TRNG I HC KHOA HC HU

Khoa Mi trng

GIO TRNH

SN XUT SCH HN
(Cleaner Production)

Hu, 2012
 Chng 1
M U
1.1. S HNH THNH V PHT TRIN CA TNG SN XUT SCH HN
Cc qu trnh sn xut cng nghip gy ra nhim mi trng do kh thi, nc thi v
cht thi rn:
Kh thi
(Emisions)

Nguyn liu
(Raw materials)
Qu trnh
Nc sn xut Sn phm
(Process) (Products)

Nng lng
(Energy)
Cht thi rn
Nc thi (Solidwaste)
(Wastewater)

Hnh 1.1. S tng qut mt qu trnh sn xut cng nghip

- Trong vng hng chc nm qua, cc cch thc ng ph vi s nhim cng nghip gy
nn suy thoi mi trng thay i theo thi gian:
(1). Pht l nhim (Ignorance of pollution)
Khng quan tm n nhim do hu qu do nhim gy ra cha thc s nghim trng,
mc pht trin ca cc ngnh cng nghip cn nh l.
(2). Pha long v pht tn (Dilute and disperse)
Pha long: dng nc ngun pha long nc thi trc khi vo ngun nhn.
Pht tn: nng chiu cao ng khi pht tn kh thi.
VD: mt nh my sn xut bia thi ra 50 m3 nc thi/ngy. COD ca nc thi l 1000
mg/L. p ng tiu chun cho php Vit Nam i vi COD ca nc thi cng nghip
loi B (nh hn hoc bng 100 mg/L), nh my pha long 1 m3 nc thi vi 9 m3 nc.
Tuy nhin, i vi pha long v pht tn th tng lng cht thi a vo mi trng l
khng i. Thy quyn v kh quyn khng phi l mt bi rc cho mi cht thi: cc kim loi
nng, PCB (polychlorinated biphenyls: bn v c hi c trong bin th, t in ...) ... tun
hon v tch ly trong trm tch, sinh khi.
(3). X l cui ng ng (EOP = end-of-pipe treatment)
Lp t cc h thng x l nc thi, kh thi cui dng thi phn hy hay lm
gim nng cc cht nhim nhm p ng yu cu bt buc trc khi thi vo mi trng.
Phng php ny ph bin vo nhng nm 1970 cc nc cng nghip kim sot
nhim cng nghip.
Tuy nhin, x l cui ng ng thng ny sinh cc vn nh:
- Gy nn s chm tr trong vic tm ra gii php x l;
- Khng th p dng vi cc trng hp c ngun thi phn tn nh nng nghip;

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 - i khi sn phm ph sinh ra khi x l li l cc tc nhn nhim th cp;
- Chi ph u t v sn xut s tng thm do chi ph x l.
(4). Phng nga pht sinh cht thi (Waste prevention)
Ngn chn pht sinh cht thi ngay ti ngun ngun bng cch s dng nng lng v
nguyn vt liu 1 cch c hiu qu nht, ngha l c thm mt t l nguyn vt liu na c
chuyn vo thnh phm thay v phi loi b. Tip cn ny bt u xut hin t nhng nm
1980 vi nhng cch gi khc nhau nh "phng nga nhim" (pollution prevention), "gim
thiu cht thi" (waste minimization). Ngy nay, thut ng "sn xut sch hn" (cleaner
production) (SXSH) c s dng ph bin trn th gii ch cch tip cn ny, mc d cc
thut ng tng ng vn cn a thch vi ni.
Trc y, li suy ngh ca chng ta trong vic gii quyt nhim mi trng vn tp
trung s dng cc phng php truyn thng x l cht thi m khng ch n ngun gc
pht sinh ca chng. Do vy, chi ph qun l cht thi ngy cng tng nhng nhim ngy
cng nng. Cc ngnh cng nghip phi chu hu qu nng n v mt kinh t v mt uy tn
trn th trng. thot khi s b tc ny, cng ng cng nghip cng ngy cng tr nn
nghim tc hn trong vic xem xt cch tip cn SXSH.
Sn xut sch hn
(Cleaner production)

X l cui ng ng
(End of pipe treatment)

Pha long v pht tn

(Dillute and Disperse)

Hnh 1.2. S pht trin logic ca tin trnh ng ph vi nhim

Nh vy, t pht l nhim, ri pha long v pht tn cht thi, n kim sot cui
ng ng v cui cng l SXSH l 1 qu trnh pht trin khch quan, tch cc c li cho mi
trng v kinh t cho cc doanh nghip ni ring v ton x hi ni chung. Ba cch ng ph
u l nhng tip cn qun l cht thi b ng trong khi cch ng ph sau cng l tip cn
qun l cht thi ch ng. Nh vy, SXSH l tip cn nhn xa, tin liu v phng nga.
Nguyn tc phng bnh hn cha bnh bao gi cng l chn l. Tuy nhin, iu ny khng
c ngha l xem nh bin php x l cui ng ng. Phng nga v ngn chn nhim l
nguyn tc ch o v phi kt hp vi x l nhim.
Vo nm 1989, UNEP khi xng Chng trnh sn xut sch hn nhm ph bin
khi nim SXSH v y mnh vic p dng chin lc SXSH trong cng nghip, c bit
cc nc ang pht trin. Hi ngh chuyn u tin ca UNEP v lnh vc ny c t
chc ti Canterbury (Anh). Sau cc hi ngh tip theo c t chc c 2 nm mt: ti
Paris (Php, 1992); Warsaw (Ba Lan, 1994); Oxford (Anh, 1996); Phoenix (Hn Quc, 1998);
Montreal (Canada, 2000), Prague (CH Sc, 2002),. . .
Nm 1998, thut ng SXSH c chnh thc s dng trong "Tuyn ngn Quc t v sn
xut sch hn" (International Declaration on Cleaner Production) ca UNEP. Nm 1999, Vit
Nam k tuyn ngn Quc t v SXSH khng nh cam kt ca Vit Nam vi chin lc
pht trin bn vng.
Chin lc Bo v mi trng quc gia n nm 2010 v nh hng n nm 2020
(2003) ca Vit Nam xc nh quan imCoi phng nga l chnh, kt hp vi x l v
kim sot nhim. Mt trong 36 chng trnh, n, d n u tin cp quc gia trong
chin lc (s 28) lin quan n SXSH.

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1.2. NH NGHA SN XUT SCH HN
Theo Chng trnh Mi trng LHQ (UNEP, 1994):
Sn xut sch hn l s p dng lin tc mt chin lc phng nga mi trng
tng hp i vi cc qu trnh sn xut, cc sn phm v cc dch v nhm lm gim tc
ng xu n con ngi v mi trng.
- i vi cc qu trnh sn xut, SXSH bao gm vic bo ton nguyn liu, nc v
nng lng, loi tr cc nguyn liu c hi v lm gim khi lng, c tnh ca cc cht
thi vo nc v kh quyn.
- i vi cc sn phm, chin lc SXSH nhm vo mc ch lm gim tt c cc tc
ng n mi trng trong ton b vng i ca sn phm, t khu khai thc nguyn liu n
khu thi b cui cng.
- i vi cc dch v, SXSH l s lng ghp cc mi quan tm v mi trng vo trong
vic thit k v cung cp cc dch v.
- SXSH i hi p dng cc b quyt, ci tin cng ngh v thay i thi .
(Lu : Trong nh ngha nm SXSH 1992 ca UNEP cha cp n cc dch v)
Nh vy, SXSH khng ngn cn s pht trin, SXSH ch yu cu rng s pht trin phi
bn vng v mt mi trng sinh thi. Khng nn cho rng SXSH ch l 1 chin lc v mi
trng bi n cng lin quan n li ch kinh t. Trong khi x l cui ng ng lun tng
chi ph sn xut th SXSH c th mang li li ch kinh t cho doanh nghip thng qua vic
gim thiu s tiu th nng lng v nguyn liu hoc phng nga v gim thiu rc thi. Do
vy c th khng nh rng SXSH l 1 chin lc mt mi tn trng hai ch (win-win
outcome).
1.3. CC KHI NIM V THUT NG LIN QUAN
1.3.1. Cng ngh sch (Clean technology)
Bt k bin php k thut no c cc ngnh cng nghip p dng gim thiu hay
loi b qu trnh pht sinh cht thi hay nhim ti ngun v tit kim c nguyn liu v
nng lng u c gi l cng ngh sch. Cc bin php k thut ny c th c p dng
t khu thit k thay i quy trnh sn xut hoc l cc p dng trong cc dy chuyn sn
xut nhm ti s dng sn phm ph trnh tht thot (OCED, 1987).
1.3.2. Cng ngh tt nht hin c (Best Available Technology - BAT)
L cng ngh sn xut c hiu qu nht hin c trong vic bo v mi trng ni
chung, c kh nng trin khai trong cc iu kin thc tin v kinh t, k thut, c quan tm
n chi ph trong vic nghin cu, pht trin v trin khai bao gm thit k, xy dng, bo
dng, vn hnh v loi b cng ngh (UNIDO, 1992). BAT gip nh gi tim nng p dng
SXSH, v d bng 1.1.
Bng 1.1. Mc tiu th nc & in trong cc nh my bia theo cng ngh Vit Nam v BAT

Vit Nam * BAT ** Tim nng tit kim VN

Tiu th nc 16 -24 m3/ m3 bia 4 -6 m3/ m3 bia 60-75%

Tiu th in 200-285 kWh/ m3 bia 120 kWh/ m3 bia 40-60%

* Kt qu nh gi ca d n UNIDO nm 1998-2000
** Kt qu nh gi SXSH trong sn xut bia ca UNDP nm 1999

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 1.3.3. Hiu qu sinh thi (Eco-efficiency)
Hiu qu sinh thi (HQST) chnh l s phn phi hng ho v dch v c gi c r hn
trong khi gim c nguyn liu, nng lng v cc tc ng n mi trng trong sut c
qu trnh ca sn phm v dch v (WBCSD, 1992). Hai khi nim SXSH v HQST c
xem nh l ng ngha. Tuy nhin, c mt s khc bit nh gia hai thut ng: HQST bt
ngun t cc vn lin quan n hiu qu kinh t m nhng hiu qu ny c tc dng tch
cc n MT. Trong khi , SXSH khi u t tng hiu qu sinh thi m nhng hiu qu
ny c tc ng tch cc n kinh t.
1.3.4. Phng nga nhim (Pollution prevention)
Hai thut ng SXSH v phng nga nhim (PNN) thng c s dng thay th
nhau. Chng ch khc nhau v mt a l. Thut ng PNN c s dng Bc M trong khi
SXSH c s dng cc khu vc cn li trn th gii.
1.3.5. Gim thiu cht thi (Waste minimisation)
Khi nim v gim thiu cht thi (GTCT) c a ra vo nm 1988 bi Cc Bo v
Mi trng Hoa K (US. EPA). Hai thut ng GTCT v PNN thng c s dng thay
th nhau. Tuy nhin, GTCT tp trung vo vic ti ch rc thi v cc phng tin khc
gim thiu lng rc bng vic p dung nguyn tc 3P (Polluter Pay Principle) v 3R
(Reduction, Reuse, Recycle).
1.3.6. Nng sut xanh (Green productivity)
Nng sut xanh (NSX) l thut ng c s dng vo nm 1994 bi C quan nng sut
Chu (APO) ni n thch thc trong vic t c sn xut bn vng. Ging nh
SXSH, nng sut xanh l 1 chin lc va nng cao nng sut va thn thin vi mi trng
cho s pht trin kinh t - x hi ni chung.
1.3.7. Kim sot nhim (Pollution control)
S khc nhau c bn ca kim sot nhim (KSN) v SXSH l vn thi gian.
KSN l 1 cch tip cn t pha sau (cha bnh), ging nh x l cui ng ng, trong khi
SXSH l cch tip cn t pha trc, mang tch cht d on v phng nga.
Tip cn EOP Tip cn SXSH
Cc cht N c kim sot bng cc thit Cc cht N c ngn nga pht sinh ti ngun
b lc v cc h thng x l nc thi thng qua cc bin php tng hp
X l EOP p dng khi qu trnh hay sn SXSH l mt phn trong tng th pht trin qu
phm c v vn c ny sinh trnh v sn phm
X l EOP l mt yu t gp vo gi thnh, Cc cht thi c xem nh ngun ti nguyn
chi ph tim nng
Cc thch thc mi trng c gii quyt Gii quyt cc thch thc mi trng l trch
bi cc chuyn gia mi trng nhim ca mi ngi trong ton cng ty

Cc ci thin mi trng i lin vi cng Cc ci thin mi trng bao gm c gii php k

ngh thut v phi kyc thut
Cc gii php ci thin mi trng phi p Cc gii php ci thin mi trng lin quan n
ng cc TC mi trng theo quy nh mt qu trnh lm vic lin tc t n tiu
chun ngy mt cao hn
Cht lng c inh ngha l s p ng Cht lng c ngha l sn xut ra cc sn phm
yu cu ca khch hng p ng yu cu ca khch hng v c tc ng
thp nht n sc khe v mi trng.

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 1.3.8. Sinh thi cng nghip (Industrial ecology)
Vic qung b v nng cao nhn thc v SXSH t c nhiu tin b ng k
nhiu ni trn th gii. Tuy nhin cc n lc v SXSH thng ch tp trung vo cc qu trnh
sn xut n l, cc sn phm c th hoc cc vt liu c hi mang tnh cch c nhn hn l
mt bc tranh ton cnh v cc tc ng mi trng do mt h thng sn xut cng nghip
gy ra. Do vy, song song vi s pht trin ca SXSH, cc nh khoa hc, cc k s v cc nh
qun l cng nghip nhn ra rng cn phi xy dng mt h thng sn xut cng nghip
mang tnh cht tun hon dn n vic tt c cc u ra ca qu trnh sn xut ny tr thnh
cc u vo ca cc qu trnh sn xut khc gim thiu ti a lng cht thi.
Chnh cc mi quan h phc tp gia cc sinh vt v vt cht trong cc h sinh thi t
nhin cung cp cho con ngi mt bi hc gi tr v vic lm th no thit k tt hn
cc h thng cng nghip. Tng ta nh cc h sinh thi trong t nhin m cht thi
ca mt sinh vt ny tr thnh ngun thc n ca mt sinh vt khc, con ngi cn phi pht
trin cc h thng sn xut m trong khng cn cht thi. Chnh tng ny dn n
khi nim v sinh thi cng nghip (STCN). iu ny c ngha l tt c cc u ra ca mt
qu trnh sn xut s l cc u vo ca cc qu trnh sn xut khc theo mt vng tun hon.
a. Case study: M hnh sinh thi cng nghip Kalundborg (an Mch)

Hnh 1.2. S rt gn ca m hnh sinh thi cng nghip Kalundborg

- H nc Tisso: cung cp nc cho nh my in, cc nng tri v nh my lc du.
- Nh my sn xut in bng than cung cp ph gia (tro bay) cho nh my xi mng,
cung cp hi nc cho nh my sn xut insulin v enzyme cng nghip v nh my lc du,
cung cp thch cao cho nh my sn xut tm va bng cch lp 1 h thng chit xut lu
hunh t khi thi nh my to ra CaSO4 (thch cao), cung cp nhit tha cho th trn
dng un nc nng.
- Nh my lc du cung cp lu hunh cho nh my sn xut H2SO4..
- Nh my sn xut insulin v enzyme cng nghip cung cp sinh khi tha lm phn
bn cho cc nng tri.
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 b. Mi quan h gia SXSH v STCN
- Tng t nh SXSH, mc tiu ca STCN l nng cao hiu qu sinh thi v gim thi
nguy c ri ro i vi mi trng v sc khe con ngi, nng cao hiu qu kinh t.
- Tuy nhin STCN c 1 tm nhn rng hn vt qua khi ranh gii ca 1 cng ty.
mc trong cng 1 cng ty, STCN lin kt cc qa trnh sn xut vi nhau v
vi cc qu trnh t nhin xc nh cc c hi s dng cht thi ca 1 qu trnh ny cho 1
qu trnh khc.
mc khu cng nghip, STCN c gng cc i ho nng sut v hiu qu chung
ca c khu cng nghp hn l tnh n hiu qu ca tng cng ty n l. V d nh cc c hi
ca vic thu gom rc thi, vic mua kt hp cc vt liu sn xut, x l v loi b rc thi, v.v
c. Cc li ch ca STCN
Gi thnh sn xut gim nh hiu qu s dng nng lng v nguyn vt liu. Nh
vy sn phm s mang tnh cnh tranh hn,
Gim thiu nhim v cc yu cu v s dng ti nguyn thin nhin,
Vic tn dng rc thi gip cc doanh nghip trnh c b pht v gy nhim mi
trng,
S phn chia v cc chi ph lin quan n c s h tng, cc nghin cu v pht trin
(R & D), vic duy tr cc h thng thng tin ... vic mua kt hp cc vt liu sn xut.
d. Cc mt hn ch ca STCN
Cc k hoch kinh doanh ca cng ty khng c bo mt,
Kh nng b l thuc vo cc c s sn xut khc. VD: Nu 1 cng ty chuyn i ni
khc th cc cng ty ph thuc s gp rc ri,
Cc vn v lut php v trch nhim. VD: 1 sn phm c s c th kh hu qu s
do cng ty no chu trch nhim.
1.4. CC NHM GII PHP SN XUT SCH HN
1.4.1. Qun l ni vi tt (Good housekeeping)
Qun l ni vi l mt loi gii php n gin nht ca sn xut sch hn. Qun l ni vi
thng khng i hi chi ph u t v c th c thc hin ngay sau khi xc nh c cc
gii php SXSH. Qun l ni vi ch yu l ci tin thao tc cng vic, gim st vn hnh, bo
tr thch hp, ci tin cng tc kim k nguyn vt liu v sn phm. V d:
Pht hin r r, trnh cc ri vi,
Bo n tt ng ng trnh r r,
ng cc van nc hay tt thit b khi khng s dng trnh tn tht
Mc d qun l ni vi l dn gin nhng vn cn c s quan tm ca ban lnh do cng
nh vic o to nhn vin.
1.4.2. Thay th nguyn vt liu (Raw material substitution)
L vic thay th cc nguyn liu ang s dng bng cc nguyn liu khc thn thin vi
mi trng hn. Thay di nguyn liu cn c th l vic mua nguyn liu c cht lng tt
hn t c hiu sut s dng cao hn. V d:

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 Thay th mc in dung mi hu c bng mc in dung mi nc,
Thay th acid bng peroxit (VD: H2O2, Na2O2) trong ty r ...
1.4.3. Ti u ha qu trnh sn xut (Process optimization)
dm bo cc iu kin sn xut c ti u ho v mt tiu th nguyn liu, sn xut
v pht sinh cht thi, cc thng s ca qu trnh sn xut nh nhit , thi gian, p sut, pH,
tc ... cn c gim st, duy tr v hiu chnh cng gn vi iu kin ti u cng tt, lm
cho qu trnh sn xut t c hiu qu cao nht, c nng sut tt nht. V d:
Ti u ha tc bng chuyn v hiu chnh nhit thch hp ca my mng co,
Ti u ha qu trnh t ni hi ...
Cng nh qun l ni vi, vic kim sot qu trnh tt hn di hi cc quan tm ca ban
lnh do cng nh vic gim st ngy mt hon chnh hn.
1.4.4. B sung thit b (Equipment modification):
Lp t thm cc thit b t c hiu qu cao hn v nhiu mt. V d:
Lp t my ly tm tn dng bia cn,
Lp t cc thit b cm bin (sensor) tit kim in, nc. VD: thit b cm bin
thi gian (time sensor), thit b cm bin chuyn ng (motion sensor), v.v...
1.4.5. Thu hi v ti s dng ti ch (On-site recovery and reuse)
Tn dng cht thi tip tc s dng cho qu trnh sn xut hay s dng cho mt mc
ch khc. V d:
S dng siu lc thu hi thuc nhum trong nc thi,
Thu hi nc ngng dng li cho ni hi ...
1.4.6. Sn xut cc sn phm ph hu ch (Production of useful by-products)
Tn dng cht thi tip tc s dng cho mt mc ch khc. V d:
Sn xut cn t r ng ph thi ca nh my ng,
S dng lignin trong nc thi sn xut giy lm ph gia pha ch thuc tr su,
1.4.7. Thit k sn phm mi (New product design)
Thay i thit k sn phm c th ci thin qu trnh sn xut v lm gim nhu cu s
dng cc nguyn liu c hi. V d:
Sn xut pin khng cha kim loi c nh Cd, Pb, Hg...,
Thay np y kim loi c ph sn bng np y nha cho mt s sn phm nht dnh
s trnh c cc vn v mi trng cng nh cc chi ph sn hon thin np y .
1.4.8. Thay i cng ngh (Technology change)
Chuyn i sang mt cng ngh mi v hiu qu hn c th lm gim tiu th ti
nguyn v gim thiu lng cht thi v nc thi. Thit b mi thng t tin, nhng c th
thu hi vn rt nhanh. V d:
Ra c hc thay v ra bng dung mi,
Thay cng ngh sn t bng sn kh (sn bt) ...

