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HVAC Simplified Solution Manual PDF
HVAC Simplified Solution Manual PDF
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HVAC
Simplified
Solutions Manual
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About the Author
Stephen P. Kavanaugh, PhD, Fellow ASHRAE, has been a professor of mechanical engineering at The Univer-
sity of Alabama since 1985, where he teaches HVAC and is faculty advisor for the ASHRAE Student Chapter as well
as a Habitat for Humanity Student Affiliate.
Kavanaugh is co-author of Ground-Source Heat PumpsDesign of Geothermal Systems for Commercial and
Institutional Buildings, published by ASHRAE in 1997. He has presented over 100 engineering seminars for more
than 2,500 designers on the topics of energy efficiency, ground-source heat pumps, and HVAC. He maintains the Web
site www.geokiss.com, where there is more information about HVAC and ground-source heat pump design tools.
He is past chair and current handbook subcommittee chair of ASHRAE Technical Committee 6.8, Geothermal
Energy, as well as past chair of ASHRAE Technical Committee 9.4, Applied Heat Pumps and Heat Recovery.
Kavanaugh is also a Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and a board member and past
president of Habitat for HumanityTuscaloosa.
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HVAC
Simplified
Solutions Manual
Stephen P. Kavanaugh
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ISBN 978-1-933742-09-0
ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated, and ASHRAE expressly disclaims
any duty to investigate, any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The
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appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or
guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like. ASHRAE does not warrant that
the information in the publication is free of errors, and ASHRAE does not necessarily agree with any statement or opin-
ion in this publication. The entire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user.
No part of this book may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE, except by a reviewer who may
quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit; nor may any part of this book be repro-
duced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any way or by any meanselectronic, photocopying, recording,
or otherwithout permission in writing from ASHRAE.
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Contents
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v
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Authors Note to Users
Several of the solutions in this manual incorporate the use of the spreadsheet pro-
grams that are provided with HVAC Simplified, such as E-Pipelator.xls, E-Ductulator.xls,
HVACSysEff.xls, PsychProcess.xls, or TideLoad.xls. These programs are updated period-
ically; the most current version can be obtained for free from the ASHRAE Web site at
www.ashrae.org/publicationupdates. The solutions in this text correspond to the 2006 ver-
sions of these programs.
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vii
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NomenclatureHVAC Terms,
Abbreviations, and Subscripts
AC alternating current, air cooled, or air-con- gpm gallons per minute
ditioning efficiency
adp apparatus dew point h heating (Btu/h, kW), head of liquid (ft),
ADPI Air Diffusion Performance Index specific enthalpy (Btu/lb), heat transfer
ASD adjustable-speed drive (a.k.a. variable- coefficient (Btu/hft2F)
speed drive, VSD) H heat (Btu, J); enthalpy (Btu)
bhp, BHP brake horsepower HDPE high-density polyethylene (piping material)
Btu/h heat rate unit (British thermal units per HRU, hru heat recovery unit
hour) hp, HP unit of power (horsepower = 0.746 kW) or
c cooling heat pump
C loss coefficient (duct fittings) HVAC heating, ventilating, air-conditioning
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Cv flow coefficient (flow in gpm that results Hz frequency unit (cycles per second)
in p = 1.0 psi) IAT (ti) indoor air temperature
CF correction factor K turbine flow meter constant (cycles per
CFC chlorofluorocarbon (refrigerants) gallon)
cfm cubic feet per minute (airflow rate) kW kilowatt (unit of power or heat rate)
CLF cooling load factor kWh kilowatt-hour (unit of electrical energy)
CLTD cooling load temperature difference (F) kW/ton electrical demand per unit cooling capac-
COP coefficient of performance (watts/watt) ity (kWrefrig./kWelect.)
delta (difference) L, l latent heat or liter
h, H differential head Lp sound pressure level (dB)
p, P differential pressure Lw sound power level (dB)
D diameter LMTD log-mean temperature difference (F)
dB decibel (sound power or pressure) or dry MBtu/h heat rate unit (British thermal units per
bulb (temperature) hour 1000)
db, DB dry bulb (temperature) MERV minimum efficiency reporting values (for
dp dew point or differential pressure air filters)
E energy (electrical kWh or thermal Btu) fluid viscosity (lb/fts)
EER energy efficiency ratio (Btu/Wh or NC noise criteria
MBtu/kWh) OA outside air (a.k.a. ventilation air)
ESP external static pressure (in. of water) OAT (to) outdoor air temperature
f frequency (Hz, cycles per second) ODP ozone depletion potential
FCU fan-coil unit psi pounds per square inch (unit of pressure)
FPVAV fan-powered variable air volume psia pounds per square inch, absolute
ft feet (distance or unit of head [ft of water]) psig pounds per square inch, gage
ix
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HVAC Simplified Solutions Manual
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Solutions to Chapter 2
HVAC Fundamentals: Refrigeration
Problem 2.1 Find the Carnot COP and the ideal COP for a system that uses R-134a refriger-
ant at an evaporating temperature of 45F and a condensing temperature of
120F. Find the suction pressure and discharge pressures in psia and psig and the
temperature of the refrigerant leaving the compressor (assuming the ideal cycle
conditions).
Solution ( 460 + 45F )R 500
Carnot COP c = ------------------------------------------ = --------- = 6.73
120F 45F 75
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110 52.5
Ideal COP c = ----------------
- = ------------------------- = 5.2
h2 h1 121 110
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HVAC Simplified Solutions Manual
Problem 2.2 A scroll compressor (Table 2.3) with R-134a refrigerant operates with a 45F
evaporating temperature and a 120F discharge temperature. Find the cooling
capacity (20F suction superheat and 15F liquid subcooling), compressor input
power, EER, suction pressure, and discharge pressure (psig).
Solution @ te = 45F, tc = 120F, SH = 20F, and SC = 15F
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qr = 28.9 MBtu/h (25,900 Btu/h), wc = 2.25 kW (2,250 W)
EER = qc/wc = 28.9/2.25 = 12.8 MBtu/kWh (= 28,900/2250 = 12.8 Btu/Wh)
Interpolating between P = 50 psia @ 40.3F and P = 75 psia @ 62.2F to P @ 45F
P (suction) 55.4 psia = 40.7 psig
Interpolating between P = 175 psia @ 115.8F and P = 200 psia @ 125.3F to
P @ 120F
P (discharge) 186 psia = 171.3 psig
Problem 2.3 What increase in capacity and EER can be expected if the superheat is lowered
to 10F and the condensing temperature is lowered to 100F? What is the disad-
vantage of doing this?
Solution @ te = 45F, tc = 100F, SH = 20F, and SC = 15F
qr = 32.3 MBtu/h, wc = 1.77 kW (@ SH = 20F)
qr (@ SH = 10F) = 32.3 MBtu/h ( @ SH = 10F/ @ SH = 20F)
= 32.3 MBtu/h ( @ p 55 psia and t = 55F/ @ p 55 psia and t = 65F)
= 32.3 MBtu/h (1.11 lb/ft3 1.09 lb/ft3) = 32.8 MBtu/h
EER = 32.8 1.77 = 18.5 Btu/Wh
This represents a 13% increase in capacity and a 45% increase in efficiency. The dis-
advantage of doing this is that the condenser will most likely have to be cooled with
water to lower the temperature to 100F, and the 10F lower superheat provides a
smaller margin of error to prevent liquid refrigerant from entering the compressor.
Problem 2.4 Sketch the atomic makeup of R-22, R-12, and R-123.
Solution Refrigerant numbering system = R[Carbons1] [Hydrogens+1][Fluorine]
For R-22 (which is really 022)
Number of carbon atoms 1 = 0, thus number of carbon atoms = 1
Number of hydrogen atoms + 1 = 2, thus number of hydrogen atoms = 1
Number of fluorine atoms = 2
Since the structure of the single carbon atom permits four atoms and there are two flu-
orine atoms and only one hydrogen, the remaining bond is filled with a chlorine atom.
For R-12: Carbon = 1, Hydrogen = 0, Fluorine = 2, Chlorine = 4 0 2 = 2
For R-123: Carbon = 2 (6 bonds now available), Hydrogen = 1, Fluorine = 3,
Chlorine = 6 1 3 = 2
2
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Chapter 2HVAC Fundamentals: Refrigeration
Problem 2.5 How can you determine if a refrigerant has chlorine in its structure from the
R-xxx designation?
Solution If the R number of the refrigerant has only two digits (which means the first digit of
the three-digit designation is 0), the sum of the remaining two numbers [(H + 1) and
(F)] must be 5 to ensure chlorine is not present. If the first digit of the three-digit des-
ignation is 1, the sum of the remaining two numbers [(H + 1) and (F)] must be 7 to
ensure chlorine is not present.
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Problem 2.6 Compare the ideal COP of R-134a and R-22 at an evaporating temperature of
40F with 20F superheat and a condensing temperature of 120F with 15F sub-
cooling with the actual compressor COPs calculated from the manufacturers
performance tables.
Solution For R-134a using the P-h diagram (Figure B.1):
@ te = 40F (~50 psia) and SH = 20F, t1 = 60F and h1 = 113 Btu/lb
To find point 2, follow a line of constant entropy (s) to p =190 psia (saturated
pressure for tc = 120F), h2 = 126 Btu/lb.
To find point 3, follow a line of constant pressure (p = 190 psia) to the left, cross
the saturated liquid line, and go to a point 15F below the saturated tempera-
ture (120F), or t3 = 105F, h3 = 47 Btu/lb.
To find point 4, follow a line of constant enthalpy (h) downward to te = 40F (~50
psia), h4 = h3 = 47 Btu/lb.
h1 h4 113 47
- = ------------------------ = 5.1
Ideal COP c = ----------------
h2 h1 126 113
From Table 2.3 @ te = 40F and tc = 120F, qr = 25.9 MBtu/h and wc = 2.27 kW.
Thus, EER = 25.9 2.27 = 11.4 MBtu/kWh = 11.4 Btu/Wh and
COP = EER 3.412 Btu/Wh = 11.4 Btu/Wh 3.412 Btu/Wh = 3.34.
For R-22, using the P-h diagram (Figure B.2):
Point 1: (te = 40F), p1 83 psia, t1 = 60F, and h1 = 111 Btu/lb.
Point 2: (tc = 120F), p2 275 psia, t2 160F, and h2 = 124 Btu/lb.
Point 3: (tc = 120F), p3 275 psia, t3 = 105F, and h3 = 42 Btu/lb.
Point 4: t4 = te = 40F, p4 = p1 83 psia, h4 = h3 = 42 Btu/lb
h1 h4 111 42
- = ------------------------ = 5.3
Ideal COP c = ----------------
h2 h1 124 111
From Table 2.4 @ te = 40F and tc = 120F, qr = 32.4 MBtu/h and wc = 2.74 kW.
Thus, EER = 32.4 2.74 = 11.8 MBtu/kWh = 11.8 /Wh and
COP = EER 3.412 Btu/Wh = 11.8 Btu/Wh 3.412 Btu/Wh = 3.47.
Problem 2.7 A set of pressure gauges on a manifold (see figure in Refrigerant Charging insert
above) read 35 psig and a thermometer placed in close contact with the compres-
sor inlet reads 67F. The discharge pressure is 200 psig with an outdoor tempera-
ture of 95F, and the refrigerant is R-134a. Is this system properly charged? If not,
what range of temperature should be expected for these pressures?
Solution @ 35 psig, te = 40F for R-134a
Check @ p = 14.7 + 35 = 49.7 psia, te 40F (as shown in Table 2.1)
Superheat = t1 te = 67F 40F = 27F
The unit appears to be undercharged since proper operation typically dictates that the
superheat be in the 10F to 20F range when nearly fully loaded, as indicated with the
95F outdoor air temperature.
3
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HVAC Simplified Solutions Manual
Problem 2.8 A manufacturer recommends that their R-22 equipment operate with a suction
pressure of 72 psig and a return gas temperature of 53F with a specified air tem-
perature (75F) and flow rate (400 cfm/ton). What are the corresponding evapo-
rating temperature and superheat?
Solution P1 = 72 psig = 84.7 psia
The pressure gauge shown in Figure 2.12 indicates te @ 72 psig 43F.
Thus, SH = t1 te = 53F 43F = 10F.
Problem 2.9 With regard to the use of refrigerant mixtures as substitutes for CFCs, explain
the difference between azeotropes and zeotropes. What is glide?
Solution Azeotropes are refrigerant mixtures that behave as pure substances. When the refriger-
ant exists in a mixture of vapor and liquid, the lines of constant temperature are paral-
lel with the lines of constant pressure with changing vapor-liquid fraction on a P-h
diagram. Both lines are horizontal in the dome-shaped region of the chart bounded by
the saturated liquid and saturated vapor lines. Zeotropes are refrigerant mixtures
whose components evaporate and condense at a gliding temperature that depends
on both the pressure and vapor-liquid fractions. The lines of constant temperature
within the vapor dome region of a P-h diagram are not perfectly horizontal.
Problem 2.10 A refrigerant has an ASHRAE Standard 34 designation of A2 and B2. What
does this mean? It also has an ODP of 0.75. Is this good, acceptable, or unac-
ceptable?
Solution The A2 designation indicates a low level of toxicity (A being nontoxic and B being
toxic). The value of 2 indicates a low lower flammability limit (LFL) with 1 being no
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propagation in air and 3 having a high LFL. An ODP (ozone depletion potential) of
0.75 is unacceptable since many of the CFCs that have been banned have ODPs
around 1.0.
4
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Solutions to Chapter 3
HVAC Fundamentals: Heat Transfer
Problem 3.1 A stream of water flowing at 25 gpm must be cooled from 80F to 70F with
chilled water at 50F flowing at 20 gpm in a coaxial counterflow heat exchanger
with an overall U-factor of 450 Btu/hft2F and 1.25 in. diameter inner tube.
Calculate the required length of heat exchanger tubing.
Solution
Note the sign of q is changed from to + since the energy balance convention has
changed to the cold side and the addition of heat to the cold stream will result in an
increase in temperature.
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HVAC Simplified Solutions Manual
Ao = DoL, thus:
L = Ao Do = 14.8 ft2 (1.25 in. 12 in./ft) = 45.2 ft
Problem 3.2 Find the overall heat transfer coefficient for a schedule 40 steel pipe (do = 1.9 in.,
di = 1.61 in., k = 41 Btu/hftF) with an internal heat transfer coefficient of
48 Btu/hft2F and an external coefficient of 20 Btu/hft2F.
Solution 1 1.9 /2 in. 1.61 /2 in.
U o = ---------------------------------------------- : r o = --------------------- = 0.0792 ft : r i = ----------------------- = 0.0671 ft
ro 12 in./ft 12 in./ft
r o ln -----
ro ri 1-
--------- + ---------------- + -----
ri hi k ho
1
U o = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0.0792 ft ln ----------------------
0.0792 ft
0.0792 ft 0.0671 ft 1
----------------------------------------------------------------- + -------------------------------------------------------- + -------------------------------------
2 41 Btu/hftF 2
0.0671 ft 48 Btu/hft F 20 Btu/hft F
2
U o = 13.3 Btu/hft F
Problem 3.3 A wall is made of a 4 in. thick layer of masonry (0.9 Btu/hftF) and a 1 in. layer
of insulation (k = 0.03 Btu/hftF). Find the overall thermal resistance if the
inner and outer surfaces have heat transfer coefficients of 5.0 Btu/hft2F.
