfers in kind and social transfers in kind - purchased market production.
Source: Eurostat (online data code: gov_10a_main)

0 25 50 75 100

EU-28

uro area (EA-19)

Others Subsidies, payable Other current transfers, payable

Gross fixed capital formation Property income paid (incl. interest) Intermediate consumption
Compensation of employees, payable Social transfers ()
Figure 9: Main components of government expenditure, 2016 ()
(% of total expenditure)

100
Compensation of Property income Other current
Social transfers employees, Intermediate paid (incl. Gross fixed transfers, Subsidies,
() payable consumption interest) capital formation payable payable Others
EU-28 45.1 21.6 12.7 4.6 5.8 4.8 2.9 2.5
EA-19 47.8 21.0 10.9 4.6 5.3 4.7 3.2 2.5
75
Belgium 47.4 23.2 7.4 5.4 4.3 4.1 6.2 2.1
Bulgaria 39.4 25.4 14.3 2.2 8.0 5.1 2.9 2.8
Czech Republic 38.8 22.3 15.5 2.4 8.4 4.9 6.0 1.6
Denmark 34.4 29.7 16.9 2.5 6.9 5.5 3.5 0.7
Germany 54.5 17.0 10.9 3.1 4.8 5.4 2.0 2.3
50
Estonia 34.5 29.2 17.3 0.2 11.7 4.8 1.1 1.2
Ireland 38.2 26.1 13.0 8.3 6.6 3.7 2.3 1.9
Greece 45.5 25.1 9.7 6.6 6.4 3.1 2.0 1.7
Spain 43.0 25.7 11.8 6.6 4.6 3.7 2.4 2.2
25
France 45.8 22.6 8.9 3.4 6.1 6.0 4.6 2.8
Croatia 33.7 24.8 16.6 6.8 6.6 5.0 3.2 3.4
Italy 46.1 19.8 11.0 8.0 4.2 3.2 3.7 4.0
Cyprus 36.9 32.4 9.3 6.7 6.4 5.7 1.4 1.3
Latvia 32.2 28.0 16.3 3.1 9.7 9.8 1.2 -0.3
0
Lithuania 37.1 28.8 14.1 4.0 8.5 4.9 1.2 1.5

Lithuania

Poland

Romania

Slovenia

Slovakia

Sweden
Bulgaria

Estonia

Ireland

Greece

Spain

France

Latvia

Luxembourg

Malta

Austria

Finland
EU-28

EA-19

Croatia
Belgium

United Kingdom
Portugal
Hungary

Netherlands
Denmark

Germany

Italy
Czech Republic

Cyprus
Luxembourg 47.4 20.8 8.6 0.8 9.2 7.9 3.2 2.0
Hungary 31.7 23.2 14.7 6.7 6.6 8.0 3.0 6.1
Malta 28.6 31.4 16.9 5.8 6.7 5.1 3.4 2.0
Netherlands 49.8 20.2 13.2 2.5 7.8 3.0 2.8 0.8
Austria 45.7 21.1 12.7 4.1 5.9 5.4 2.7 2.4 Others
Poland 41.7 24.9 14.0 4.1 8.0 4.6 1.3 1.3 Subsidies, payable
Portugal 42.0 25.0 12.7 9.4 3.4 5.2 1.2 1.0 Other current transfers, payable
Romania 33.3 23.7 15.3 4.3 10.3 7.1 1.1 4.8 Gross fixed capital formation
Slovenia 39.5 25.4 14.4 7.0 6.7 4.4 1.8 0.8 Property income paid (incl. interest)
Slovakia 46.0 22.0 13.2 4.0 7.7 4.1 1.1 1.9 Intermediate consumption
Finland 40.3 24.0 19.6 1.9 6.9 4.7 2.2 0.4 Compensation of employees, payable
Sweden 33.9 25.1 16.1 1.2 8.8 4.7 3.3 6.9
Social transfers ()
United Kingdom 37.7 22.0 20.3 5.9 6.2 4.5 1.7 1.7
(1) Data extracted on 24.04.2017.
Iceland 14.9 33.4 25.5 10.1 6.7 3.3 3.2 2.8 (2) Social benefits other than social transfers in kind and social transfers in kind - purchased market production.
Norway 34.7 30.2 13.7 1.1 10.4 5.5 4.2 0.3 Source: Eurostat (online data code: gov_10a_main)
Switzerland (2015) 34.0 22.4 13.6 1.7 8.8 7.2 9.7 2.5
Economy and finance
Government finances

Figure 10: Main categories of taxes and social contributions, EU-28, 200616 ()
(% of GDP)

2006 2007 2008

Taxes on production and imports 13.0 13.0 12.6
Current taxes on income, wealth, etc. 12.9 13.2 12.9
Net social contributions 12.8 12.7 13.0

() Data extracted on 24.04.2017. Note that the y-axis is cut.

Source: Eurostat (online data code: gov_10a_main)

14

13

12
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Taxes on production and imports

Current taxes on income, wealth, etc.
Net social contributions
Economy and finance
Government finances

Figure 11: Main categories of taxes and social contributions, 2016 ()

(% of GDP)

Taxes on
production and Current taxes on Net social
imports income, wealth, etc. contributions
EU-28 13.4 13.0 13.4 39.8
Euro area (EA-19) 13.0 12.6 15.3 41.1
50
Belgium 13.1 16.3 16.0 46.2
Bulgaria 15.6 5.5 8.0 28.0
Czech Republic 12.6 7.5 14.9 34.0
40
Denmark 16.3 29.6 1.0 51.4
Germany 10.7 12.7 16.7 39.3 30
Estonia 15.2 7.8 11.9 33.0
Ireland 8.9 10.9 4.6 30.7
Greece 17.1 10.3 14.2 38.2 20
Spain 11.6 10.0 12.2 33.4
France 15.9 12.3 18.7 47.3
Croatia 20.3 6.3 11.9 36.3 10
Italy 14.5 14.9 13.2 43.4
Cyprus 15.3 9.8 8.6 34.2
Latvia 13.3 8.4 8.7 28.4 0

Euro area (EA-19)

EU-28

Bulgaria

Estonia

Ireland

Greece

Spain

France

Croatia

Latvia

Lithuania

Luxembourg
Belgium

Czech Republic

Germany

Italy

Cyprus

Hungary
Denmark
Lithuania 11.9 5.7 12.5 27.8
Luxembourg 11.5 14.8 11.9 40.5
Hungary 18.3 7.5 13.8 38.5
Malta 12.8 13.9 6.5 35.2
Netherlands 11.7 11.8 15.4 37.8
Austria 14.5 13.1 15.5 43.6
Taxes on production and imp
Poland 13.4 7.2 14.0 32.9
Portugal 14.7 10.3 11.7 37.0
Current taxes on income, we
Romania 11.3 6.5 8.1 27.6 Net social contributions
Slovenia 14.8 7.5 15.0 36.7
Slovakia 10.6 7.7 14.3 30.9 () Data extracted on 24.04.2017.
Finland 14.4 16.6 13.1 44.0 Source: Eurostat (online data code: gov_10a_main)
Sweden 22.6 18.4 3.7 44.5
United Kingdom 12.9 14.3 8.0 34.5

Iceland 14.2 18.4 3.6 38.5

Norway 12.6 14.8 10.6 39.1
Switzerland (2015) 6.1 15.2 6.9 27.2
() Data extracted on 24.04.2017.
Source: Eurostat (online data code: gov_10a_main)