AC MOTORS

TYPES: AS REGARDS THEIR PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

1.SYNCHRONOUS

2. ASYNCHRONOUS

a).INDUCT ION SQUIRREL CAGE, SLIP RING (EXTERNAL RESISTANCE b) COMMUTATOR MOTORS

AS REGARDS THE TYPE OF CURRENT SINGLE PHASE, THREE PHASE

IN DC MOTORS, THE ELECTRICAL POWER IS CONDUCTED DIRECTLY TO THE ARMATURE THROUGH

BRUSHES AND COMMUTATOR SO A DC MOTOR IS A CONDUCTION MOTOR. IN AC MOTORS, THE ROTOR
DOES NOT RECEIVE ELECTRIC POWER BY CONDUCTION BUT BY INDUCTION IN EXACTLY THE SAME WAY
AS THE SECONDARY OF A TWO WINDING TRANSFORMER RECEIVES ITS POWER FROM THE PRIMARY
WINDING.

POLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTORS ARE EXTENSIVELY USED FOR VARIOUS KINDS OF INDUSTRIAL DRIVES.

AN INDUCTION MOTOR CAN BE TREATED AS A ROTATING TRANSFORMER IN WHICH THE PRIMARY

WINDING IS STATIONARY AND THE SECONDARY IS FREE TO ROTATE.

CONSTRUCTION: CONSISTS ESSENTIALLY OF TWO MAIN PARTS- a) STATOR b) ROTOR

STATOR- THE GREATER THE NUMBER OF POLES, THE LESSER THE SPEED

SYNCHRONOUS SPEED NS = 120f/p

THE REVOLVING MAGNETIC FLUX INDUCES AN EMF IN THE ROTOR BY MUTUAL INDUCTION
ROTOR a) SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR 90% OF INDUCTION MOTORS

b) PHASE WOUND OR WOUND ROTOR OR SLIP RING

SQUIRREL CAGE - SIMPLE AND RUGGEDLY CONSTRUCTED AND CONSISTS OF CYLINDRICAL

LAMINATED CORE WITH PARALLEL SLOTS FOR CARRYING THE ROTOR CONDUCTORS WHICH
CONSISTS OF HEAVY BARS OF COPPER, ALUMINUM OR ALLOYS EACH BAR PLACED IN EACH SLOT

PHASE WOUND IS PROVIDED WITH THREE PHASE DOUBLE LAYER DISTRIBUTED WINDINGS CONSISTING
OF COILS AS USED IN ALTERNATORS. THE ROTOR IS WOUND FOR MANY POLES AS THE NUMBER OF
STATOR POLES AND IS ALWAYS WOUND THREE PHASE. THE THREE PHASES ARE STARRED INTERNALLY.
SLIP: IN PRACTICE THE ROTOR NEVER SUCCEEDS IN CATCHING UP WITH THE STATOR FIELD. THE
ROTOR RUNS AT A SPEED WHICH IS ALWAYS LESS THAN THE SPEED OF THE STATOR FIELD. SPEED
DEPENDS ON THE LOAD OF THE MOTOR.

SLIP THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE SYNCHRONOUS SPEED AND THE ACTUAL SPEED N.

% SLIP = (NS N) / NS x 100 SLIP, s = = (NS N) / NS

ROTOR SPEED = NS (1 S)

WHEN THE ROTOR IS STATIONARY (STANDSTILL), THE FREQUENCY OF ROTOR CURRENT IS THE SAME AS
THE SUPPLY FREQUENCY. BUT WHEN THE ROTOR STARTS REVOLVING THEN THE FREQUENCY DEPENDS
UPON THE SLIP SPEED.