1 x mas'ry x ins 1
Solution
R ov = R i + R mas'ry + R ins + R o = ---- + ----------------------- + -------------- + ------
h i k mas'ry k ins h o
4 in. 1 in.
------------------- -------------------
1 12 in./ft 12 in./ft 1
R ov - + ------------------------------------ + --------------------------------------- + ----------------------------------
= ---------------------------------
2 0.9 Btu/hftF 0.03 Btu/hftF 2
5 Btu/hft F 5 Btu/hft F
2
R ov = 0.2 + 0.37 + 2.78 + 0.2 = 3.55 hft F/Btu
6
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Chapter 3HVAC Fundamentals: Heat Transfer
Problem 3.4 Repeat problem 3.3 if an added layer of in. plywood (0.2 Btu/hftF) covers
50% of the wall and the remaining 50% is covered by in. thick additional insu-
lation.
Solution Based on 1 ft2 (Awall = 1.0 ft2) and rearranging Equation 3.16 to solve for Rov :
4 in. 1 in.
------------------- -------------------
R ov = 1 ft 2 1
--------------------------------------------------
- +
12 in./ft
----------------------------------------------------
- +
12 in./ft
-------------------------------------------------------
-
2 2 2 2
5 Btu/hft F 1 ft 0.9 Btu/hftF 1 ft 0.03 Btu/hftF 1 ft
0.5 in.
-------------------
- + ---------------------------------------------------
12 in./ft 1
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 2 2 2
0.5 0.2 Btu/hftF1 ft + 0.5 0.03 Btu/hftF1 ft 5 Btu/hft F 1 ft
2
R ov = 0.2 + 0.37 + 2.78 + 0.36 + 0.2 = 3.91 hft F/Btu
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Problem 3.5 A condenser is to be fabricated from the heat exchanger tubing described in
Problem 3.1 for a compressor that flows 950 lb/h of R-134a refrigerant. Find the
total required heat transfer rate, the heat required to desuperheat the gas, and
the required length of tubing if the overall U-factor is 500 Btu/hft2F, the tem-
perature leaving the compressor is 200F, and the pressure is 185 psig. The con-
denser exit is saturated liquid at 185 psig and the water temperatures entering
and leaving the condenser are 70F and 80F, respectively.
Solution Find refrigerant enthalpy at inlet (h2), saturated vapor (hsat), and outlet (h3).
h2 is a superheated vapor @ 185 psig (~200 psia), h2 = 139 Btu/lb.
For a saturated vapor @ 200 psia (125F), hsat = 119 Btu/lb.
For a saturated liquid @ 200 psia, hsat = h3 = 54 Btu/lb.
qr = mr(h2 h3) = 950 lb/h (139 54) Btu/lb = 80,750 Btu/h
Heat required to desuperheat:
qr(ds) = mr(h2 hsat) = 950 lb/h (139 119) Btu/lb = 19,000 Btu/h
Heat required to condense from saturated vapor to saturated liquid:
qr(cond) = mr(hsat h3) = 950 lb/h (119 54) Btu/lb = 61,750 Btu/h
To size condenser, break into two sections so that LMTD can be calculated for both
sections.
7
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HVAC Simplified Solutions Manual
Problem 3.6 Hot waste water flowing at 20 gpm at 200F is used to heat 15 gpm of incoming
water at 85F to 125F in a coaxial-counterflow heat exchanger. The copper
(k = 220 Btu/hftF) inside tube has an outer diameter of 1.125 in. and inside
diameter of 1.00 in. Compute the required length of tube for an internal heat
transfer coefficient of 750 Btu/hft2F and an outer heat transfer coefficient of
900 Btu/hft2F.
1.125
------------- in. 1.0
------- in.
1 2 2
U o = ------------------------------------------- : r o = --------------------------- = 0.0469 ft : r i = --------------------- = 0.0417 ft
ro 12 in./ft 12 in./ft
r o ln ----
ro ri 1
-------- + --------------- + -----
ri hi k ho
1
U o = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0.0469 ft ln ----------------------
0.0469 ft
0.0417 ft
-------------------------------------------------------------------
0.0469 ft 1
- + -------------------------------------------------------- + ----------------------------------------
2 220 Btu/hftF 2
0.0417 ft 750 Btu/hft F 900 Btu/hft F
2
U o = 379 Btu/hft F
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8
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Chapter 3HVAC Fundamentals: Heat Transfer
Ao = DoL, thus:
L = Ao Do = 9.96 ft2 (1.125 in. 12 in./ft) = 33.8 ft
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9
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Solutions to Chapter 4
HVAC Fundamentals: Psychrometrics
Problem 4.1 A sling psychrometer measures the air temperatures to be 85F dry bulb and
72F wet bulb. Find: relative humidity, dew-point temperature, humidity ratio
(in lbmv/lbma and grains), specific volume, and enthalpy. Show results on a
chart and verify with the program PsychProcess.xls (on the accompanying CD).
Assume sea level elevation.
Solution Tdb1 85 F
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Twb1 72 F
Elevation 0 ft.
AtmPress 14.70 psia
APinHg 29.92 in Hg
Problem 4.2 Air flowing at 4000 cfm is heated from 70F (RH = 40%) at rate of 95,000 Btu/h.
Find the outlet air conditions (db, RH, wb, ). Sketch the process on a psychro-
metric chart.
Solution Q 60 (min/h)
q = ------------------------------------ c p ( t 2 t 1 )
2
q 95, 000 (Btu/h) 13.47 (ft /lb)
Thus, t 2 = t 1 + ---------------- = 70 + ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3
- = 92.2F
60Qc p 60 (min/h) 4000 (ft /min) 0.24 (Btu/lbF)
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Problem 4.3 Outside air (100F/75F) flowing at 1000 cfm is mixed with return air (75F/
63F) at 5000 cfm. Find the mixed air conditions (db, RH, wb, , and h). Sketch
on the psychrometric chart.
Solution
Qair1 5000 cfm Qair2 1000 cfm minute. For additional information purposes, these values are
QSair1 4871 scfm QSair2 926 scfm corrected to air at standard conditions of =0.075 lb/cu.ft.
(QSair1 and QSair2).
Stream 1 Stream 2
mflow1 21921 lb/hr mflow2 4166 lb/hr Stream 1 @
Qair1(cfm), Stream 3 @
Tdb1(F), Qair3(cfm),
Stream 3 (mixed)
& Twb1(F) Tdb3(F),
mflow3 26087 lb/hr
& Twb3(F)
Qair3 6000 cfm
Tdb3 79.0 F Stream 2 @
HRatio3 0.0101 lbw/lba Qair2(cfm),
70.5 Grains Tdb2(F),
Twb3 65.2 F & Twb2(F)
RelHum3 47.9 %
SpHt3 0.244 Btu/lb-F 2
Enal3 30.0 Btu/lb
SpVol3 13.80 cu.ft./lb 3
1
DewPt3 57.5 F
Problem 4.4 A gas furnace produces 60,000 Btu/h with an airflow of 1400 cfm heated air with
an inlet condition of 65F (RH = 45%). Find the outlet air conditions (db, RH,
--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
wb, ). Sketch the process on a psychrometric chart.
Solution q 60, 000 (Btu/h) 13.3 (ft /lb)
3
t 2 = t 1 + ---------------- = 65 + ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3
- = 104.6F
60Qc p 60 (min/h) 1400 (ft /min) 0.24 (Btu/lbF)
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Chapter 4HVAC Fundamentals: Psychrometrics
Problem 4.5 Outside air (95F/75F) flowing at 2500 cfm is mixed with return air (75F/63F)
at 7500 cfm. Find the mixed air conditions (db, RH, wb, , and h). Sketch on the
psychrometric chart.
Solution Q2 2500 cfm
1 3 = 1 2 -------------------- = 2.05 in. ---------------------------------------------------- = 0.51 in.
Q1 + Q2 7500 cfm + 2500 cfm
Point 3 is on a line drawn from point 1 to point 2 at a distance of 0.51 in. from point 1.
Note that point 3 will be closer to the condition (point 1) with the larger flow rate.
From psychrometric chart, t3 = 79.8F, t3wb = 66.5F, RH3 = 49%, 3 = 13.8 ft3/lb,
h3 = 30.9 Btu/lb
--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Problem 4.6 A quantity of 1600 cfm of air at 80F/67F enters an evaporator coil with a 0.12
bypass factor and a 45F apparatus dew point. Find the outlet air conditions (db,
wb, RH, h), the sensible cooling capacity, the latent cooling capacity, total cooling
capacity, and the SHR of the coil. Sketch on the psychrometric chart.
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Problem 4.7 A 500 cfm outdoor air heat recovery unit (HRU) has a total effectiveness of 75%
(both sensible and latent are equal). If the exhaust and makeup airflow rates are
equal, find the conditions of the air (db, wb, h) leaving the HRU and entering the
room when outdoor conditions are 94F/77F and the room air entering the HRU
is 75F/63F. What is the capacity of this unit?
Problem 4.8 A sensible heat recovery unit (HRU) with 80% efficiency draws in 1000 cfm of
outside air at 10F and exhausts an equal amount of room air at 70F. Calculate
the air temperature leaving the HRU and entering the room. What is the capac-
ity of this unit? What is the capacity for 40F outside air? Calculate the EER
(= capacity in Btu/h power input in W) for both conditions if two fans that
draw 700 W each are used.
Solution @ to = 10F
thru = to T (mmin/ms) (to tr) = 10 0.80 1.0 (10 70) = 54F
@ to = 40F
thru = to T (mmin/ms) (to tr) = 40 0.80 1.0 (40 70) = 64F
@ to = 10F, qs qhru 1.08 Q (cfm) (to tr)F = 1.08 1000 (10 54)
= 69,100 Btu/h
EER = q W = 69,100 Btu/h (2 700 W) = 49.4 Btu/Wh
@ to = 40F
qhru 1.08 1000 (40 64) = 25,900 Btu/h
EER = q W = 25,900 Btu/h (2 700 W) = 18.5 Btu/Wh
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Chapter 4HVAC Fundamentals: Psychrometrics
Problem 4.9 A quantity of 2500 cfm of air at 82F/70F enters an evaporator coil with a 0.08
bypass factor and a 45F apparatus dew point. Find the outlet air conditions (db,
wb, RH, h), the sensible cooling capacity, the latent cooling capacity, total cooling
capacity, and the SHR of the coil. Sketch on the psychrometric chart.
--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Problem 4.10 A room at 75F/63F has a 36,000 Btu/h total capacity with a room SHR of 0.90
and an outdoor air (95F/75F) requirement of 400 cfm. Find the required sensi-
ble capacity and total cooling capacity of a unit to handle the building and out-
door air loads.
Solution t1 = 75F (db) and 63F (wb), h1 = 28.4 Btu/lb
qroom = 36,000 Btu/h, SHRroom = 0.9
qs(room) = SHRroom qroom = 0.9 36,000 = 32,400 Btu/h
qL(room) = qroom qs(room) = 36,000 32,400 = 3,600 Btu/h
qs(OA) 1.08 QOA (cfm) (to ti)F = 1.08 400 cfm (95 75) = 8,600 Btu/h
qL(OA) 4680 QOA (cfm) (Wo Wi) Btu/lb = 4680 400 cfm (0.0142 0.0096)
8,600 Btu/h
Required equipment size to handle the room load and the outdoor air load:
qs = qs(room) + qs(OA) = 32,400 + 8,600 = 41,000 Btu/h
qL = qL(room) + qL(OA) = 3,600 + 8,600 = 12,200 Btu/h
q = q(room) + q(OA) = 41,000 + 12,200 = 53,200 Btu/h
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Problem 4.11 Air flowing at 1500 cfm is heated from 65F (RH = 35%) at a rate of 50,000 Btu/h.
Find the outlet air conditions (db, RH, wb, ). Sketch the process on a psychro-
metric chart.
Solution Q 60 (min/h)
q = ------------------------------------ c p ( t 2 t 1 )
--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
3
q 50, 000 (Btu/h) 13.3 (ft /lb)
Thus, t 2 = t 1 + ---------------- = 65 + ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3
- = 95.8F
60Qc p 60 (min/h) 1500 (ft /min) 0.24 (Btu/lbF)
Problem 4.12 Air flowing at a rate of 2000 cfm at 78F/65F enters a cooling unit with a total
capacity (TC) of 60,000 Btu/h and a sensible heat ratio (SHR) of 0.75. Calculate
the dry bulb, wet bulb, and relative humidity of the air leaving the coil. Deter-
mine the apparatus dew point and the bypass factor.
Find point 2 on the psychrometric chart using t2 = 57.1F and h2 = 23.2 Btu/lb
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Solutions to Chapter 5
HVAC Equipment, Systems,
and Selection
Problem 5.1 Find the total cooling capacity (gross), sensible cooling capacity (gross), and
input kW for a Model 150 rooftop unit when the outdoor temperature is 95F,
indoor temperature is 80F/67F, and airflow is 5000 cfm.
Solution For a Model 150 RTU with return air at 80F (db)/67F (wb), outdoor air of 95F, and
an indoor airflow of 5000 cfm from Table 5.2,
TC = 138 MBtu/h (138,000 Btu/h), SC = 99 MBtu/h (99,000 Btu/h),
and kW = 10.2 kW
Problem 5.2 Find the required fan power to deliver 5000 cfm at an ESP of 1.2 in. w.g. for the
unit selected in Problem 5.1.
Solution For a Model 150 RTU with an air flow of 5000 cfm requiring an ESP of 1.2 in. of
water,
Interpolate between values for ESP = 1.0 and 1.5 in
BHP1.0 = 2.95 hp and BHP1.5 = 3.67 hp BHP1.2 = 3.24 hp
kW1.0 = 2.57 and kW1.5 = 3.19 kW1.2 = 2.82
RPM1.0 = 1234 and RPM1.5 = 1420 RPM1.2 = 1308
Problem 5.4 Correct the results of Problem 5.3 for fan heat to obtain total capacity (net), sen-
sible cooling capacity (net), and resulting sensible heat ratio (SHR).
Solution TC62 (net) = TC62 (gross) 3.41 kWfan
From Problem 5.2, kWfan = 2.82
TC62 (net) = 131 MBtu/h 3.41 MBtu/kWh 2.82 kW = 121.4 MBtu/h
SC74/62 (net) = 90.7 MBtu/h 3.41 MBtu/kWh 2.82 kW = 81.1 MBtu/h
SHR = SC74/62 (net) TC62 (net) = 81.1 121.4 = 0.67
--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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Problem 5.5 A building in St. Louis, Missouri, has a sensible heat gain of 23,000 Btu/h and a
total load of 33,000 when outdoor conditions are 97F/76F and mixed indoor air
conditions entering the cooling coil are 80F/67F. Select a cooling unit from
Table 5.3 to meet the load and SHR requirement. Specify the required cfm and
resulting EER.