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 Gii php ny yu cu chi ph u t cao hn cc gii php sn xut sch khc, do d
cn phi dc nghin cu cn thn. Mc d vy, tim nng tit kim nguyn liu v ci thin
cht lng sn phm c th cao hn so vi cc gii php khc.
1.5. CC LI CH CA SN XUT SCH HN
Ni mt cch tng qut, SXSH va l cng c qun l, cng c kinh t, cng c bo v
mi trng v l cng c nng cao cht lng sn phm. SXSH gip:
Tit kim ti chnh v ci thin hiu qu sn xut do tit kim chi ph do vic s dng
nc, nng lng, nguyn liu hiu qu hn, chi ph x l cui ng ng, chi ph loi b cc
cht thi rn, nc thi, kh thi,
Nng cao hiu sut hot ng ca nh my,
Nng cao mc n nh sn xut v cht lng sn phm,
Gim s dng ti nguyn thin nhin thng qua cc bin php thu hi v ti s dng
cht thi,
Ti s dng cc bn thnh phm c gi tr,
Ci thin mi trng lm vic c lin quan n sc kho v an ton lao ng cho cng
nhn,
Gim nhim,
To nn 1 hnh nh tt hn v doanh nghip, nng cao tnh linh hot v kh nng cnh
tranh ca doanh nghip
Chp hnh tt hn cc qui nh v mi trng, gip cc ngnh cng nghip xut khu
p ng c cc tiu chun quc t v mi trng,
Tip cn ti chnh d dng hn,
Nng cao hiu bit v qu trnh sn xut, cc chi ph, cc vn v mi trng trong
ni b doanh nghip v nng cao nhn thc, tinh thn trch nhim ca cng nhn thng qua
s tham gia tgrc tip ca h vo qu trnh thc hin SXSH.
SXSH v pht trin bn vng
SXSH c th gim thiu hay loi b nhu cu cn bng gia pht trin kinh t v mi
trng. Hin nay, SXSH c bit quan trng i vi cc nc ang trn con ng chuyn
dch c cu kinh t. SXSH to ra c hi bc nhy vt vt qua cc cng ngh c c s
dng lu nay m vn cn tiu tn nhiu tin cho vic kim sot nhim do cc cng ngh ny
gy ra. Nh vy c th ni rng SXSH l mt trong nhng cng c h tr c lc nht cho s
PTBV.
Bng 1.2. Mt s v d SXSH gip gii quyt cc vn mi trng
Vn mi trng Gii php SXSH (Tho lun trn lp)
Thay th tt c cc cht lm suy gim tng ozon bng cc cht an
Suy gim tng ozon
ton
Thay th nhin liu ha thch bng nng lng mt tri
Nng ln ton cu
Bo tn nng lng
Pht sinh cc cht Thay i cc dy chuyn sn xut v nguyn liu
thi rn v cht thi Mua cc sn phm m cng ngh sn xut ra chng to ra t cht
nguy hi. thi nguy hi hn v khng cha cc cht c

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 Vn mi trng Gii php SXSH (Tho lun trn lp)
Mua cc sn phm bn
Mua cc sn phm t c
Ti s dng cc sn phm
Yu cu dng t bao gi cho sn phm
S dng than sch (c hm lng lu hunh thp) cho cc nh
Ma acid my in
S dng cc ngun nng lng ti to c
S dng t chy bng in hay cc nhin liu thay th
Sng m quang ho Thay th cc sn phm to ra nhiu cht hu c d bay hi nh
kep xt tc, sn, bnh nc hoa,...

Ti liu c thm chng 1

1.1. INFOTERRA Vit Nam. Sn xut sch. Tng lun, s 10-2001 (164) (Bn
photocopy)
1.2. Cc bi c thm v cng ngh sch (Xem cc bi c thm ca chng 1)

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Chng 2
PHNG PHP LUN NH GI SXSH
2.1. TNG QUAN
p dng c SXSH cn phi c phn tch mt cch chi tit v trnh t vn hnh ca
qu trnh sn xut cng nh thit b sn xut hay cn gi l nh gi v SXSH (Cleaner
Production Assessment: CPA). nh gi SXSH l mt cng c h thng c th gip nhn ra
vic s dng nguyn liu khng hiu qu, vic qun l cht thi km, v cc ri ro v bnh
ngh nghip bng cch tp trung ch vo cc kha cnh mi trng v cc tc ng ca cc
qu trnh sn xut cng nghip.
Hin nay, c mt s thut ng tng ng hin ang c s dng th hin phng
php lun SXSH nh: Kim ton gim thiu cht thi (Waste Minimization Audit), nh gi
gim thiu cht thi (Waste Minimization Assessment), Hng dn phng nga nhim
(Pollution Prevention Guide),...
c nhiu cm nang, hng dn nh gi SXSH vi cc mc chi tit khc nhau
c xut v p dng bi cc t chc quc t, quc gia v c s nghin cu. Tuy nhin, tt
c u c chung ngha: l "con ng" n SXSH; tng v khi nim c bn l
hu nh ging nhau. Di y l mt s v d v cc cm nang, hng dn c s dng ph
bin:
(1). nh gi c hi gim thiu cht thi, US EPA 1988. (Waste Minimization
Opportunity Assessment, US EPA 1988)
(2). Hng dn phng nga nhim, US. EPA 1992. (Facility Pollution Prevention
Guide, US. EPA 1992)
(3). Ti liu hng dn cho cc Trung tm Quc gia SXSH - Cm nang nh gi
SXSH. (Bn tho) UNEP/UNIDO 1995. (Guidance Material for the UNEP/UNIDO National
Cleaner Production Centres. Cleaner Production Assessment Manual. Draft 1995)
(4). Cm nang PREPARE cho phng nga cht thi v pht thi. B Kinh t H Lan
1991. (PREPARE Manual for the Prevention of Waste and Emissions, Dutch Ministry of Economic
Affairs 1991)
(5). Cm nang kim ton v gim thiu cc cht thi v pht thi cng nghip. Bo co
k thut s 7, UNEP/UNIDO 1991. (Audit and Reduction Manual for Industrial Emissions
and Waste, Technical Report Series No 7, UNEP/UNIDO 1991)
(6). Quy trnh kim ton cht thi DESIRE. UB Nng sut Quc gia n , 1994.
(DESIRE Procedure for waste audit. India NPC, 1994)
Nhn chung, cc cm nang-hng dn tuy khc nhau v thut ng, di ngn, ni
dung c th nhng c cng tng chnh: tng quan ton b quy trnh sn xut ca 1 nh
my nhn ra nhng ch, nhng cng on c th lm gim c s tiu th ti nguyn,
cc nguyn liu c hi v s pht sinh cht thi.
Hnh 2.1 gii thiu quy trnh kim ton gim thiu cht thi DESIRE.

10
Giai on 1: Khi ng
Nhim v 1: Thnh lp nhm kim ton gim thiu cht thi
Nhim v 2: Lit k cc cng on ca qu trnh sn xut
Nhim v 3: Xc nh v chn ra cc cng on gy lng ph

Giai on 2: Phn tch cc cng on

Nhim v 4: Chun b s dng ca qu trnh
Nhim v 5: Lp cn bng vt cht v nng lng
Nhim v 6: Xc nh chi ph cho cc dng thi
Nhim v 7: Thm nh qu trnh xc nh nguyn nhn sinh ra cht
thi

Giai on 3: xut cc c hi gim thiu cht thi

Nhim v 8: Xy dng cc c hi gim thiu cht thi
Nhim v 9: La chn cc c hi c th thc hin c

Giai on 4: La chn cc gii php gim thiu cht thi

Nhim v 10: nh gi tnh kh thi v k thut
Nhim v 11: nh gi tnh kh thi v kinh t
Nhim v 12: nh gi kha cnh mi trng
Nhim v 13: La chn gii php s thc hin

Giai on 5 : Thc hin cc gii php gim thiu cht thi

Nhim v 14: Chun b thc hin
Nhim v 15: Thc hin gii php gim thiu cht thi
Nhim v 16: Gim st v nh gi kt qu

Giai on 6: Duy tr gim thiu cht thi

Nhim v 17: Duy tr cc gii php gim thiu cht thi
Nhim v 18: Xc nh v chn ra cc cng on gy lng ph mi

Hnh 2.1. S cc bc kim ton gim thiu cht thi DESIRE

11
2.2. QUY TRNH NH GI SXSH
Cc ti liu hng dn nh gi SXSH hin nay ca Vit Nam c bn l da trn quy trnh
DESIRE (hnh 2.1), c mt s iu chnh cc bc trong giai on 1 v 2 (xem hnh 2.2).
Nm 1993, y ban Nng sut quc gia n thc hin d n "Trnh din gim cht thi
ti cc ngnh cng nghip nh" (DESIRE = Desmontration in Small Industries of Reducing
Waste). Quy trnh kim ton cht thi c pht trin trong khun kh D n v c p
dng rng ri.
Cn lu rng trong cc ti liu, i khi phng php lun nh gi SXSH c th hin
s nhim v hoc tn gi cc nhim v khng hon ton ging nhau. Tuy nhin, nhng khc
bit ny khng nh hng ti tng th phng php v nguyn tc thc hin nh gi SXSH.

Bc 1: Khi ng
Nhim v 1: Thnh lp nhm nh gi SXSH
Nhim v 2: Phn tch cc cng on v xc nh lng ph

Bc 2: Phn tch cc cng on

Nhim v 3: Chun b s quy trnh
Nhim v 4: Cn bng nguyn liu, nng lng v cu t
Nhim v 5: Xc nh cc tnh cht dng thi
Nhim v 6: Xc nh chi ph dng thi
Nhim v 7: Xc nh nguyn nhn sinh ra cht thi

Bc 3: xut cc gii php SXSH

Nhim v 8: xut cc c hi SXSH
Nhim v 9: La chn cc c hi c th thc hin c

Bc 4: La chn cc gii php SXSH

Nhim v 10: nh gi tnh kh thi v k thut
Nhim v 11: nh gi tnh kh thi v kinh t
Nhim v 12: nh gi kha cnh mi trng
Nhim v 13: La chn gii php s thc hin

Bc 5 : Thc hin cc gii php SXSH

Nhim v 14: Chun b thc hin
Nhim v 15: Thc hin gii php SXSH
Nhim v 16: Gim st v nh gi kt qu

Bc 6: Duy tr SXSH
Nhim v 17: Duy tr cc gii php gim SXSH
Nhim v 18: Xc nh v chn ra cc cng on gy lng ph mi

Hnh 2.2. S nh gi SXSH Vit Nam.

12
 2.2.1. Giai on 1 - Khi ng
Mc ch ca giai on ny l lp k hoch v chun b cho nh gi SXSH.
Nhim v 1: Thnh lp nhm SXSH
Thnh phn in hnh ca mt nhm cng tc SXSH nn bao gm i din ca:
Cp lnh o doanh nghip (Ban Gim c cng ty, nh my),
Cc b phn sn xut (x nghip, phn xng),
B phn ti chnh, vt t, b phn k thut,
Cc chuyn gia SXSH (ty yu cu, c th mi cc chuyn gia SXSH bn ngoi).
Quy m v thnh phn ca nhm cng tc ph hp vi c cu t chc ca doanh
nghip.
Cn phi c mt nhm trng iu phi ton b chng trnh kim ton v cc
hot ng cn thit khc.
Mi thnh vin trong nhm cng tc s c ch nh mt nhim v c th, nhng t
chc ca nhm cng linh hot cng tt vic trao i thng tin c d dng.
Nhm cng tc phi ra c cc mc tiu nh hung lu di cho chng trnh
SXSH. nh ra tt cc mc tiu s gip tp trung n lc v xy dng c s ng lng. Cc
mc tiu phi ph hp vi chnh sch ca doanh nghip, c tnh hin thc.
Nhim v 2: Phn tch cc cng on v xc nh lng ph
Phn tch cc cng on
Cn tng quan tt c cc cng on bao gm sn xut, vn chuyn, bo qun,...
Ch c bit n cc hot ng theo chu k, v d cc qu trnh lm sch,...
Thu thp s liu xc nh nh mc (cng sut, tiu th nguyn liu, nc, NLng,...)
Xc nh v chn ra cc cng on gy lng ph
nhim v ny, nhm cng tc khng cn i vo chi tit m phi nh gi din rng tt
c cc cng on ca qu trnh sn xut v lng cht thi, mc tc ng n mi trng, cc
c hi SXSH d kin, cc li ch d on,... Nhng nh gi nh vy l hu ch t trng tm
vo mt hay mt s cng on sn xut s phn tch chi tit hn.
bc ny, vic tnh ton cc nh mc (benchmark) l rt cn thit nh:
Tiu th nguyn liu: tn nguyn liu/tn sn phm
Tiu th nng lng: kWh/tn sn phm
Tiu th nc: m3 nc/tn sn phm
Lng nc thi: m3 nc thi/tn sn phm
Lng pht thi kh: kg/tn sn phm,...
Cc nh mc thu c khi so snh s b vi cc cng ty khc v vi cng ngh tt
nht hin c (BAT = Best Available Technology) s cho php c tnh tim nng SXSH.
Cc tiu ch xc nh trng tm kim ton:
Gy nhim nng (nh mc nc thi/pht thi cao),
Tn tht nguyn liucao, tn tht ha cht,

13
 nh mc tiu th nguyn liu/nng lng cao,
C s dng cc ha cht c hi,
c la chn bi a s cc thnh vin trong nhm SXSH.
2.2.2. Giai on 2 - Phn tch cc cng on
Nhim v 3: Chun b s dng ca qu trnh sn xut
Lp ra mt s dng gii thiu cc cng on ca qu trnh la chn (trng tm
kim ton) nhm xc nh tt c cc cng on v ngun gy ra cht thi. S ny cn lit
k v m t dng vo - dng ra i vi tng cng on. Vic thit lp s chnh xc thng
khng d, nhng li l nhim v rt quan trng quyt nh n s thng sut ca qu trnh.
Trong hnh 2.3 m t mt khun mu in hnh cho s dng ca qu trnh sn
xut.
Nguyn liu:
............. kg
.............. m3
Dng vo Dng ra
(Input) (Output)

Nc thi .........m3
Cc thnh phn:
Nc ..........m3 Cng on 1 .............. kg
.............. kg

Cng on 2 Pht thi..........kg

Nng lng........kW
Nhit thi ....... kW

Cc ph gia: Cng on n Cht thi rn:

........... kg .......... kg
........... kg .......... kg
........... kg .......... kg

Sn phm:
............. kg
............. m3

Khch hng

Hnh 2.3. Mu in hnh ca mt s dng qu trnh sn xut

Hnh 2.4. cho v d v mt s cng ngh c th - s cng ngh thuc da.

14
 Da
(p mui bo qun)

Na2CO3, H2O, cht

Ngm, ra hi ti NT cha bi bn,
dit khun
mui

H2S
Vi, Na2S, H2O Loi b lng, ngm vi
NT c tnh kim, cha
lng, bi, mui hu c,
vi, Na2S
No tht v x Tht v da ro

Lactic acid, NH4Cl, Kh vi, lm mm NH3

H2O NT c tnh kim

Mui, H2SO4, H2O Lm xp (ngm acid) NT acid long, cha

mui

Cr2(SO4)3, Syntan, mui, NT c tnh acid,

Thuc da
HCOONa, Na2CO3, ct cha Cr3+, syntan,
chng vi khun mui

p nc Dch p

Bo Mnh da bo cha Cr

Dch chit tannin, Thuc li, nhum NT c tnh acid, cha

syntan, cht mu, v n du Cr3+, dch chit tannin,
(HCOO)2Ca, TiO2, syntan, cht mu, cht
du, keo, H2O bo
Sy, xn mp Mu da xn cha Cr
v phn loi

Cht lm bng b Hon tt Hi dung mi

mt

Nc thi
Da thnh phm Cht thi rn
Kh thi

Hinh 2.4. S dng qu trnh thuc da

15
 Nhim v 4: Cn bng vt cht v nng lng
Cn bng vt cht v nng lng l cn thit nh lng s dng v nhn ra cc
tn tht cng nh cht thi trong qu trnh sn xut. Ngoi ra, cn bng vt cht cn s dng
gim st vic thc hin cc gii php SXSH sau ny.
Cn bng vt cht (CBVC) c th l: cn bng cho ton b h thng hay cn bng cho
tng cng on thm ch tng thit b; cn bng cho tt c vt cht hay cn bng cho tng
thnh phn nguyn liu (v d nh cn bng nc trong cng nghip giy, cn bng du trong
cng nghip du c, cn bng crom trong cng nghip thuc da). Tuy nhin, CBVC s d
dng hn, c ngha hn v chnh xc hn khi n c thc hin cho tng khu vc, cc hot
ng hay cc qu trnh sn xut ring bit. Da trn nhng c s ny, CBVC ca ton b nh
my s c xy dng nn.
thit lp cn bng vt cht v nng lng, cc ngun s liu sau l cn thit:
Bo co sn xut
Cc bo co mua vo v bn ra
Bo co tc ng mi trng
Cc o c trc tip ti ch.
Nhng iu cn lu khi lp cn bng vt cht v nng lng:
Cc s liu i hi phi c tin cy, chnh xc v tnh i din.
Khng c b st bt k dng thi quan trng no nh pht thi kh, sn phm
ph,...
Phi kim tra tnh thng nht ca cc n v o s dng
Nguyn liu cng t v c hi, cn bng cng phi chnh xc
Kim tra cho c th gip tm ra nhng im mu thun.
Trong trng hp khng th o dc, hy c tnh mt cch chnh xc nht.
Di y l 2 v d n gin v cn bng vt cht cho ton b qu trnh sn xut v
cho mt thit b. Cc v d tng t v chi tit s c cp trong chng 3 v bi tp.
V d 2.1. Cn bng vt cht cho ton b qu trnh sn xut 1 kg xi mng:

Pht thi: CO2: 600 g (404 g t nguyn liu, 196 g t nung)

N2 : 1566 g
O2 : 262 g
H2O : 169 g + m nguyn liu
khng kh

1150g nguyn liu

63 g nhin liu 750 g 1000 g xi mng
Nung Nghin
984 g khng kh (kh) clinker
+ m nguyn liu

thch cao khng kh

1050 g khng kh 250 g cht n
x l

16
 V d 2.2. Cn bng vt cht trn 100 lt bia ca mt nh my bia tiu th t in v
nc
Kh thi: cha tnh c

Bia ng chai: 100 L

Nc: 500 L
Nh my bia tiu
B bia: 14 kg
Malt/Ph gia: 15 kg th t nng lng
v nhin liu
Du: 7 L (Tnh cho 100 L Men d: 3 kg
bia)
Nc thi: 350 L
in: 12 KWh BOD trong nc thi:
0.8 kg

V d 2.3. Cn bng nng lng ca ni hi

Bc x ra bn ngoi khi
17,144 kcal 309,222 kcal
Nc
161.280 kcal

Ni hi Hi
Gas
2.7 Gcal 4 T/h 2.526.720
kcal
nh k x y 8.064 kcal
9
1 Gcal = 10 cal
Nng lng cung cp: 2.861.280 kcal
Nng lng hu ch: 2.526.720 kcal
Tn tht nng lng: 334.430 kcal. hiu sut ni hi: 88,3% tn tht 11,7%
Nhim v 5: Xc nh cc c tnh dng thi
Vic xc nh tnh cht cc dng thi s gip ta nh gi c ti lng nhim i
vo mi trng v h s pht thi ring. iu ny s gip xc nh c chi ph x l
v thi b. Cn phi theo di cc dng thi c xc nh; sau c th ly mu v
cc thng s khc nhau phn tch trong phng th nghim.
Nu cng ty khng c phng th nghim ring th c th ly mu ri gi i phn tch
ti cc phng xt nghim khc.
Nhim v 6: Xc nh chi ph dng thi
Mt c tnh s b c th tin hnh bng cch tnh ton chi ph nguyn liu v cc
sn phm trung gian mt theo dng thi (v d mt mt si trong sn xut giy v bt giy).
Phn tch chi tit hn c th tm ra chi ph b sung ca nguyn liu to ra cht thi, chi ph
ca sn phm nm trong cht thi, chi ph thi b cht thi, thu cht thi,... V d: cc mc
chi ph cho nc thi trong sn xut giy:
Thnh phn C s tnh ton
Ha cht nu bt cn d gi mua ha cht
Mt mt si gi si trung gian
17
 Mt mt nhit gi nng lng (tnh t gi tr calo)
Lng nc gi nc
Lng COD chi ph x l v thi b (nu c)
Vic xc nh chi ph cho dng thi hay tn tht gip to ra kh nng xp hng cc
vn theo tm mc kinh t v ch ra cn u t bao nhiu gii quyt hay gim nh vn
.
Nhim v 7: Xc nh nguyn nhn sinh ra cht thi
Mc ch ca nhim v ny l qua phn tch tm ra cc nguyn nhn thc t hay n
gy ra cc tn tht v t c th xut cc c hi tt nht cho cc vn thc t.
Khng cn phn tch nguyn nhn i vi cc vn c gii php ngay v hiu qu.
tm ra nguyn nhn, cn t ra cc cu hi Ti sao...?, v d:
Ti sao tn ti dng cht thi ny?
Ti sao tiu th nguyn liu, ha cht v nng lng cao nh vy?
Ti sao cht thi c to ra nhiu ? ....

