TOUCHSTONES OF THE DIASPORA AN EXHIBITION OF COINS FROM THE COLLECTION OF RABBI LEONARD HELMAN JUNE 17 - SEPTEMBER 20, 2010FOREWORD In the ancient world, barter was the first means of commerce. Trade goods of equal value could be cumbersome, so weights of precious metals were substituted. However, accuracy in weight and purity of metals could be problematic. Standardized coinage was first minted in the 7th century BCE in Lydia (western Turkey). Solving the problems of purity and weight, the practice of issuing guaranteed national coinage was quickly adopted throughout the Mediterranean world. Generally, a coin is a round metal object, bearing a design on both sides; the obverse (front) and the reverse (back). Designated with a specific value, coins are produced in time-honored fashion by preparing a blank disc of metal and striking the coin with the dies to produce a uniform image. Coins are one of the most direct and veridical primary sources for the study of history. This thematic exhibition tracing Jewish history through coins, organized by The Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art, further supports the role of numismatics as a medium for education | wish to express my thanks to Rabbi Leonard Helman, of Santa Fe, New Mexico, for lending us his collection. The quality and scope of this collection allowed us to create this comprehensive presentation A special mention of appreciation is due to all the members of the Museum Board of Trustees for their generous and continued support. Our sincere thanks is also extended to the several patrons of these exhibitions, and the Museum Board of Advisors. Further, | wish to commend the members of the Museum staff whose team effort has brought this to fruition. Special thanks are in order to Curator, Dr. Karen York, Preparator, Charles Taylor, and Researcher and Assistant Registrar, Aaron Pope. Arthur M. Feldman, Executive Director The Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art Staff: Arthur M. Feldman, Executive Director Dr. Karen York, Curator ‘Melissa Schnur, Development Director Tracey Herst-Woods, Administrative Assistant Cathey Wilson, Volunteer Coordinator Charles Taylor, Preparator Aaron Pope, Assistant Registrar Katherine Felts, Curatorial Assistant Catalogue design by Karen York © 2010 The Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art. All rights reserved.AN EXHIBITION OF COIN’ FROM THE COLLECTION OF RABBI LEONARD HELMAN The Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art JUNE 17 - SEPTEMBER 20, 2010 The Sharna and Irvin Frank Foundation The Hardesty Family Foundation The Judith and Jean Pape Adams Foundation The Kirschner TrustCOLLECTING JEWISH NUMISMATICS A naked woman caused my becoming a Jewish Numismatist. | was a passionate reader of the Sunday ‘New York Times. One Sunday, about thirty years ago, | read in the Times about a coin, the Naked Maya, made by a West Indies Nation. It wasn't very expensive, so | sent my check, and in a few weeks it arrived and | was, hooked! Next I got the great idea of specializing in coins that connected with Jewish history. Years ago, coins were not as expensive as today. | ordered catalogues from auctions and submitted winning bids, and even traveled to Amsterdam to buy some coins. It was fun, and as a Rabbi | was doing something Jewish. It became one of my favorite hobbies. So what did | buy? | bought coins which had an important relationship to Jewish historical events. For example, an important date in American Jewish history is 1664. In that year Jews from Recife, Brazil were expelled and ordered to be returned to