18 --`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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Chapter 5HVAC Equipment, Systems, and Selection
For a Model 042 @ 1300 cfm, interpolate between OAT (aka to) = 95F and 105F
@ 95F OAT and EAT (aka ti) 75F/63F, TC = 40.7 MBtu/h, SC = 31.1 MBtu/h,
and kW = 3.47
@ 105F OAT and EAT = 75F/63F, TC = 39.1 MBtu/h, SC = 30.4 MBtu/h,
and kW = 3.88
Via interpolation, TC97 = 40.4 MBtu/h, SC97 = 31.0 MBtu/h, and kW97 = 3.55
@ 80% airflow = 1040 cfm
CFTC = 0.97, TC97/1040 = 0.97 40.4 = 39.2 OK
CFSC = 0.90, SC97/1040 = 0.90 31.0 = 27.9
SHRUnit = 27.9 39.2 = 0.71 still too high
This result is typical for high-efficiency equipment that frequently cannot meet latent
requirements. Either use a smaller indoor coil with lower airflow and lower efficiency
to meet latent requirements or use the Model 036 since it is not oversized.
EER = TC (net) kW (total) = 40.4 MBtu/h 3.55 kW = 11.4 MBtu/kWh (Btu/Wh)
Problem 5.7 Determine if the unit selected in Problem 5.6 can meet an SHR of 0.68 for an out-
door condition of 85F and indoor condition of 75F/63F at the design cfm. Can
it meet the SHR at a lower cfm?
Solution SHRLoad = 0.68 @ to = 85F and ti = 75F/63F
SHRLoad = qs q = 23 MBtu/h / 33 MBtu/h = 0.70
For Model 036 at 1200 cfm @ 85F OAT and EAT 75F/63F
TC = 34.6 MBtu/h, SC = 26.3 MBtu/h, and kW =2.66
SHRUnit = 26.3 34.6 = 0.76 too high
Correct to 80% airflow (960 cfm)
SHRUnit = 23.7 33.6 = 0.71 too high
Problem 5.8 The building heat loss is 37,000 Btu/h when the indoor temperature is 70F and
the outdoor temperature is 20F. Use the heating data of the Problem 5.6 heat
pump to determine the units capacity (with a 10% defrost cycle deduct) and size
the electric resistance supplementary backup if necessary. Find the system COP.
Solution qh = 37 MBtu/h @ 20F OAT
@ 27F OAT and EAT 70F, TH = 24.3 MBtu/h, kW = 2.80
@ 17F OAT and EAT 70F, TH = 22.6 MBtu/h, kW = 2.76
Interpolated to 20F OAT and EAT 70F, TH = 23.1 MBtu/h, kW = 2.77
@ 80% rated flow (960 cfm)
CFTH = 0.98, TH20/960 = 0.98 23.1 = 22.6 MBtu/h
CFkW = 1.05, kW20/960 = 1.05 2.77 = 2.91
Deduct 10% for defrost:
TH20/960 (with defrost penalty) = 0.9 22.6 = 20.4 MBtu/h
Auxiliary heating requirement:
qAux = qh TH = 37 20.4 = 16.6 MBtu/h
kWAux = qAux 3.41 = 16.6 3.41 = 4.9 kW
( TH + q Aux ) 3.41 ( 20.4 + 16.6 ) 3.41
COP = -------------------------------------------- = ---------------------------------------------- = 1.39
kW + kW Aux 2.91 + 4.9
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Problem 5.9 Meet the requirements of Problem 5.8 by selecting a natural gas furnace for an
indoor temperature of 70F.
Solution qh = 37 MBtu/h @ 20F OAT
Find a furnace with TH > 37 MBtu/h and Q 960 cfm (the cooling mode airflow
from previous problems).
Option 1 for noncondensing furnace, use Model 060 (Table 5.4) that has a TH of
47 MBtu/h and set the fan speed tap on low (if ESP 0.4 in. for air distribution sys-
tem) or med/low (if ESP 0.8 in.).
Option 2 for noncondensing furnace, use Model 060 (Table 5.5) that has a TH of
47 MBtu/h and set the fan speed tap on low (if ESP 0.4 in. for air distribution sys-
tem) or med/low (if ESP 0.8 in.).
Option 3 (with very little cushion for extremely cold days), use Model 040 (Table 5.5)
that has a TH of 38 MBtu/h and set the fan speed on high and specify that the air dis-
tribution system required ESP does not exceed 0.4 in.
Problem 5.10 Repeat Problems 5.6 and 5.8 using a water-to-air heat pump with a 90F enter-
ing water temperature in cooling and a 45F entering water temperature in heat-
ing. Assume a pump power requirement of 160 W (this replaces the outdoor fan
of an air unit) and indoor fan is included in the total kW.
Solution qs = 23,000 Btu/h (23 MBtu/h), q = 33,000 Btu/h (33 MBtu/h)
@ EWT = 90F and ti = 75F/63F, wpump = 160 W = 0.16 kW
SHRLoad = qs q = 23 MBtu/h / 33 MBtu/h = 0.70
From Table 5.6, try a Model 036 using Qwater = 9 gpm (analysis could also use 7 gpm
as starting point) and 80F/67F EAT and EWT = 90F, TC67 = 34.5 MBtu/h
Correct TC to twb =63F, TC63 = CF63 TC67 = 0.93 34.5 = 32.1 MBtu/h too small
Try a Model 042 using 8 gpm (analysis could also use 11 gpm as starting point) and
80F/67F EAT, and EWT = 90F, TC67 = 42.2 MBtu/h, SC = 30.8 MBtu/h,
and kWc = 3.22
Correct TC to twb =63F, TC63 = CF63 TC67 = 0.93 42.2 = 39.2 MBtu/h OK
Correct SC to tdb =75F, twb = 63F, SC75/63 = CF75/63 SC80 = 0.96 30.8
= 29.6 MBtu/h
SHRUnit = SC75/63 TC63 = 29.6 39.2 = 0.75 too high, since SHRLoad = 0.70
Lower cfm to 80% of rated Qair = 0.80 1400 = 1120 cfm
TC80% = CF80% TC100% = 0.97 39.2 = 38.0 MBtu/h
SC80% = CF80% SC100% = 0.90 29.6 = 26.6 MBtu/h
SHRUnit = SC80% TC80% = 26.6 38.0 = 0.70 OK
Correct kW to tdb = 75F, twb = 63F, and Qair = 1120 cfm
kWc = CF63 CF80% kWc @ 67 wb,1400 cfm = 0.98 0.975 3.22 = 3.08 kW
For Model 042 @ 1120 cfm, 8 gpm:
EER = TC (kWc + kWpump) = 38.0 MBtu/h (3.08 + 0.16) = 11.7 MBtu/kWh
Heating @ EAT = 70F, EWT = 45F, Qair = 1120 cfm, Qwater = 8 gpm
@ EWT = 50, TH = 38.1 MBtu/h, @ EWT = 40F, TH = 33.1 MBtu/h
Via interpolation, TH = 35.6 MBtu/h
TH = CF80% TH100% = 0.98 35.6 = 34.9 MBtu/h
kWh = 2.64 @ 45F, kWh@80% = CF80% kWh@100% = 1.05 2.64 = 2.77 kW
qAux = qh TH = 37 34.9 = 2.1 MBtu/h, kWaux = 2.1 3.412 = 0.62
TH + q aux 34.9 + 2.1
COP = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = ------------------------------------------------------------------- = 3.05
3.412 ( kW h + kW aux + kW pump ) 3.412 ( 2.77 + 0.62 + 0.16 )
--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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Chapter 5HVAC Equipment, Systems, and Selection
Problem 5.11 A building has a sensible heat gain of 140 MBtu/h and a total load of 190 MBtu/h
when outdoor conditions are 95F/75F and mixed indoor air conditions entering
the cooling coil are 78F/64.5F. Select a rooftop cooling unit from Table 5.2 to
meet the load. Specify the required cfm, SHRunit, and fan motor size to deliver
1.2 in. of water external static pressure (ESP) and the resulting EER.
Solution q = 190 MBtu/h, qs = 140 MBtu/h @ 95F OAT
SHRLoad = 140 190 = 0.74
Try Model 240 @ mid-range flow rate (8000 cfm) from Table 5.2 since SHR is normal
@ 95F OAT, twb = 67F, TC* = 252 MBtu/h, SC* = 183 MBtu/h, kW = 19.3
@ 95F OAT, twb = 62F, TC* = 232 MBtu/h, SC* = 218 MBtu/h, kW = 18.7
Via interpolation, @ 95F OAT, twb = 64.5F, TC* = 242 MBtu/h, SC* = 201 MBtu/h,
and kW = 19.0
* gross capacities, must be corrected for fan heat
Summary: Use Model 240, Qair = 8000 cfm, BHPfan = 7.5 hp (6.8 hp),
and SHRUnit = 0.74.
Problem 5.12 A building zone has a total sensible heat gain of 105,000 Btu/h (walls, roof, win-
dows, internal, people) and a latent gain of 20,000 Btu/h. The required outdoor
air ventilation rate is 800 cfm. Indoor conditions are 75F/63F and outdoor con-
ditions are 95F/75F, and outside air is mixed with the return air before enter-
ing the unit. Select a rooftop unit to cool this zone. The fan must deliver 1.0 in.
water of external static pressure (ESP). Recall the capacities given are gross. You
must convert them to total net capacities by deducting the fan heat.
Solution Loads
Room: qRS = 105 MBtu/h, qRL = 20 MBtu/h, qR = qRS + qRL = 105 + 20 = 125 MBtu/h
Outdoor air: @ to = 95F/75F, ho = 38.3 Btu/lb, @ ti = 75F/63F, hi = 28.4 Btu/lb
qOAS 1.08 Qo (to ti) 1.08 800 cfm (95 75) 17,300 Btu/h 17.3 MBtu/h
qOA 4.44 Qo (ho hi) 4.44 800 cfm (38.3 28.4) 35,200 Btu/h
35.2 MBtu/h
Totals: qs = qRS + qOAS = 105 + 17.3 = 122 MBtu/h
q = qR + qOA = 125 + 35.2 = 160 MBtu/h
SHRLoad = 122 160 = 0.76
Must now find mixed air conditions, which means the supply air or recirculated air
quantity must be known (or assumed) to compute the mixed air conditions when
mixed with the 800 cfm outdoor air. Note the Model 180 rooftop unit is rated at
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HVAC Simplified Solutions Manual
6000 cfm for the mid-range value. Since the SHRLoad is also a mid-range value, use
this flow rate for first computation; 5200 cfm of recirculated air at is mixed with
800 cfm of outside air 95F/75F to provide 6000 cfm of supply air.
Using PsychProcess.xls (mixing) provides a mixed air condition 78F/65F entering
the rooftop unit.
Note: Input values (Qair1 and Qair2) are in cubic feet per minute.
Qair1 5200 cfm Qair2 800 cfm For additional information purposes, these values are corrected to air
QSair1 5064 scfm QSair2 740 scfm at standard conditions of =0.075 lb/cu.ft. (QSair1 and QSair2).
Stream 1 Stream 2
mflow1 22789 lb/hr mflow2 3332 lb/hr Stream 1 @
Qair1(cfm), Stream 3 @
Tdb1(F), Qair3(cfm),
Stream 3 (mixed)
& Twb1(F) Tdb3(F),
mflow3 26120 lb/hr
& Twb3(F)
Qair3 6000 cfm
Tdb3 78.2 F Stream 2 @
HRatio3 0.0100 lbw/lba Qair2(cfm),
69.8 Grains Tdb2(F),
Twb3 64.8 F & Twb2(F)
RelHum3 48.7 %
SpHt3 0.244 Btu/lb-F 2
Enal3 29.7 Btu/lb
SpVol3 13.78 cu.ft./lb 3
1
DewPt3 57.2 F
Via interpolation, @ 95F OAT, twb = 65F for a Model 180 rooftop unit
TC = 184 MBtu/h, SC = 147 MBtu/h, kW = 14.0 (gross capacities)
To correct for fan heat, go to fan data at 6000 cfm and 1.0 in. ESP:
kWfan = 3.32, BHP = 3.89 hp (need 5 hp motor)
TCnet = TCgross 3.41 kWfan and SCnet = SCgross 3.41 kWfan
TCnet = 184 3.41 3.32 = 173 MBtu/h OK since requirement is 160 MBtu/h
SCnet @ 80 EAT = SCgross @ 80 EAT 3.41 kWfan = 147 3.412 3.32 = 136
Correct for EAT = 78F
SCnet @ 78 EAT = SCnet @ 80 EAT + 1.1 (1 BF) (cfm/1000) (EAT 80)
SCnet @ 78 EAT = 136 + 1.1 (1 0.04) (6000/1000) (78 80) = 123
SHRUnit = SCnet @ 78 EAT TCnet = 123 173 = 0.71 Excellent, since
SHRLoad = 0.76 (flow can be increased since SHRUnit is lower, but this is not
necessary since unit is slightly oversized).
TC 173
EER = ---------------------------------- = -------------------------------- = 10.0
( kW + kW fan ) ( 14.0 + 3.32 )
Problem 5.13 A water-cooled chiller must provide water at 45F to ten fan coil units that
require 45 MBtu/h (net) each with fans that draw 600 W each. The condenser
water is cooled with a cooling tower that can provide 85F.
a. Select a chiller to meet this load.
b. Calculate the required chilled water flow in gpm for a 55F chiller enter-
ing temperature (base answer on chiller capacity).
c. Calculate the required condenser water flow based on 3.0 gpm per ton of
chiller capacity.
d. Determine the head loss in feet of water across the evaporator and con-
denser.
e. Determine the chiller gross kW/ton (gross) and EER (Btu/Wh).
f. Determine system net kW/ton and EER if two pumps (chilled water and
condenser water) draw 2.0 kW and 2.25 kW, respectively.
Solution qLoad = 10 FCUs (45,000 Btu/h + 3.41 600 W) = 470,500 Btu/h = 39.2 tons
a. A Model 040 (Table 5.10 ) water-cooled scroll compressor chiller will deliver:
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Chapter 5HVAC Equipment, Systems, and Selection
Problem 5.14. A four-zone building has the loads shown below. The room air entering the coils
is 80F/67F and chilled water at 45F is supplied. Select fan coil units (assuming
a 10% deduction for fan heat) and specify airflow and water flow while attempt-
ing to maintain a coil outlet temperature of 55F 2.0F.
10 a.m. Cooling Loads (MBtu/h) 3 p.m. Cooling Loads (MBtu/h)
Sensible Total Sensible Total
Zone 1 30 40 42 60
Zone 2 45 60 35 45
Zone 3 25 35 38 54
Zone 4 30 38 40 55
Total
Solution Increase loads given in table by 10% to account for fan heat (this will be added to both
the sensible and totals loads).
10 a.m. 3 p.m.