Tnh trng ca
La chn thit b? Thit k v
cng ngh? b tr thit b?

La chn v cht Cht thi sinh ra c

lng ca c tnh ca
nguyn liu vo?
phi v: sn phm?

K hoch qun l
v h thng Vn hnh v
K nng ca bo dng?
thng tin? cng nhn?

2.2.3. Giai on 3 - xut gii php SXSH

Nhim v 8: cut cc c hi SXSH
Cc c hi SXSH c a ra trn c s:
S ng no, kin thc v tnh sng to ca cc thnh vin trong nhm,
Tranh th kin t cc c nhn bn ngoi nhm (ngi lm vic cc dy chuyn
tng t, cc nh cung cp thit b, cc k s t vn,...),
Kho st cng ngh v thu thp thng tin v cc nh mc t cc c s nc
ngoi.
Phn loi cc c hi SXSH cho mi qu trnh/dng thi vo cc nhm:

(1). Thay th nguyn liu (5). Thay i cng ngh

(2). Qun l ni vi tt hn (6). Thu hi v tun hon ti ch
(3). Kim sot qu trnh tt hn (7). Sn xut sn phm ph hu ch
(4). Ci tin thit b (8). Ci tin sn phm

18
 Nhim v 9: La chn cc c hi SXSH c th thc hin c
Cc c hi SXSH ra trn c sng lc loi i cc trng hp khng thc t.
Qu trnh loi b phi n gin, nhanh v d hiu, thng ch cn nh tnh.
Cc c hi s c phn chia thnh:
C hi kh thi thy r, c th thc hin ngay,
C hi khng kh thi thy r, loi b ngay,
Cc c hi cn li - s c nghin cu tnh kh thi chi tit hn.
2.2.4. Giai on 4 - La chn gii php SXSH
Nhim v 10: nh gi tnh kh thi v k thut
thc hin nhim v ny, cn phi nh gi tc ng ca c hi SXSH d kin n
qu trnh sn xut, sn phm, tc sn xut, an ton,... Ngoi ra, cng cn phi lit k ra
nhng thay i k thut thc hin c hi SXSH ny.
Danh mc cc yu t k thut nh gi:
Cht lng sn phm
Cng sut
Yu cu v din tch
Thi gian ngng sn xut lp t
Tnh tng thch vi cc thit b ang dng
Cc yu cu v vn hnh v bo dng
Nhu cu hun luyn k thut
Kha cnh an ton v sc khe ngh nghip
Nhim v 11: nh gi tnh kh thi v kinh t
i vi cc doanh nghip va v nh, tnh kh thi v kinh t l thng s quan trng
nht nh gi cc c hi SXSH. Cn u tin trc ht cc c hi c chi ph thp.
Cc cng vic cn lm:
Thu thp s liu v:
+

Cc chi ph u t (thit b, xy dng/ lp t, hun luyn/o to, khi ng, ngng

sn xut,...)
+ +

Chi ph vn hnh
Cc khon tit kim/thu li (v tiu th nguyn liu, cng lao ng, tiu th nng
lng/nc, bn cc sn phm,...)
La chn cc tiu ch nh gi v kinh t: c cp n sau.
Tnh ton kinh t.
V tiu ch nh gi:
Trc ht cn lm quen vi khi nim dng tin (cash flow) qua cc v d sau:
V d 1 v dng tin:

19
 Dng ra (Tin tiu i) Dng vo (Tin thu v)
Mt ln Chi ph u t ban u Gi tr cn li ca thit b
Hng nm Chi ph vn hnh v thu Doanh thu v tit kim khi
vn hnh
Khc Vn lu ng Vn lu ng

V d 2 v thi gian ca cc dng tin:

Kt thc d n
Gi tr cn li
Doanh thu/tit kim hng nm

Thi gian
Nm 1 Nm 2 Nm 3

Chi ph/lng ph hng nm

Nm 0:
u t ban u

V d 3 v dng tin bng bng (CF: Cash Flow)

Nm 0 Nm 1 Nm 2 Nm ... Nm n

Dng ra I C1 C2 Cn

Dng vo 0 B1 B2 Bn

Dng tin rng CFo = - I CF1= B1 C1 CF2= B2 C2 CFn= Bn Cn

hng nm
(I: Invest, C: Cost, B: Benefit, CF: Cash flow)
Tip theo l khi nim v chit khu:
+

Khi chng ta u t cho mt d n, chng ta c: mt khon u t ban u hm nay v

mt lot dng tin (vo-ra) trong tng lai.
+

c th so snh cc dng tin cc nm khc nhau, chng ta cn quy i chng v

cng mt mt bng gi tr ti mt nm duy nht. Cch n gin nht l quy i cc dng
tin ca d n v thi im hin ti khi bt u thc hin d n thng qua phng php
chit khu.
FVt
Cng thc chit khu: PV =
(1 + r )t

20
 PV (Present Value): Gi tr dng tin thi im gc, tc l lc bt u d n
FVt (Future Value): Gi tr dng tin nm th t
r: T l chit khu (thng tnh theo li sut ngn hng)
t: S nm t khi bt u d n

(1) Vi cc gii php c chi ph thp hay trung bnh

* C th s dng tiu ch n gin l thi gian hon vn (payback period) nh
gi. Thi gian hon vn l thi gian cn thit cc dng tin tng lai d tnh c th hon
li c dng tin u t ban u.
* S dng ch yu nh gi cc u t v thit b khi thi gian hon vn ngn (1-3
nm) v khng cn thit phi dng n cc phng php nh gi chi tit hn.
* Thi gian hon vn cng ngn th c hi SXSH xem xt cng kh thi.
Thi gian hon vn gin n:
* Nu cc dng tin tng lai c tnh c nh bng nhau, th thi gian hon vn gin
n s l:
Vn u t ban u
Thi gian hon vn (nm) =
Dng tin rng hng nm

* Nu cc dng tin tng lai ca cc nm c tnh khng bng nhau th s dng

phng php cng dn.
* Gi l thi gian hon vn n gin v khng tnh n chit khu ca cc dng tin
tng lai.
Thi gian hon vn chit khu:
* Thi gian hon vn c th c tnh da trn nhng dng tin tng lai c chit
khu. Cch tnh ny chnh xc hn bi v n nhn nhn gi tr thi gian ca ng tin.
* C th s dng phng php cng dn tnh thi gian hon vn chit khu.
* Thi gian hon vn chit khu c chit khu ca mt d n s di hn thi gian hon
vn gin n ca n.
V d thi gian hon vn:
Mt nh my bia u t my p bia cn thu hi bia. Chi ph u t my p l 306.000 $.
Hng nm nh my tit kim c 107.000 $.
Thi gian hon vn n gin = 306.000/107.000 = 2,9 nm
Vi t l chit khu 12%:
- Hin gi tit kim nm th nht = 107.000/(1+0,12) = 95535,7
- Hin gi tit kim nm th hai = 107.000/(1+0,12)2 = 85299,7
- Hin gi tit kim nm th ba = 107.000/(1+0,12)3 = 76160,5
- Hin gi tit kim nm th t = 107.000/(1+0,12)4 = 68000,4
- Tng hin gi tit kim sau 3 nm = 256.996 $
- Tng hin gi tit kim sau 4 nm = 324.996 $
Vy thi gian hon vn chit khu ~ 4 nm, di hn thi gian hon vn n gin.

(2) Vi cc gii php c chi ph cao

21
 Vi cc gii php c chi ph cao, cn phi chi tit hn - tc l phi tnh n li sut/chit
khu. Khi ngi ta thng dng 3 tiu ch sau:
a. Gi tr hin ti rng (NPV = Net Present Value).
- Khi tin hnh so snh gia li ch v chi ph u t SXSH, phn nh ng bn cht
ca n ngi ta a tt c cc gi tr li ch cng nh chi ph v mt thi im so snh.
Thi im so snh thng tnh l nm d n bt u hot ng. Cc gi tr v li ch v chi
ph khi a v thi im so snh phi c chit khu thng qua li sut chit khu (r) thng
bng vi li sut ngn hng.
- Hiu s ca hin gi li ch v chi ph c gi l gi tr hin ti rng ca d n
(NPV). Gi tr hin ti rng NPV cho chng ta bit quy m ca khon thu nhp rng m u
t cho SXSH c th mang li sau khi hon vn u t ban u tnh theo thi gi hin
ti. Do vy NPV phi ln hn 0 th gii php u t SXSH xem xt mi l kh thi v kinh t.
- Khi c s la chn gia cc gii php SXSH khc nhau, gii php no c NPV cao
nht s c chn thc hin.
n
Bt n
Ct
NPV =
t =1 (1 + r )
t

C o +
t =1 (1 + r )
t
> 0

Trong :

Bt: Li ch nm th t t: thi gian tnh t nm gc

Ct: Chi ph nm th t n: Vng i d n
Co : Chi ph u t ban u r: t sut chit khu (hay li sut ngn hng)

V d v thm nh ti chnh d n u t SXSH- tnh gi tr hin ti rng NPV

Nm th 0 1 2 3 4 5
u t ban u (C0) 1.700 $
Chi ph vn hnh (Ct) 100 $ 100 $ 100 $ 100 $ 100 $
Khon li thu v (Bt) 600 $ 600 $ 600 $ 600 $ 600 $
Tit kim rng (Bt-Ct) 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $
Tit kim rng
463 $ 429 $ 379 $ 368 $ 340 $
chit khu (r = 8 %)
Tng tit kim rng
1.996 $
chit khu (5 nm)
Gi tr hin ti rng
296 $
NPV
Ch s sinh li
17,41%
(NPV/I)

b. T s thu hi vn ni ti hay h s hon vn ni ti (IRR = Internal Rate of Return)

IRR chnh l li sut chit khu (r) m ng vi n tng gi tr hin ti ca cc khon thu
li bng tng hin gi vn u t hay:
n
Bt n
Ct
NPV =
t =1 (1 + r )
t

C o +
t =1 (1 + r )
t
= 0

22
 IRR phi ln hn li sut ngn hng r th gii php SXSH mi c thc hin v
IRR cng cao th gii php SXSH cng d chp nhn.
c. T s li ch-chi ph (BCR = Benefits Cost Ratio)
T s ny cho bit mi tng quan gia gi tr hin ti ca thu nhp (doanh thu) v gi
tr hin ti ca chi ph (gi thnh).
n
Bt
Tng hin gi thu nhp (1 + r )
t =1
t
BCR = = n
Tng hin gi chi ph Ct
Co +
t =1 (1 + r ) t

Nu BCR > 1 th gii php xem xt l kh thi v kinh t.

Nhim v 12: nh gi kha cnh mi trng

Trong a s trng hp, nht l vi cc c hi SXSH lin quan n qun l ni vi v
ci tin hiu qu, cc li ch v mi trng l kh r (gim cht thi). Tuy nhin, vi nhng
trng hp phc tp nh thay i nguyn liu, sn phm hay qu trnh th vic nh gi cc
kha cnh mi trng cn c quan tm. Cn ch cc kha cnh mi trng:
nh hng ln s lng v c tnh ca cc dng thi
Nguy c chuyn sang mi trng khc
Tc ng mi trng ca cc nguyn liu thay th
Tiu th nng lng.
Nhng tiu ch ci thin mi trng thc s l:
Gim tng lng cht nhim
Gim c tnh ca dng thi hay pht thi cn li
Gim s dng nguyn liu khng ti to hay c hi
Gim tiu th nng lng.
Nhim v 13: La chn gii php s thc hin
Kt hp cc kt qu nh gi kh thi v k thut, kinh t, mi trng la chn gii
php SXSH cho vic thc hin tip sau.
Mt trong cc phng php la chn s b cc c hi SXSH l phng php Ly
tng c trng s (Xem ti liu c thm).
2.2.5. Giai on 5 - thc thi gii php gim thiu cht thi
Mt s cc gii php c th thc hin ngay sau khi c xc lp (v d sa cha cc ch
r r v buc tun th cc quy trnh cng tc), trong khi mt s khc i hi phi c mt k
hoch h thng thc hin.
Nhim v 14: Chun b thc hin
bo m thc hin tt cc c hi SXSH, mt k hoch hnh ng (action plan)
phi c xy dng. Mt k hoch hnh ng phi gm:
Cc hot ng g s c tin hnh?

23
 Cc hot ng phi tin hnh nh th no?
Cc ngun ti chnh v cc nhu cu v nhn lc tin hnh cc hot ng?
Ai s chu trch nhim qun l cc hot ng?
Gim st cc ci tin bng cch no?
Thi gian biu?
V d vi gii php thay i thit b, cc ni dung chun b c th gm :
Ghi ra cc tnh nng k thut chi tit ca thit b
Chun b mt k hoch xy dng chi tit
So snh v la chn thit b t cc nh cung cp khc nhau
Lp k hoch thch hp gim thiu thi gian lp t
D nhin k hoch hnh ng phi c cp qun l thng qua trc khi thc hin.
Nhim v 15: Thc hin gii php gim thiu cht thi
Cn ch rng t c kt qu ti u th vic o to ngun nhn lc ni b (cn
b, cng nhn) khng c php b qua m phi xem l mt cng tc quan trng. Nhu cu
o to phi c xc nh trong khi nh gi jh thi v mt k thut.
c th p dng SXSH mt cch hiu qu v t duy tr c th cn phi thc hin
phng php c thit k ph hp vi c s, ngnh . Thc hin trn c s tng phn mt
c th t c ngay cc kt qu ngn hn nhng s khng duy tr c lu.
Nhim v 16: Gim st v nh gi kt qu
Vic gim st v nh gi nhm tm ra cc nguyn nhn lm sai lch (nu c) ca kt
qu t c so vi kt qu d kin v thng tin n cp qun l duy tr s cam kt ca h
vi SXSH.
Vic gim st v nh gi t c bng cch so snh kt qu trc v sau khi thc
hin gii php SXSH v tiu th nguyn liu, nng lng, s pht sinh cht thi,...
2.2.6. Giai on 6 - Duy tr SXSH
Nhm cng tc SXSH vn cn trch nhim sau khi thc hin cc gii php SXSH
nhm duy tr gii php v tip tc lm gim cht thi, tng li nhun trong tng lai.
Nhim v 17: Duy tr cc gii php SXSH
Thng thng trong cc lnh vc nh qun l ni vi hay ti u ha qu trnh, ngi
lao ng thng hay c xu hng quay tr li vi cc hot ng v gy lng ph nu khng
thng xuyn to ra ng c duy tr cc hot ng ci tin. Mt s bin php c th bo
m cho ngi lao ng tip tc tham gia v cc thnh tu t c nh tin thng, bng
khen, ...
Nhim v 18: Xc nh v chn ra cc cng on gy lng ph
Trong khi ang ci thin hot ng mi trung ca qu trnh lng ph la chn,
phi la chn qu trnh mi lm trng tm cho qu trnh kim tan SXSH tip theo. Trng
tm kim ton mi la chn s li l i tng ca cc nhim v bt u t giai on 2.

24
 Ti liu c thm chng 2:
2.1. Car Duisberg Gesellschaft (Bangkok office), EE Program (AIT). Project Casework
on Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control. Bangkok. 1995 (Phn tch tnh hnh ti chnh
ca vic phng nga nhim nh my sn xut polypropylen)
2.2. Phng php tnh tng trng s.

25
 Chng 3.
P DNG SN XUT SCH HN TRONG MT S LNH
VC CNG NGHIP, DCH V V SN PHM
3.1. P DNG SXSH TRONG CNG NGHIP SN XUT BIA
3.1.1. Tng quan v qu trnh sn xut
Bia l mt loi nc gii kht ln men b dng, c ru nh (hm lng etanol
C2H5OH khong 3-6%), c gas (CO2: 3-4g/l) c bt mn, xp, hng v thm ngon.
Cc nguyn liu chnh sn xut bia gm: malt (i mch, tiu mch...); nguyn liu
thay th (go, la m, ng); hoa houblon; men v mt lng nc rt ln.
Cc cng on ca cng ngh sn xut bia c m t hnh 3.1. Cc cng on
chnh l: ng ha, nu si dch nha vi hoa houblon, ln men bia, lc v ng chai
Malt Nguyn liu thay th

Nc Xay, nghin Nc thi

Nc
ng ha (nu nha) Nc thi
Ph gia

Nc thi
Lc dch ng B malt

Hoa houblon Nu si dch nha vi hoa Nc thi

Tch b B hoa

Lm lnh Nc thi

Men ging Nc thi

Ln men chnh, ph
B men
Phc hi
men
Nc thi
Cht tr lc Lc bia B lc

Bo ha CO2
Nc Xt

Chai
Ra chai Chit chai, ng np Nc thi

Thanh trng Nc thi

Kim tra, dn nhn

Thnh phm

Hnh 3.1. S cng ngh sn xut bia chai

26
3.1.2. Cc vn mi trng
Nc thi l vn quan tm chnh - sn xut bia sinh ra mt lng nc thi rt ln
vi hm lng cht hu c cao (xem v d NM Bia Si Gn cho bng 3.1.)
Tiu th nhiu nc v kh nhiu nng lng.
Mi t nh ln men v pht thi kh t ni hi.
Cc cht thi rn bao gm hm (cn sinh khi + men d), cht tr lc,....
Bng 3.1. Mt s c trng nc thi nh my bia Si Gn
TCVN 5945-1995
Thng s, n v Gi tr
A B C
pH 4,5 - 5,0 6-9 5,5 - 9 5-9
BOD5, mg/L 1700 - 2700 20 50 100
COD, mg/L 3500 - 4000 50 100 400
SS, mg/L 250 - 300 50 100 200
3-
Tng PO4 , mg/L 20 - 40 4 6 8
NH3-N, mg/L 12 - 15 0,1 1 10

(Ngun: CEFINEA, HQG Tp.HCM)

Ghi ch:
Loi A - khi thi vo ngun dng cho x l nc cp sinh hot.
Loi B - khi thi vo ngun nc dng cho cc mc ch khc.
Loi C - nc thi c nng ln hn ct C th khng c php thi vo mi trng..