Spain. One such Jew was Asher Levy. As his shop was sailing for Spain, it was seized by a French Vessel and returned to New Amsterdam. The Governor of New Amsterdam was Peter Stuyvesant, he decreed that the Jews could stay and that is the beginning of American Jewish history. But was it? Marranos came to the new world in the 16th century; of course the prize coin would be an excellente or sevilla of Ferdinand and Isabella, rulers in 1492 the year Jews were expelled from Spain Gold coins of these dates can be researched by looking at the scholarly book, Gold Coins of the World. In my search for historical coins, | learned a great deal about Jewish history. | learned about other interests, such as a favorite, Broadway musicals. One such musical is Knickerbocker Holiday by Kurt Weil and Maxwell Ander- son; the story of Peter Stuyvesant and New Amsterdam. A great song from the production is September Song (for it’s a long while from May to December... and these few days I'll spend with you.) So we have a Jewish Historical event coupled with our love of music.Other examples of coins in the collection are a Marc Antony; an Oliver Cromwell, who was instrumental in returning Jews to in England in 1654; a Nerva, who as Roman Emperor in CE 96 decided to eliminate a tax, the Judaici Calmnia Sublata on Jews. The coin has the initials S C (by the consent of the Senate) on it. There are some Bar Kochba coins. Simeon Bar Kochba was a charismatic Jewish general who led a revolution against the Roman Empire from CE 129 to CE 135, and was eventually captured. Many Jewish historians believe that the failure of the Bar Kochba revolt was one of the greatest catastrophes to befall the Jewish people. The modern state of Israel has also produced a number of beautiful coins As an avid collector, | own several hundred coins. | have collected in two distinct areas—coins relating to Jewish history, and American coins. | hope someday the coins from the Jewish history collection will be placed in a museum. Seeing these coins will remind us that Jews played an important role in the world commerce. About Rabbi Helman Leonard Helman was born 1926. Leonard Helman, a rabbi, tap dancer, chess champion and guiding light for hundreds of Santa Fe Jews, moved to New Mexico in 1974, where he became the rabbi for about 40 families at Temple Beth Shalom and lawyer for the state's Public Service Commission. He also served as chaplain for the New Mexico Legislature. After retiring from the temple in 1991, he moved away, but returned to Santa Fe when local families invited him to lead Congregation Beit Tikva. Helman was known for his inspiring and often funny sermons, including one in which he relates biblical passage to Woody Allen movies.TIMELINES FROM THE EXHIBITIONRamses ‘THE STONE SCARAB, FASHIONED AFTER A CERTAIN TYPE OF DUNG BEETLE, WAS A POWERFUL AMULET TO HELP ASSURE ETERNAL LIFE IN PARADISE. @@<. o € e THE EXODUS TRADITION AND ENTRY INTO THE LAND OF CANAAN (ISRAEL) Ie THE exoDUS TRATION INTHE TORAH AND THE BIBLE ARE ACCURATE, THE EVENTS MAY HAVE TAKEN ‘TWELFTH ceNTURY BCE. SCHOLARS BELIEVE RAMSES {THE GREAT WAS THE PHARAOH OF THE BOOK oF EXODUS DURING THE “TIME WHEN MOSES LED IsRaet FRom EcyPT, BCE 1300-1200 NEHEMIAH REBUILOS JERUSALEM I THE miD-FieTH ‘CENTURY, NEHEMIAH, A Hci JeWisit OFFICIAL ar THE COURT OF PERSIA, PERSIA TO ASSIST THE Jewisit COMMUNITY IN| SJUDEA REBUILD AND REORGANIZE. APPOINTED 8 THE KING OF PERSIA JERUSALEM, HE 1S PROCEEDS TO REBUILD THE WALLS OF JERUSALEM, AND INITIATE REFORMS TO UNIFY THE Jews, NEHEMIAH BUILDING THE WALLS OF JERUSALEM ‘THe PERSIAN EMPIRE (950-330 BCE) RULED IN THE COUNTRY WE NOW KNOW AS TRAN. MOSES AND AARON, ALEXANDER THE GREAT ‘CONQUERS THE PERSIAN EMPIRE INCLUDING JUDEA ‘AND SAMARIA. BY DEFEATING PERSIA [AND TAKING OVER THE EMPIRE, ALEXANDER GREEK INFLUENCE OVER Tals PERIOD OF HELLENISM MOST AFFECTED “WE PERSIAN COSMOPOLITAN CENTERS, UPPER CLASS Jews, INCLUDING PRIESTS BCE 330-332 i = ANTIOCHUS THE FOURTH OPPRESSES THE JEWS Awmiocius IV, KING OF Syria AND THE SELUCID EMPIRE, RULED THE JEWS FROM 175-164 BCE. He onDERED Wis, SOLDIERS TO DESECRATE THE TEMPLE, THE MOST SACRED SITE IN JUDAISM, SPARKING THE [MACCABEAN REVOLT, We TRADITIONS (OF HANUKKAH DEVELOPED THIS TIME, ALEXANDER OF Antiochus IV ALEXANDER JANNAEUS ALEXANDER JANNAEUS ‘AND THE WIDOW'S MITE ‘ALEXANDER JANNAEUS WAS KING OF JUDEA FROM, 103 BCE To 76 BCE, THE DENOMINATION COINS: ‘CIRCULATED IN JERUSALEM DURING CHRIST'S LIFETIME [AND IS BELIEVED TO BE ‘THE BIBLICAL STORY OF THE Foor wiDow. SMALLEST DENOMINATION, MaceDonia, é ISRAEL IN THE 1ST CENTURY| UNDER CAESAR ‘AUGUSTUS, JUDEA was MADE A ROMAN PROVINCE GRADUALLY ROMAN, ADMINISTRATION BECAME OF ITS JUDEAN SUBIECTS, AND, IN 66 CE, A REVOLT BEGAN IN JUDEA. THE REVOLT WAS DEFEATED AND ‘THE ROMANS DESTROYED MUCH OF THE SECOND TEMPLE IN JERUSALEM AND, MENORAK Ponrius PILATE Caesar Aucustus PONTIUS PILATE, FIFTH ROMAN PROCURATOR OF JUDEA FROM 26 TO 36 OF THE COMMON ERA; WAS A CORRUPTION AND WITHOUT TRIALS, RESPONSIBLE FOR THE (OF SAMARITANS AND THE EXECUTION OF Jesus OF NAZARETH, PILATE WASHerop AcriPrA | THE SIEGE AND DesrRUCTION OF JERUSALEM BY THE ROMANS cE 79) SiEGE OF MAsADA CE 73 VESPASIAN i > Por ‘THE SACK OF JERUSALEM AND THEFT OF THE MENORAH HEROD AGRIPPA | 40 BC-44 AD, KING OF JUDEA, WAS THE GRANDSON OF HEROD WE GREAT, AND HE IS THE KiNG NAMED HEROO IN THE BIBLICAL ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. AGRIPPA WAS SENT TO ROME AS A YOUNG MAN AND BEFRIENDED BY CALIGULA AND CLAUDIUS, WHEN SSENT BACK TOJUDEA, HE GOVERNED THe Jews WITH {GOOD JEWisH RULER AND DEFENDING JeWisi LAW NERO CLAUDIUS CAESAR, 37-68 CE IV THE YEAR 66 THE WAR BEGAN WHICH ENDED HE SECOND TEMPLE AND (OF JERUSALEM. NERO [APPOINTED VESPASIAN FORCES, BUT DID NOT SEE VEPASIAN’s SUCCESS AGAINST THE Jews. VESPASIAN, EmpeRon oF ROME FROM {69 TO 79 CE, WAS NAMED THE ROMAN SIECE OF JERUSALENA, UPON His RETURN TO ROME TO CLAIM THE SACRED VESSELS FROM, THE TEMPLE AT JERUSALEM, 70 THE TEMPLE OF PEACE In Rome, He BEGAN CoLOssEUM IN ROME. ese ROMAN EMPEROR NERVA, 20-98 CE SOME COINS OF NERVA Domirian’s DIVERSION FROM A TAX PAID BY JEWS TO THE TEMPLE TO ATAX SUPPORTING ROMAN Tempus, NERVA RESCINDED TAIS PRACTICE, WHICH HAD BECOME A WAY To PUNISH JEWS FOR COLUMN OF TRAJAN, Rome, 106-13 CE | HADRIAN \ TRAIAN ROMAN EMPEROR TRAJAN, sa-17 CE TRAWAN WAS RULER OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE AT THE GEOGRAPHIC EXTENT, AND, WHICH RESHAPED THE OLD CHY OF ROME, Dunia wis REIGN, REVOLT JUDEA, AND A PERIOD OF ‘THE JEWS UNDER ROMAN RULE CONTINUED, THE NoRTHERN GATE OF AELIA CAPITOLINA ROMAN EMPEROR HADRIAN, 76-138 CE Iv 130, HADRIAN visiTED THE RUINS OF JERUSALEM, THAT WERE LEFT AFTER THE First RomAN-Jewish WAR (OF 66-73. HE REBUILT THE (CITY, RENAMING IT AELIA CCAPITOLINA. A NEW TEMPLE DEDICATED TO JUPITER WAS BUILT ON THE RUINS OF THE Jewistt SECOND TEMPLE. In ADDITION, HADRIAN [ABOLISHED CIRCUMCISION THESE POLICIES TRIGGERED A MASSIVE JEWISH UPRISING, LED BY SIMON BAR KOKHBA [AND AKIBA BEN JOSEPH" BYZANTINE ) EMPEROR ST. CONSTANTINE WITH MOTHER Sr, ELENA e& BAR KOCHBA REBELLION A PARTHIAN WARRIOR MOSAIC MAP CE 307-337 Puiu | CE 317-320 CE 296-297 ji ‘THE AKSUMITE EMPIRE FRAGMENT OF A BAR