Sensible Total Sensible Total
Zone 1 34 44 48 66
Zone 2 51 66 39.5 49.5
Zone 3 28.5 38.5 43.4 59.4
Zone 4 33.8 41.8 45.5 60.5
Totals 147.3 190.3 176.4 235.4
Zone 1:
Peak load occurs at 3 p.m.: q1-Load = 66 MBtu/h and SHR1-Load = 48 66 = 0.73
A model 60-HW-4 coil at 2000 cfm, 80F/67F air and 13 gpm:
TC = 65 MBtu/h (Too low)
at 21 gpm: TC = 75.2 MBtu/h (High)
Reduce flow to 17 gpm and by interpolation: TC = 70.1 MBtu/h, SC = 46.7 MBtu/h
Check SHRFCU = 46.7 70.1 = 0.67 (OK)
Check outlet water temperature:
TC ( Btu/h ) 70, 100 Btu/h
t o = t i ( F ) + ----------------------------------- = 45F + --------------------------------- = 53.2F
500 Q ( gpm ) 500 17 gpm
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Zone 2:
Use same coil and water flow as zone 1 to meet 10 a.m. load, which is also 66 MBtu/h
with slightly higher SHR. So Model 60-HW-4 coil at 2000 cfm and 15 gpm will
work.
Zone 3:
Use same coil as zones 1 and 2, but water flow can be lowered to 13 gpm:
TC = 65 MBtu/h, SC = 44.9, SHRLoad = 43.4 59.4 = 0.73;
SHRFCU = 44.9 65.0 = 0.69 (OK)
Check outlet water temperature:
TC ( Btu/h ) 65, 000 Btu/h
t o = t i ( F ) + ----------------------------------- = 45F + --------------------------------- = 55.0F
500 Q ( gpm ) 500 13 gpm
Problem 5.15 Select a chiller (or chillers) to meet the combined loads of the coils in
Problem 5.14. Specify unit model number, required water flow, and gross kW/
ton and EER.
Solution The peak block load occurs at 3 p.m. (although load in zone 2 peaks at 10 a.m.).
At 3 p.m., qLoads = 235.4 MBtu/h = 19.6 tons
A Model 020 (Table 5.10) water-cooled scroll compressor chiller will deliver:
TC = 20.4 tons = 20.4 12,000 Btu/ton-h = 244,800 Btu/h @ 45F LWT
and 85F Cond. EWT
Compressor demand will be 15.4 kW (15,400 W).
gpm(Evap.) = 244,800 Btu/h [500 (55F 45F)] = 49 gpm
kW/ton (gross) = 15.4 kW 20.4 tons = 0.75 kW/ton
EER (gross) = 244,800 Btu/h 15,400 W = 15.9 Btu/Wh
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Solutions to Chapter 6
Comfort, Air Quality,
and Climatic Data
Problem 6.1 Compute the heat rate of a 5 ft, 10 in., 160 lb male machinist at work.
Solution AD = 0.108 m0.425 l 0.725 = 0.108 160 lb.0.425 70 in.0.725 = 20.3 ft2
Doing light machine work generates 37 to 44 Btu/hft2 (mid-range = 40.5 Btu/hft2)
Thus, Qmachinist = 40.5 Btu/hft2 20.3 ft2 = 820 Btu/h
Problem 6.2 Repeat Problem 6.1 for a 5 ft, 6 in., 120 lb performing ballerina.
Solution AD = 0.108 m0.425 l 0.725 = 0.108 120 lb.0.425 66 in.0.725 = 19.1 ft2
A ballerina generates 44 to 81 Btu/hft2 (mid-range = 62.5 Btu/hft2)
Thus, qballerina = 62.5 Btu/hft2 19.1 ft2 = 1190 Btu/h
Problem 6.3 What range of indoor temperature and humidity is best to satisfy occupants in
the summer? In the winter? Why is there a difference?
Solution At the upper relative humidity level of 60%, the indoor temperature should be in the
73F to 79F range to satisfy the most individuals in the summer. At the lower relative
humidity level of 30%, the indoor temperature should be in the 74F to 81F range to
satisfy the most individuals in the summer.
At the upper relative humidity level of 60%, the indoor temperature should be in the
68F to 74F range to satisfy the most individuals in the winter (this condition is diffi-
cult to maintain in the winter because the outside air is drier). At the lower relative
humidity level of 30%, the indoor temperature should be in the 69F to 76F range to
satisfy the most individuals in the winter.
The temperatures are lower in the winter because occupants are typically dressed with
heavier clothing in the winter because of the lower outdoor temperature.
Problem 6.4 Why are people more comfortable in the winter with a lower thermostat setting?
Solution Occupants are comfortable with a lower setting in the winter because they are typi-
cally dressed with heavier clothing because of the lower outdoor temperature.
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Problem 6.5 Find the required ventilation air for a 1500 ft2 college classroom with 40 stu-
dents. The ventilation air is delivered through ceiling vents and returned though
a grille near the floor.
Solution Vbz = RPPZ + RaAZ = 10 cfm/person 40 people + 0.12 cfm/ft2 1500 ft2
= 400 + 180 = 580 cfm
Since the ventilation air is delivered at the ceiling and exhausted near the floor, the air
will be delivered to the breathing zone and the zone air distribution effectiveness (EZ)
is 1.0.
Thus, Voz = Vbz EZ = 580 1.0 = 580 cfm
Problem 6.6 Repeat Problem 6.5 if the return is in the ceiling and the HVAC unit is in cooling.
Solution Vbz = RPPZ + RaAZ = 10 cfm/person 40 people + 0.12 cfm/ft2 1500 ft2
= 400 + 180 = 580 cfm
When cold air is delivered at the ceiling, it will tend to fall into the breathing zone since
it is more dense than the room air. It will mix with the room air and fulfill its intended
effect before it is exhausted. The zone air distribution effectiveness (EZ) is 1.0.
Thus, Voz = Vbz EZ = 580 1.0 = 580 cfm
Problem 6.7 Repeat Problem 6.6 if the unit is in heating and the delivery temperature is
100F.
Solution Vbz = RPPZ + RaAZ = 10 cfm/person 40 people + 0.12 cfm/ft2 1500 ft2
= 400 + 180 = 580 cfm
Since the warm ventilation air is delivered at the ceiling, it will tend to stay near the
ceiling and not completely mix with the room air before it is exhausted near the ceil-
ing. The zone air distribution effectiveness (EZ) is 0.8.
Thus, Voz = Vbz EZ = 580 0.8 = 725 cfm
Problem 6.8 You are required to design a ventilation air system for a 3000 ft2 library with
supply and return in the ceiling, but no occupancy is provided. Specify the
required ventilation airflow rate.
Solution If the building owner or building owners representative does not provide occupancy,
use the default values in Table 6.2. In the case of the library, the value is 10 people per
1000 ft2. It is advisable that this be noted in the design documentation or provided
directly to the owner or owners representative in writing.
Thus, PZ = (10 people/1000 ft2) 3000 ft2 = 30 people
Vbz = RPPZ + RaAZ = 5 cfm/person 30 people + 0.12 cfm/ft2 3000 ft2
= 150 + 360 = 510 cfm
In cooling EZ = 1.0 (cold air supply in ceiling, return in ceiling)
Voz = Vbz EZ = 510 1.0 = 510 cfm
In heating EZ = 0.8 (warm air supply in ceiling, return in ceiling)
Voz = Vbz EZ = 510 0.8 = 640 cfm
Problem 6.9 Determine the required ventilation air rate for a 3000 ft2, five-bedroom, three-
bathroom home.
Solution Qfan = 0.01 A (ft2) + 7.5 (Nbedrooms + 1) = 0.01 3000 ft2 + 7.5 (5 +1) = 75 cfm
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Chapter 6Comfort, Air Quality, and Climatic Data
Problem 6.10 A building with four zones has the airflow requirements below. Determine the
required ventilation air rate for a multi-zone ventilation air system.
Supply air:
Zone 1 = 800 cfm, Zone 2 = 1200 cfm,
Zone 3 = 700 cfm, Zone 4 = 1500 cfm
Ventilation air:
Zone 1 = 200 cfm, Zone 2 = 275 cfm,
Zone 3 = 150 cfm, Zone 4 = 500 cfm
Solution Zone Vz Vp Zp (Vz/Vp)
1 200 800 0.25
2 275 1200 0.23
3 150 700 0.21
4 500 1500 0.33 Zpmax
Assume EZ = 1.0, Vou = Vbz EZ = (200 + 275 + 150 + 500) 1.0 = 1125 cfm
Ev = 0.8 since Zp (max) 0.35
Vot = Vou EV = 1125 0.8 = 1406 cfm
Problem 6.11 An office with six zones is served with a single rooftop unit that provides 1.0 cfm/ft2
of supply air through the ceiling. The return is also in the ceiling. Ventilation air is
supplied at the rooftop unit return. Compute the required ventilation air rate in
the summer and winter given the following table.
Solution For summer [EZ = 1.0 (cold air supply in ceiling, return in ceiling)] and assuming that
occupants move from their office to occupy the conference room so that the normal
number of people in the building is 20 (not 30).
Multi-Zone Systems Only
Zone Description Zone Number Rp No. of People Rp*people Ra A (ft2) Ra*Area Vbz Vp Vp Zp
Reception 1 5 5 25 0.06 200 12 37 200 0.19
Office 2 5 2 10 0.06 300 18 28 300 0.09
Office 3 5 8 40 0.06 300 18 58 300 0.19
Office 4 5 4 20 0.06 400 24 44 400 0.11
Conference 5 5 10 50 0.06 250 15 65 250 0.26
Office 6 5 1 5 0.06 300 18 23 300 0.08
7 0 0 0 0 0.00
8 0 0.00
9 0 0.00
10 0 0.00
Totals 30 150 1750 105 Zpmax 0.26
Problem 6.14 Explain the meaning of 99.6% and 0.4% design conditions in Table 6.3.
Solution This notation means that the value of the temperature in the table is exceeded during
99.6% of the hours during a normal year. Likewise, the 0.4% temperature is exceeded
during only 0.4% of the hours during a normal year.
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Solutions to Chapter 7
Heat and Moisture Flow in Buildings
Problem 7.1 Find the overall U-factor and R-value for a 2 4 in. wall with R-13 fiberglass
batts (approximately 20% of the wall is framing). The exterior wall is 5/8 in.
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hardboard (standard tempered) over 1/2 in. vegetable fiberboard with no air
gap. The interior finish is 1/2 in. gypsum board.
Solution % Total Area Out. Surface Out. Finish Insulation Wood Sheath Other Int. Finish In. Surface R-Path Total
R-Insul. Path = 80 0.25 0.85 13 1.32 0.45 0.68 16.55
R-Wood Path = 20 0.25 0.85 4.375 1.32 0.45 0.68 7.925
=0.20*7.925+0.8*16.55
U (Overall)= 0.074 Btu/hr-ft2-F
R(Total)= 13.59 hr-ft2-F/Btu =1/0.074
Problem 7.2 Repeat Problem 7.1 if the exterior finish is 110 lb/ft3 4 in. face brick.
Solution % Total Area Out. Surface Out. Finish Insulation Wood Sheath Other Int. Finish In. Surface R-Path Total
R-Insul. Path = 80 0.25 0.45 13 1.32 0.45 0.68 16.15
R-Wood Path = 20 0.25 0.45 4.375 1.32 0.45 0.68 7.525
=0.20*7.525+0.8*16.15
U (Overall)= 0.076 Btu/hr-ft2-F
R(Total)= 13.14 hr-ft2-F/Btu =1/0.076
Problem 7.3 Find the overall U-factors (Btu/hFft2) and R-values (hFft2/Btu) of a 2.25 in.
thick solid wood door with and without a metal storm door.
Solution From Table 7.1 for 2.25 in. solid wood door
U = 0.27 Btu/hFft2, R = 3.7 hFft2/Btu
With storm door
U = 0.20 Btu/hFft2, R = 5.0 hFft2/Btu
Problem 7.4 Find the overall U-factor (Btu/hFft2) and R-value (hFft2/Btu) of the wall in
the building shown below.
Solution Assuming the 1 in. insulation is expanded polystyrene (aka beadboard):
Out. Surface FaceBrick Insulation Other Other 8"LW block In. Surf.
R(Total)= 0.25 0.45 3.5 2.4 0.68 7.28
R(Total)= 7.28 hr-ft2-F/Btu
U (Overall)= 0.137 Btu/hr-ft2-F =1/7.28
Assuming the 1 in. insulation is extruded polystyrene (aka pink or blue board):
Out. Surface FaceBrick Insulation Other Other 8"LW block In. Surf.
R(Total)= 0.25 0.45 5 2.4 0.68 8.78
R(Total)= 8.78 hr-ft2-F/Btu
U (Overall)= 0.114 Btu/hr-ft2-F =1/8.78
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Problem 7.5 Find the overall U-factor (Btu/hFft2) and R-value (hFft2/Btu) of the roof/
ceiling in the building shown below if the insulation is polyisocyanuarate.
Solution Out. Surface 1/2"slag 2" Polyiso 2" concrete Air gap Acos.tile In. Surf. R
R(Total)= 0.25 0.05 12 0.28 2.2 1.79 0.68 17.25
2
R(Total)= 17.25 hr-ft -F/Btu
U (Overall)= 0.058 Btu/hr-ft2-F =1/17.25
Problem 7.6 A roof-ceiling system consists of a metal roof, 6 in. fiberglass insulation, 24 in.
attic space, and in. acoustical ceiling tile. Find the R-value and the most appro-
priate roof number.
Solution Assuming the attic is not ventilated, with no reflective barrier, 100F ventilation air
temperature (see Table 7.2):
Out. Surface Metal NoVentAttic 6" fiber ins Air gap Acos.tile In. Surf. R
R(Total)= 0.25 0 1.9 21 1.79 0.68 25.62
2
R(Total)= 25.62 hr-ft -F/Btu
U (Overall)= 0.039 Btu/hr-ft2-F =1/25.62
If attic is naturally ventilated, with no reflective barrier, 100F ventilation air temper-
ature (see Table 7.2):
Out. Surface Metal NatVentAttic 6" Fiber.ins. AcosTile other In. Surf. R
R(Total)= 0.25 0 2.7 21 1.79 0.68 26.42
2
R(Total)= 26.42 hr-ft -F/Btu
U (Overall)= 0.038 Btu/hr-ft -F
2 =1/26.42
In both cases, the most appropriate roof is #4 since the insulation is greater than
20 hFft2/Btu.
Problem 7.7 Find the overall U-factor and R-value for a wall with 2 4 in. fir studs on 16 in.
O.C. with R13 fiberglass batt insulation (approximately 15% of the wall is fram-
ing). The wall exterior is 4 in. face brick (110 lb/ft3) and 1/2 in. extruded polysty-
rene with a 1/2 in. air gap (no reflective foil). The interior finish is 1/2 in. gypsum
board.
Solution % Total Area Out. Surface Face Brick Insulation 3"wood" extr,poly Air gap 1/2" Gyp. In. Surface R-Path Total
R-Insul. Path = 85 0.25 0.45 13 2.5 1.2 0.45 0.68 18.53
R-Wood Path = 15 0.25 0.45 4.375 2.5 1.2 0.45 0.68 9.905
=0.15*9.905+0.85*18.53
U (Overall)= 0.061 Btu/hr-ft2-F
R(Total)= 16.39 hr-ft2-F/Btu =1/0.061
Problem 7.8 Repeat problem 7.7 for wall with 2 6 in. studs on 24 in. O.C. with R19 batts.