Bng 3.2. Cc nh mc tiu th nguyn liu v pht sinh cht thi ca sn xut bia ng chai

nh mc nguyn liu/Cht thi Cng ngh Cng ngh BAT

truyn thng trung bnh

Nc (m3 /m3 bia) 20-35 7-15 4

Nhit (MJ/100 L bia) 390 250 150

in (kWh/100 L bia) 20 16 8-12

Malt/ng.liu thay th malt (kg/100 L bia) 18 16 15

NaOH (kg/100 L bia) 0,5 0,25 0,1

Cht tr lc Kieselguhr (g/100 L bia) 570 255 80

Nc thi (m3 /m3 bia) 18-28 5,5-12 2,5

(Ngun: UNEP, 1998 v Trn Vn Nhn, Ng Th Nga, 1999)

Cc ngun cht thi 4 cng on chnh c ch ra hnh 3.2

27
 Malt, Nc

Ng cc thay malt Mi
Hoa houblon Nu mch nha B bt
Nc, kim Nc thi

CO2
Men Ln men Men tha
Nc, kim
Nc thi
CO2
Bt tr lc Bt tr lc v men
Tm lc Lc bia
Tm lc
Nc, kim Nc thi
Chai, kt, np Chai v
Nhn, Keo ng chai Bia tha
S a, Nc Nc thi

Bia chai

Hnh 3.2. Cc vn mi trng quan tm cc cng on chnh sn xut bia

3.1.3. Cc c hi SXSH
a. Cc c hi SXSH tng qut - Qun l ni vi tt
Cng nghip sn xut bia c c trng bi s tiu th nhiu nc v nc thi c
hm lng cht hu c cao. Ch c rt t cc nguyn liu v ha cht nguy hi c tiu th.
Cc c hi SXSH trong sn xut bia tp trung vo vic gim tiu th nguyn liu, ci tin hiu
sut qu trnh v x l thch hp cc cht thi v sn phm ph.
Qun l ni vi tt c th gip tit kim nguyn liu v gim cc tc ng mi trng
tt c cc b phn. Di y l mt s v d tng qut lin quan n qun l ni vi tt.
Gim st lng nc s dng
T ch phn tch k vic s dng nc (bng cch lp t ng h nc trn cc
tuyn ng cp nc n cc thit b hay cng on tiu th nc; nh k ghi li lng nc
s dng trong thi gian lm vic bnh thng, trong thi gian lm v sinh nh xng v
nhng gi khng lm vic) s tm ra nhng ni s dng nc khng cn thit, v d vi
chy lin tc khng nhm mc ch g c. Ngng cc lng ph nh vy bng cch lp cc thit
b t ng nh sensor, b hn gi,...
Cng tc v sinh
Cc vi nc dng v sinh sn v thit b nn lp vi phun tia gim lng nc
tiu th. Bng cch ny c th gim 20-30% lng nc tiu th. Phi b tr sao cho nc
kh trng phi dng c cho mt s bn hay ng thay v thi b sau khi v trng ch 1 bn.
Bo dng
Mt phn quan trng ca qun l ni vi tt l cng tc bo dng. C th tn tht
nhiu nc, hi, bia nu bo dng khng thch hp.
Cn i nc nng
Lin quan n tit kim nng lng. ti u ho vic s dng nc nng, phi tnh
cn bng cho ton b qu trnh sn xut bia; phi lm r cn dng nc nng ch no, khi

28
no v bao nhiu; ni no cn trn nc lnh vi hi thay nc nng (v d ra, thanh
trng, sc chai).
T cn bng c th tnh ton kch thc thch hp ca b nc nng. Nu b qu to,
s cn nhiu hi un nng li sau khi ngh cui tun. Nu b qu nh, s mt nc nng do
chy trn. Mt 1m3 nc nng (85oC) tng ng vi mt 8,7 kg du.
S dng hi
Phi bo m tt c cc b mt m hay nng (ng, b) u c bo n tt v phn
nc ngng c hi lu v ni hi. Ni hi phi uc iu chnh bo m sinh hi ti
u v nhim khng kh t nht.
S dng in
Tt c thit b v n chiu sng phi c tt khi khng cn n, v cc ca khu
vc lnh phi c ng kn gim tn tht nhit.
Vic lp t mt m t mi v hiu sut cao hn s lm gim tiu th in nng. Cc
b bin tn to kh nng kim sot cc m t tt hn, v d lm gim tc cc bng ti n
ti u.
b. C hi SXSH cc cng on chnh
(1). Nu si dch nha vi hoa houblon

Dch nha

Hi Hi
in Mi
Nu dch nha
Dch kim (soda) Nc thi
Hoa houblon

Dch nha nng

M t tm tt: Dch nha c bm t thng cha vo bung nu (trc tip hay qua un
s b), ri c un si vi hoa houblon. Trong qu trnh si, cc protein s keo t v lng
xung cng vi b hoa v cc cht cht (tannin). Mc ch un si l v trng dch nha; to ra
v cho bia sau ny; chit cht ng t hoa houblon; tng nng dch nha.
Cc vn mi trng:
Tiu th nng lng cao v nhim khng kh.
y l cng on tiu th nng lng nhiu nht. Nu ni hi un bng than hay du
th s dng nhiu hi s dn n pht thi nhiu kh carbonic (CO2), oxt lu hunh (SO2), cc
oxit nit (NOx) v cc hydrocarbon thm a vng (PAH).
Mi: Qu trnh nu dch nha s sinh ra mi c trng c th gy kh chu cho nhng
ngi sng gn .
Cc c hi SXSH
Lm gim s bay hi.ca dch nha: Gim bay hi t 8 - 15% bnh thng xung 5 -
8% s lm gim ng k tiu th nng lng.
Ci tin s truyn nhit. Lm v sinh nh k cc ng dn hi trnh to cn trn
cc ng hi.
29
 Tn thu nhit t hi dch nha. S dng nhit t hi ca dch nha bng cch ngng n
trong mt b trao i nhit ( un nng nc). C th lp mt vi hi ti s dng hi ca
dch nha tr li un si dch nha.
(2). Ln men
Dch nha c thng kh

Ln men Kh CO2
in Hm (sinh khi men)

Bia ti
Tm tt qu trnh:
Trong thi gian ln men, nm men s pht trin v chuyn ho dch chit thnh etanol
v CO2. Do s sinh trung ca nm men (6-7 ln), s c mt lng hm (sinh khi men) ng
k t thit b ln men.
+ Ln men chnh: thc hin nhit : 280 - 300. T bo nm men pht trin mnh,
phn hu nhiu c cht bin thnh etanol, CO2, H2O. Kt thc cho ra sn phm l bia non
cn c, c mi c trng.
+ Ln men ph: thc hin trong cc thit b kn, nhit : 0 - 50 C. Qu trnh ln men
chm, chn bia, c th ko di vi tun tu theo tng loi bia.

Cc vn mi trng
Phn hm ng gp hm lng cht hu c vo nc thi. Huyn ph men (gm men
v bia) c BOD rt cao (120.000-140.000 mg/L). Khi thi vo nc cng s gy nhim nng
v to mi kh chu khi bt u phn hu.
Qu trnh ln men sinh ra CO2 ng gp vo hiu ng nh knh.
Cc c hi SXSH
Tn dng nhit t dch nha nng. VD: dng nc lnh lm ngui dch nha trc khi
ln men, sau nc nng thu c s dng trong cc cng on khc.
S dng hm lm sn phm hu ch. Hm (cha nhiu protein, vitamin, cht bo v
khong) c th s dng vo mc ch lm thc n gia sc, thc n nui c; dng ti hay
sy kh.
Ly tm hm. gim tn tht bia v tn dng sinh khi men, c th lp mt my ly
lm tch sinh khi men v bia ti. Sau hi lu bia ti v thit b ln men cn sinh
khi men th c s dng li hoc sy kh bn lm thc n gia sc.
Ti s dng CO2. Lp t nh my tinh ch CO2, s dng CO2 cc cng on khc
(3). Cng on lc
Tm tt qu trnh: Thng thng, bia c lc bng vt liu tr lc l kieselguhr (mt
loi khong st). Khi tr khng cao, thit b lc c ra ngc bng nc. Cc thit b lc
khc c s dng nh tm lc cao p, da lc,...

30
 Bia lnh
in

Giy lc Giy lc s dng

Bt tr lc
Lc
Nc thi vi hm
lng cht hu c cao
Nc
Bia ti

Cc vn mi trng quan tm
Nc thi
Khi ra ngc thit b lc, vt liu lc s dng v men b gi li s theo vo nc
thi, lm tng hm lng cht hu c, c, to mi hi.
Sc kho ngh nghip
Thao tc vi kieselguhr c th gy ra bnh ngh nghip do cc ht bi mn, c th dn
n cc bnh phi.
Cc c hi SXSH
Ci thin hiu nng lc (Tng lng bia c lc trc khi tr khng lc cao)
C th tng hiu nng lc bng:
Gim hm lng men v protein trong bia bng cch ci tin qu trnh lng trong bung
ln men v bung bia, v d thm cht tr lng. Cht lng malt xu cng c th lm
qu trnh lng km trong bung ln men, c th phi mua malt cht lng tt hn.
Lp thit b ly tm loi men trc khi lc.
Ti u ho qu trnh lc nh k thut nhi vt liu tr lc vo thit b.
Thay kieselguhr bng perlite (mt loi khong khc) c u im l c th ti ch v ti
s dng c.
(4). Sc ra chai

Chai mi hay c

NaOH Nc thi c pH cao

Sc chai v nhiu cht bn
Nc

Kh nn Thu tinh v

Chai ra

M t tm tt
Chai c hay mi c sc ra qua h thng ra; u tin ra bng nc nng ra vi
dung dch kim nng phun v trng bng nc nng trng bng nc lnh.

31
 Cc vn mi trng quan tm
Nc thi
Nc thi t khu ra chai cha bi, bia, giy vn (nhn bc ra), c bit c tnh kim
mnh vi pH c th ln ti 12.
Tiu th nc
Tiu th nc ra, trng v ngm chai rt cao, n 3-4 lt nc/lt th tch chai c.
Cc c hi SXSH
Gim tiu th kim (NaOH)
Sa cha v bo dng thch hp my bc nhn c s gip ko di thi gian s dng
b xt (lu thi hn).
Lp 1 b thu hi kim. Trong nhng ngy ngh cui tun, dung dch kim c bm
vo mt b lng kn tch cc bi v vt rn. Sau ti s dng dung dch kim ny. Gii
php ny c thi gian hon vn rt ngn.
Khng ch nng kim khong 2-3% ra.
Gim tiu th nc Ti u ho khu vc ra tit kim nc:
Lp t van t ng ngt vi nc khi gin on sn xut.
Lp t cc loi vi ra hiu qu hn
Nc trng 2 vng sau cng c th dng li cho vng u tin.
3.2. P DNG SXSH TRONG CNG NGHIP DT NHUM
3.2.1. Tng quan v qu trnh sn xut
V c bn, cng ngh dt-nhum c 3 giai on ch yu: ko si thnh ch; dt vi v
x l (nu ty); nhum v hon thin vi. Trong s cc cng on t nh h si, git,
nhum vi, hon tt l ng quan tm v mi trng. S cng ngh dt-nhum cho hnh
3.3.
Nguyn liu u c th l si thin nhin (si bng) hay t nhn to (polyester,
visco,...). Cc ha cht s dng trong dt-nhum kh phong ph, gm h (tinh bt hay PVA),
cht ty trng (NaOCl, H2O2,...); NaOH, H2SO4; c bit l cc thuc nhum v ph gia.
3.2.2. Cc vn mi trng
Cc vn mi trng i vi ngnh dt-nhum gm:
s dng nhiu nc v ho cht to ra nc thi c lu lng ln v cha nhiu cht
nhim, c bit l c mu mnh
tiu th nhiu nng lng, s dng mt s dung mi hu c v ho cht to ra kh thi
a. Tiu th nc
Cng nghip dt nhum tiu th nhiu nc cho cc cng on t v ra. c
tnh cn khong 50 300 lt nc/kg hng dt cho khu x l hon tt. Tiu th nhiu nc
cng c ngha l lng nc thi cng ln.
b. Tiu th nng lng
Nng lng c s dng ch yu un nng nc v sy kh sn phm nhum.
Tiu th nng lng lm gim ti nguyn v ng gp vo nhim khng kh.
32
 Ko si, chi, ghp,
Nguyn liu u nh ng

H2O, tinh bt, ph Nc thi cha h tinh

gia H si
bt, ha cht
Hi nc

Dt vi

Nc thi cha h tinh

Enzyme, NaOH Gi h bt b thy phn,
NaOH

NaOH, ha cht
Nu Nc thi
Hi nc

H2SO4
H 2O X l acd, git Nc thi
Cht ty git

H2O2, NaOCl, ha Ty trng

cht Nc thi

H2SO4 Git Nc thi

H2O2, cht ty git

NaOH, ha cht Lm bng Nc thi

Dung dch nhum Nhum, in hoa Dch nhum thi

H2SO4 Git Nc thi

H2O2, cht ty git

Hi nc Hon tt, vng kh Nc thi

H, ha cht

Sn phm

Hnh 3.3. S dng cng ngh dt nhum hng si bng

c. Nc thi cha nhiu ha cht
Do c nhiu ha cht khc nhau s dng trong cc cng on, nn thnh phn nc
thi cng thay i ng k v kh x l. Thuc nhum gy mu mnh khi thi nc thi gy
s ch c bit. Mt s ha cht trong nc thi c hi vi c v cc thy sinh vt khc.
Cc thnh phn khng mong mun trong nguyn liu nh du m v bi, h,.. ng
gp vo s nhim hu c ca nc thi.
d. Sc khe v an ton ngh nghip

33
 Vn sc khe ngh nghip cng quan trng khng km cc vn tc ng mi
trng. Nhiu ha cht ph tr cho thuc nhum c th gy nguy him khi thao tc. Mt s
c nguy c chy nu bo qun khng tt. Cc ha cht c tnh oxy ha (cht ty trng) hay
kim mnh c tnh n mn hay c tnh cp. Mt s dung mi v cht mu c th gy nguy c
mn tnh nu tip xc lu di.
Bng 3.3. Cc quan tm v mi trng ca mt s cng on la chn trong dt-nhum

Cc cng on Tiu th/cht thi Cc vn mi trng

Gi h (Desizing) Nc thi c hm lng cht Gy ra ph dung cho sng, h, bin v tc
hu c cao ng xu n a dng sinh hc.

Git Nc thi cha cc nhiu Tng t nh trn v nguy c gy nhim

(Washing/Scouring) ho cht v phc cht nc ngm do kim loi nng
Cc dung mi Cc hp cht hu c bay hi c v gy ra
Tiu th nhiu nng lng sng m quang ho nh hng xu n h h
hp v gy ra cc bnh v phi
Lm cn kit ti nguyn v gy ra nhim mi
trng. c bit gp phn gia tng s nng ln
ton cu do pht thi CO2
Nhum (Dyeing) Nc thi cha nhiu cht Gy ra s ph dng v nguy c nh hng
nhum v cc cht lng ca xu n a dng sinh hc cc thy vc do cc
cc ho cht ph c t. Nguy c nhim kim loi nng v nh
C th tiu th nhiu nng hng xu n con ngi
lng cho vic lm kh Lm cn kit ti nguyn v gy ra nhim mi
trng. c bit gp phn gia tng s nng ln
ton cu do pht thi CO2
Hon tt (Finishing) Ho cht lm mm nc Mt s ho cht lm mm nc rt c
Formn Formn c v c kh nng gy ung th

Cn bng vt cht
Trong hnh 3.4. sau y m t cn bng vt cht cho mt cng nghip dt-nhum trung
bnh.
Kh thi: cha tnh c
Vi: 1 tn
Nc: 220 m3
Ho cht: 360 kg Vi dt: 1 tn
Cht hot tnh b mt: 32 kg Cng nghip dt
Cht nhum: cha tnh c tiu th t nng Nc thi: 216 m3
Cht tr nhum: 29 kg
lng v nhin liu
Cht tr in: 58 kg
(Tnh cho 1 tn sn Cht thi: cha tnh
Cht tr giai on hon tt:
phm) c
157 kg
Nng lng: cha tnh c

Hnh 3.4. Cn bng vt cht cho mt cng nghip dt nhum trung bnh
Lu : Thng thng, mc tiu th nc tit kim vo khong 100-200 lt/kg vi dt. Trong cc
ngnh dt s dng cng ngh tt nht hin c, mc tiu th nc c th ch khong 50-100 lt/kg vi
dt. Trong nhiu trng hp, vic tiu th cc ho cht c bn thp hn 360kg/ tn vi dt.
Nc thi dt nhum thng dao ng ln v lu lng v hm lng cc cht
nhim, ty thuc loi sn phm, cht lng sn phm,... c im chung ca nc thi dt
34
nhum l kim cao, c mu mnh, hm lng cht hu c v tng cht. X l NT dt
nhum thng rt kh, ch yu s dng cc phng php ho-l v sinh hc.
Nc thi mt s c s dt nhum Vit Nam (mu hn hp) c cho bng 3.4.
Bng 3.4. c tnh nc thi ca mt s x nghip dt nhum Vit Nam
Sn phm, Thng s Hng bng Hng pha Dt len Si
dt thoi dt kim
Nc thi, m3/tn vi 394 264 114 236
pH 8 - 11 9 - 10 9 9 - 11
Tng cht rn, mg/L 400 - 1000 950 - 1380 420 800 - 1300
BOD5, mg/L 70 - 135 90 - 220 120 - 130 90 - 130
COD, mg/L 150 - 380 230 - 500 400 - 450 210 - 230
mu, Pt-Co 350 - 600 250 - 500 260 - 300

(Ngun: Trn Vn Nhn, Ng Th Nga - Gio trnh CN x l nc thi)

3.2.3. Cc c hi SXSH
3.2.3.1. Cc c hi SXSH chung - Qun l ni vi tt
Gim tiu th nc, nng lng v ha cht vi cc bin php:
Kim tra cc n pha ch
Vic kim tra ton din cc n pha ch nhm lm gim liu dng qu mc nc v
cc ha cht. Khng ch tp trung vo cc thuc nhum v ha cht t tin, m c cc mui
v cht tr nhum khc. Dng ng toa khng nhng gim c tiu th ha cht m cn
ci thin c cht lng sn phm nhum.
Cc gii php n gin t tn km nh lp t cc van t ng tt, lp ng h nc,
bo dng tt cc ng nc v cc thit b o, lp cc vi phun lm v sinh.
T ng ha pha ch ha cht
T ng ha s dn gip gim tiu th nguyn liu, ci thin lp li v gim thiu
nguy c mc sai st. Thit b t ng ha vic pha ch t tin, nhng cc li ch v kinh
t v mi trng l d thy. Cc thit b bn t ng r hn v c th cho kt qu tt tng t.
Tiu th nng lng
Kt hp cc cng on (git, ty trng, nhum) c th lm gim tiu th nng lng
v nc.
Bo n tt c cc b mt m v nng (ng, b) trnh lng ph nng lng.
Gim dung t nhum (Liquor ratio)
Dung t nhum - s lt nc trn 1 kg vi trong my nhum tng m (kg : l), v d: t
l 1:10 c ngha l 10 l nc trn 1kg vi.
Gim nc tiu th c th bng cch: Trnh ra chy trn; thay bng ra nhiu ln;
Lm cc rnh thu nc gia cc bc ra tch bit (hay vt, ht).
3.2.3.2. Cc c hi SXSH trong mt s cng on la chn