KOKHBA LETTER 23 Lucius Verus CE 244-249 ® s” @ Antonius Pius Cameo, 256 CE, COMBAT BETWEEN SHAPUR AND VALERIAN (ROMAN THE BABYLONIAN Emperor) Taumup Bar KocHBA ROMAN EMPEROR ROMAN EMPEROR THESASSANIAN ROMAN EMPEROR CONSTANTINE THE THE AKSUMITE REBUN Dose ARTONINUS PSAs LOCUSVERUSTOIED EMPIRE ust PHIIBL sens GREAT nrsor CE, EMPIRE aes Seam VESPASIAN COMMANDER PARTICULARLY TO THOSE QUEL THE PARTHIANS PERIOD SAW MAJOR ROMAN EMPEROR INITIATED ANTI-JEWISH (OF HIS FORCES, BUT DID OF PALESTINE. HE AND HIS VICTORIES LED DEVELOPMENTS SUCH As DIOCLETIAN LEGISLATION WHICH caeen = : NOT SURVIVE TO SEE REPEALED THE EDICTS OF TO THE DOMINANCE OF THE CREATION OF THE (284-305 CE WOULD SET THE TONE mmclsanatenahg VEPASIAN'S SUCCESS, HADRIAN AND ALLOWED THE SASSANINAS OVER BABYLONIAN TALMUD THERE IS NO EVIDENCE FOR CHRISTIAN —ae AGAINST THE JEWS. JEWS TO RETURN TO THE PARTHIANS. THE AND JEWISH ORIENTATED THAT THE JEWS DISCRIMINATION: (eens i neneey Jews WILL BE STRICTLY THROUGHOUT THE SCHOLARSHIP. Diocierias Comeau EXCLUDED, EmpireCE 531-579 Kwosrau | PEROZ | 459-488 CE, PERSECUTIONS OF JEWS IN BABYLON, THE SSASSANIDS, A GROUP THAT RULED BABYLON TWO ‘CENTURIES PREVIOUSLY AND ZOROASTRIANISM, BEGAN TO COPPRESS OTHER RELIGIOUS {GROUPS. DURING THIS ERA ‘Jews WERE TARGETED, JUDAISM WAS OUTLAWED, {AND JEWS WERE COMPELLED ZOROASTRIAN EDUCATION, FARAVAHAR: SYMBOL OF ZOROASTRIANISIA Kosrau |, HUNTING SCENE, 77H CENTURY ce KHOSRAU |, 531-579 ce DURING His REIGN, ART AND PERSIA AND THE SASSANID EMPIRE REACHED ITS PEAK. His RULE was succEEDED BY KHOSRAU I's (590-628) WHOSE REIGN CAME TO BE IN THE HISTORY OF THE SASSANID EMPIRE CE 527-565 JUSTINIAN CE 591-628 kwosrau Il BYZANTINE EMPEROR JUSTINIAN, JUSTINIAN Cove THAT PROHIBITED JEWS FROM READING THE BIBLE IN HEBREW, ASSEMBLING IN PASSOVER BEFORE EASTER, CCinistiaNs IN COURT. CE 602-610 PHocas BYZANTINE EMPEROR HERACLIUS RECEIVING SUBMISSION OF SASSANID KING KHOSRAU 2 BYZANTINE EMPEROR PHOCAS, 602-610 CE OF THE CHURCH TO REGULATE JEWISH ALLJEWS IN THE BYZANTINE Empine CONVERT. MUSLIM ARMIES DEFEAT BYZANTINES 636 - 620 CE RULE OF THE CALIPHATES The UMAYYAD CALIPHATE WAS THE SECOND IStAmic OF MUHAMMAD, AND WAS LARGEST ARAB-AMUSLIMN STATE IN HISTORY. RULE OF THE CALIPHATES. Dome oF THE Rock, JERUSALEM, BUILT BY UMAYYAD. CALIPH, AL-MANSUR, 2ND ABaasio. CALIPH, 754-775 CE THE ABBASID CALIPHATE, THE ‘THRO OF THE ISLAMIC CCAUPHATES, WAS RULED BachDAD AFTER COVERTHROWING THE UMAYYAD CALIPHATE. ONE UMAYYAD CALIPHATE MADE HIS WAY TO CORDOBA, BECOMING Ent IN 756 CE. ConDORA EVENTUALLY RIVALLED BAGDAHD AS CAPITAL OF THE ISLAMC EmpireConDosa Jewish QuarreR CondoBA SYNAGOGUE © CE 788-796 FRENCH CRUSADERS JEWS BEING BEATEN, FROM 13TH CENTURY ‘AN ENGLISH MANUSCRIPT. THE YELLOW BADGE IS IN THE SHAPE OF THE TABLETS OF | THE LAW. faa PeTer oF CasTie EGYPTIAN CALIPH AL HAKIAA CE 786-809 CE 1071-1078 CE 1367-1369 CE 1272-1307 CE 1350-1364 ALRASHID &@ © JEAN Le BON MICHAEL VII AND THE FiRsT CRUSADE. Epwaro | HARUN AL-RASHID, AS EARLY AS THE EIGHTH FATIAMID CALIPHS OF BYZANTINE EMPEROR PERSECUTION OF PETER OF CASTILE, on TAXING JEWS FORTHE 786-009 CE CenTURy CORDOBA EGYPT IMICHAELVIIAND THE JEWS IN ENGLAND Poo THE CRUEL BENEFIT OF THE STATE JHEMOSTCELEBRATED INCLUDED JEWS AMONG Tye REIGN OF THE ——_~FIRST CRUSADE Iwia7o, Kine EowaRo Wasa surrorten oF In7322 KING Chaniss IV OF AU MOHAMMEDAN ITS INNARITANTS. THEY EGYPTIAN CALIPH AL THE CRUSADES WERE «DECREED THAT THE. JEWISH FREEDOMS IN EXPELLLED JEWS FROM ENIPIS OF BACHOAD LVEDIWASEPARATE.