Solution % Total Area Out. Surface Face Brick Insulation 5"wood" extr,poly Air gap 1/2" Gyp. In. Surface R-Path Total
R-Insul. Path = 90 0.25 0.45 19 2.5 1.2 0.45 0.68 24.53
R-Wood Path = 10 0.25 0.45 6.875 2.5 1.2 0.45 0.68 12.405
=0.10*12.405+0.80*24.53
U (Overall)= 0.045 Btu/hr-ft2-F
R(Total)= 22.35 hr-ft2-F/Btu =1/0.045
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Chapter 7Heat and Moisture Flow in Buildings
Problem 7.9 Find the overall U-factors (Btu/hFft2) and R-values (hFft2/Btu) of 1.75 in.
thick steel door with a urethane core (no thermal break) with and without a
metal storm door.
Solution From Table 7.1 for 1.75 in. steel door with a urethane core and no thermal break:
U = 0.40 Btu/hFft2, R = 2.5 hFft2/Btu
With storm door:
U = 0.26 Btu/hFft2, R = 3.8 hFft2/Btu
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Problem 7.10 Find the overall U-factor (Btu/hFft2) and R-value (hFft2/Btu) of a vinyl
frame, double-glass window with a in. air gap and no thermal break.
Solution From Table 7.3 (assuming resistance of a in. air gap resistance of a in. air gap):
U = 0.55 Btu/hFft2, R = 1/U = 1.82 hFft2/Btu
Problem 7.11 Find the R-value of a wall that is 4 in. face brick, 2 in. insulation, and 8 in. heavy-
weight concrete walls. What wall number most closely matches this wall?
Solution Out. Surface Face brick 2" extr,poly 8" HWblock other other In. Surf. R
R(Total)= 0.25 0.45 10 0.74 0.68 12.12
R(Total)= 12.12 hr-ft2-F/Btu
U (Overall)= 0.083 Btu/hr-ft2-F =1/12.12
Wall #16
Problem 7.12 Find the overall U-factor (Btu/hFft2) and R-value (hFft2/Btu) of an alumi-
num frame, double-glass window with a in. air gap and no thermal break.
Solution From Table 7.3 (assuming resistance of a in. air gap resistance of a in. air gap):
U = 0.87 Btu/hFft2, R = 1/U = 1.15 hFft2/Btu
Problem 7.13 Find the overall U-factor (Btu/hFft2) and R-value (hFft2/Btu) of a 1.75 in.
thick wood door with and without a metal storm door.
Solution From Table 7.1 for 1.75 in. solid wood door:
U = 0.40 Btu/hFft2, R = 2.5 hFft2/Btu
With storm door:
U = 0.26 Btu/hFft2, R = 3.8 hFft2/Btu
Problem 7.14 Find the overall U-factor (Btu/hFft2) and R-value (hFft2/Btu) of a vinyl
frame, double-glass window with a in. argon gap.
Solution From Table 7.3:
U = 0.49 Btu/hFft2, R = 2.04 hFft2/Btu
Problem 7.15 Find the CLF and SCL zone type letters for the top floor of a building made with
walls like the room of Problems 7.4 and 7.5.
Solution Heavy walls with lightweight (LW) block, top floor
Thus: CLF zone type = C
SCL zone type = B
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Problem 7.16 Find the shade coefficient for the window of Problem 7.12 with (a) no interior
shade, (b) closed, medium-colored blinds, and (c) dark-colored drapes with a
closed weave fabric.
Solution Aluminum frame, double pane (from Tables 7.3 and 7.4):
(a) no shade, SC = 0.76
(b) medium blind, closed, SC = 0.63
(c) dark drapes, closed weave, SC = 0.35
Problem 7.17 Find the shade coefficient for the window of Problem 7.10 with (a) no interior
shade, (b) dark roller shades, and (c) light-colored drapes with an open weave
fabric.
Solution Vinyl frame, double pane (from Tables 7.3 and 7.4):
(a) no shade, SC = 0.63
(b) medium blind (closed),
SC SCTable7.4 (SCVinyl-NoShade SCAL-NoShade) 0.63 (0.63 0.76) 0.52
(c) dark drapes, closed weave, SC = 0.35
SC SCTable7.4 (SCVinyl-NoShade SCAL-NoShade) 0.35 (0.63 0.76) 0.29
Problem 7.18 Ductwork is to be located in an attic of a 5000 ft2 building with a roof of
R = 3 hft2F/Btu and an R = 20 hft2F/Btu ceiling. The ductwork consists of a
100 ft main rectangular metal duct (20 28 in.) and 150 linear ft of 10 in. round
metal duct. The duct is not sealed but is wrapped with insulation to provide
R = 6 (hftF/Btu). The average main duct ESP is 1.3 in. of water and the round
duct is at 0.75 in. of water. The outdoor temperature is 5F, the indoor tempera-
ture is 68F, and the indoor fan of a 200 MBtu/h output furnace delivers
5200 cfm. The attic is ventilated naturally at 0.1 cfm/ft2. Compute the duct
losses.
AC A AD
------- t i + -----R- + 1.08 Q AV t o + ------ - + 1.08 Q DL t s
RC RR RD
tA = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A Floor A R A Duct
--------------- + ------ + -------------- + 1.08 ( Q CSV + Q DL )
R Floor R R R Duct
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Chapter 7Heat and Moisture Flow in Buildings
--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
= (1193 6) (103.6 27.2) + 1.08 553 (103.6 27.2) = 15,190 + 45,630
= 60,800 Btu/h
Problem 7.19 Compute the losses through the roof and the attic ventilation air in Problem 7.18.
Solution qR = (AR RR) (tA to) and qAV = 1.08 QAV (tA to)
from Problem 7.18
qR = (5000 ft2 3 hFft2/Btu) [27.2F (5F)] = 53,700 Btu/h
and qAV = 1.08 533 cfm [27.2F (5F)] = 18,500 Btu/h
Problem 7.20 Repeat Problem 7.18 if the duct is located in a 5 ft high crawlspace that has a 1 ft
exterior exposure with no insulation. The building is 50 100 ft and has an
R = 5 hft2F/Btu floor. Crawlspace ventilation is 0.05 cfm/ft2.
5000
------------ 68F + ( 4.42 300 + 1.08 250 ) ( 5 ) + ------------ + 1.08 553 103.6
1193
5 6
t CS = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 42F
5000 1193
------------ + 4.42 300 + ------------ + 1.08 ( 250 + 553 )
5 6
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Solutions to Chapter 8
Cooling Load and Heating Loss
Calculations and Analysis
Problem 8.2 Compute the 3 p.m. heat gain of the roof/ceiling of the single office described in
Figure C.4* in Appendix C if it is located in St. Louis, Missouri, and room condi-
tions are 75F/63F (db/wb).
Solution For St. Louis, to = 95F, DR = 18F, lat = 39N (Table 6.5 or 8.2)
From problem statement, ti = 75F
Use roof #4 (see Figure 7.5 or 7.6)metal roof, Rins > 20, vented attic
From Table 8.4:
CLTDTable = 66F (lat = 36N), CLTDTable = 64F (lat = 42N), via interpolation
CLTDTable = 65F (lat = 39N)
CLTDCor = CLTDTable + (78 ti) + [(to DR/2) 85] = 65 + (78 75)
+ [(95 18/2)85] = 69F
Out. Surface metal Attic Space Insulation Asc tile other In. Surf. R
R(Total)= 0.25 0 2.9 25 1.79 0.68 30.62
R(Total)= 30.62 hr-ft2-F/Btu
U (Overall)= 0.033 Btu/hr-ft2-F =1/30.62
Problem 8.2 Compute the 3 p.m. heat gain of the walls of the single office described in
Figure C.4* in Appendix C if it is located in St. Louis.
Solution For St. Louis, to = 95F, DR = 18F, lat = 39N (Table 6.5 or 8.2)
From problem statement, ti = 75F
Use wall #16 (see Figure 7.4)
Out. Surface Face brick 2" extr,poly 8" LWblock other other In. Surf. R
R(Total)= 0.25 0.45 10 2 0.68 13.38
R(Total)= 13.38 hr-ft2-F/Btu
U (Overall)= 0.075 Btu/hr-ft2-F =1/13.38
--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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HVAC Simplified Solutions Manual
Problem 8.3 Compute the 3 p.m. heat gain of the windows of the single office described in
Figure C.4* in Appendix C if it is located in St. Louis.
Solution Double-pane, aluminum frame windows: U = 0.87 Btu/hft2F (Table 7.3)
Light blinds: SC = 0.58 (assuming a 45 positionTable 7.4)
For conduction see Table 8.4; all walls, h = 15
CLTDTable = 14F, CLTDCor = 14 + (78 75) + [(95 18/2) 85] = 18F
To compute solar, SCL zone types based on wall types, see Figure 7.4
Heavy wall, top floor SCL zone type = B
From Table 8.6, east wall, h = 15
SCLE = 48 @ lat = 36N, CLTDTable = 48 @ lat = 42N, thus SCLE
= 48 Btu/hft2 @ lat = 39N
From Table 8.6, south wall, h = 15
SCLS = 52 @ lat = 36N, CLTDTable = 81 @ lat = 42N, thus SCLS
= 67 Btu/hft2 @ lat = 39N
qEWin = qcond + qsolar = U A CLTDCor + SC A SCL
= 0.87 (3 ft 6 ft 5 windows) 18F + 0.58 (3 ft 6 ft 5 windows) 48 Btu/hft2
= 1410 + 2510 = 3920 Btu/h
qSWin = qcond + qsolar = U A CLTDCor + SC A SCL
= 0.87 (3 ft 6 ft 4 windows) 18F + 0.58 (3 ft 6 ft 4 windows) 48 Btu/hft2
= 1130 + 2800 = 3930 Btu/h
--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Problem 8.4 Compute the 3 p.m. internal heat gain due to lighting and office equipment of the
single office described in Figure C.4* in Appendix C if it is located in St. Louis
and is occupied for 12 hours per day.
Solution Lights:
qSLights = 3.412 Btu/Wh CLF15 wS/bulb Nbulbs
For a heavy wall, LW block,
CLF zone type = C (Figure 7.4), CLF15 = 0.92 (12 h dayTable 8.13)
qSLights = 3.412 Btu/Wh 0.92 31 wS/bulb (E-ballast) 20 2 bulbs = 3890 Btu/h
Unhooded equipment:
qSEquip = 3.412 Btu/Wh CLF15 wS = 3.412 Btu/Wh CLF15 wSComp + wSPrinters
For a heavy wall, LW block,
CLF zone type = C (Figure 7.4), CLF15 = 0.89 (12 h dayTable 8.8)
qSEquip= 3.412 Btu/Wh 0.89 (15 125 + 4 160) = 7640 Btu/h
Problem 8.5 Compute the 3 p.m. heat gain (sensible and latent) due to ventilation air of the
single office described in Figure C.4* in Appendix C if it is located in St. Louis.
Assume it is a single zone.
Solution Find outdoor ventilation rate for 15 people in a 1008 ft2 office (single zone).
Vbz = RP P + Ra A = 5 cfm/person 15 people + 0.06 cfm/ft2 1008 ft2 = 135 cfm
*See errata for HVAC Simplified posted to www.ashrae.org/publicationupdates for corrected Figure C.4.
36
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Chapter 8Cooling Load and Heating Loss Calculations and Analysis
For cool air delivered through ceiling, EZ = 1.0, for single zone EV = 1.0
Thus, Vot = Vbz (EZ EV) = 135 cfm (1.0 1.0) =135 cfm
For St. Louis: = 95F MWB = 76F, Wo = 0.0142 lb/lb
and for building ti = 75F, twb = 63F, Wi = 0.0094 lb/lb
qSOA 1.08 Q (cfm) (to ti) = 1.08 135 cfm (95F 75F) = 2920 Btu/h
qLOA 4680 Q (cfm) (Wo Wi) = 4680 135 cfm (0.0142 0.0094) = 3030 Btu/h
Problem 8.6 Compute the total cooling load, sensible cooling load, latent cooling load, and
sensible heat ratio of the single office described in Figure C.4* in Appendix C if it
is located in St. Louis. Provide results for all three design conditions and com-
pare with estimates given in Table 8.15.
The main screen input for the maximum wet-bulb (79F) mean dry-bulb (90F) con-
dition is shown below.
The main screen input for the maximum humidity ratio (dry bulb = 85F, wet
bulb = 78F) condition is shown below.
--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Problem 8.7 Compute the heat loss of the single office described in Figure C.4* in Appendix C
if it is located in St. Louis and room temperature is 70F (db).
Note: Problem 8.7 results are also shown in the tables that follow.
*See errata for HVAC Simplified posted to www.ashrae.org/publicationupdates for corrected Figure C.4.
37
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HVAC Simplified Solutions Manual
Zone input values and output results for design dry-bulb and MWB conditions.
Zone 1
For Printout of 8 zones - Use Legal Paper
Area Morning Afternoon Morning
See other sheets for CLTD, CLF, SCL & U-values. 1008 Cooling Cooling Heating
2
Solar Shade Coeff. SCL (am) SCL (pm) Area-ft qc (am) qc(pm) qh
Windows (N) 35 35 0.00 0.00
Windows (E) 0.58 143 48 90 7.46 2.51
Windows (S) 0.58 55 67 72 2.30 2.80
Windows (W) 32 140 0.00 0.00
Other 0.00 0.00
Enter CLTDs directly from Tables. Program will correct for temperatures.
2
Conduction U (Btu/hr-ft2-F) CLTD(am) CLTD(pm) T Area-ft
Windows (N) 4 14 68 0.00 0.00 0.00
Windows (E) 0.87 4 14 68 90 0.55 1.33 5.32
Windows (S) 0.87 4 14 68 72 0.44 1.06 4.26
Windows (W) 4 14 68 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other 0.00 0.00 0.00
2
Conduction U(Btu/hr-ft2-F) CLTD(am) CLTD(pm) T Area-ft
Walls (N) 7 10 68 0.00 0.00 0.00
Walls (E) 0.075 12 28 68 330 0.37 0.77 1.68
Walls (S) 0.075 8 13 68 168 0.14 0.20 0.86
Walls (W) 13 12 68 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other 0.00 0.00 0.00
Conduction U(Btu/hr-ft2-F) CLTD(am) CLTD(pm) T Area-ft2
Doors (N) 68 0.00 0.00 0.00
Doors (E) 68 0.00 0.00 0.00
Doors (S) 68 0.00 0.00 0.00
Doors (W) 68 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other 0.00 0.00 0.00
2
Roof/Ceiling U(Btu/hr-ft2-F) CLTD(am) CLTD(pm) T Area-ft
Type A 0.033 7 65 68 1008 0.33 2.26 2.26
Type B 68 0.00 0.00 0.00
2
Floor U(Btu/hr-ft2-F) T(flr) Area-ft
68 0.00
Slab/Basemt Ins. Position Insulation UP T(slab) Perim.-ft
Vertical R5 x 24 in 0.58 68 66 2.60
Ventilation T(am) T(pm) T cfm
Sensible 1.1 16.3 19 68 135 2.42 2.82 10.10
HRU Eff. (sen.) = W W
Latent 4840 0.0049 0.0049 135 3.20 3.20
HRU Eff. (lat.) =
38 --`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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Chapter 8Cooling Load and Heating Loss Calculations and Analysis
Zone input values and output results for maximum wet-bulb and MDB conditions.