SLIP SPEED = NS N NS = 120 f / P NS N = 120 f / P

SLIP, s = ( NS N)/ NS = ( 120 f / P)/ (120F/P) = f /f f = Sf

EX. THE STATOR OF A 3 INDUCTION MOTOR HAS 3 SLOTS PER POLE PER PHASE. IF SUPPLY FREQUENCY
IS 50 HZ, CALCULATE a) NUMBER OF STATOR POLES PRODUCED AND TOTAL NUMBER OF SLOTS ON THE
STATOR, b) SPEED OF THE ROTATING STATOR FLUX OR MAGNETIC FIELD

a) P = 2 = 2 x 3 SLOTS/POLE/ = 6 POLES

TOTAL NO. OF SLOTS = 3 SLOTS/POLE/ x 6 POLES x 3 = 54 SLOTS

b) NS = 120 f / P = (120 x 50) / 6 = 1000 RPM

EX. 2. A 4 POLE, 3 INDUCTION MOTOR OPERATES FROM A SUPPLY WHOSE FREQUENCY IS 50 HZ.
CALCULATE a) THE SPEED AT WHICH THE MAGNETIC FIELD OF THE STATOR IS ROTATING, b) THE SPEED
OF THE ROTOR WHEN THE SLIP IS 0.04, c) THE FREQUENCY OF THE ROTOR CURRENTS WHEN THE SLIP IS
0.03, d) THE FREQUENCY OF THE ROTOR CURRENTS AT STANDSTILL.

STATOR FIELD REVOLVES AT SYNCHRONOUS SPEED

NS = 120 f / P

NS = 120x 50 / 4 = 1500 RPM

b) ROTOR SPEED N = NS (1 S) = 1500 (1 0.04) = 1440

c) FREQUENCY OF ROTOR CURRENT f = Sf = 0.03 x 50 = 1.5 HZ

d) AT STANDSTILL (ROTOR STATIONARY), S = 1, f = f = 50 HZ

EX. 3. A THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR IS WOUND FOR 4 POLES AND IS SUPPLIED FROM 50 HZ
SYSTEM. CALCULATE
a) THE SYNCHRONOUS SPEED, b) THE ROTOR SPEED WHEN SLIP IS 4% AND c) ROTOR FREQUENCY WHEN
ROTOR RUNS

AT 600 RPM.

a)NS = 120 f / P = 120 x 50 /4 = 1500 RPM

b) ROTOR SPEED N = NS (1 S) = 1500 (1 0.04) = 1440 RPM

c) WHEN ROTOR SPEED IS 600 RPM,

SLIP IS S = (NS N)/ NS = =(1500 600)/1500 = 0.6

ROTOR CURRENT FREQUENCY f = Sf = 0.6 x 50 = 30 HZ

TORQUE OF INDUCTION MOTOR:

TORQUE IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE PRODUCT OF FLUX PER STATOR POLE, THE ROTOR CURRENT AND
THE POWER FACTOR OF THE ROTOR.

T 2 I2 Cos 2 T = K I2 Cos 2

WHERE I2 ROTOR CURRENT AT STANDSTILL

2- ANGLE BETWEEN ROTOR EMF AND ROTOR CURRENT

K A CONSTANT

E2 2

WHERE E2 ROTOR EMF AT STANDSTILL (NO LOAD)

T E2 I2 Cos 2 T = K1 E2 I2 Cos 2

AS 2 INCREASES AND Cos 2 DECREASES THE

TORQUE DECREASES.

STATOR FLUX DISTRIBUTION IS ASSUMED SINUSOIDAL HENCE INDUCED EMF IN THE ROTOR IS ALSO
SINUSOIDAL.

WHEN 2 = 0 (ROTOR ASSUMED NON INDUCTIVE),

I2 IN PHASE WITH E2 , TORQUE IS POSITIVE

WHEN I2 LAGS BEHIND E2 BY ANGLE 2 = tan -1 X2/ R2 WHERE R2 ROTOR RESISTANCE PER PHASE
X2 - ROTOR REACTANCE PER PHASE AT STANDSTILL
FOR A PORTION ab OF THE POLE PITCH TORQUE IS NEGATIVE OR REVERSES. THE TOTAL TORQUE IS THE
SUM OF THE FORWARD TORQUE AND BACKWARD TORQUE; TOTAL TORQUE IS REDUCED.