-HAKIMWAS DREADTUL EXPEDITION Jews were aTHtenr is YOUTH, AUT LATER IN. FRANCE WASTHARUN ACRASHIO, QUARTER OR "JUDEWA.” FoR ALLNON-MOSLEMS, UNDERTAKEN TO DELVER TO'TNE COUNTRY, AND UIFETURNED AGAINST "IN "959 CHARLES V OF WHICH MEANS, IN ONE OFTHE GATES OF REVERSING THE THEHOLY PLACES FROM, ALLIEWS MUST WEAR AMIS TREASURER SAMUEL FRANCE ALLOWED JEWs ENGUSH, AARON THE WHICH WAS CALLED TOLERANT ATTUOES OF MOMAMMEDAN ellow eaoce 1" LEV, AND THE TO RETURN FOR A PERIOD JUST. HARUN'IS THE. "BAB ALYAHUD," NOW js Farin DYNASTY, TYRANNY. THE TURKS IDENTIFY THEMIN_—_ACECUSATIONS OF THEFT OF 20 YEARS IN ORDER TO ] NERO OF SEVERALOF THEALMODOVAR CATE. ME EMBARKED ON A” THRGATENED SUTHTTHE PUBLIC ALLTHE MEADS DESTARLZED THE EWSH PAY RANSOM FOR HS THESTORIES OF THE. ATTHIS GATE, LATER poLicy OF HUMILIATION HOLY LAND AND THE OF JEWISH HOUSEHOLDS COMMUNITY. RIOTS FATHER JOMN Il OF TAnaBian NiewTs!——-RNOWN'TO THE AND PERSECUTION OF BYZANTINE EMPIRE. WEREARRESTED, MARY FOLLOWED AND THE FRANCE, JEAN LE BON UnDeR Tis Cai, -MOSLEMS AS "BAB ALL CHRISTIANS AND AFTER JERUSALEM WAS. TAKEN TO THE TOWER COMMUNITY NEVER WHO WAS IMPRISONED IN JEWS B&CAME IND” ——-ACHUDA,"THEJEWS Jews. SOME CONVERTED TAKEN IW 1070, MICHAEL AND EXECUTED, RECOVERED REFORE THE ENGLAND. cuss cinzens CARRIED ON AN TOISLAM BUT MANY VIFAPFEALED TO THE FINALLY, N90 KING. FINAL EXPULSION OF LOWED FREEDOM OF EXTENSIVE TRADE IN OTHERS LEFT THE Pore TO sewo Fonts EDWARD BANISHED AiL__JEWs FROM SPAIN IN WORSHIP AFTER PAVING SILKS AND SLAVES. COUNTRY ALTOGETHER, TOAID IM AGAINST THE JEWS FROM ENGLAND. 452 ATAK Turks.EXPULSION OF Jews FROM EUROPEAN COUNTRIES| THE OBLIGATION TO WEAR THE Yq YELLOW BADGE WAS IMPOSED UPON ALL THE Jews IN GERMANY IN 1530 AND IN AUSTRIA IN 1551 THomas Ut AMSTERDAM, VIEW OF THE PoRruGUESE AND GREAT SvNAGOGUES FERDINAND AND ISABELLA CE 1521-1564 Richaro Il oF ENGLAND. CE 1479-1516 CE 1377-1399 FERDINAND I, 1503-64, KING OF BoHENuA, ‘AND HUNGARY CE 1382-1400 CE 1632-1648, JED Azone vewen INTHE Jewish QuaRreR oF KING OF THE POuIst THE JEWISH GHETTO oF WEALTH FROM 1632 TO HIS AFTER THE EXPULSION VENICE exeeso Jews THE SPANISH JEWISH QUARTERIN FERDINAND AND JEWSSETTLED IN. FROMTHE FOUNDING OF Tie Jevsrom. WSS ANDINEY WERE INGUGITON AND PRAGUE ews epics dacterohininn coon FeeLIND IN OOTMERENS Gaur auowriero NGUSTION AND. From 2 TO tae FrowssrtOn,ASeRES EXTELED MOM STAN POLAND Sees HUGH ConstcaareD Hosts wa Sout Ciocunoratsn ncn any crest WORLD THE PORTUGUESE Juin censorChristian IV COPENHAGEN SYNAGOGUE JEWS HAVE LIVED IN DENMARK siNce THE EARLY 16005, ORIGINALLY ‘COMING FROM GERMANY AFTER KING CHRISTIAN IV Invireo THEM TO SETTLE [MANY OF THESE WERE SEPHARDIC JEWS WHOSE ORIGINATED FROM SPAIN [AND PORTUGAL. THE FIRST FREDERICIA IN 1720, FOUOWED BY THE LARGER TODAY, IN COPENHAGEN. KING OF DeNMark FRANCESCO MOLIN Doce oF Venice IN 1516 VENICE CONFINED THE JEWS TO A THE GATES WERE LOCKED AT NIGHT, AND Jews LEND MONEY, TRADE IN MEDICINE. DESPrTe THESE SEVERE LIMITATIONS, THE JEWISH COMMUNITY PROSPERED THROUGH HARD TIMES, INCLUDING THE PLAGUE OF 1620. THE GHETTO HOUSED AvouT EQUIVALENT T0 21/2 ciTy Locks, {7TH CENTURY VENICE THE KHMELYNTSKY UPRISING was a COSSACK REBELLION IN ‘648-1654 THAT TURNED LIBERATION FROM POLAND, THE Cossacks POUISH-LITHUANIAN. CONTROL OF THE UKRAINE [AND HUGE AREAS OF EASTERN EUROPE. THE JEWISH POPULATION IN UKRAINIAN VILLAGES WAS THE WORST IN HISTORY PRIOR TO THE HOLOCAUST. MENASHE BEN ISRAEL ay REMBRANDT CE 1653-1658 1689 READMITTANCE OF JEWS INTO ENGLAND. RABBI MENASHE BEN IsRAEL SucceSsFULLY PETITIONED THE ENGUISH {WE JEWS TO RETURN. THE ENGLISH GOVERNMENT ARGUMENTS. WITHOUT OFFICIALLY RESCINDING OF ‘THE ACT OF 1290 THAT OUTLAWED A Jewisit PRESENCE IN ENGLAND, CROMWELL ALLOWED THE