Zone 1
For Printout of 8 zones - Use Legal Paper
Area Morning Afternoon Morning
See other sheets for CLTD, CLF, SCL & U-values. 1008 Cooling Cooling Heating
2
Solar Shade Coeff. SCL (am) SCL (pm) Area-ft qc (am) qc(pm) qh
Windows (N) 35 35 0.00 0.00
Windows (E) 0.58 143 48 90 7.46 2.51
Windows (S) 0.58 55 67 72 2.30 2.80
Windows (W) 32 140 0.00 0.00
Other 0.00 0.00
Enter CLTDs directly from Tables. Program will correct for temperatures.
2
Conduction U (Btu/hr-ft2-F) CLTD(am) CLTD(pm) T Area-ft
Windows (N) 4 14 68 0.00 0.00 0.00
Windows (E) 0.87 4 14 68 90 -0.08 0.70 5.32
Windows (S) 0.87 4 14 68 72 -0.06 0.56 4.26
Windows (W) 4 14 68 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other 0.00 0.00 0.00
2
Conduction U(Btu/hr-ft2-F) CLTD(am) CLTD(pm) T Area-ft
Walls (N) 7 10 68 0.00 0.00 0.00
Walls (E) 0.075 12 28 68 330 0.17 0.57 1.68
Walls (S) 0.075 8 13 68 168 0.04 0.10 0.86
Walls (W) 13 12 68 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other 0.00 0.00 0.00
Conduction U(Btu/hr-ft2-F) CLTD(am) CLTD(pm) T Area-ft2
Doors (N) 68 0.00 0.00 0.00
Doors (E) 68 0.00 0.00 0.00
Doors (S) 68 0.00 0.00 0.00
Doors (W) 68 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other 0.00 0.00 0.00
2
Roof/Ceiling U(Btu/hr-ft2-F) CLTD(am) CLTD(pm) T Area-ft
Type A 0.033 7 65 68 1008 0.07 2.00 2.26
Type B 68 0.00 0.00 0.00
2
Floor U(Btu/hr-ft2-F) T(flr) Area-ft
68 0.00
Slab/Basemt Ins. Position Insulation UP T(slab) Perim.-ft
--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
39
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HVAC Simplified Solutions Manual
Zone input values and output results for maximum humidity ratio conditions.
Zone 1
For Printout of 8 zones - Use Legal Paper
Area Morning Afternoon Morning
--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
See other sheets for CLTD, CLF, SCL & U-values. 1008 Cooling Cooling Heating
2
Solar Shade Coeff. SCL (am) SCL (pm) Area-ft qc (am) qc(pm) qh
Windows (N) 35 35 0.00 0.00
Windows (E) 0.58 143 48 90 7.46 2.51
Windows (S) 0.58 55 67 72 2.30 2.80
Windows (W) 32 140 0.00 0.00
Other 0.00 0.00
Enter CLTDs directly from Tables. Program will correct for temperatures.
2
Conduction U (Btu/hr-ft2-F) CLTD(am) CLTD(pm) T Area-ft
Windows (N) 4 14 68 0.00 0.00 0.00
Windows (E) 0.87 4 14 68 90 -0.39 0.39 5.32
Windows (S) 0.87 4 14 68 72 -0.31 0.31 4.26
Windows (W) 4 14 68 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other 0.00 0.00 0.00
2
Conduction U(Btu/hr-ft2-F) CLTD(am) CLTD(pm) T Area-ft
Walls (N) 7 10 68 0.00 0.00 0.00
Walls (E) 0.075 12 28 68 330 0.07 0.47 1.68
Walls (S) 0.075 8 13 68 168 -0.01 0.05 0.86
Walls (W) 13 12 68 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other 0.00 0.00 0.00
Conduction U(Btu/hr-ft2-F) CLTD(am) CLTD(pm) T Area-ft2
Doors (N) 68 0.00 0.00 0.00
Doors (E) 68 0.00 0.00 0.00
Doors (S) 68 0.00 0.00 0.00
Doors (W) 68 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other 0.00 0.00 0.00
2
Roof/Ceiling U(Btu/hr-ft2-F) CLTD(am) CLTD(pm) T Area-ft
Type A 0.033 7 65 68 1008 -0.07 1.86 2.26
Type B 68 0.00 0.00 0.00
2
Floor U(Btu/hr-ft2-F) T(flr) Area-ft
68 0.00
Slab/Basemt Ins. Position Insulation UP T(slab) Perim.-ft
Vertical R5 x 24 in 0.58 68 66 2.60
Ventilation T(am) T(pm) T cfm
Sensible 1.1 4.3 7 68 135 0.64 1.04 10.10
HRU Eff. (sen.) = W W
Latent 4840 0.0077 0.0077 135 5.03 5.03
HRU Eff. (lat.) =
40
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Solutions to Chapter 9
Air Distribution System Design
Problem 9.1 Room 255 (Appendix C, Figure C.7*) has a 9 ft ceiling and an 18 20 ft floor.
Select square ceiling diffusers to distribute 1400 cfm of air and provide an ADPI >
90%, an NC < 30, and a TP < 0.1 in. of water. The solution should include a sketch.
Solution
Q = 1400 cfm: The shape of the room lends itself to two diffusers, 700 cfm each, that
have to throw air in near equal distance in four directions. A four-way diffuser is
appropriate.
To achieve an ADPI > 90%, T50/L = 1.4 to 2.7 with louvered ceiling diffusers
(Table 9.2)
For L = 9 ft: T50 = (T50/L) L = 1.4 9 = 12.6 ft to L = 2.7 9 = 24.3 ft
For L = 10 ft: T50 = 1.4 10 = 14.0 ft to L = 2.7 10 = 27.0 ft
So the diffuser must have a T50 between 14.0 and 24.3 ft in four directions
Try a 16 16 in. (Table 9.4): at 610 cfm T50 = 20 ft and at 765 cfm T50 = 25 ft
Via interpolation: at 700 cfm T50 23 ft OK, and NC = 27 OK
TP = TPRated (Q/QRated)2 = 0.094 (700/765)2 = 0.079 in. of water OK
--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Problem 9.2 Repeat Problem 9.1 for room 256 (Appendix C, Figure C.7*), which has a
40 40 ft floor with 2200 cfm.
Solution
*See errata for HVAC Simplified posted to www.ashrae.org/publicationupdates for corrected Figure C.7.
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HVAC Simplified Solutions Manual
To achieve an ADPI > 90%, T50/L = 1.4 to 2.7 with louvered ceiling diffusers
(Table 9.2)
For L = 10 ft: T50 = 1.4 10 = 14.0 ft to L = 2.7 10 = 27.0 ft
So the diffuser must have a T50 between 14.0 and 27 ft in four directions
Try a 12 12 in. (Table 9.4): at 520 cfm T50 = 26 ft and at 610 cfm T50 = 30 ft
Via interpolation: at 550 cfm T50 27 ft and NC = 32 too high, but may be
OK for VAV
Try a 14 14 in. (Table 9.4): at 500 cfm T50 = 19 ft and at 625 cfm T50 = 24 ft
Via interpolation: at 550 cfm T50 21 ft OK, and NC = 25 OK
TP = TPRated (Q/QRated)2 = 0.058 (550/500)2 = 0.07 in. of water OK
Problem 9.3 Size a MERV 6 filter and a matching filter-grille for room 255 (Appendix C,
Figure C.7*) that will limit the final resistance to 0.5 in. of water. One dimension
should be a multiple of 24 in. if possible.
Solution hFinal 0.5 in. w.c. and recommendation is hFinal 4 hInitial
Thus, hinitial = hfinal/4 = 0.5/4 = 0.125
For a MERV 6, 2 in. thick, pleated filter at 300 fpm, hInitial = 0.13 in. w.c. (Table 9.7)
V = VRated (hInitial/hRated)0.5 = 300 (0.125/0.13)0.5 = 294 fpm
A = Q V = 1400 cfm 294 fpm = 4.76 ft2
W = 24 in. = 2.0 ft: H = 4.76 ft2 2 ft = 2.38 ft = 29 in.
Use 24 in. 30 in. grille (Table 9.6): TP = 0.024 in. w.c. @ 1431 cfm
TPGrille = TPRated (Q/QRated)2 = 0.024 (1400/1431)2 = 0.023 in. w.c
Problem 9.4 Repeat Problem 9.3 for room 256 (Appendix C, Figure C.7*).
Solution hFinal 0.5 in. w.c. and recommendation is hFinal 4 hInitial,
thus hInitial hFinal 4 0.5 4 0.125 in. w.c.
For a MERV 6, 2 in. thick, pleated filter at 300 fpm, hInitial = 0.13 in. w.c. (Table 9.7)
V = VRated (hInitial/hRated)0.5 = 300 (0.125/0.13)0.5 = 294 fpm
A = Q V = 2200 cfm 294 fpm = 7.5 ft2
W = 24 in. = 2.0 ft: H = 7.5 ft2 2 ft = 3.75 ft = 45 in.
Use 24 in. 48 in. grille (Table 9.6): TP = 0.024 in. w.c. @ 2307 cfm
TPGrille = TPRated (Q/QRated)2 = 0.024 (2200/2307)2 = 0.022 in. w.c.
Problem 9.5 Select a unit to either fit in the hallway outside room 255 (Appendix C,
Figure C.7*) or above the ceiling (42 in. vertical space) and route metal supply
ductwork with round take-offs and metal return ductwork.
--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Solution
42 *See errata for HVAC Simplified posted to www.ashrae.org/publicationupdates for corrected Figure C.7.
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Chapter 9Air Distribution System Design
Supply duct:
1400 cfm section use 16 in. duct h/100 ft = 0.096 in. /100 ft
h = h/100 ft [L + Leqv] = 0.096/100 ft [5 ft + 12 ft + 32 ft + 21 ft] = 0.07 ft
Straight, plenum, 90L
700 cfm section use 12 in. duct h/100 ft = 0.10 in. /100 ft
h = 0.10/100 ft [20 ft + 5 ft + 5 ft + 15 ft + 35 ft] = 0.08 in.
Straight, reducer, 45L, 90L, ceiling box
Return:
1400 cfm through a short 30 24 in. section h is negligible
Problem 9.6 Repeat Problem 9.5 for room 256 (Appendix C, Figure C.7*).
Solution The solution is demonstrated in the figure below.
--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Problem 9.7 Use the E-Ductulator program on the CD accompanying this book to design an
air distribution system to deliver 6000 cfm evenly in the building below. Provide
a MERV 6 filter and limit total losses to less than 1.2 in. of water.
Solution The solution is demonstrated in the figure below and in the spreadsheet sample on the
following page.
*See errata for HVAC Simplified posted to www.ashrae.org/publicationupdates for corrected Figure C.7. 43
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HVAC Simplified Solutions Manual
--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
E-Ductulator - Equal Friction - Equivalent Length Method - See Eqv. Len. Worksheet for Equivalent Lengths of Common Fittings
Problem 9.8 Select a fan with a direct-drive motor to provide 1200 cfm at a TSP of 0.8 in. of
water. Specify the required speed tap setting, resulting motor power output, and
estimated required power demand.
Solution Option 1 (using Table 9.12):
A 1/3 hp motor at high speed (1075 room) will deliver 1540 cfm @ 0.7 in. w.c. and
1080 cfm @ 0.9 in. w.c. Via interpolation for TSP = 0.8 in. w.c. Q = 1310 cfm (at
medium-high flow rate would be 1070 cfm @ 0.8 in. w.c.)
Wfan = 0.33 hp and from Table 11.5, Motor = 63% 63%
Thus, WM,In = 0.746 Wreqd (hp) (Motor VSD) = 0.746 kW/hp 0.33 hp
(0.63 1.0) = 0.39 kW
Option 2 (using Table 9.12):
A 1/2 hp motor at medium-low speed will deliver 1240 cfm @ 0.7 in. w.c. and
1080 cfm @ 0.9 in. w.c. Via interpolation for TSP = 0.8 in. w.c. Q = 1205 cfm
At medium-low speed Wfan = 0.25 hp; no efficiency data provided but Table 11.3 indi-
cates the part-load factor at 50% load (0.25 hp/0.5 hp) of a small motor is 0.86.
From Table 11.5, Motor 70% at full load
WM,In = 0.746 Wreqd (hp) (Motor fPL) = 0.746 kW/hp 0.25 hp 0.70 0.86
= 0.31 kW
44
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Chapter 9Air Distribution System Design
Problem 9.9 Select a belt-drive fan and motor to provide 2000 cfm at a TSP of 1.2 in. of water.
Specify the required fan pulley diameter for a 1750 rpm motor with a 6 in. diam-
eter drive pulley, resulting motor power output, and estimated required power
demand.
Solution A 1.5 hp fan will deliver 1930 cfm @ 1.2 in. w.c. (too small)
A 2.0 hp fan will deliver 2050 cfm @ 1.2 in. w.c. for:
A fan speed of 1150 rpm
Required 1.5 BHP (which can be delivered by a 2.0 hp motor @ 75% load)
From Table 11.2 Motor = 84%
WM,In = 0.746 Wreqd (hp) (Motor fPL) = 0.746 kW/hp 1.5 hp (0.84 1.0)
= 1.33 kW
DFanPulley = DMotorPulley (rpmM rpmFan) = 6 in. (1750 1150)
= 9.13 in. 9 1/8in.
Problem 9.10 Select a belt-drive fan and motor to provide 7500 cfm at a TSP of 3.25 in. of
water. Specify the required fan pulley diameter for a 1750 rpm motor with an
8 in. diameter drive pulley, resulting motor power output, and estimated
required power demand.
Solution Interpolating between 3.0 in. w.c and 3.5 in. w.c. for 7500 cfm for a 17R (24.5 in.) fan
rpm = 1955, BHP = 5.9 hp @ 3.25 in. w.c.
Use a 7.5 hp motor, Motor = 88%
WM,In = 0.746 Wreqd (hp) (Motor fPL) = 0.746 kW/hp 5.9 hp (0.88 1.0) = 5.0 kW
DFanPulley = DMotorPulley (rpmM rpmFan) = 8 in. (1750 1955) = 7.16 in. 7-1/8 in.
Problem 9.11 Select a motor and specify the resulting bhp and fan speed to provide 1.2 in. of
water external static pressure (ESP) and 6000 cfm for a Model 180 (Table 5.2 of
this book) rooftop unit. Provide the fan pulley diameter for a 1750 rpm motor
--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
with a 4 in. diameter drive pulley.
Solution Interpolation at 6000 cfm for 1.2 in. w.c.