E2 2 T E2 I2 Cos 2 T = K1 E2 I2 Cos 2

WHERE E2 ROTOR EMF AT STANDSTILL (NO LOAD)

AS 2 INCREASES AND Cos 2 DECREASES THE TORQUE DECREASES.

STATOR FLUX DISTRIBUTION IS ASSUMED SINUSOIDAL HENCE INDUCED EMF IN THE ROTOR IS ALSO
SINUSOIDAL.

WHEN 2 = 0 (ROTOR ASSUMED NON INDUCTIVE), I2 IN PHASE WITH E2 , TORQUE IS POSITIVE

WHEN I2 LAGS BEHIND E2 BY ANGLE 2 = tan -1 X2 / R2 WHERE R2 ROTOR RESISTANCE PER PHASE
X2 - ROTOR REACTANCE PER PHASE AT STANDSTILL

FOR A PORTION ab OF THE POLE PITCH TORQUE IS NEGATIVE OR REVERSES. THE TOTAL TORQUE IS THE
SUM OF THE FORWARD TORQUE AND BACKWARD TORQUE; TOTAL TORQUE IS REDUCED.

WHEN 2 = 900, TOTAL TORQUE IS ZERO.

STARTING TORQUE TORQUE DEVELOPED BY A MOTOR AT THE INSTANT OF STARTING

LET E2 ROTOR EMF PER PHASE AT STANDSTILL

R2 ROTOR RESISTANCE PER PHASE

X2 ROTOR REACTANCE PER PHASE AT STANDSTILL

Z2 = R22 + X22 - ROTOR IMPEDANCE PER PHASE AT STANDSTILL

I2 = E2 / Z2 = E2 / R22 + X22 cos 2 = R2 / Z2

STANDSTILL STARTING TORQUE

TST = K1 E2 I2 cos 2 = K1 E22 R2 / R22 + X22

IF SUPPLY VOLTAGE V IS KEPT CONSTANT, THEN THE FLUX AND HENCE E2 ARE CONSTANT

TST = K4 R2 / R22 + X22 = K4 R2 / Z22

CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM TORQUE:

STARTING TORQUE IS MAXIMUM WHEN ROTOR RESISTANCE EQUALS ROTOR REACTANCE

 EFFECT OF CHANGE IN SUPPLY VOLTAGE ON STARTING TORQUE

IF E2 = SUPPLY VOLTAGE V

TST = K3 V22 R2/ Z22 HENCE TST V2

EX. A 3 INDUCTION MOTOR HAVING A STAR CONNECTED MOTOR HAS AN INDUCED EMF OF 80
VOLTS BETWEEN SLIP RINGS AT STANDSTILL ON OPEN CIRCUIT. THE ROTOR HAS A RESISTANCE AND
REACTANCE PER PHASE OF 1 AND 4 RESPECTIVELY. CALCULATE CURRENT PER PHASE AND POWER
FACTOR WHEN a) SLIP RINGS ARE SHORT CIRCUITED, b) SLIP RINGS ARE CONNECTED TO A STAR
CONNECTED RHEOSTAT OF 3 PER PHASE.