Jews TO RETURN TO ENGLAND AFTER SOME ‘CENTURIES CE 1682-1725 PeTER SHAFIROV PETER THE Sasearat Zevi ‘Ouiver Cromwett, THE JEWS OF AUSTRIA AW ANCIENT JEWisH ‘COMMUNITY DATING UnoeR Leorowp. THE FIRST JEWS WERE. DEPORTED FROM VIENNA IN 1670. A SABBATEANS MOVEMENT DURING THE REACHED THE JEWISH ‘COMMUNITY IN AUSTRIA (OF ISRAEL IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF SABBATAI Zev JEWS IN MUSCOVITE RUSSIA ARE FOUND IN THE ‘CHRONICLES OF 1471, RELATIONS BETWEEN THE JEWS AND CHRISTIANS WERE SATISFACTORY AND LEGAL LIMITATIONS, & FEW JEWS ROSE TO IMPORTANT POSITIONS IN THE RUSSIAN STATE, SUCH AS PeTER Snaritoy, VICE-CHANCELLOR UNDER PETER THE GREAT, WHO (WAS JEWISH. ELIZAVETA PETROVNA, EMpress OF RUSSIA, 741-1762 ‘THE JEWISH SITUATION ‘CHANGED RADICALLY, WHEN RUSSIA IN THE REIGN OF CaTwenine IH ACQUIRED LARGE POLISH TERRITORIES, Jews, DURING THE SECOND (1793) AND THE THIRD (1795) PARTITIONS OF POLAND, JEWS WERE TAKEN OVER BY RUSSIA. ELIZABETH OF RUSSIA EXPELLED ALL JEWS ALIEN POPULATION,JACOB FRANK, STANISLAUS AUGUST (OF POLAND, 1764-1795, LAST KING OF THE POLISH-LITHUANIAN ‘COMMONWEALTH ‘THE FRANKIST AFFAIR A NEW SHABBETEAN In PopOLIA, POLAND IN JEW CALLED JACO8 FRANK SHABBETA! AND CLAIMED TO BE THE MESSIAH. HIS ANNOUNCING THAT THIS EXCOMMUNICATED BY THE JEWS, THEY FORMED WITHIN THE CHRISTIAN WORLD CE 1764-1795 STANISLAUS AUGUST OF POLAND In 1768 THE PPOLISH-LITHUANIAN. CCOnWMONWEALTH PROTECTORATE OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE, AND INTO THE PALE OF SETTLEMENT. THE PALE IMPERIAL RUSSIA, IN RESIDENCY BY JEWS WAS ‘THE PALE OF SETTLEMENT FREDERICK THE GREAT, 1781 JEW BILL I 1753, 8 BILL ALLOWING JEWS TO BECOME NATURALIZED IN ENGLAND PARLIAMENT, IT PASSED ‘THe Lonos aur THE Tory THIS "ABANDONMENT OF CRistiantry IT WAS REPEALED IN 1754 CIVIL RIGHTS FoR ENGUSH Jews IN THE 1920. CE 1785-1839 FREDERICK II, KING OF PRUSSIA He WAS NOT FRIENDLY 70 THE JEWS, WHO AND FARMING. MUCH” AND THE PERMITTED WARES AND OLD CLOTHES. THE PEDDLING WERE MADE ‘MaHMuo II, 30TH SULTAN OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1808-1839 JEWISH CLOTHING IN. THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE NoN-Musuins on DHIMaNs WERE REQUIRED ‘Mustias IN PUBLIC ‘MUSLIN RULERS OFTEN REQUIRED THEM TO PUT ON aricHTLY COLORED DISTINCTIVE GARMENTS, TURBANS. THE Last OTTOMAN, FOR OHIMMIS WAS ISSUED In 1887 BY MAHMUD I JANISSARY SOLDIERS THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE [AY THE HEIGHT OF THE OTTOMAN emrine’s POWER, THE JEWS OF TURKEY ENIOYED HIGH In Juty 28, 808, MAHMUD I succeeDeD MusTAFA IV {AS SULTAN OF TURKEY. Ty 1926 SULTAN MAHAAUD I DESTROYED THE JANIS- EMPIRE, THIS WAS SAIO TO THE JEWS, WHO WERE OFTEN HARASSED BY THESE CE 1808-1839 ALEXANDER THE FIRST ‘ALEXANDER THE FIRST TRIED TO TRANSFORM THE Jews OF RUSSIA INTO JEWS WERE ALLOWED TO ‘THEIR OWN SECULAR Bur, IN THE VILLAGES, OCCUPATIONS AND LAND RESTRICTED. IW 1809, THE RUSSIAN, ALL JEWS TO ADOPT FIXED,NAPOLEON EMANCIPATES THE JEWS OF FRANCE Lupwic | von BAYERN, BAVARIA THE VATICAN AND 5 : ST. PETERS, 1870 PAPAL STATES, 1970 ISTANBUL 1865-1870 Epcaroo _ MORTARA AS AN ADULT AND ‘AUGUSTINE CE 1861-1876 ORDER PRIEST (ict) CE 1867-1868, FRANCE, CE 1861-1878 NAPOLEON III Pore Pius IX, SERVED IN OFFICE 1846-1878 CE 1852-1870 ee ee@ © NAPOLEON |, EMPEROR OF REVOLUTIONS OF THE GERMAN THE MORTARA CASE, ‘ABD ALA-AZIZ, 32ND SULTAN OF THE PAPAL STATES WERE A REGION FRANCE EMANCIPATES THE JEWS, STATES, 1948 AJEWISH CHILD IS KIDNAPPED THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1861-1876. OF INDIVIDUAL STATES IN CENTRAL 1806 Kine LUDWIG | OF BAVARIA WAS BY THE