M180 ESP = 1.0 in. ESP = 1.5 in.
rpm kW bhp rpm kW bhp
6000 cfm 1100 3.32 3.89 1236 4.09 4.79
rpm = 1154, kW = 3.63, bhp = 4.25 need 5 hp motor (4.25 5 = 85% load)
From Table 11.2 Motor = 87.5%, from Table 11.3 fPL = 1.0
WM,In = 0.746 Wreqd (hp) (Motor fPL) = 0.746 kW/hp 4.25 hp (0.875 1.0)
= 3.63 kW (note: same as value in table)
DFanPulley = DMotorPulley (rpmM rpmFan) = 4 in. (1750 1154) = 6.06 in. 6-1/16 in.
Problem 9.12 A centrifugal fan has the following characteristics at 1000 rpm:
h = 2.96 in. of water at 2400 cfm
h = 2.94 in. of water at 4800 cfm
h = 2.57 in. of water at 7200 cfm
h = 2.09 in. of water at 9600 cfm
h = 1.35 in. of water at 12000 cfm
Develop a fan curve for 1000 rpm and calculate the required input power (hp)
assuming a 75% efficiency at 7200 cfm, 70% at 4800 and 9600 cfm, and 65% at
2400 and 12,000 cfm. Calculate the required motor input (kW) assuming a 93%
efficient motor.
Solution
45
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(Inches of Water)
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 4000 8000 12000 16000
Air Flow Rate (cfm)
Problem 9.13 Using the fan laws, develop fan curves for 800 and 600 rpm.
Solution Prob 9.13
1000 rpm 800 rpm 600 rpm
Q=(800/1000)Q1000 h=(800/1000)2h1000 Q=(800/1000)Q1000 h=(800/1000)2h1000
Q - cfm h "wtr. Q at 800 rpm - cfm h at 800 rpm - "wtr. Q at 600 rpm - cfm h at 600 rpm - "wtr.
2400 2.96 1920 1.89 1440 1.07
4800 2.94 3840 1.88 2880 1.06
7200 2.57 5760 1.64 4320 0.93
9600 2.09 7680 1.34 5760 0.75
12000 1.35 9600 0.86 7200 0.49
Problem 9.14 The fan described in Problem 9.12 is connected to an air distribution system that
has a loss of 1.8 in. of water at 9500 cfm when the dampers are open and 3.0 in. of
water at 5000 cfm when the dampers are set at a minimum opening. Develop a
system curve for both situations (dampers full open and minimum) and find the
resulting flow when the fan is turning 1000, 800, and 600 rpm for both situations
(dampers full open and minimum). Estimate the required power at all six points.
Note: efficiency will remain nearly constant with varying fan speed when the fan
law [h2 = h1 (rpm2/rpm1)2] is applied.
Solution Fan curve lines represent results of Problem 9.13.
System curve for minimum damper found using:
h = 3.0 (Q/5000)2 = 3.0 (4000/5000)2 = 1.92 in. and h = 3.0 (3000/5000)2
=1.08 ft
System curve for damper open found using:
h =1.8 (Q/9500)2 = 1.8 (8000/9500)2 = 1.28 in. and h = 1.8 (6000/9500)2 = 0.72 in.
65% 70%
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3.0 75%
Eff. Curves
100
0 rp
m 70%
h - in. water.
pm
mp
65%
Da
m
mu
600 r
mi
1.0 pm Op
en
Mi
per
Dam
46
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Solutions to Chapter 10
Water Distribution System Design
Problem 10.1 Size the piping (Schedule 40 steel) and compute the system head loss for the
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(direct-return) chilled water system shown in Figure 10.1 (and Figure 5.10). The
distance between each FCU is 50 ft, and the distance between the last FCU and
the headers is 30 ft. The distance between the first FCU and the chiller is 120 ft.
The chiller head loss is found using the specifications of a Model 060 scroll com-
pressor design (Table 5.10). The fan-coils units are Model 60-HW-4 (Table 5.12).
Use ball valves for all valves 2 in. and smaller and gate valves for larger valves.
Solution E-Pipelator.xls results for old steel pipe and 50F water:
Input Optional Input Output
Piping Loop Head Loss Calculator - System Designer for HVAC Systems
Rated Rated h Inlet Inlet Rated
Liquid Water Coils Flow Flow @ 60F Size Vel Re(in) Vel Re(rated) h
Temp 50 F gpm gpm ft. water inches fps fps Ft. Liquid
Den 62.38 lbm/ft3 FCU 20 21 10 1.5 3.6 31892 3.8 38381 9.2
Vis 8.88E-04 lbm/ft-s 1.32 cps Chiller 160 150 15 4 4.1 95677 3.8 102808 17.2
0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
HDPE Piping Coil sub-total 26.4
Flow Nom. Dia. DR I.D. Roughness Vel Re h(ft) Length Fitting Selector Leqv Qty. Fitting Selector Leqv Qty. Fitting Selector Leqv Qty. h
gpm Inches OD t in. (for HDPE in ft.) fps 100 ft. ft. ft ft ft Ft. Liquid
0 4 11 3.68 0.00007 0.0 0 0.00 160 Butt90 35 2 ButtRed 13 2 5-LoopHdrLastTO 30 2 0.0
0 1.5 11 1.55 0.00007 0.0 0 0.00 390 Butt90 12 2 ButtRed 6 2 5-LoopHdrLastTO 30 2 0.0
0 2 11 1.94 0.00007 0.0 0 0.00 0 Butt90 17 2 ButtRed 7 2 5-LoopHdrLastTO 30 2 0.0
0 1.5 11 1.55 0.00007 0.0 0 0.00 0 Butt90 12 2 ButtRed 6 2 5-LoopHdrLastTO 30 2 0.0
0 0.75 11 0.86 0.00007 0.0 0 0.00 0 Butt90 5 2 ButtRed 4 2 5-LoopHdrLastTO 30 2 0.0
0 0.75 11 0.86 0.00007 0.0 0 0.00 0 Butt90 5 2 ButtRed 4 2 5-LoopHdrLastTO 30 2 0.0
Steel/Brass HDPE sub-total 0.0
Flow Nom. Dia. Schedule I.D. Pipe Mat'l Vel Re h(ft) Length Fitting Selector Leqv Qty. Fitting Selector Leqv Qty. Fitting Selector Leqv Qty. h
gpm Inches 40 or 80 in. for Rghness in ft. fps 100 ft. ft. ft ft ft Ft. Liquid
160 4 40 4.03 Steel-Old 4.0 95059 1.87 240 T-Straight 6.8 4 Gate Valve 5.7 2 T-Straight 6.8 4 5.7
120 3 40 3.07 Steel-Old 5.2 93556 4.34 100 T-Straight 5.4 2 Reducer 1.8 2 90 L 4.5 0 5.0
80 3 40 3.07 Steel-Old 3.5 62371 1.98 100 T-Straight 5.4 4 Reducer 1.8 2 90 L 4.5 0 2.5
40 2 40 2.07 Steel-Old 3.8 46288 3.97 100 T-Straight 3.4 4 Reducer 1.1 2 90 L 2.8 0 4.6
20 1.5 40 1.61 Steel-Old 3.2 29713 3.79 60 90 L 2.1 4 Reducer 0.8 2 90 L 2.1 0 2.7
0 3 40 3.07 Steel-Old 0.0 0 0.00 0 T-Straight 5.4 2 Reducer 1.8 0 90 L 4.5 0 0.0
Fe/Br sub-total 20.4
Other Cv Inlet Inlet Rated
Fittings Flow @ 60F Quanity Size Vel Re(in) Vel Re(rated) h
& Valves gpm gpm inches fps fps Ft. Liquid
ball valve 20 81 2 1.5 3.6 31892 14.7 148043 0.3
Zone 20 27.5 1 1.5 3.6 31892 5.0 50261 1.3
0 0 0 2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Fitting sub-total 1.6
Open Systems Only ? ? Elevation 0
Total Loss 48.4
Graph (Figure 10.8) and calculation (Equations 10.4 and 10.7) method for new steel
pipe and 60F water (the abbreviations following the equivalent length values corre-
spond to the fittings listed in the drop-down boxes in the spreadsheet):
160 gpm section use 4 in., schedule 40 pipe h = 1.6 ft/100 ft
h160 = 1.6 ft/100 ft [2 120 ft + 4 5.7 ft (90Ls) + 2 5.7 (gate v.) + 4 6.8 (T-str.)] = 4.8
120 gpm section use 3 in., schedule 40 pipe h = 3.5 ft/100 ft
h120 = 3.5 ft/100 ft [2 50 ft + 2 3.5 ft (Red.) + 4 5.2 ft (T-str.)] = 4.5
80 gpm section use 3 in., schedule 40 pipe h = 1.8 ft/100 ft
h80 = 1.8 ft/100 ft [2 50 ft + 4 5.2 (T-str.)] = 2.2
40 gpm section use 2 in., schedule 40 pipe h = 3.3 ft/100 ft
h40 = 3.3 ft/100 ft [2 50 ft + 2 3.5 ft (Red.) + 4 3.4 (T-str.)] = 4.0
20 gpm section use 1 1/2 in., schedule 40 pipe h = 3.0 ft/100 ft
h20 = 3.0 ft/100 ft [2 30 ft + 4 3.4 (90Ls)] = 2.1
hvalves = 2 2.31 (20 gpm/81)2 (1 1/2 in. ball) + 2.31 (20 gpm/27.5)2 (1 1/2 in. zone) = 1.5
hFCU = 10 ft (from Table 5.12) (20 gpm/21 gpm)2 = 9.1
hChiller @ 160 gpm (from Figure 5.12) = 16.8
hTotal = 45.0
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Problem 10.2 Select a chilled water pump and corresponding motor for the system described
in Problem 10.1.
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Solution The system requires a pump that will deliver a 160 gpm flow rate and 45 ft of head,
assuming the water treatment program will be good to maintain the condition of the
pipe. In this case, a Model #2-1/2 AB pump (Figure 10.14) with a 7 in. diameter
impeller will provide 46.5 ft of head at 160 gpm. It will require approximately
2.8 bhp, so a 3 hp, 1750 rpm motor will suffice. Note the selected pump will operate
near 73% efficiency, which is near the maximum efficiency point (MEP) of 75.5%.
If the water treatment program is uncertain, the old steel pipe roughness and head loss
(48.4 ft) should be assumed. Although a Model 5x5x9-3/4B pump with a 7-3/4 in,
impeller will provide adequate flow and head, it is not a good choice. Note the effi-
ciency at the resulting operating point is only about 45%well below its MEP of
79.5%. A more extensive set of pump curves should be consulted to select a pump
that will operate at a more favorable efficiency.
Problem 10.3 Size the piping, compute the required head, and select a pump and motor for the
condenser water loop shown in Figure 10.3. Use the Model 060 chiller from
Problem 10.1 with a flow rate of 200 gpm. Use SDR 11 high-density polyethylene
to eliminate corrosion in this open loop. The distance between the basin and
upper tray in the cooling tower is 12 ft.
Solution Graph (Figure 10.9) and calculation (Equation 10.4) method for HDPE pipe:
200 gpm use 4 in., DR11 pipe h = 3.3 ft/100 ft
h160 = 3.3 ft/100 ft [2 250 + 12 ft + 6 38 ft (90Ls) + 4 5.7 (gate v.)] = 25.2
Elevation = 12.0
hCondenser @ 200 gpm (from Figure 5.15) = 12.5
hTotal = 49.0 ft.
The Model 5x5x9-3/4B pump with a 7-3/4 in. impellor will provide 54 ft at 200 gpm
but is not a good choice. Note the efficiency at the resulting operating point is only
about 56%, well below its MEP of 79.5%. A more extensive set of pump curves
should be consulted to select a pump that will operate at a more favorable efficiency.
If the pump is used, a 5 hp/1750 rpm motor is acceptable.
48
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Chapter 10Water Distribution System Design
Problem 10.4 Design the chilled water piping loop for the system shown using Schedule 40 steel
pipe and gate valves on the main piping, with two-ball valves and one motorized
zone valve (Cv = 18) on the fan-coil loops.
Solution See solution beneath Problem 10.5 solution.
Problem 10.5 Compute the required head loss and select a chilled water pump for
Problem 10.5.
Solution
Piping Loop Head Loss Calculator - System Designer for HVAC Systems Input Optional Input Output
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Solutions to Chapter 11
Motors, Lighting, and Controls
Problem 11.1 An air system design requires 6600 cfm with 3.0 in. of water (static pressure).
Find the required motor size, drive pulley diameter (if the blower wheel has a
12 in. diameter pulley and the motor is 4-pole), fan efficiency, and motor
demand.
Use 5 hp, 1725 rpm motor (Motor = 86.5%) from Table 11.5
Note: rpm 7200 no. of poles 7200 4 1800 rpm
rpm Fan 1810
D Motor = D Fan ----------------------- = 12 in. ------------ = 12.6 in. = 12 5/8 in.
rpm Motor 1725
Problem 11.2 Compute the demand, KVA, and KVAR of a 6-pole, 20 hp motor at 100%, 75%,
and 50% load.
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Problem 11.3 Compute the demand, KVA, and KVAR of a 2-pole, 15 hp motor at 100%, 75%,
and 50% load.
Solution rpm 7200 no. of poles 7200 2 3600 rpm, 15 hp
From Table 11.2, Motor = 89.5%
From Table 11.3, fPL-100% = 1.0, fPL-75% = 1.0, fPL-50% = 0.99
From Table 11.4, PF100% = 0.89, PF75% = 0.88, PF50% = 0.84
For 100% load,
Problem 11.4 A 30 DE-25 in. fan is operated at 1195 rpm to deliver 10,000 cfm at 3.5 in. of
water. Select an 1800 rpm motor to drive this fan and specify resulting demand
(kW), KVA, and KVAR at the design point and at 6,000 cfm.
Solution 30 DE-25 in. fan at 1195 rpm, 10,000 cfm, and 3.5 in. TSP
bhp = 7.84, use 10 hp motor @ 78% load
From Table 11.2, Motor = 89.5%
From Table 11.3, fPL-78% = 1.0
From Table 11.4, PF78% = 0.83
For 78% load,
Problem 11.5 Repeat Problem 11.4 if a motor one size larger than required is specified.
Solution For a 30 DE-25 in. fan at 1195 rpm, 10,000 cfm, and 3.5 in. TSP
bhp = 7.84, but use 15 hp motor @ 52% load
From Table 11.2, Motor = 91.0%
From Table 11.3, fPL-52% = 0.99
From Table 11.4, PF52% = 0.78
For 78% load,
52 --`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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Chapter 11Motors, Lighting, and Controls
Problem 11.6 A pump that operates 3000 hours per year and requires 400 gpm and 55 ft of
head is significantly oversized. The curve of the existing pump is shown in Figure
10.12. The impellor diameter is 9.75 in. and the motor is 20 hp. The required
flow rate is attained by throttling the pump discharge valve.
a. Estimate the required horsepower and compute the resulting motor effi-
ciency and power demand at the throttled position.
b. Estimate the required horsepower and compute the resulting motor effi-
ciency and power demand for the 20 hp motor if the pump impellor was
trimmed to a size shown on the curve that provides the needed flow and
head.
c. Estimate the required horsepower and compute the resulting motor effi-
ciency and power demand for the adequately sized motor if the pump
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impellor was trimmed.
d. Estimate the annual energy consumption for the three above options.