35
 (1). H si (Sizing)
Si ch

H
Kh thi
in H si
(Sy kh) H d
Nc

Si ch
c h
c im:
H si c tin hnh trc khi dt tng bn cho ch v bo v ch khi b mn
c hc trong khi dt. H si tin hnh bng cch cho ch nhng qua mt b cha dung dch
nc ca ho cht h, sau sy kh v xe cun.
Cc ho cht dng h si c th l tinh bt (khoai ty, ng, go, sn) hay tinh bt bin
tnh; carboxymetylcellulose (CMC) hay cc polymer tng hp nh polyvinyl alcol (PVA),
polyvinyl acrylate (PAC), polyester (PES). Cc cht ph tr khc nh m bi trn, cht dit
khun, cht ht m, tc nhn chng to bt, cht lm mm, cht nh ho,...
PVA v PAC dng kh ph bin i vi cc si tng hp, trong khi tinh bt c
dng ch yu vi cc si gc cellulose.
Cc mi quan tm mi trng
Lng h dng d v tiu th nng lng l cc vn mi trng chnh t qu trnh
h si.
Cc m h d cha hm lng ln cc cht hu c, v vy chng gy ra nhim hu
c nng khi thi ra sng, h,...
Cc c hi SXSH
Trong mt s trng hp c th ti s dng h d cho m tip. Tuy nhin, v tinh bt
d b phn hu nn kh nng s dng nhiu ln tinh bt l hn ch.
Tiu th nng lng sy c th gim qua vic kim sot nhit chnh xc v thu
hi nhit.
Vi dt
(2). Gi h (Desizing)

Ho cht
Kh thi
in Gi h
(Sy kh) Nc thi
Nc

Vi gi h

36
 c im
Gi h ch tin hnh vi vt liu dt. Do cc ho cht h si lm cho vt liu
khng thm nc nn cn phi loi b trc khi nhum, in v hon tt. H t tinh bt v tinh
bt bin tnh thng c loi bng cc enzym (amylase), chng phn hu tinh bt v lm
cho n tan trong nc. Cng c th loi h tinh bt bng s oxy ho vi K2S2O8.
Cc cht h PVA, PAC v CMC l tan c trong nc. PVA hi nhy vi kim v
cc peroxid lm cho kh ra tri. Mt s cht h PAC khng bn nhit nn c th bin thnh
kh tan khi un nng.
Cc cht h c ra ra bng nc. Vi cc cht h d tan trong nc th c th ra
loi trc tip hay ngm nc cho trng ln trc khi b ra tri. Thng tin hnh thao tc
vi my gi c mt s ngn, dng nc ngc vi dng vt liu.
Cc vn mi trng
C cc loi h tinh bt v tng hp u c th gy nhim hu c cao. Thng cc
cht h ng gp 50 90% vo ti lng hu c cu nc thi dt nhum.
Cc cht h tinh bt v tinh bt bin tnh d b phn hu sinh hc hn h tng hp.
Cc c hi SXSH
Thay th cc cht xy ho gi h nhm tinh bt bng enzym amylase.
Lc qua mng cc b gi h c th ti s dng nc c cha kim v cht ty ra.
Cht thi c lm c cn c tch ring x l bng thiu t hay phn.
C th thu hi cc cht h tng hp bng cch siu lc (ultrafiltration), c th cho php
thu hi 40 80% h. Tuy nhin, c hi ny ch thc t cc phn xng tng hp c h si v
gi h.
(3). Git (Washing/scouring)

Vi th

Ho cht Kh thi
Git
Hi (Sy kh) Nc thi
in
Nc

Vi th git

c im
Qu trnh gm x l kim (dng NaOH, Na2CO3), tc nhn lm thm, cht ty ra,
cht chng kt ta. Lng ho cht tu thuc vo lng bn, dng my s dng.
Tc nhn lm thm s dng cht ty ra c th hot ng tt. Cc tc nhn lm
thm thng thng l t hp ca cc cht hot ng b mt anionic v khng sinh ion.
Cc cht ty ra nh tng ho cc du khong v phn tn cc cht mu khng ho
tan. Mt s v d cc cht ty ra:

37
 Nhm anionic - Natri palmitate, Natri stearate, Alkylarylsulfonates, alkanolamides sulfat
ho, ...
Nhm cationic- cc dn xut Alkylaminammonium, Benzyldimethylalkylammonium
chloride, Cetyl pyridinium chloride,
Nhm non-ionic: Alkylphenol ethoxilates, Ethylene oxides kt hp vi alcol bo, cc
acid bo, ...
Cc cht chng kt ta (EDTA, NTA, polyphosphates or phosphonates) thm vo
ngn x phng kt ta.
Tin x l vi dung mi
Cc si bng v len hoc si pha (vi si nhn to) c tin x l bng dung mi
hu c thay v nc. Dung mi chnh c s dng l perchloroethylene (PER). Mc ch
tin x l l loi cht du m v sp khi si bng hay len, cht chut ng v bi trn si
khi si nhn to v si bng.
Cc vn mi trng
Nc thi t qu trnh git - nht l vi cc nguyn liu bng v len - cha d lng cc
ho cht v ph gia s dng, c tc ng ln n mi trng. Nc thi c th cha mt s ha
cht khc.
NTA v EDTA s dng to phc c nh hng xu ln mi trng v sc khe.
NTA c kh nng gy ung th, EDTA phn hy sinh hc chm v c th gy qui thai.
Mt vn mi trng v sc khe khc l s dng dung mi trong tin x l: dung
mi PER c th gy ung th v c vi h thn kinh.
Cc c hi SXSH
Khng s dng quy trnh git c dng dung mi.
Trnh s dng cc ha cht c hi nh cc cht hot ng b mt nhm alkylphenol
etoxilates (APEO); thay cc alkylbenzene sulfonates mch thng (LAS) bng cc alkyl
sulfonates, alkyl sulfates hay cc ethoxilates ca alcol bo.
S dng cc phosphates/polyphosphates thay cho EDTA, NTA v phosphonates.
Gim thiu tiu th nc ni no c th, nn p dng dng nc ngc.
Thu hi v ti s dng nc lm lnh.
(4). Ty trng (Bleaching) Vi th

Ho cht
Kh thi
Hi Ty trng
Nc thi
in
Nc

Vi th ty
trng

38
 c im
Thng ch ty trng i vi si t nhin. C th tin hnh ty trng kt hp vi git
trong cng b hay tin hnh ty trng ring.
Vi si bng, cc cht ty trng s dng l NaOCl, NaClO2 hay H2O2 trong mi
trng kim.
t khi tin hnh ty trng si len, nu c th thng s dng NaHSO3.
Si ty trng vi cc tc nhn cha clo c mi ca clo. Mi ny s c loi bng cc
tc nhn kh mi l cc hp cht kh cha lu hunh nh Na2SO3 hay NaHSO3.
Cc vn mi trng quan tm
Cc tc nhn ty trng cha clo nh NaOCl v NaClO2 c th gy cc vn v sc
khe ngh nghip, ch yu do pht thi ClO2 c mi hi.
Tt c cc tc nhn ty c clo s to ra cc hp cht c-clo d hp th (AOX =
Absorbable Organo Halogens) trong nc thi. Cc dn xut clo ny rt bn trong mi
trng, c i vi cc sinh vt di nc v trn cn.
Trong mi trng acid (pH<4), NaClO2 c tnh n mn mnh thit b, nn phi ph
thp chu aci hay thm cht chng n mn nh NaNO3.
Tiu th nng lng cng l mt vn ca cng on ty.
Cc c hi SXSH
Cn nhc nhu cu ty trng (v d, khng cn ty nu mu nhum sau ny l mu
sm)
Thay th NaOCl, NaClO2 bng H2O2 ni no c th do H2O2 b phn hy bi nhit
cao, c mt cc kim loi nng hay b chiu sng thnh oxy v nc.
Peracetic acid l mt cht thay th khc cho cc hp cht clo.
Sau khi ty bng H2O2, thay v dng cc acid (nh CH3COOH) loi cht ty d, c
th dng enzyme catalase. S dng qu trnh c enzyme ny s to ra nc thi t nhim v
gim c tiu th nc so vi cc phng php thng thng.
Kt hp git v ty nu c th tit kim nc v nng lng.
(5). Nhum (Dyeing)
Vi trc khi nhum

Ho cht nhum
Kh thi
Hi Nhum
Nc thi cha
in
thuc nhum d
Nc

Vi nhum

39
 c im
C th nhum giai on si, ch, vi hay sn phm may.
Cc thuc nhum (Dyes)
Thuc nhum c phn loi thnh nhiu nhm khc nhau. Trong bng 3.5 tm tt
mt s thng tin lin quan cc nhm thuc nhum ph bin.
Bng 3.5. Tm tt mt s loi thuc nhum ph bin

Loi thuc c tnh Dng cho si Phng php nhum

nhum
Acid anion, tan tt trong nylon, len ngm si trong dd.acid (pH 3-5), thm
nc thuc nhum, nng nhit 50 - 110oC
Phc kim anion, tan t trong nylon, len ging thuc nhum acid, pH 5-7
loi (Cr, nc
Co)
Trc tip anion, tan tt trong cotton, visco ngm si trong kim nh, thm thuc
nc nhum v cht in ly (NaCl, Na2SO4)
Basic hay cation, tan tt trong acrylic ngm si trong dd. acid (pH 4-6), thm
cationic nc thuc nhum, nhit 100-105oC
Phn tn phn tn dng keo, polyester, nylon, ngm si trong dd.acid (pH 4-5), thm
tan rt km trong acrylic, cellulose thuc nhum, nhit 130oC
nc acetat

Hot tnh anion, tan tt trong cotton, visco, len ngm si trong dd. thuc nhum, thm
nc mui y thuc nhum vo si, thm
kim to phn ng gia si vi
thuc nhum
Lu hunh khng tan trong cotton, visco cho si vo b, thuc nhum c ha
nc tan trong natri sulfur/kim, y thuc
nhum bng cht in ly, kt ta thuc
nhum mi sinh bng khng kh hay
peroxid
Vat tng t thuc cotton, visco tng t thuc nhum lu hunh
nhum lu hunh
Azo tng t thuc cotton, visco a tc nhn ghp ln si, thm phn
nhum lu hunh mang mu ca thuc nhum, un si
kt ta
Mordant anion, tan trong len si ngm trong b acid, thm Na2Cr2O7,
hay crom nc thm thuc nhum 98oC

Cc vn mi trng
Cc thuc nhum trong nc thi
Cc thuc nhum gy ung th
Cc thuc nhum gc benzidin c xem l gy ung th. Cc thuc nhum azo v
pigment azo c th b kh thnh cc arylamines c tc dng gy ung th.

40
 Vn mu
Phn thuc nhum d khng gn vo vi, i vo nc thi ph thuc vo nhiu yu t
nh loi thuc nhum, cng ngh nhum, loi vi, mu yu cu, cc cht ph tr,..
Bng 3.7. Mc khng gn mu ca mt s loi thuc nhum

Loi thuc nhum Mc khng gn mu (%)

Trc tip 10 30

Phn tn 1 -10

Acid 5 - 15

Baz 1-5

Hot tnh 15 - 40

Hon nguyn, VAT 5 -15

(Ngun: Cc Mi trng - Cng ngh mi trng, 1998)

Nh vy , thuc nhum hot tnh l loi gy mu nuc thi chnh. c tnh nu
nhum vi t l 3% thuc nhum hot tnh dung t nhum 1:10, d tn dng thuc
nhum ti 80% th sau khi git trong nc thi cng vn cn 60mg/L thuc nhum hot tnh
thu phn. t gii hn 0,3 mg/L th cn phi pha long 200 ln!
Mu m ca nc thi cn tr hp th oxy v bc x mt tri, do cn tr qu
trnh quang hp ca cc sinh vt trong nc khi thi vo cc vc nc.
Cc ha cht ph tr trong nc thi
Mt s ha cht ph tr trong hn hp nhum c th c hi i vi sc khe. l
cc cht gy kch ng nh formic acid, sulfuric v acetic acid hay cc dung mi hu c c tc
ng n h thn kinh.
Cc kim loi nng trong nc thi
Kim loi nng c trong nc thi khi s dng cc thuc nhum nh hon nguyn,
hot tnh, trc tip, cation,.. hay t nhim bn trong ho cht khc. Mt phn kim loi nm
trong nc thi s tch ly trong bn ca x l nc thi, phn kim loi nm trong sn phm.
s pht thi cui vng i ca sn phm.
Hp cht crm (thng l mui Cr2O72-) c s dng oxy ho trong nhum
cotton v visco, hay c nh ho hc trong nhum len. Dng Cr(VI) ny rt c, bn cnh
sn phm kh ca n l Cr(III) cng kh c.
Kh NO2
nhum mt s mu yu cu bn cao ngi ta dng thuc nhum hon nguyn
tan Indigosol. Trong cng on hin mu, kh NO2 thot ra gy nhim khng kh hay nh
hng cng nhn trc tip thao tc.
Cc c hi SXSH
Thay th cc thuc nhum/pigment gy ung th, c hi bng cc cht khng c cc tc
hi ny:

41
 S dng thuc nhum acid thay cho thuc nhum cha kim loi nng cho nhum len v
nylon.
Trnh s dng cc tc nhn phn tn trn c s dung mi c cha halogen.
S dng cc thuc nhum/pigment c mc tn dng cao nh cc thuc nhum
hot tnh kp (bireactive dyestuffs).
S dng cc h thng pigment tan trong nc thay cho loi nh tng nc-du. Nu
khng th thay th, th phi tch ring nc thi x l.
Thay th cht ty ra nhm alkylphenolethoxylates (APEO) bng cc cht ty ra t
c v d phn hu sinh hc nh LAS hay alkyl sulfonate.
Tm kh nng lm sch thuc nhum khi dch nhum, v d lc bng mng hay hp
ph bng than hot tnh, sau ti s dng nc v cc cht ph tr.
Trong cng ngh nhum theo m, tm cch ti s dng dch nhum c nng cao.
Ti u ho s dng nc cho ra bng ti cao su, li, x,... Nc ra trong mt s
trng hp c th ti s dng c qua hay khng qua x l.
Hn ch ra trn; p dng ra dng ngc trong ra lin tc. a thm bc vt hay
ht nc gia cc bc tch bit nu c th.
Thc t vi cng on nhum, cc c hi SXSH cho php lm gim lng nc thi,
nng cc ho cht v thuc nhum d, v ti lng hu c (COD). Tuy nhin vn cn x
l nc thi p ng yu cu v cc nng cho php.
(6). In hoa (Printing)

Vi trc khi in hoa

Ho cht
Kh thi
Nng lng In hoa
(Sy kh v ) Nc thi
Nc

Vi in hoa

c im
C th in bng cc cht mu hay mt s thuc nhum - ch yu l vat v hot tnh.
Cht mu l cc ht khng tan, c th phn tn trong h in. a s l cc cht mu l
cc cht hu c, mt s l cc cht v c (nh carbon black, TiO2, Fe2O3, bt nhm)
H in c th cc dng: nh tng du-nc vi 70% xng trng hay du ho; nh
tng mt phn vi 10-15% xng trng; hon ton trong nc. V d cng thc pha ch in
hnh cho h in trn c s nc:
Cht kt dnh: 10 - 18%
42
 Cht lm c: 4%
Cht bi trn/lm mm: 2%
Cht gn mu: 1%
Cht mu: 0 - 6%
Cht nh ho: 0.2%
Nc: n 100%.
Sau khi in l qu trnh sy v . Thng trong cng on in khng git vi, nhng
nc c tiu th ra cc bng ti cao su, li, trc ru l, x chu,...
Nu in bng thuc nhum, cc ho cht nh ur v kim (NaHCO3) c thm vo
h in. Sau khi sy v , lng thuc nhum v cc ho cht d s c git loi.
Cc vn mi trng
Pht thi kh khi sy kh vi in - kh pht thi c th cha NH3 t cht lm c hay
formaldehyd t tc nhn gn mu. Cc cht bay hi khc nh dung mi hu c duy tr nh
tng (xng trng, du ho ,...)
Cc c hi SXSH
S dng cc cht thay th trong h in c dung mi khng pht thi formaldehyd.
Ti s dng h in d nu c th.
Thay th cc cht lm c t du khong bng cc polymer khng bay hi.
(7). Hon tt (Finishing)
Vi trc khi hon
tt

Hon tt Kh thi
Ho cht
(Sy kh v ) Nc thi
Nc

Vi hon tt

c im
C 2 dng hon tt: ci bin th cng (hand-modifying) v hon tt chc nng
(functional finishes). Dng u nhm thay i hnh dng v x l vi bng cch lm mm hay
lm cng. Hon tt chc nng nhm lm cho vt liu c cc chc nng xc nh nh chng
thm, hay chu nhit.
Hand-Modifying Finishes
Cc cht lm mm thuc cc nhm:

43
 Nhm anionic - nh du sulfonat ho; du sulphat ho; cc alcol hay eter bo; cc nh tng
du; sp hay paraffin vi cht nh ho anion.
Nhm khng ion (non-ionic) - nh cc nh tng du; sp hay paraffin vi cht nh ho
khng ion; ethoxilate ca stearic acid ; nh tng polysiloxane.
Nhm cationic - nh cc hp cht ammonium bc 4; cc mui Dioctadecyldimethyl
ammonium chloride
Cc cht lm cng gm tinh bt, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) hay polyvinyl alcohol
(PVA).
Functional Finishes
Cht chng nhn: dimethylol-dihydroxy-ethylene urea (DMDHEU); alkyl- or hydroxyalkyl
ether ca N-methylol-hydroxy-ethylene urea; dimethylol carbamates; cc dn xut glyoxalmonourea
Cht chng thm nc: nh tng silicone-, sp hay paraffine;
Chng x lng (Anti-felting): polyamides, polyacrylates; cc cht oxy ho nh NaOCl,
H2SO5
Chng chy: cc dn xut ca phosphoric acid, tetrahydroxyphosphoniumchloride; antimony
oxide, borates; cc mui titanium- and zirconium
Chng vi khun : ng naphtenate, ng oxychinolate; cadmiumselenide, pentachlorophenol;
dimethyldithiocarbamate; cc hp cht c thu ngn; cc mui ammonium bc 4.
Cc vn mi trng
Vn pht thi formaldehyd gy nh hng sc kho ngh nghip. Cc hp cht
nhm hon tt chng nhn, c ch vi khun gii phng ra formaldehyde khi s dng.
Cc cht lm mm c c tnh cao: bis(hydrogenated tallow alkyl) dimethyl
ammonium chloride (DTDMAC), distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DSDMAC) ...
Cc c hi SXSH
S dng cc hp cht khng hay t gii phng ra formaldehyd.
Thay th cc cht lm mm cationic nh DTDMAC, DSDMAC v DHTDMAC bng
cc cht lm mm anion hay khng phi ion.
Lm mm trong b ring thay v trong b ra cui ca nhum.
Trnh s dng cc cht chng khun gc thu ngn, ng v arsen; cc chlorophenol.
Thu hi v ti s dng cc dch hon tt c c.
Ti u ho qu trnh sy v , trnh sy qu mc dn n bay hi nhiu.