CHURCH, 1858 EFFORTS AT REFORMING THE creche sama nese NAPOLEON EMANCIPATED JEWS FROM THE ONLY MONARCH FORCED TO EpcARoo MORTARA was AJewish OTTOMAN EMPIRE LED TO THE THE VATICAN PAPAL STATES BEFORE NAPOLEON PASSED A NUMBER OF ING THE JEWS OF BAVARIA, WHICH FOG DY ATCRSRITS OF TH BEGAN TO SHIFT AWAY FROM THE COINS, WHO WAS IN OFFICE AT THE [MEASURES SUPPORTING THE POSITION WAS FINALIZED IN THE 1860S. PAPAL STATES AND RAISED AS A RELIGIOUS TO THE SECULAR. THE TIME OF BOTH THE MORTARA CASE RESTRICTING JEWS TO GHETTOS. IN 1807, HE MADE JUDAISM, AN OFFICIAL REUGION OF FRANCE.Turkish TRoors WWI COLLAPSE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE @ , CuRisTiaN X, KING OF DENMARK FROM 1912 TO 1947. R = VicTor EMANUEL II FULL EMANCIPATION FOR VICTOR EMANUEL I COLLAPSE OF THE THE GREAT WAR CHRISTIAN X, Kinc OF THE BALFOUR DECLARATION ‘THE JEWS OF AUSTRIA, 1820-078 OTTOMAN EMPIRE In 1914, WWI BEGAN, WHICH DENMARK FROM 1912 TO 1947, IN 1917, GREAT BRITAIN ISSUED THE BALFOUR DECLARATION, GERMANY AND ITALY IN 1859, MOST OF THE PAPAL HAD PROFOUND [MARKED THE END OF FOUR AROUND THE TURN OF THE FULL EMANCIPATION FOR THE STATES WERE ANNEXED INTO CONSEQUENCES FOR THE GREAT EMPIRES: THE TSARIST, LAST CENTURY, MANY JEWISH WHICH STATED BRITISH SUPPORT JEWS OF AUSTRIA CAME INTHE UNITED KINGDOM OF ITALY JEWS, AS THE OTTOMANS OTTOMAN, AUSTRO- EMIGRANTS FROM THE BALTIC FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A. 1867, FOR JEWS IN ITALYIN UNDER KING VICTOR EMANUEL CONTROLLED PALESTINE, THE HUNGARIAN, AND THE STATES, POLAND, BELARUS AND JEWISH HOMELAND IN 41870, AND FOR JEWS IN IILEXCEPT IN AND NEAR ROME, TERRITORY THAT THE WORLD GERMAN REICH. TOGETHER, _ EVEN UKRAINE CAME PALESTINE. THIS WAS A GERMANY IN 1671. IN WHERE OPPRESSION LASTED | ZIONIST ORGANIZATION THESE EMPIRES WERE HOME TO THROUGH DENMARK, BECAUSE TREMENDOUS VICTORY FOR GERMANY, FOR EXAMPLE, FULL UNTILTHE END OF THE PAPAL PREFERRED FOR AJEWISH THE MAJORITY OF WORLD——-«IT WAS CHEAPER TO GO TO ZIONISM. AFTER THE WAR, THE LEGAL EMANCIPATION STILL DOMINION (SEPTEMBER 20, STATE. DURING THE WAR, JEWRY. DENMARK THAN TO AMERICA. UNITED NATIONS Gave GreaT DID NOT MEAN FULL SOCIAL 1870), THE JEWS OBTAINED FULL WHEN IT BECAME CLEAR THAT DENMARK WAS NEUTRAL BRITAIN THE MANDATE TO ACCEPTANCE AND THERE WERE EMANCIPATION. ON BEHALF OF THE OTTOMANS WOULD SIDE DURING WWIAND REMAINED ADMINISTER PALESTINE. UNDER, STILL MANY BARRIERS BEFORE THEIR COUNTRY, JEWS WITH GERMANY, THE ALLIED [AMAVEN FOR JEWS ESCAPING BRITISH RULE FROM 1918-1948, JEWS. THREE YEARS LATER, SACRIFICED LIFE AND PROPERTY POWERS STRATEGIZED ABOUT THEPOCROMS IN EASTERN’ PALESTINE WAS CHARACTERIZED EMANCIPATION ARRIVED IN INTHE MEMORABLE CAMPAIGNS THE FATE OF THE Eurore. BY INCREASINGLY TENSE SWITZERLAND, GWVING JEWS OF 1859, 1866, AND 1870. STRATEGICALLY AND RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE EQUALITY IN ALL THE ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT BRITISH, JEWS, AND ARABS, ALL ‘MIDDLE East (OF WHOM FELT THAT THEY HAD (COUNTRIES OF WESTERN AND THE RIGHT TO THE SAME LAND, (CENTRAL EUROPEHAILE SELASSIE, EMPEROR OF ETHIOPIA FRANCE AND THE SYKES-PICOT AGREEMENT FRANCE AND THE SYKES-PICOT AGREEMENT FOLLOWING THE BRITISH MILITARY DDEFEAT AT THE DARDANELLES IN 1915, THE FOREIGN OFFICE SOUGHT A NEW OFFENSIVE IN THE MIDDLE EAST, CARRIED OUT BY REASSURING THE FRENCH OF BRITAIN'S INTENTIONS IN THE REGION. IN FEBRUARY #916, THE SyKES-PICOT AGREEMENT WAS PARTITION THE MIDOLE EAST INTO FRENCH AND BRITISH ZONES OF CONTROL AND INTEREST. UNDER THE SKES-PICOT AGREEMENT, PALESTINE BRITISH, FRENCH, AND RUSSIANS, te V. 1 