STANDSTILL EMF/ROTOR PHASE = EOC /3 = 80 / 3 = 46.2 V

ROTOR IMPEDANCE PER PHASE, Z / = 12 + 42 = 4.12

ROTOR CURRENT / PHASE = EOC / Z/ = 46.2V / 4.12 = 11.2 A

POWER FACTOR = cos = R / Z = 1 / 4.12 = 0.243

AS POWER FACTOR IS LOW, THE STARTING TORQUE IS ALSO LOW

b) ROTOR RESISTANCE / = 3 + 1 = 4

ROTOR IMPEDANCE / = 42 + 42 = 5.66

ROTOR CURRENT / PHASE = 46.2 / 5.66 = 8.16 A

cos =R / Z = 4/5.66 = 0.707

EX. A 3 , 400 V STAR CONNECTED INDUCTION MOTOR HAS A STAR CONNECTED ROTOR WITH A
STATOR TO ROTOR TURN RATIO OF 6.5. THE ROTOR RESISTANCE AND STANDSTILL REACTANCE PER
PHASE ARE 0.05 AND 0.25 RESPECTIVELY. WHAT SHOULD BE THE VALUE OF EXTERNAL RESISTANCE
PER PHASE TO BE INSERTED IN THE ROTOR CIRCUIT TO OBTAIN A MAXIMUM TORQUE AT STARTING
AND WHAT WILL ROTOR STARTING CURRENT BE WITH THIS RESISTANCE?

TRANSFORMATION RATIO K = 1/2 = ( /)/( /)

E2 = E1 / K = (400/(3 ))/6.5 = 35.5 VOLTS

TST IS MAXIMUM WHEN R2 = X2 = 0.25

WHEN R2 = 0.25

EXTERNAL RESISTANCE /PHASE REQUIRED= 0.25-0.05=0.2

ROTOR IMPEDANCE / = 0.252 + 0.25 = 0.3535

THEREFORE ROTOR CURRENT/PHASE = 35.5V / 0.3535 = 100 A

N = NS (1 s) Rotor Speed

( )/( )) = S= ( )/(
)) = N / NS = 1-s

POWER DEVELOPED IN ROTOR = MECHANICAL POWER IN ROTOR

STATOR INPUT = MOTOR INPUT = Pin = ROTOR INPUT + STATOR LOSS

ROTOR INPUT = Pm NS/N = Pm / 1-s

Pm = ROTOR INPUT (1 s)= ROTOR INPUT ROTOR COPPER LOSS

ROTOR COPPER LOSS = s x ROTOR INPUT

Rotor Cu Loss = Pm s /1-s = ROTOR INPUT Pm

Pm = Pout + Friction and Windage Loss

Pout = Shaft Power

Pin = Motor Input = Stator Input %efficiency = Pout / Pin x 100%

EX. THE ROTOR EMF OF A 3 PHASE, 6 POLE, 400 V, 50 HZ INDUCTION MOTOR ALTERNATE AT 3 HZ.
COMPUTE a) THE ROTOR SPEED AND b) PERCENTAGE SLIP OF THE MOTOR, c) FIND THE ROTOR COPPER
LOSS PER PHASE IF THE FULL LOAD INPUT TO THE ROTOR IS 111.9 KW.

b) Slip s = f / f = 3 hz / 50 hz = 0.06 0r 6%

NS = 120f / p = 120 x 50 / 6 = 1000 rpm

a) N = NS (1-s) = 1000 (1 0.06) = 940 RPM

ROTOR INPUT = 111.9 KW

c) ROTOR COPPER LOSS = s x ROTOR INPUT = 0.06 x 111.9 = 6.715 KW

Loss / phase = 6715 w / 3 = 2238 w

EX. A 3, 6 POLE, 50 HZ INDUCTION MOTOR DEVELOPS 3.73 KW AT 960 RPM. WHAT WILL BE THE
STATOR INPUT IF THE STATOR LOSS IS 280 W?

Power developed in rotor = Mechl. Power in Rotor = Pm

Power developed in Rotor / Rotor Input = N / NS

NS = 120 f / p = 120 x 50 / 6 = 1000 rpm

Rotor Input = NS / N x Mechl. Power dev. in Rotor = 1000 / 960 (3,730 w) = 3885.4 w

Stator Input = Motor Input = Rotor Input + Stator loss = 3885.4 w + 280 w = 4165 w

EX. THE POWER INPUT TO A 500 V, 50 HZ, 6 POLE, 3 INDUCTION MOTOR RUNNING AT 95 RPM IS 40
KW. THE STATOR LOSSES ARE 1KW AND THE FRICTION AND WINDAGE LOSSES TOTAL 2 KW. CALCULATE
THE SLIP, THE ROTOR COPPER LOSS, SHAFT POWER AND EFFICIENCY.