44
3.3. P DNG SXSH TRONG CC DCH V KHCH SN
Chng trnh Mi trng LHQ (UNEP) nhn mnh n vic cn thit phi p dng
SXSH trong cc nh hng v khch sn. c rt nhiu doanh nghip trn th gii p dng
thnh cng SXSH trong cc dch v khch sn ca h. c rt nhiu trng hp in hnh
v SXSH trong cc dch v nh hng v khch sn c qung b trn cc website nh
http://www.internationaltourismpartnership.org/, http://www.benchmarkhotel.com/
Nhn chung, p dng SXSH vo dch v khch sn c nhng c im chung sau y:
Cc hot ng/v tr tim nng:
n chiu sng
My iu ha
Khu vc git l
Nh bp
Phng khng c khch
Cc c hi SXSH:
Tit kim in v s dng in hiu qu
Tit kim nc v s dng nc hiu qu
Ti s dng nc
Ti ch cht thi (v d: giy, v hp kim loi,)
Gim mc s dng cc dch v
Sau y l mt s v d in hnh v p dng sn xut sch hn trong cc dch v khch
sn trn th gii:
1. Khu nh tr hng sang Apple Farm California, Hoa K s dng nc thi ln sau
cng t cc my git dng cho nh v sinh, gim c 15.900 lt nc s dng hng ngy,
c tnh tit kim c khong 5.000 la M trong mt nm.
2. Khu ngh mt Le Sport St. Lucia x l nc thi trong 3 h ni lin nhau thng qua
mt h thng lc c s tham gia ca thy sinh vt. Nc sau lc c kh trng bng tia cc
tm v c dng ti cc vng t trong khu ngh mt. C c nui trong cc h nhm
hn ch s pht trin ca to v u trng mui. Trong nm hot ng u tin, phng php
x l mi ny tit kim c 3,8 triu lt nc v hng ngn la.
3. Ti nhiu khch sn trong khu ngh mt o Great Keppel c, rc thi hu c c
xn vn thnh nhng mnh nh, c phn hu vi sinh trong mt vi tun v sau dng lm
thc n cho giun tri nui giun ca khu ngh mt. T giun s cho ra cc sn phm giu cht
hu c s dng lm phn bn cho cc khu vn thay cho phn v c. H thng ny gim
c cht thi v chi ph vn chuyn rc thi ra khi hn o.
4. Khch sn Vancouver ti British Columbia, Canada thay th Clo bng Natri Cacbonat
v dung dch mui s dng trong cc h bi gip gim thiu c cc ha cht c hi v tit
kim c gn 1.500 la M trong mt nm.
Mc d SXSH v ang em li rt nhiu li ch v mt kinh t ln mi trng, tuy
nhin cc nh qun l cng nh cc nhn vin k thut trong cc khch sn thng t c thi
gian v c hi tm hiu cc bin php tit kim in, nc cng nh cc bin php v sng
kin gim thiu vic pht sinh cht thi. Do vy, Hip Hi Khch Sn Xanh ("Green" Hotels

45
Association) ra i vo nm 1994 nhm ph bin cc kin thc lin quan n SXSH trong
ngnh cng nghip khch sn. Khi tham gia Hip Hi ny, cc thnh vin s nhn c mt
tp ti liu hng dn v cc tng, cc bin php k thut v cc phng php tit kim
in, nc cng nh vic gim thiu cc tc ng c hi ca khch sn ln mi trng t
nhin ca khu du lch.
Trong vng 10 nm qua, Hip Hi Khch Sn Xanh cng a ra cc hng dn v
vic s dng cc tm th yu cu thay khn tm v ra tri ging. Mc ch ca vic s dng
tm th ny nhm ku gi s hp tc ca khch lu truatrong vic s dng li khn tm v ra
tri ging thay v thay mi hng ngy. Yu cu rt lch s ny hin nay c p dng ti
hng ngn khch sn khp ni trn th gii. Nu ch tnh ring lng in v nc tiu th,
vic p dng bin php n gin ny c th tit kim c 5% tng lng in v nc s
dng hng thng cc khch sn. Theo iu tra ca Hip Hi Khch Sn Xanh, c n 70%
khch lu tr tch cc hng ng v tham gia tng thn thin vi mi trng ny.
3.3.1. p dng SXSH khch sn Inter Continental Sydney
3.3.1.1. Vi nt v khch sn
Inter Continental Sydney l 1 trong nhng khch sn thnh vin thuc tp on khch
sn Inter Continental. y l 1 khch sn 5 sao vi 498 phng khch v 500 nhn vin, 4 nh
hng, cc tin nghi phc v cc bui tic ln v dch v phng phc v 24 trn 24. Vic chun
b cc ba n, git i v chi ra l nhng hot ng din ra thng xuyn hng ngy.
Khch sn i vo hot ng vo nm 1985. Ngay t khi bt u hot ng, Ban qun l
khch sn cn nhc v cc vn mi trng. u nm 1991, khch sn chnh thc ho
mt chnh sch v mi trng. Mt nhm nhn vin i din c bu ra xc tin cc
hnh ng v mi trng cho tt c cc khch sn thnh vin. Cc hot ng ca nhm thnh
vin ny cho ra i 1 s tay hng dn v cc bc tin hnh lin quan n mi trng.
Cn c theo s tay hng dn ny, khch sn Inter Continental Sydney a ra 1 chnh sch
nhm:
Ch ng tit kim ti nguyn thin nhin v nng lng,
S dng ti nguyn hiu qu hn,
Gim thiu ti a cc sn phm b loi thi,
S dng cc sn phm v cc vt liu c nh hng tiu cc t nht n mi trng,
Thc hin cc chng trnh hnh ng em li cc li ch v mi trng ti cng
ng i phng,
Tng cng gio dc v nhn thc mi trng trong ln ngoi khch sn.
3.3.1.2. Tin trnh thc hin
bt k khch sn ln no, c nhng s kin mang tnh c nhn khng quan trng,
nhng li gp phn lm pht sinh ra cc chi ph v lng ph khng cn thit, v d nh cc
bng n v my iu ho khng kh cc phng khng c khch lu tr, vic s dng nc
v nng lng phng git i, v vic vt b rc thi c th ti ch c. Khch sn xc
nh 12 lnh vc u tin, trong bao gm:
Qun l cht thi,
Bo tn nng lng,
Mua sm sn phm,
S dng nc,
46
 Hnh ng lin quan n cng ng,
Git i v git kh.
3.3.1.3. Cc tng v sn xut sch hn
Mt y ban v mi trng c thnh lp v 1 cuc kim tra v vic qun l cht
thi c tin hnh. Sau 1 k hoch hnh ng c son tho da trn bn bo co
kim tra. Bn bo co ny cp n nhiu loi rc thi bao gm giy loi, cc tp ch, giy
carton, thy tinh, nha, hp ng sa bng nha, kim loi, thc n, nt chai, tm ra tri
ging c, du, pin, xp, cc vt dng v sinh, bao b, cc loi rc khc v thm ch c c nn
(n cy).
Giy v vn phng phm l lnh vc quan trng tit kim chi ph. Tt c cc vn
phng trong khch sn u c thng ng giy loi (thng th thng mu vng dng ng
giy c dng 1 mt c th tn dng mt cn li, thng mu en ng giy loi b). Giy
c s dng hai mt c thu gom v ti ch bi 1 doanh nghip t nhn, trong khi
giy c th ti s dng th li c s dng trong ni b photocopy nhng vn bn nhp,
ghi chp nhp, v.v...Nhng mnh giy khng cn nguyn vn th c dng gi .
Vic vn chuyn rc thi cng tiu tn nhiu chi ph v c thc hin ba ln 1 tun.
Nm 1992, khch sn mua 1 my nn giy carton vi gi 5.000 la. Giy carton hin
c nn thnh cc kin na mt khi v c buc dy cht gim th tch. Do vy vic
thu gom rc uc gim xung hai ln 1 tun thay v 3 nh trc y tit kim c cho
khch sn hn 25.000 la trong 1 nm.
Mt lng ru ln c tiu th ti khch sn lm pht sinh thm rc ri v rc
thi, hn 6.000 nt chai cn phi c vt b hng thng. Nhng nt chai ny hin c ti
ch thnh cc qu bng cricket, cc ming m xe hi, gch lt sn nh. Khch sn tng
khng tt c cc nt chai cho lng hi cu chin binh ti ch chng v h s dng tin thu
uc mua 1 s vt dng nh xe ln, phng tin h tr di chuyn cho cc bnh nhn, v.v...
Khch sn v ang thc hin cam kt gim thiu tiu th nng lng. Ch tiu gim
thi nm 1997 l 2% so vi nm 1996. Khch sn cng a ra mt s bin php v vic
gim thiu s dng nng lng v nc m khng nh hng n tin nghi ca khch lu tr
v cc cng vic ca nhn vin. Nhng bin php ny bao gm:
Cc nh mc v thp sng: xem xt li cc thi gian hot ng v cng thp
sng. Cc loi bng n gn trn trn nh l qu sng, do vy cc bng n 150 W c i
thnh bng 100W. Tng t nh vy, cc khu vc dch v cng c o c v cung
chiu sng. Tho b bt 1 bng n tube 1 s khu vc c nh ch duy tr mc nh sng
cn thit. Lp t h thng tt in t ng mi khi khch kho ca ra khi phng. S dng
cm bin nh sng (cell-photo sensor) cc li i bn ngoi khch sn. Nhng thay i ny
tit kim hng nm 1 khon ng k v s dng nng lng v chi ph.
S dng my iu ho cng tiu ph nng lng ng k. Nhiu bin php c
p dng khc phc vn ny nh: xem xt li cc khu kim sot v cc yu cu lm
lnh, cc kim sot tng th iu chnh nhit trong ton khch sn, nhiu n v c lp
b phn khi ng theo thi gian, v mc iu ho nhit c gim xung. Tip sau ,
vo nm 1995, 1 h thng qun l khch sn (iu khin bng vi tnh) c lp t kt hp
rt tt vic cung cp cc tin nghi cho khch v vic gim bt cc lng ph. Nh chi ph tit
kim c t h thng ny m lng ca nhn vin c tng ln v vic bo tr bo
dng da trn thi lng s dng cc thit b thay v nh k theo k hoch.
Nhit ca nc nng c pht hin l qu cao trong ton b khch sn. khu
vc git i, vic git cc tm ra tri ging c tin hnh nhit 96 C. 1 qui trnh mi
c p dng ch cn nhit khong 60 C nh s dng mt loi bt git mi ca P&G

47
(super compact detergent). Do vy tit kim c 1 lng nng lng ng k ch n
gin bng cch h nhit nc nng xung.
Cc vi sen phng tm ca khch tiu th qu nhiu nc, do vy cc thit b hn
ch nc vi sen c lp t. Cc thit b ny gim lng nc tiu th t 22 xung
cn 12 lt trn 1 pht. nh gi cc thit b hn ch nc c nh hng n cht lng
nc s dng hay khng, ngi ta lp th thit b ny trong phng gim c m khng bo
cho ng ta bit nhm th xem phn ng ca ng ta th no. Sau chng mi c lp t
trong cc phng khch.
Git i cng s dng nc phung ph, bi vy 1 b phn ti s dng nc c thit
k v lp t vi gi 20.000 la nhm phc hi nc t cc giai on x o qun sau cng v
s dng nc ny cho ln git u tin.
Cc bin php khc bao gm:
Hun luyn cho cc nhn vin qun l ni vi,
Thay th cc toa lt c 1 nt x bng cc toa lt hai nt x tit kim nc (dual
flush),
Lp b cm bin t x nc cc cc ch i tiu,
Trn 50 ng h o ph c lp t trc y kim sot vic tiu th nc, gas
v in c ni vi h thng qun l khch sn. Hin khch sn ang thit lp cc nh mc
v ch bo ng. Nu vt qu cc nh mc v s dung nc in v gas th h thng bo
ng s lm vic,
Chnh sch v mua sm cng c p dng ci thin vic bo v mi trng. Gi
c v cht lng l tiu ch hng u ca mua sm, tuy nhin cc nh cung cp hng ho
c khch sn yu cu gim bt cc bao b khng cn thit, s dng cc sn phm c d b
phn hu sinh hc hoc c th ti s dng v cung cp cc sn phm t gy nhim mi
trng. S dng cc loi bnh xt c nh cung cp du gi u v x phng gim bt
lng rc thi bao b ca du gi u v x phng.
S lin i vi cng ng cng l trung tm ca cc cam kt bo v MT ca khch sn.
Hin khch sn ang hp tc vi 1 c quan a phng tham gia 1 chng trnh trng cy.
Cy ging bn a c cha trong cc hp bng xp tn dng do khch sn cung cp. Cc
cy ging c trng trong nh knh do khch sn thit k, xy dng v biu tng. Cy non
sau c cc nhn vin khch sn trng dc theo lu vc sng Neapan. Hn 1.500 cy
ging a phng c trng trong chng trnh ny.
Khch sn cng tr gip cho trn 50 sinh vin trong cc thc tp lin quan n mi
trng. Nhiu tours tham quan c t chc cho cc trng trung hc v cao ng tham
quan v hc tp cc chng trnh v mi trng ca khch sn.
Bp trng ca khch sn lp nn 1 vn rau trn sn thng ca khch sn trng
cc loi rau nh ng ty, rau thm, rau qu, tho. Cc loi rau ny c trng trong cc hp
bng xp tn dng khch sn. Vn rau hon ton khng s dng ho cht v cc loi rau
ny dng trang tr v thm hng v cho cc mn n ca khch sn. Vo ma h, vn rau
c th cung cp 40% nhu cu v rau thm ca khch sn.
Hin ti, khch sn cng ang chm sc 1 vn nui giun. Giun c nui trong cc
hp bng xp tn dng v cho n bng cc thc n tha ca nh bp. Cht thi lng t giun
c s dng bn phn cho vn rau.
3.3.1.4. Cc li ch ca vic p dng sn xut sch hn trong khch sn
Cc sng kin v mi trng ca khch sn to ra c:
48
 Gim thiu lng dioxit carbon thi vo kh quyn hng nm l 1.581.749 kilgam
do gim c s tiu th gas v in,
Gim thiu c 24.950 mt khi nc thi hng nm
Tit kim c 279.588 la
3.4. P DNG SXSH CHO SN PHM BT GIT P&G - BT GIT
COMPACT MI
Xut hin vo nhng nm u ca thp nin 1990, bt git compact gim c t
20-50% cc tc ng c hi i vi mi trng so vi loi bt git truyn thng trc .
Nh vy l c mt tin b ln v cng tc bo v mi trng trong cc loi bt git m
chng ta s dng git qun o.
Trong thp nin va qua, cng ty P&G a ra cho chng ta nhiu s la chn khc
nhau v cc loi bt git. Cc loi bt git compact xut hin trn th trng vo nm 1992 v
nm 1998, loi bt git compact mi c tung ra th trng gip cho khch hng thoi mi
la chn loi bt git tin li nht.
S dng cc loi bt git compact mang li nhiu ch li cho khch hng. thy r
nhng li ch ny, cng ty P&G so snh cc loi bt git thng thng v cc loi bt git
compact mi bng cch s dng cc phng php nh gi vng i v nh gi ri ro mi
trng.
Kt qu nh sau:
Cc loi bt git compact mi gim thiu c t 20-50% cc tc ng ln mi
trng
Cc cht ha hc hiu qu hn c s dng trong bt git compact mi s gip s
dng t bt git hn cho mi ln git, ng thi nc nng s dng cho git o qun c th
dng nhit thp hn
Bt git compact v siu compact cn s dng t nng lng hn, c ngha l CO2
s thi ra mi trng t hn. Do s dng bao b it hn nn cht thi rn cng t hn
Nc thi ca bt git compact v siu compact t gy nhim mi trng hn do
cc cht ha hc thi ra t hn.

Ti liu c thm chng 3

3.1. S tay hng dn Sn xut sch hn trong cc ngnh cng nghip (sn xut bia,
tinh bt sn, sn, dt nhum, c, luyn kim, xi mng, giy v bt giy, tm lp...):
http://www.sxsh.vn/vi-VN/Sotayhuongdan/default.aspx

49
 Chng 4.
NH GI VNG I, H THNG QUN L MI
TRNG V SN XUT SCH HN
4.1. NH GI VNG I (LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT = LCA)
4.1.1. nh ngha
Cc sn phm, dich v hay qu trnh u c vng i (life cycle). Vng i ca mt
sn phm bt u t khi khai thc/thu hoch nguyn liu, qua cc cng on ch bin thnh
sn phm, phn phi n ngi s dng, sau sn phm c thi b hay ti s dng
(cradle to grave = t ci ni n ngha a). Vng i sn phm c minh ha nh sau:

Pht trin Tip th

sn phm

Tc ng qua li

Sn xut/Ch Bn, phn Khch hng

Nguyn liu ng gi phi, vn Thi b
bin s dng
chuyn

Cc tc ng mi trng

C nhiu cch nh ngha khc nhau v phn tch vng i, tuy nhin c chp nhn
rng ri l nh ngha sau y ca SETAC (Society for Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry):
nh gi vng i l 1 qu trnh nh gi cc tc ng ln mi trng lin quan n
mt sn phm, mt qu trnh hay mt hot ng bng cch xc nh v lng ha nng
lng, nguyn liu s dng v cc cht thi ra mi trng; v nhn din, nh gi cc c hi
ci thin mi trng. Cng vic nh gi bao gm ton b vng i ca sn phm, qa trnh
hay hot ng, xuyn sut t khi khai thc v x l nguyn liu; sn xut vn chuyn v phn
phi; s dng, ti s dng, bo hnh, ti ch v thi b sau cng
LCA c tiu chun ho trong 2 tiu chun ca b ISO 14000 (xem phn sau).
4.1.2. Cc giai on phn tch vng i
LCA bao gm 4 giai on:
(1). Xc nh mc tiu v phm vi nh gi
Cc l do tin hnh LCA ?
Sn phm, qu trnh hay dch v c tin hnh LCA ?
ng bin ca h thng s nh gi?

50
 n v chc nng i vi sn phm c la chn ?
a. Cc bin ca h (System bouderies)
Vic la chn cc bin ca h nh gi c th nh hng u ra ca LCA.
V d: nh gi vng i ca 2 sn phm bng n trn v bng hunh quang lin quan
n vic thi thy ngn ra mi trng.
Nhin liu Nh my in Li in Bng n hunh quang Bi chn lp
Nhin liu Nh my in Li in Bng n trn Bi chn lp
Nu bin ca h ch l khu thi b bng n sau s dng th bng hunh quang s gy
nhim thy ngn hn l bng trn.
Tuy nhin nu bin ca h m rng n c khu pht in th kt qu s khc: thy ngn
l mt cht nhim bn vt trong than, khi t chy than pht in s thi thy ngn vo mi
trng; v bng n trn tiu th in nng nhiu hn nn trong c vng i ca mnh, bng
n trn s lm thi nhiu thy ngn hn bng hunh quang.

Hnh 4.1. Bin ca h l khu thi b sau cng

Hnh 4.2. Bin ca h tnh t khu pht in n khi thi b sau cng
b. n v chc nng
La chn n v chc nng l rt quan trng so snh cc sn phm.
V d: khi so snh gia ti cht do v ti giy ng hng tp ha, s khng thch hp
nu so snh gia 1 ti cht do vi 1 ti giy, thay vo phi so snh da trn th tch hng
ha m ti cha c (n v chc nng = th tch cha hng ca ti). Nu 1 ti giy cha
51
c gp i hng so vi 1 ti cht do, th khi tin hnh LCA phi so snh 2 ti cht do
vi1 ti giy.
(2). Phn tch kim k (Inventory analysis) hay kim k vng i (life-cycle inventory)
Kim k cc u vo (nguyn liu, nng lng), cc u ra (sn phn, sn phm ph,
cht thi, pht thi,..) trong sut vng i sn phm. V d d liu kim k vng i i vi
trng hp sn xut 1 kg ethylen (bng 3.1)
Bng 3.1. Cc thng k cho vic sn xut 1 kg ethylen (Boustead, 1993)

52
 Kim k vng i

u vo u ra

Thu nhn nguyn vt liu

Nc thi
Sn xut, ch bin v to sn phm
Nng lng Kh thi
Vn chuyn v phn phi
Cht thi rn
Nguyn liu S dng/Ti s dng/Bo dng
Cc vn
MT khc
Ti ch
Sn phm
Qun l cht thi

Hnh 4.3. Cc kim k vng i tnh cho vic s dng nguyn vt liu, nng lng, cc cht thi v
cc sn phm ph qua tt c cc giai on vng i ca mt sn phm.