For a cost of $500 to trim the impellor and $1000 to purchase and replace the
motor, estimate the simple payback for the options in 11.6b and 11.6c.
Problem 11.7 Design a lighting system for a 30 40 ft classroom using 2-bulb, 48-in. T-8 fluo-
rescent lighting fixtures with electronic ballasts.
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Problem 11.8 Compare the demand of the resulting design for problem 11.7 with ASHRAE
Standard 90.1-2004 limits for this application.
Solution For 18 bulbs: W = 18 fixtures 62 W/fixture = 1116 W
LPD = 1116 W 1200 ft2 = 0.93 W/ ft2
From Table 11.10, LPDClassroom = 1.4 W/ ft2
Design complies with ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004 since 0.93 W/ft2 < 1.4 W/ft2.
Problem 11.9 A 1000 ft2 storage area is currently lit with standard 100-W incandescent bulbs
to an illumination of 30 footcandles for 80 hours per week. Compare the annual
operating cost of using existing bulbs and replacing them with equivalent light-
ing output compact fluorescent bulbs. Include operating cost (at 8/kWh), cost of
bulbs (at $3.00 each), and installation cost (1 hour at $20/hour labor).
Solution For 100-W incandescent bulbs that provide 1710 lumens each with an average life of
750 hours:
Luminaries = 30 lumens/ft2 1000 ft2 1710 lumens/bulb = 18 bulbs
W = 18 100 W = 1800 W
For compact fluorescent bulbs, use 26-W (33-W actual), which provide 1700 lumens
each with an average life of 12,000 hours.
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Solutions to Chapter 12
Energy, Costs, and Economics
Problem 12.1 Compute the HVAC system demand (kW/ton) and efficiency (EER, COP) for a
split-system heat pump with a medium-efficiency scroll compressor, an indoor
fan with a standard AC motor, and an axial condenser fan.
Solution
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HVAC Simplified Solutions Manual
Problem 12.2 Repeat Problem 12.1 using a high-efficiency scroll compressor, an electronically
commutated motor (ECM), and an axial condenser fan.
Solution
Problem 12.3 Compute the HVAC system demand (kW/ton) and efficiency (EER, COP) for a
packaged rooftop unit with a medium-efficiency reciprocating compressor, an axial
condenser fan, an indoor fan that delivers 1.5 in. of water, and a return fan that
delivers 1.0 in. of water. Fan motors are 85% efficient and fans are 65% efficient.
Solution
56 --`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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Chapter 12Energy, Costs, and Economics
Problem 12.4 Compute the HVAC system demand (kW/ton) and efficiency (EER, COP) for a
ground-source heat pump using a high-efficiency scroll compressor, a fan with
an ECM, and a 50% efficient pump with a 60% electric motor that delivers 25 ft
of water head. Assume the entering water temperature (EWT) to the unit is 85F.
Solution
Problem 12.5 Compute the HVAC system demand (kW/ton) and efficiency (EER, COP) for a
chilled water system with a high-efficiency water-cooled centrifugal compressor,
70% efficient chiller pumps with 50 ft of head, 70% efficient loop pumps with 70
ft of head, air-handling units with 75% efficient supply fans that deliver 5.0 in. of
water, 75% efficient return air fans that deliver 2.0 in. of water, 70% efficient
condenser pumps with 60 ft of head, an axial fan cooling tower, and fan-powered
variable air volume (FPVAV) terminals with ECMs. Assume all motors are 92%
efficient (except ECMs).
Solution
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HVAC Simplified Solutions Manual
Problem 12.6 Repeat Problem 12.5 but replace the VAV system (supply fan, return fans,
FPVAVs) with fan-coil units (FCUs) that have a nominal 10 ton/4000 cfm capac-
ity and circulate air with 3 hp fans driven by 85% efficient motors.
Solution
Problem 12.7 A building in Birmingham, Alabama, is occupied five days per week from 8 a.m.
to 8 p.m. During the occupied period, it has a cooling load of 120 MBtu/h at 97F
outside air temperature and a cooling load of 0 MBtu/h at 57F OAT. During the
unoccupied period, it has a cooling load of 40 MBtu/h at 97F outside air temper-
ature and a cooling load of 0 MBtu/h at 57F OAT. In heating, the load is
80 MBtu/h at 17F OAT (occupied), 60 MBtu/h at 17F OAT (unoccupied), and
0 MBtu/h at 47F OAT (occupied and unoccupied). It is cooled by a unit with a
125 MBtu/h capacity and 14 kW demand at 97F and a 141 MBtu/h capacity and
11.4 kW demand at 67F. It is heated by a unit with a 120 MBtu/h heating capac-
ity with an 80% efficiency with a 1.5 hp 82% efficient fan motor. Compute the
annual cost of heating and cooling the building based on 8/kWh in the summer
and 7/kWh in the winter. Natural gas cost is $1.80 per therm (ccf).
Solution See table on following pages.
Problem 12.8 Find the savings for the system described in Problem 12.7 if the efficiency of the
cooling unit was improved by 20% (same capacity with 20% lower demand), the
efficiency of the furnace is 95%, and the fan is reduced to 1 hp with a 90% effi-
cient motor.
Solution See table on following pages.
Problem 12.9 Repeat Problem 12.7 using a heat pump with the same cooling capacity and a
heating capacity of 120 MBtu/h with an input of 11.3 kW at 47F and 55 MBtu/h
with an input of 9.8 kW at 17F.
Solution See table on following pages.
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Chapter 12Energy, Costs, and Economics
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Solution to Problem 12.7:
Solution
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HVAC Simplified Solutions Manual
Solution to Problem 12.8:
Solution
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Chapter 12Energy, Costs, and Economics
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Solution to Problem 12.9:
Solution
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HVAC Simplified Solutions Manual
Problem 12.10 Discuss the economic value of installing a $10,000 energy efficiency package on a
$225,000, 30-year, 6.25% APR home mortgage that will lower monthly utility
bills by $40. The energy inflation rate is expected to be 8%.
Solution Economic Analysis Using 30-Year Fixed Rate Loan with Inflation
Added Cost Loan Interest Energy Inflation Main. Inflation Gen. Inflation
of ECO Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate -CPI (%)
10000 6.25 8 5 5
Year One Year One Added Annual Added Monthly
Energy Savings Maint. Cost* Payment ($) Payment ($)
480 0 746.03 62.17
Year Energy Savings Maint. Cost* Net Cash Flow Disc. NCF Pres. Worth
1 480.00 0.00 -266.03 -266.03 -266.03
2 518.40 0.00 -227.63 -216.79 -482.82
3 559.87 0.00 -186.16 -168.85 -651.67
4 604.66 0.00 -141.37 -122.12 -773.78
5 653.03 0.00 -92.99 -76.51 -850.29
6 705.28 0.00 -40.75 -31.93 -882.22
7 761.70 0.00 15.67 11.69 -870.53
8 822.64 0.00 76.61 54.44 -816.08
9 888.45 0.00 142.42 96.39 -719.69
10 959.52 0.00 213.49 137.62 -582.07
11 1036.28 0.00 290.26 178.19 -403.88
12 1119.19 0.00 373.16 218.18 -185.70
13 1208.72 0.00 462.69 257.64 71.95
14 1305.42 0.00 559.39 296.66 368.60
15 1409.85 0.00 663.82 335.28 703.88
16 1522.64 0.00 776.61 373.56 1077.44
17 1644.45 0.00 898.42 411.58 1489.02
18 1776.01 0.00 1029.98 449.38 1938.40
19 1918.09 0.00 1172.06 487.02 2425.42
20 2071.54 0.00 1325.51 524.55 2949.96
21 2237.26 0.00 1491.23 562.03 3511.99
22 2416.24 0.00 1670.21 599.51 4111.50
23 2609.54 0.00 1863.51 637.04 4748.54
24 2818.30 0.00 2072.27 674.67 5423.22
25 3043.77 0.00 2297.74 712.45 6135.67
26 3287.27 0.00 2541.24 750.44 6886.11
27 3550.25 0.00 2804.22 788.66 7674.77
28 3834.27 0.00 3088.24 827.18 8501.95
29 4141.01 0.00 3394.98 866.04 9367.99
30 4472.29 0.00 3726.26 905.28 10273.27
The added monthly mortgage payment is $62.17, but the savings is only $40 per
month. However, the cost of energy is inflating at a higher rate compared to inflation
and the monthly note is fixed, so after 12 years the owner begins to receive a positive
return if he/she plans on owning the home for this extended period and the life of the
energy efficiency package is more than 12 years. Given the frequency of moving to a
new home for the typical US family, this would be a marginal investment.
Problem 12.11 Repeat Problem 12.10 for an energy inflation rate of 4%.
Solution When problem 12.10 is repeated with an energy inflation rate of 4% rather than 8%,
the investment will require 27 years to receive a positive return. Even though the
mortgage payment is fixed, the energy inflation rate is low compared to inflation, so
the payback period is extended.
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Chapter 12Energy, Costs, and Economics
Problem 12.12 Repeat Problem 12.10 for a 15-year, 5.75% APR loan.
Solution Economic Analysis Using 15-Year Fixed Rate Loan with Inflation
Added Cost Loan Interest Energy Inflation Main. Inflation Gen. Inflation
of ECO Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate -CPI (%)
10000 5.75 8 5 5
Year One Year One Salvage Value Added Annual Added Monthly
Energy Savings Maint. Cost* in Year 15 Payment ($) Payment ($)
480 0 0.00 1012.88 84.41
Year Energy Savings Maint. Cost* Net Cash Flow Disc. NCF Pres. Worth
1 480.00 0.00 -532.88 -532.88 -532.88
2 518.40 0.00 -494.48 -470.93 -1003.80
3 559.87 0.00 -453.00 -410.89 -1414.69
4 604.66 0.00 -408.21 -352.63 -1767.32
5 653.03 0.00 -359.84 -296.04 -2063.36
6 705.28 0.00 -307.60 -241.01 -2304.37
7 761.70 0.00 -251.18 -187.43 -2491.80
8 822.64 0.00 -190.24 -135.20 -2627.00
9 888.45 0.00 -124.43 -84.22 -2711.22
10 959.52 0.00 -53.35 -34.39 -2745.61
11 1036.28 0.00 23.41 14.37 -2731.24
12 1119.19 0.00 106.31 62.16 -2669.08
13 1208.72 0.00 195.85 109.05 -2560.03
14 1305.42 0.00 292.54 155.14 -2404.89
15 1409.85 0.00 396.98 200.50 -2204.39
Problem 12.13 A complete energy retrofit that will cost $200,000 is estimated to provide an
annual savings of $30,000. The energy inflation rate is 6%, while the general and
maintenance inflation rates are 5%. However, the system will require an addi-
tional $3000-per-year service contract. Compute the discounted ten-year present
worth of the project.
Solution Discounted 10-Year Economic Analysis with Inflation
Year Energy Savings Maint. Cost* Net Cash Flow Disc. NCF Pres. Worth
1 30000.00 3000.00 27000.00 27000.00 -173000.00
2 31800.00 3150.00 28650.00 25741.24 -147258.76
3 33708.00 3307.50 30400.50 24540.90 -122717.87
4 35730.48 3472.88 32257.61 23396.27 -99321.59
5 37874.31 3646.52 34227.79 22304.79 -77016.80
6 40146.77 3828.84 36317.92 21264.01 -55752.79
7 42555.57 4020.29 38535.29 20271.58 -35481.21
8 45108.91 4221.30 40887.61 19325.27 -16155.94
9 47815.44 4432.37 43383.08 18422.94 2267.00
10 50684.37 4653.98 46030.38 17562.57 19829.57
PW10 = $19,829.57
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HVAC Simplified Solutions Manual
Problem 12.14 Calculate the discounted rate of return on the project described in
Problem 12.13 for a ten-year evaluation.
Solution Discounted 10-Year Economic Analysis with Inflation
Year Energy Savings Maint. Cost* Net Cash Flow Disc. NCF Pres. Worth
1 30000.00 3000.00 27000.00 27000.00 -173000.00
2 31800.00 3150.00 28650.00 25141.73 -147858.27
3 33708.00 3307.50 30400.50 23411.10 -124447.18
4 35730.48 3472.88 32257.61 21799.35 -102647.82
5 37874.31 3646.52 34227.79 20298.36 -82349.47
6 40146.77 3828.84 36317.92 18900.51 -63448.96
7 42555.57 4020.29 38535.29 17598.74 -45850.22
8 45108.91 4221.30 40887.61 16386.46 -29463.75
9 47815.44 4432.37 43383.08 15257.53 -14206.22
10 50684.37 4653.98 46030.38 14206.24 0.02
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Chapter 12Energy, Costs, and Economics
Problem 12.15 A ground-source heat pump costs $5000 more than a conventional heating and
cooling system. It saves approximately $400 per year in energy costs and $100
per year in maintenance costs. The owner plans to live in this home for 20 years.
The energy inflation rate is 7%, the discount rate is 5%, and the general infla-
tion and maintenance rates are 6%. What is the present worth at 20 years and
what is the discounted payback?
Solution
Discounted 20-Year Economic Analysis with Inflation
Year Energy Savings Maint. Cost* Net Cash Flow Disc. NCF Pres. Worth
1 400.00 -100.00 500.00 500.00 -4500.00
2 428.00 -106.00 534.00 479.78 -4020.22
3 457.96 -112.36 570.32 460.39 -3559.82
4 490.02 -119.10 609.12 441.79 -3118.03
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PW20 = $1953.78
DPB 12.6 years (time at which PW = 0)
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HVAC Simplified Solutions Manual
Problem 12.16 Repeat Problem 12.15 for ie = 6%, ig = im = 7%, and d = 6% and compare these
results with a simple payback analysis.
Solution
Discounted 20-Year Economic Analysis with Inflation
Year Energy Savings Maint. Cost* Net Cash Flow Disc. NCF Pres. Worth
1 400.00 -100.00 500.00 500.00 -4500.00
2 424.00 -107.00 531.00 468.17 -4031.83
3 449.44 -114.49 563.93 438.38 -3593.45
4 476.41 -122.50 598.91 410.48 -3182.97
5 504.99 -131.08 636.07 384.37 -2798.60
6 535.29 -140.26 675.55 359.92 -2438.68
7 567.41 -150.07 717.48 337.03 -2101.65
8 601.45 -160.58 762.03 315.61 -1786.05
9 637.54 -171.82 809.36 295.54 -1490.50
10 675.79 -183.85 859.64 276.76 -1213.74
11 716.34 -196.72 913.05 259.18 -954.56
12 759.32 -210.49 969.80 242.72 -711.84
13 804.88 -225.22 1030.10 227.30 -484.54
14 853.17 -240.98 1094.16 212.87 -271.67
15 904.36 -257.85 1162.21 199.36 -72.31
16 958.62 -275.90 1234.53 186.70 114.39
17 1016.14 -295.22 1311.36 174.86 289.25
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PW20 = $750.05
DPB 16.3 years (time at which PW = 0)
SPB = $5000 [$400/yr ($100/yr)] = 10 years
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