NS = 120f / p = 120 x 50 / 6 = 1000 rpm

s = (NS N)/ NS = (1000 975) / 1000 = 0.025 OR 2.5%

Motor Input = Stator Input = 40 kw = Pin

Stator Loss = 1 kw

Rotor Input =Motor InputStator Loss=40kw1kw = 39 kw

Rotor Copper Loss = s x Rotor Input = 0.025 x 39 kw = 0.975 kw

Pm = Rotor Input Rotor Copper Loss = 39kw 0.975 kw = 38.025 kw

Pout + Friction and Windage Loss = Pm

Pout = Shaft Power

Pout = Pm Friction and Windage Loss =38.025 kw2 kw = 36.025 kw

Efficiency = Pout / Pin = 36.025 kw / 40 kw x 100 = 90%

EX. A 100 KW (OUTPUT), 3300 V, 50 HZ, 3, STAR CONNECTED INDUCTION MOTOR HAS A
SYNCHRONOUS SPEED OF 500 RPM. THE FULL LOAD SLIP IS 1.8% AND FULL LOAD POWER FACTOR IS
0.85. STATOR COPPER LOSS =2440 W, IRON LOSS = 3500 W, ROTATIONAL LOSSES = 1200 W. CALCULATE
THE ROTOR COPPER LOSS, THE LINE CURRENT, THE FULL LOAD EFFICIENCY.
Pm = Pout + Rotational Losses =100 kw + 1.2 kw = 101.2 kw

Rotor Copper Loss = Pm s/1-s = 101.2 x 0.018/(1-0.018) = 1.855 kw

Rotor Input = Pm + Rotor Copper Loss = 101.2 kw + 1.855 kw = 103.055 kw

Power Input = Rotor Input + Stator Cu and Fe Losses = 103.055+2.44+3.5 =108.995 kw

Power Input = Stator Input =3 VL IL cos = 108,995 w

IL = (108,995 )/(3 (3300 )0.85)) = 22.434 A

= Pout / Pin x 100 = 100 kw / 108.995 kw x 100 = 91.747 %

EX. A 400 V, 50 HZ, 6 POLE, DELTA CONNECTED 3 INDUCTION MOTOR CONSUMES 75 KW WITH A LINE
CURRENT OF 75 A AND RUNS AT A SLIP OF 2.5%. IF STATOR IRON LOSS IS 2KW AND FRICTION LOSS IS
1.2 KW AND RESISTANCE BETWEEN STATOR TERMINALS IS 0.32 , CALCULATE POWER SUPPLIED TO THE
ROTOR, ROTOR COPPER LOSS, POWER SUPPLIED TO THE LOAD, EFFICIENCY AND SHAFT TORQUE
DEVELOPED.

NS = 120 f / p = 120 X 50 / 6 = 1000 rpm N = NS (1-s) = 1000(1-0.025) = 975 RPM

Stator Resistance/ = 0.32/2 = 0.16

Stator Cu Loss = 3 I2 R = 3 (75)2 0.16 = 2.7 kw

Total stator loss = 2.7 kw + 2 kw = 4.7 kw

Rotor Input = Power Input stator losses = 75 kw 4.7 kw = 70.3 kw

Rotor Copper Loss = s x Rotor Input = 0.025 x 70.3 kw = 1.76 kw

Pm = Rotor Input Rotor Copper Loss = 70.3 kw 1.76 kw = 68.54 kw

Pout = Pm Rotational Losses = 68.54 - 1.2 = 67.34 KW

= Pout / Pin x 100 = 67.34 kw / 75 kw x 100 = 89.8 %

TSH = 9.55 / = 9.55 (67340 )/975 = 659 N-m