(3). Phn tch tc ng (Impact analysis) hay nh gi tc ng vng i (Life-cycle

impact assessment)
nh gi cc tc ng mi trng ca cc u vo v u ra, thung chia 3 bc:
* Bc 1: Phn loi u vo v u ra theo nhm tc ng mi trng, v d: CO2, CH4,
CFCs s vo nhm kh nh knh. Sau y l mt v d v cc nhm tc ng n mi trng:
+ Nng ln ton cu + Gy nhim di nc
+ Suy thoi tng zn + Gy ra nhim trn cn
+ Sng m quang ho + Hy dit mi trng sng
+ Gy ung th cho con ngi + Cn kit ti nguyn khng ti to.
+ Ma acid + Ph dng

* Bc 2: c trng ha cng tc ng ca cc yu t u vo v ra, v d kh

nng gy hiu ng nh knh tng i ca cc kh nh CO2, CH4, CFCs.
* Bc 3: Lng gi mc quan trng tng i ca mi nhm tc ng mi trng,
s dng ch s ring r ch th cho hiu qu v mi trng.
(4). nh gi vic ci thin (Improvement analysis)
Cng on ny dng din gii cc kt qu ca vic nh gi tc ng, a ra cc
ci tin c th c p dng. Nu LCA c p dng so snh cc sn phm th cng on
ny c th bao gm vic la chn sn phm thn thin vi mi trng nht. Trong trng hp
LCA dng phn tch cho 1 sn phm m thi th c th a ra cc ci tin v thit k c
kh nng gim tc ng n mi trng.

53
 4.1.3. Li ch ca LCA
Hiu bit hn v sn phm v qu trnh sn xut,
So snh cc tc ng mi trng v cc chi ph kinh t cho cc gii php thay th,
Gim lng cht thi v kim sot ri ro,
Thit k li sn phm gim nguyn liu s dng,
Pht trin, qung b v tip th sn phm khi so snh vi sn phm khc,
Xc tin vic cp nhn sinh thi cho sn phm.

4.2. ISO 14000 V H THNG QUN L MI TRNG (EMS =

Environmental Management System)
4.2.1. S ra i v pht trin ca t chc ISO
- ISO l tn vit tt ca T chc quc t v tiu chun ho (International Organization
for Standardization) c thnh lp vo nm 1947 nhm mc ch xy dng cc tiu chun
quc t v thng mi v sn xut. ISO c tr s ti Geneva, c 199 thnh vin.
- Nhng tiu chun quc t ISO l t nguyn, tc l khng c 1 s p buc no v mt
lut php cc nc thnh vin trong vic tun th.
- Tuy nhin, cc nc thnh vin cng nh cc ngnh cng nghip thng ly cc tiu
chun ISO nh l cc yu cu cho vic xc tin kinh doanh sn xut, do vy cc tiu chun
ny c coi nh l bt buc. Ty theo tng nc mc tham gia xy dng cc tiu chun
ISO c khc nhau.
- 1 s nc, t chc tiu chun ho l cc c quan chnh thc hay bn chnh thc ca
chnh ph. Ti Vit Nam, t chc tiu chun ho l Tng cc Tiu chun o lng-Cht
lng thuc B Khoa hc Cng ngh.
4.2.2. Bi cnh ra i cc tiu chun ISO 14000
Hi ngh Thng nh Rio 1992 v vng m phn Uruguay ca Hip nh chung v
Thu quan v Mu dch (GATT) 1993 nhu cu v tiu chun ho qun l mi trng nhm
bo v mi trng ng thi gim hng ro phi thu quan trong thng mi.
Nm 1993, b tiu chun ISO 9000 (Tiu chun m bo cht lng v qun l cht
lng) t c nhiu thnh cng v c chp nhn rng ri trn th gii, do vy t chc
Quc t v Tiu chun ha ISO bt u hng ti lnh vc qun l mi trng. Sau ISO
thnh lp y ban k thut TC207 gm 6 tiu ban chun b cho cc tiu chun v qun l
mi trng.
Sau , cc tiu
chun mi thuc seri
ISO14000 ln lt ra
i ch ra cc kha cnh
khc nhau ca vic qun
l mi trng, trong 2
tiu chun ISO 14001 v
14004 l v EMS. Bng
sau y l mt s tiu
chun chnh thc nm
trong danh mc cc tiu
chun b ISO 14000.

54
 Bng 3.2. Mt s tiu chun chnh thc trong danh mc b tiu chun ISO 14000
Tn gi Ch (Description) TCVN tng
(Standard title) ng
ISO 14001:2004 H thng qun l MT - Chi tit hng dn s dng. TCVN ISO
(Environmental Management Systems - Specification with 14001: 2005
Guidance for Use)
ISO 14004:2004 H thng qun l MT - Hng dn chung v nguyn tc, h TCVN ISO
thng v k thut h tr. (Environmental Management Systems 14004:2005
- General guidelines on principles, systems and supporting
techniques)
ISO 14010:1996 Cc hng dn v kim ton mi trng - Cc nguyn tc chung TCVN ISO
(Guidelines for environmental auditing - General principles of 14010:1997
environmental auditing)
ISO 14011:1996 Cc hng dn v kim ton mi trng - Cc th tc kim ton TCVN ISO
- Phn 1: Kim ton h thng QLMT. (Guidelines for 14011:1997
environmental auditing - Audit procedures - Part 1: Auditing of
environmental management systems)
ISO 14012:1996 Cc hng dn v kim ton mi trng - Chun c trnh cho TCVN ISO
kim ton vin (Guidelines for environmental auditing - 14012:1997
Qualification criteria for environmental auditors)
ISO 14013/15 Cc hng dn v kim ton mi trng - Cc chng trnh,
xem xt v nh gi v kim ton mi trng. (Guidelines for
Environmental Auditing - Audit Programmes, Reviews &
Assessments)
ISO 14020:2000 Nhn mi trng - Cc nguyn tc chung (Environmental TCVN ISO
labelling - General Principles) 14021: 2000
ISO 14021:1999 Nhn mi trng v cng b - T cng b v mi trng (Ghi TCVN ISO
nhn mi trng kiu II) (Environmental labels and 14021: 2003
declarationsSelfdeclared environmental claims (Type II
environmental labelling).
ISO 14024:1999 Nhn mi trng v cng b - Ghi nhn mi trng kiu I TCVN ISO
Nguyn tc v th tc (Environmental labels and declarations 14024: 2005
Type I environmental labelling Principles and procedures)
ISO 14025:2006 Nhn mi trng v cng b - Ghi nhn mi trng kiu III TCVN ISO
Nguyn tc v th tc (Environmental labels and declarations 14025: 2003
Type III environmental declarations Principles and
procedures)
ISO 14040:2006 Qun l MT - nh gi chu trnh sng ca sn phm Nguyn TCVN ISO
tc v khun kh. (Environmental Management - Life cycle 14040:2000
assessment - Principles and Framework)
ISO Qun l MT - nh gi chu trnh sng ca sn phm Xc nh TCVN ISO
14041:1998* mc tiu, phm vi v phn tch kim k (Environmental 14041:2000
Management - Life cycle assessment - Objectives, Scopes and
Inventory Analysis)
ISO Environmental Management - Life cycle assessment Impact
14042:2000* assessment
ISO 14043:2000 Environmental Management - Life cycle assessment
Interpretation
ISO 14044:2006 Environmental management Life cycle assessment
Requirements and guidelines
ISO 14050:2002 Environmental management Vocabulary

*Nm 2006, ISO 14041 v ISO 14042 b rt li, ni dung ca chng c lng vo ISO 14040 v
ISO 14044

55
 4.2.3. H thng qun l mi trng v ISO 14001
EMS l 1 phng php ton din v lin tc qun l cc vn mi trng theo
nguyn tc: Lp k hoch Thc hin - Kim tra - Ci tin (PLAN, DO, CHECK, ACT),
kt hp cc nh hng v mi trng vo trong cc hot ng hng ngy ca cng vic sn
xut v qun l ca mt t chc (nh my, x nghip...)
Lp k hoch
(Plan)

Ci tin Thc hin

(Act) (Do)

Kim tra
(Check)

Hnh 4.4. Chu trnh tun hon ca mt EMS

Cc tiu chun in hnh v EMS
BS7750 ca Anh (1992)
EMAS ca Cng ng Chu u (1995)
Cc tiu chun ISO 14001 v ISO 14004 (1996) ca T chc ISO
Cc tiu chun tng ng ca Vit Nam
TCVN ISO 14001: 2005 tng ng vi ISO 14001:2004
TCVN ISO 14004: 2005 tng ng vi ISO 14004: 2004
Cu trc ca 1 EMS c th khc nhau ph thuc vo cu trc, quy m, cc hot ng,
sn phm v dch v ca 1 t chc. Tuy nhin, thng dng nht l cu trc theo tiu chun
ca ISO 14001 v tiu chun ny gip cho 1 doanh nghip c cp chng nhn quc t ISO
14001 v EMS.
ISO 14001 c th ho nhng yu cu i vi mt h thng qun l mi trng theo
mt t chc hay mt cng ty s c mt t chc th 3 khc chng nhn. Nhng yu cu
bao gm 5 yu t c bn sau y (trch ISO 14001):

4.2. Chnh sch mi trng

4.3. Lp k hoch, gm
4.3.1. Cc kha cnh mi trng
4.3.2. Cc yu cu php lut v cc yu cu khc
4.3.3. Cc mc tiu v ch tiu mi trng
4.3.4. Chng trnh qun l mi trng
4.4. Thc hin v iu hnh
4.4.1. C cu v trch nhim
4.4.2. o to, nhn thc v nng lc
4.4.3. Thng tin, lin lc
4.4.4. T liu ca EMS
4.4.5. Kim sot ti liu
56
 4.4.6. Kim sot iu hnh
4.4.7. S chun b sn sng v p ng vi tnh trng khn cp
4.5. Kim tra v khc phc sa cha
4.5.1. Gim st v o c
4.5.2. S khng ph hp v khc phc, phng nga
4.5.3. H s
4.5.4. nh gi EMS
4.6. Xem xt li ca ban lnh o

Hnh 4.5. Cc yu t c bn ca EMS theo ISO 14001

(Source: NSF International 2001)
Ging nh SXSH, thc hin tt 1 EMS s gip cho 1 x nghip hay nh my c c
nhiu li ch v kinh t cng nh mi trng. Xy dng mt EMS s gip:
Gim st hiu qu mi trng
Tun th c cc quy nh v mi trng
Nhn ra c cc c hi gim thiu cht thi
Gim chi ph vn hnh.
Ci tin s cnh tranh
Gim thiu cc ri ro v MT
Gia tng trch nhim v an ton sc kho ca nhn vin
57
 Gia tng hnh nh v uy tn ca cng ty,...v.v
4.2.4. Cc yu cu cn tun th ca H thng Qun l mi trng theo tiu chun
ISO 14001/1996
Cc yu cu tun th EMS theo tiu chun ISO 14001 c tm tt nh sau:
- Cam kt ca lnh o: Cam kt ca lnh o phi c th hin t giai on bt
u thc hin v trong sut qu trnh duy tr thc hin H thng Qun l mi trng. Nu
thiu s cam kt ca lnh o trong vic thit lp cc mc tiu ca ISO 14001 cng nh s
tham gia tch cc cc hot ng mi trng lin quan, th s khng c c hi ho hp v
thc hin thnh cng H thng Qun l mi trng.
- Tun th vi chnh sch mi trng: Chnh sch mi trng do lnh o lp
ra hoc lp ra di s ch o ca lnh o, y l ti liu hng dn lp ra cc ng li
chung , cc khuynh hng mi trng v cc nguyn tc hnh ng i vi t chc.
- Lp k hoch mi trng: c H thng Qun l mi trng hiu qu, t chc
phi xc nh ca cc hot ng c th c cc tc ng n mi trng, ng thi t chc
cng phi xc nh cc yu cu php lut v cc yu cu khc m t chc phi tun th. Sau
t chc phi lp k hoch thc hin cc mc . Trong k hoch phi cp n vic
thit lp cc mc tiu ch tiu mi trng v thit lp chng trnh m bo t c cc
mc tiu v ch tiu t ra.
- C cu t chc v trch nhim: C cu t chc lin quan n cc kha cnh mi
trng, phn cng vai tr trch nhim i vi tng cp lin quan cn c cp n trong
H thng Qun l mi trng v phi c tt c mi nhn vin u hiu c c cu .
- o to nhn thc v nng lc: Lnh o c trch nhim m bo cho tt c cc
nhn vin u c kin thc v cc kha cnh mi trng, chnh sch mi trng ca t chc
v cam kt ca lnh o. ng thi cng phi m bo tt c nhng ngi m cng vic ca
h c lin quan n mi trng u phi c o to v c nng lc thc hin cc
cng vic ca mnh. Cng vic ny c thc hin thng qua cc kho o to v kt qu
nh gi c thit lp trong H thng Qun l mi trng.
- Thng tin lin lc ni b v bn ngoi: T chc phi thit lp cc knh thng tin
lin lc ni b (vi ton b nhn vin ca t chc) v bn ngoi (vi cc bn hu quan) ng
lc v c hiu qu.
- Kim sot cc ti liu v hot ng mi trng lin quan: Kim sot cc hot
ng ca H thng Qun l mi trng c chng minh qua cc th tc dng vn bn ca
cc qu trnh c th c tc ng n mi trng v qua vic kim sot s tun th cht ch
cc th tc. c th thc hin c, t chc phi c h thng kim sot ti liu nhm m
bo (1) Cc th tc c ban hnh v p dng ng v (2) Cc thay i u phi tun theo th
tc c ph duyt.
- S chun b sn sng v p ng vi tnh trng khn cp - H thng Qun l
mi trng phi c th tc xc nh tnh trng khn cp v mi trng. S chun b sn
sng v p ng vi tnh trng khn cp phi c thc hin v c chng minh qua cc
kho o to tp hun v thc hnh c th trong H thng Qun l mi trng ca t chc.
- Kim tra, nh gi v hnh ng khc phc phng nga: H thng Qun l
mi trng phi chuyn i cc kin phn hi t ln kim tra, gim st v o lng cc kt
qu hot ng mi trng thnh cc hnh ng khc phc v phng nga. y l bc rt
quan trng trong chu trnh Lp k hoch Thc hin Kim tra- Khc phc (Plan, Do,
Check, Act) ca H thng Qun l mi trng. Bt c khi no c cc vn ny sinh, cc nh
lnh o phi tm cch khc phc v a ra bin php ngn nga s ti din.

58
 - Lu gi h s: H thng Qun l mi trng phi duy tr cc h s mi trng
quan trng lm bng chng cho cc kt qu hot ng ca mnh. H s c th rt nhiu v a
dng, h s rt hu ch cho t chc, cho chuyn gia nh gi, cho cc c quan php lut v
cho cc bn hu quan khc.
- Xem xt ca lnh o: H thng Qun l mi trng phi c lnh o xem xt
nh k v tnh ph hp, y , hiu qu nhm to c hi ci tin lin tc.
- Ci tin lin tc: Cn xy dng h thng xc nh cc c hi ci tin H thng
Qun l mi trng. Ci tin lin tc xut hin khi loi b c nguyn nhn gc r ca s
khng ph hp, tuy nhin ci tin lin tc cng c th l kt qu ca vic thit lp cc qu
trnh mi thay th qu trnh c, thay i cng ngh hoc chin lc mi.
4.2.5. H thng qun l mi trng theo tiu chun ISO 14001/2004
- Tnh n 31/12/2003 trn ton th gii c 66.070 chng ch ISO 14001:1996 c
cp ti 113 quc gia v nn kinh t, tng hn cng k nm 2002 l 34% v nm 2003 l nm
s chng ch h thng qun l mi trng ISO 14001 tng trng cao nht t khi tiu chun
c ban hnh nm 1996. Ti Vit Nam n nay c trn 70 chng ch ISO 14001:1996.
Sau 8 nm p dng, tiu chun ISO 14001 bc l c nhng im mnh, im yu ca
mnh v n lc cn c xem li, sa i cho ph hp vi vic p dng trong thc t.
- Theo vn bn s 940 ngy 15/11/2004 ca ISO th B tiu chun v H thng qun l
mi trng ISO 14000 c phin bn mi cho 2 tiu chun sau y:
1) ISO 14001:2004 - H THNG QUN L MI TRNG Qui nh k thut vi
hng dn s dng.
2) ISO 14004:2004 - H THNG QUN L MI TRNG Hng dn chung v
nguyn tc, h thng v h tr k thut.
- Theo hng dn s GD4:2004 ngy 20/12/2004 ca T chc chng thc quc t IAF
th qu trnh chuyn i sang phin bn mi s ko di trong 18 thng k t ngy ban hnh
tiu chun. Ngha l, sau ngy 15/5/2006, mi Giy chng nhn theo phin bn c u khng
cn hiu lc trn phm vi ton cu.
- So vi phin bn c, phin bn mi ISO 14001:2004 ny khng c s thay i ln v
ni dung m ch yu l lm r hn cc yu cu v tng cng tnh tng thch vi tiu chun
ca ISO 9001:2000. Do vy, nhng doanh nghip c c chng nhn ISO 14001:1996 s
khng phi qu vt v trong vic cp nht v nng cp h thng qun l mi trng ca mnh
theo yu cu ca tiu chun mi.
- V c bn, tiu chun mi vn c thit k theo chu trnh Plan Do Check Act
quen thuc vi cu trc gm 4 phn chnh:
4.3 - Lp k hoch;
4.4 - Thc hin;
4.5 - Kim tra;
4.6 - Xem xt li ca lnh o.
Lp k hoch
V mt ni dung, iu khon ny khng c g thay i ln vi vic ch ra u vo ca
cng tc lp k hoch, bao gm vic xc nh cc kha cnh mi trng c ngha t cc hot
ng, sn phm v dch v ca t chc v xc nh cc yu cu v mi trng m t chc cn
tun th. Da vo , t chc phi nh ra mc tiu, ch tiu v mi trng v xy dng cc
chng trnh qun l mi trng t c cc mc tiu, ch tiu .

