Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power

losses,
= 1. But in actual practice, there are manypower losses; therefore the efficiency
of transformer isless than one.
PROCEDURE
i)

Demonstrating the principle of transformer by

winding primary and secondary coil on a steel rod

1.

Take a soft iron rod of cm and cm diameter.Wrap thick paper on it.

2.

Wind a coil P of enameled copper wire 200 turns.

3.

Wind another coil S of thick enameled copper wirewith 400 turns.

4.

Both coils are wound over same length of the rod,so that almost the entire flux
produced by current inone is linked to the other.
5.

Connect the coil S with an AC voltmeter. Connect anidentical voltmeter across P

also.
6.

Switch on the current in P and note voltage acrossthe two coils

7.

Find the ratio Vp to Vs

OBSERVATIONS
1.

We will find that ratio of Vp and Vs across the twocoils is equal to the ratio of
number of turns in thecoil P to that in the coil S.i.e.,

Vp/Vs = Np/Ns ---------------(1)2. The coil P (to which AC voltage is applied) is

Called the primary and coil S (in which AC isinduced) is called the
secondary.3.Since coil S is placed very close to the coil P,thepower in the primary
is transferred into thesecondary through mutual induction.4. It is clear from
equation 1, that by appropriatechoice of the turn ratio i.e., Np/Ns, we can obtain
a

higher voltage or lower voltage in S compared tothat in P.

ENERGY LOSSES:-
Following are the major sources of energy loss in atransformer:1.
Copper loss:
is the energy loss in the form of heat inthe copper coils of a transformer. This is
due to jouleheating of conducting wires.2.
Iron loss:
is the energy loss in the form of heat in theiron core of the transformer. This is
due to formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is minimized by takinglaminated
cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux:
occurs inspite of bestinsulations. Therefore, rate of change of magnetic fluxlinked
with each turn of S
1
S
2
is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of P
1
P
2
.

Toggle Fullscreen