LENIN, 1920 THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION IN 1916, THE RUSSIAN POPULACE OVERTHREW THE TSARIST GOVERNMENT. THE SUCCESSOR PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT ELIMINATED LEGAL JEWISH DISCRIMINATION, BEFORE THIS NEW. BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION ENSUED. IN RUSSIA CIVIL WAR CONTINUED Wari BoLsievixs vicTORY AND THE UNION oF SovieT SociAUST RePusuics. THE USSR DID Not TOLERATE RELIGION. GOVERNMENT ATTEMPTS TO CONVERT THE JEWS TO INTERWAR PERIOD. THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION CE 1923-1931 HAILE SELASSIE, EmPeRor oF ErnioPi, 1930-74 INANE AT BIRTH: TAFAR! N\AKONNEN. REGENT TO THE EMPRESS ZAUOITU FROM 1916, Ras (PRINCE) TAFAR! [MAKONNEN SUCCEEDED HER TO THE THRONE OF ETHIOPIA IN 1930, PROCLAIMING HIMSELF HAILE Sevassie (MIGHT OF THE TRINITY) He MODERNIZED ETHIOPIA AND LED THE RESISTANCE AGAINST ITALIAN INVASION, SELASSIE WAS EXILED IN 1936, BUT RESTORED TO POWER IN SELASSIE CLAIMED TO BE A DIRECT DESCENDANT OF KING SOLOMON [AND THE QUEEN OF SHEBA, AND WAS [ALSO KNOWN AS “THE LION OF SuDaK. JOSEPH STALIN THE COMMUNIST REGIME THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMP Poster FROM THE ZIONIST TARBUT SCHOOLS OF POLAND IN THE 19305, ZIONIST PARTIES WERE VERY ACTIVE IN POLISH POLITICS. IN THE 1922 POLISH ELECTIONS, ZIONISTS HELD 24 SEATS OF A TOTAL OF 35 JEWISH PARLIAMENT MEMBERS. AFTER WWI, THE ‘AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE DISSOLVED INTO SMALL STATES. DESPITE PROMISES OF MINORITY IN COUNTRIES LIKE POLAND AND RUMANIA PROMULGATED POGROMS (ANTI-JEWISH RIOTS) AND FISCAL ECONOMIC COLLAPSE AND. RADICALIZATION OF JEWISH POLITICS ZIONISM AND JEWISH SOCIALISM [ATTRACTED THOUSANDS OF NEW ADHERENTS. POLAND WAS REPRESENTATIVE OF THE INTERWAR JeWisHt POLITICAL SCENE IN EASTERN AND CENTRAL EUROPE, WITH MANY ZIONIST MOVEMENTS. HUNGARY 1919 70 1939 THE COMMUNIST REGIME WHICH ‘CAME TO POWER IN HUNGARY AFTER WoRLD Waa | LED TO PURGES AND ‘THE DISMANTLING OF JEWISH CULTURE IN THE SovieT UNION. STALIN'S PURGES TARGETED Jews ‘THE FACTORS UNDERMINING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOVIET STATE IN THE 1930's STALIN WORKED TO. DISMANTLE MUCH OF WHAT REMAINED OF SOVIET JEWISH CULTURE. HE PRESIDED OVER THE LIQUIDATION OF JewisH ScHOOLS, AND OTHER JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS.Q @ Tae Ex00us, 1947 Himien ano THe Nazi Pay F Come To PowEn w GERMANy ANTI-SEMITISM IN EGYPT. THE 1948 ISRAELI ‘WAR OF INDEPENDENCE CE 1962-1972 CE 1939-1943, Yirziak RABiN, ‘MosHe DAYAN AND Uzi NaRkiss ENTERING THE OLD cry HAGANAH MEMBERS IN TRAINING. PHOTO SPREAD OF "YOUTH MOVEMENTS IN EGYPT AND ABROAD" 1936 CARDINAL PACELLI THE ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION CONTINUING CONFLICT: Ulead THe 6 Day War HITLER AND THENAZI_LLECAL MAGANAH CARDINAL PACELLI “139 WHITEPAPER THE sue SRAELIWAR CONTINUING Pay COmeTO IntcraTioN Tarleton romeo Aisha The Srsn covernwenr OFINDEPENDENCE CONFLICT FOWERINGERMANY, AMELHITLEN CAME TO BUOIN SMAEG WASA,-” SemSUPPORTEROF THE PROPOSED EACATIG aN WsTHe FIST WAR, THE DAY WAR mmstorme nonacte SOVPTANTLSEMITISN Te tinenu aso ueo Rowan’ Tas Titus asi twatncoausea Sr noe aRO taws cave igcat" GERMANY ENCOURAGED Seton OF THE THIRD PUBLICLY CONDEMN NAZI EMIGRANTS'N S947 WITH BEN-GURION READ OUT CENTURY-OLO TOWARDS EGYPTIAN i (ON VARIOUS PARTS OF THE SENT BACK TO EUROPE Jewish COMMUNITY.— —— ze 0 = THE EXHIBITION MEZZANINE GALLERY THE SHERWIN MILLER MUSEUM OF JEWISH ARTcord Aas Museum of Jewish Art Ww 2021 EAST 71ST STREET SOUTH TULSA, OKLAHOMA 74136 918.492.1818 WWW.JEWISHMUSEUM.NET