59
 V mt hnh thc, phn lp k hoch trong tiu chun mi c rt gn li t 4 xung
cn 3 iu khon (iu khon 4.3.4 - Chng trnh QLMT trong tiu chun c c lng
ghp vo iu khon 4.3.3 - Mc tiu, ch tiu mi trng trong tiu chun mi)
Thc hin
Phn ny v c bn vn c gi nguyn vi 7 iu khon ging tiu chun c. Tuy
nhin mt s iu khon trong phn ny c vit r rng v c th hn. Mt s im cn lu
lin quan ti tng iu khon trong phn ny nh sau:
iu khon 4.4.2 - o to: iu khon ny m rng phm vi v i tng cn c
o to v m bo nng lc lin quan ti mi trng. Phm vi o to v m bo nng lc
c m rng cho cc i tng khng thuc quyn qun l ca t chc nhng lm vic
trong phm vi t chc (nh thu, nh cung cp dch v... hot ng trong khun vin ca t
chc). Ni cch khc, t chc phi nh gi nng lc, xc nh nhu cu o to v o to
cho c cc nh thu v mi nhn vin ca mnh nhm m bo h qun l v lm ch c
cc vn v mi trng lin quan ti cc hot ng ca mnh.
iu khon 4.4.4 lin quan vi vic xy dng h thng ti liu qun l mi trng cng
c tiu chun mi m t r nt hn vi vic a ra quy nh cc loi ti liu bt buc phi
c. Ngoi vic yu cu t chc phi "miu t cc yu t chnh ca H thng QLMT v mi
quan h ca chng, vin dn ti cc ti liu lin quan" vn hi tru tng, cc loi ti liu
khc buc phi c c nu c th hn, bao gm: Chnh sch mi trng, mc tiu v ch
tiu mi trng, cc ti liu v h s theo yu cu ca tiu chun, cc ti liu v h s m t
chc thy rng cn thit.
Kim tra
Phn ny gm 5 iu khon, tng so vi phin bn c 1 iu khon. Tuy nhin iu
khon mi thc cht l c tch t mt phn ca iu khon 4.5.1 trong tiu chun c (iu
khon v Gim st o c cc thng s mi trng c trng t cc hot ng ca t chc),
trong ch ra t chc phi nh gi s tun th php lut v mi trng ca mnh nhm m
bo thc hin 1 trong 3 cam kt bt buc phi ra trong chnh sch mi trng ca t chc -
Cam kt tun th cc yu cu v mi trng.
Ngoi ra mt thay i cn lu na lin quan ti iu khon 4.5.2 trong tiu chun c
v xc nh s khng ph hp v a ra hnh ng khc phc, phng nga (tiu chun mi l
4.5.3). Trong ch r ngoi vic a ra hnh ng khc phc s khng ph hp v nguyn
nhn s khng ph hp nu khng may xy ra (theo nh yu cu ca tiu chun c) t chc
cn phi xc nh s khng ph hp tim n v a ra hnh ng khc phc nhm ngn chn
khng cho s khng ph hp tim n xy ra.
Xem xt ca lnh o
iu khon cui cng ny ca tiu chun nu c th hn v ch ra cc u vo cn
thit cho qu trnh xem xt (kt qu nh gi ni b, nhng thay i, cc hnh ng a ra
sau ln xem xt trc...) v u ra ca qu trnh xem xt (cc quyt nh v hnh ng tng
ng vi cam kt ci tin lin tc).
4.3. SN XUT SCH HN, LCA V ISO 14000
- Gia SXSH, h thng qun l mi trng ni chung v ISO 14000 ni ring c nhng
mc tiu v li ch chung:
Gim nhim mi trng v ri ro
Ci thin qu trnh sn xut, gim thiu pht sinh cht thi v chi ph
p ng cc yu cu php lut
60
 Nng cao hnh nh doanh nghip
t c li th cnh tranh ...
Vic p dng SXSH hay p dng ISO 14000 l hon ton t nguyn.
Cn phn bit gia p dng SXSH v ISO 14001: doanh nghip c th ang nh gi
SXSH nhng cha ng k chng nhn ISO 14001. Nu ng k v thc hin ISO 14001
th s c cp chng ch cng nhn ca quc t. Cc c s thc hin SXSH rt c iu
kin thun li ng k chng nhn ISO 14001 v ngc li, doanh nghip thc hin
ISO 14001 s rt d dng trin khai SXSH.
Gia LCA v CPA (nh gi SXSH) c nhng im tng ng c th p dng
phng php lun ca LCA c tiu chun ho cho nh gi SXSH (CPA). Ngoi ra,
LCA c th l mt cng c c lc cho vic ra quyt nh v cc sn phm v cng ngh thay
th c s dng cho SXSH.
Ngc li, CPA c th cung cp mt phng php nh gi tc ng mi trng (cc
kha cnh quan trng trong ISO 14001) v la chn cc gii php ci thin lin tc.
SXSH tp trung vo phng thc hot ng, vn hnh trong khi ISO 14001 hng
n h thng qun l. ISO 14001 cung cp c ch, khun kh cho vic thc hin hiu qu
SXSH trong khi SXSH cung cp cho ISO 14001 mt cng c ci tin lin tc v hiu qu
qun l mi trng trong cc cng ty. Vic xy dng EMS c th c thc hin da trn
nh gi v SXSH trc y cc cng ty.
Ti liu c thm chng 4:
4.1. Case study - NH GI VNG I SN PHM BT GIT P&G
4.2. H thng EMS cng ty Luks Xi Mng, Hu.

61
 Chng 5.
HIN TRNG V TIM NNG
CA SN XUT SCH HN
5.1. SN XUT SCH HN TRN TH GII
5.1.1. Tnh hnh p dng SXSH cc nc
C rt nhiu v d v s trin khai thnh cng ca SXSH cc nc:
- Newzealand cc cng ty tit kim c t 50 - 100% chi ph hng nm nh gim
thiu cht thi v ni no ti s dng cht thi cn thu c li nhun. Thi gian thu hi vn
trong mt s trng hp ch vi ngy hoc vi tun.
- Cc nc ng u v Cng ng cc quc gia c lp (CIS) cng ang bt u quan
tm nghim chnh ti sn xut sch. Lithuania, vo nhng nm 1950 ch c 4% cc Cng ty
trin khai sn xut sch, con s ny tng ln 35% vo nhng nm 1990. cng ho Sc,
24 trng hp nghin cu p dng sn xut sch cho thy cht thi cng nghip pht sinh
gim gn 22000 tn mt nm, bao gm c 10.000 tn cht thi nguy hi. Nc thi gim
12.000 m3 mt nm. Li ch kinh t c tnh khong 2,4 t la M hng nm.
- Ngy nay, SXSH c p dng thnh cng c cc nc ang pht trin nh
Trung Quc, n , CH Sc, Tanzania, Mhic, v.v... v ang c cng nhn l mt cch
tip cn ch ng, ton din trong qun l mi trng cng nghip. Mt nh my xi mng
Inonxia bng vic p dng sn xut sch tit kim 35.000 USD mt nm. Thi gian thu
hi vn u t cho sn xut sch khng n mt nm. Trung Quc cc d n thc nghim
ti 51 Cng ty trong 11 ngnh cng nghip cho thy sn xut sch gim c nhim
15 - 31% v c hiu qu gp 5 ln so vi cc phng php truyn thng.
Nh vy, cc kt qu p dng SXSH cc nc pht trin nh M, H Lan, Canada,...
cng nh cc nc ang pht trin nh n , Trung Quc,... v cc nc c nn kinh t
ang chuyn i nh Ba Lan, CH Sc, Hungary,... u cho thy tnh u vit ca SXSH: va
mang li hiu qu v mi trng va mang li li ch v kinh t. Mt s v d trnh din
SXSH cc nc c cho trong bng 5.3.
Bng 5.3. Mt s kt qu trnh din SXSH cc nc

Nc Ngnh CN Cng ty Sn phm Li ch kinh t t SXSH

Tng tit kim: 193.000 US/nm
FSM n, kha, ca
Ba Lan M in Vn u t : 36.000 US/nm
Sosnowiec t
Hon vn sau 2 thng
Cc loi da Tng tit kim: 43.550 US/nm
Germanakos thuc cht Vn u t: 40.000 US/nm
Hy Lp Thuc da
SA lng cao t da
Hon vn sau 11 thng
tru, b
Khu nhum tit kim 50% lng nc
an Vi, nhum v Khu git nc nng tit kim 1/3 lng
Dt Novotex AS
Mch gia cng vi nc
My sy tun hon 75% kh nng
Tng nng sut 9%; tit kim 3% nng
PT Semen
Indonesia Xi mng lng; gim 40% sn phm km cht
Cibinong
lng.

62
 Nc Ngnh CN Cng ty Sn phm Li ch kinh t t SXSH
Tng tit kim : 350.000 US/nm
u t: 375.000 US/nm
Hon vn: ~ 1 nm

(Ngun: Cleaner Production Worldwide - UNEP, 1993)

5.1.2. Sn xut v tiu th bn vng (SCP: Sustainable Consumption and
Production)
- Hi ngh Thng nh Th gii v PTBV ti Johannesburg nm 2002 ku gi khuyn
khch v pht trin mt Khung hnh ng 10 nm ca Chng trnh Sn xut v Tiu th bn
vng nhm h tr cc sang kin khu vc v quc gia.
- Hi ngh quc t u tin bn v SCP hp ti Marrakech, Morocco vo 6/2003 (do
Khung hnh ng sau c gi l tin trnh Marrakech) xc nh tin trnh phi c
h tr bi cc nhm cng tc phi chnh thc hoc cc hi ngh bn trn v sn xut v tiu th
bn vng vi s tham gia ca cc chuyn gia t c cc nc v ang pht trin.
- Sn xut v tiu th bn vng l s sn xut v s dng hng ha v dch v p ng nhu
cu c bn v em li mt cuc sng c cht lng tt hn, trong khi gim thiu c vic
s dng ti nguyn thin nhin, cc vt liu c hi v pht thi cht thi cng cc cht
nhiim trong sut vng i ca chng m khng lm tn hi n kh nng p ng nhu cu
ca cc th h mai sau.
- Sn xut v tiu th bn vng c th bao gm:
sn xut sch hn
s dng nng lng hiu qu
sn xut v s dng nng lng ti to
sn xut v tiu th sn phm nng nghip hu c
s dng sn phm thn thin mi trng
ti ch cht thi, chuyn cht thi thnh nng lng
xy dng khu cng nghip thn thin mi trng khu cng nghip sinh thi, cc ta
nh xanh, khu dn c - th sinh thi
- Hi ngh cp cao quc t ln th 8 v sn xut v tiu th bn vng (SCP8) ti Mexico
(11/2004) a ra 16 khuyn co cho tin trnh Marrakech:

1. Concretize and strengthen the SCP agenda and its links with other development priorities, such as
poverty reduction, access to basic services including access to water, energy and food, and economic
development.
Key actions:
- Develop a common SCP language, including indicators, benchmarks and surveys.
- Develop and share case studies on successful SCP initiatives.
2. Governments should take leadership by building appropriate policy frameworks, including
economic, regulatory and social instruments.
Key actions:
- Integrate SCP in poverty reduction, economic, trade and financing, and social policies.
- Support initiatives on (public) green procurement programmes, triple-bottom-line reporting, and
corporate environmental/social responsibility.

63
3. Business should become more active in SCP implementation.
Key actions:
- Establish concrete partnerships between UN and multinational corporations to support specific projects in
developing countries.
- Encourage large organizations to assist small and medium-sized enterprises in implementing SCP
through the use of tools such as greening the supply chain.
- Support business and engineering schools in integrating SCP curricula into higher-level education.
4. Financial institutions should create favourable financial conditions and a stable and competitive
economic framework for SCP investments.
Key actions:
- Establish partnerships with business and governments to develop financing strategies for investments in
SCP activities, in particular for SMEs.
- Mainstream green accounting for business and governments to internalize environmental costs.
5. NCPCs and similar organizations should strengthen their role by expanding the traditional CP
focus on processes to also include products and services and address poverty reduction and other
development goals.
Key actions:
- Develop NCPCs service packages as total solutions to their core clients (business) and include tools
like product and service design, life-cycle management, corporate social responsibility reporting,
marketing, and access to funding sources.
6. International organizations should expand the SCP stakeholder group by involving intermediary
organizations between producers and consumers, in particular in retail and marketing.
Key actions:
- Establish partnerships at global and national levels with retailers, distributors, and marketing agencies
- Collect lessons learned from successful campaigns seeking to change consumer behaviour and apply
them for SCP.
WATER
7. Policies and strategies to provide access to water for all should be adopted at all levels, and need to
recognize the importance of efficient water management, development of new water infrastructure,
and demand side management.
Key actions:
- Establish public-private partnerships as a key element in water sector development strategies.
- Apply tools, such as revenues generation, costs management, and future revenue-based financing, to
mobilize finance for the development of the required infrastructure.
- Support programmes for improved demand side management and reduced distribution losses, through
improved pricing, metering and fee collection systems.
- Enhance developing countries capacities for the development and implementation of integrated water
resource management programmes.
ENERGY
8. Build capacity at the local level, including local authorities, entrepreneurs, and banks, to develop
sustainable energy systems that take into account local resource availabilities and energy needs.
Key actions:
- Develop awareness and willingness amongst local banking and community financing schemes (including
seed funds, installation and growth capital) with the active involvement of local entrepreneurs.
- Expand the services of NCPCs to the provision of energy services and local financing support through
the development of green funding programmes.
9. Promote sustainable energy systems as an attractive solution for business development.
Key actions:

64
- Develop energy business models for the promotion of alternative energy resources into existing energy
regimes.
- Develop education curricula on energy development and management with a particular focus on business
schools.Agriculture
10. Develop a marketing strategy for sustainable agriculture, so as to educate buyers, engage
producers and generally improve the image of sustainable agricultural products.
Key actions:
- Develop guidelines and case studies explaining how sustainable agriculture may be translated to realistic
and practical on-the-ground action.
- Develop a business case showcasing proven benefits from sustainable agriculture through benchmarking
of benefits, Business to Business (B2B) benefits, and benefits to intermediaries.
11. Establish continuous improvement through better practices as a more realistic model for
achieving a transition to sustainable agriculture than immediate adoption of best practices.
Key actions:
- Support transfer of established sustainable agriculture practices, highlighting the process for adopting
these.
- Work with governments to provide incentives for producers/farmers to start the transition.
- Secure financing mechanisms to assist companies in the transition period.
CONSUMPTION
12. Communication on sustainable consumption needs to be in simple language, highlighting the
benefits that would come from changed consumption patterns, not only for the environment, but also
in terms of improving health, price, and comfort.
Key actions:
- Develop partnerships with advertising agencies and the media to explore strategies to integrate SCP into
the messages transmitted to consumers.
- Icons, such as sport stars and artists, would need to be mobilized to help communicate sustainable
consumption as a cool lifestyle, including sports and leisure perspectives.
- Establish means of engaging youth in SCP in a modern fashion such as the UNEP-UNESCO
youthXchange programme, which should be updated and translated to additional languages.
- Communicate SCP to the elderly, and explore opportunities for engaging existing organizations for
senior citizens in SCP promotion campaigns.
RESOURCE USE, TECHNOLOGY, AND PRODUCTS
13. Create systematic conditions that favour resource efficient technologies, products, and services.
Key actions:
- Develop mechanisms to foster rapid access, adaptation, and implementation of clean and resource
efficient technologies, particularly in small and medium-sized enterprises.
- Initiate sustainable procurement programmes at governmental and company levels, so as to create a
market for sustainable products.
- Develop recognition mechanisms for sustainable products, such as marketing, testing, and labelling of
products
- Engage national level education authorities to integrate SCP in technical educational curricula at all
levels.
14. Expand the traditional CP focus on processes at the plant level to the industrial cluster,
community, and national levels.
Key actions:
- Identify and share strategies for establishing system- wide cooperation at the industrial cluster level, the
community level, and the national level.
- Motivate large companies, through partnerships, case studies, recognition of champions, and the use of

65
existing initiatives such as the Global Compact, to integrate technology sharing with smaller companies as
a component of their CSR strategy and standard in their business manuals.A
15. Business models on the development and implementation of alternative development models
conducive to SCP need to be shared and replicated.
Key actions:
- Compile and consolidate existing experiences on alternative development models and make them
available for further replication.
- Strengthen the engagement of the private sector in multi-stakeholder efforts of promoting sustainable
consumption and production at different levels.
16. Promote the implementation of alternative development models, specifically replicating
community and local initiatives such as the circular economy in China and zero emission initiatives.
Key actions:
- Enhance capacities for an integrated assessment of sustainable development.
- Develop a mechanism that would facilitate the integration of alternative development models in existing
strategy frameworks such as cities development strategies and national poverty reduction and
sustainable development strategies.

5.3. SN XUT SCH HN VIT NAM

5.3.1. Hin trng v tim nng SXSH Vit Nam
T gia nhng nm 80, Chnh ph Vit Nam bt u y mnh cng cuc "cng nghip
ha v hin i ha", em li nhng chuyn bin quan trng cho nn kinh t v h thng x
hi ca t nc. S pht trin nhanh chng ca cng nghip v th ha ang c khuynh
hng tc ng xu n mi trng. Nc thi, kh thi v cht thi rn ang lm nhim
thnh ph v cc khu vc tp trung cng nghip. Cuc khng hong kinh t trong khu vc
va qua gip chng ta rt ra c nhng bi hc b ch, l cc hot ng bo v mi
trng cn c xem xt ngay giai on u tin ca s hoch nh k hoch pht trin kinh
t - x hi cp Trung ng. V vy cn sm c cc gii php nghim tc bo v mi
trng, trong bao gm c vic ban hnh cc chnh sch v thu, tn dng v c bit l s
tng cng v khuyn khch p dng SXSH.
Ngy 25 thng 6 nm 1998, B Chnh tr ra Ch th 36-CT/TW v tng cng cng
tc bo v mi trng trong thi k cng nghip ha v hin i ha t nc. Ch th
c xy dng trn cc nguyn tc ca Chng trnh ngh s 21 p dng vo iu kin c th
ca Vit Nam, trong phng nga v ngn chn nhim l nguyn tc ch o trong qun l
mi trng cng nghip.
Khi nim SXSH c gii thiu v th nghim p dng trong cng nghip u tin
nc ta t nm 1995 qua hai d n do quc t ti tr l "SXSH trong cng nghip giy"
(1995 - 1997) v Gim thiu cht thi trong cng nghip dt H Ni (1995 - 1996) do
UNEP/NIEM ti Bangkok (Thi Lan) v CIDA-IDRC (Canada) ti tr. Hai d n ny mi
dng mc gii thiu khi nim v xc nh tim nng gim thiu cht thi. Tip , cc khi
nim "Phng nga nhim", "Hiu sut sinh thi", "Sn xut khng ph thi" v "Nng sut
xanh" cng c gii thiu vo nc ta. Mc d di cc tn gi khc nhau, song bn cht
ca cc khi nim trn hon ton tng t nhau vi mc ch: "Nng cao hiu qu s dng
nguyn liu, nng lng v ch ng ngn chn s to thnh cht thi ngay ti ngun pht
sinh ra chng, gim thiu cht nhim i vo mi trng". Vo ngy 22 thng 9 nm 1999,
B trng B KHCN&MT (trc y) Chu Tun Nh k Tuyn ngn Quc t v SXSH,
khng nh cam kt ca Chnh ph Vit Nam vi chin lc pht trin bn vng.

66
 Trong Chin lc BVMT n 2010 v nh hng 2020 c Th tng Chnh ph
ph duyt theo Quyt nh s 256/2003/Q-TTg ngy 02-12-2003, SXSH c a vo 1
trong 36 chng trnh/d n u tin cp quc gia.
Ngy 7/9/2009, Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt Chin lc SXSH trong cng
nghip n nm 2020 theo Quyt nh s 1419/Q-TTg.
Trong nhng nm va qua, cc hot ng v SXSH nc ta ch yu tp trung vo:
Ph bin thng tin v nng cao nhn thc;
Trnh din k thut nh gi SXSH ti doanh nghip nhm thuyt phc gii cng
nghip tip nhn tip cn SXSH vo hot ng sn xut kinh doanh;
o to ngun nhn lc v xy dng nng lc quc gia v SXSH; v
Xy dng c s php l cho vic xc tin SXSH.
Tnh n nm 2005, c gn 200 doanh nghip tham gia cc d n trnh din cc
mc khc nhau trong khun kh cc d n quc gia do quc t ti tr hoc cc ti xy
dng m hnh SXSH mt s a phng, trong c 47 doanh nghip ch bin thy sn,
thc phm v 34 doanh nghip dt nhum. Con s ny cn qu nh so vi s doanh nghip
sn xut cng nghip hin c c nc. Tuy nhin nc ta hin v ang hnh thnh xu
th ngy cng c thm cc doanh nghip tham gia cc d n v SXSH (Hnh 5.1).

Hnh 5.1. S lng cc doanh nghip tham gia d n SXSH

Theo bo co ca Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit Nam, tnh hnh thc hin cc d n
trnh din hoc nghin cu v SXSH cc a phng cng rt khc nhau (37 tnh/thnh
ph). Tnh Nam nh v thnh ph H Ch Minh l 2 a phng c s doanh nghip thc
hin thnh cng SXSH nhiu nht.
Theo bo co ca 60 doanh nghip thc hin nh gi SXSH di s hng dn ca
Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit Nam, cc doanh nghip ny tit kim trn 6 triu USD trong
nm trnh din, trong khi tng vn u t thc hin cc gii php SXSH l 1,15 triu USD.
Thc t cho thy hu ht cc doanh nghip rt hn ch v vn, nht l cc doanh nghip va
v nh. Mt kt qu khc rt l th l nh gi SXSH cng l mt cng c hiu qu trong gii
quyt cc vn v an ton v sc kho ngh nghip trong sn xut cng nghip.
iu ng ch l ring B Cng nghip trong giai on 2000 - 2004 m 20 lp tp
hun v SXSH cho 800 lt cn b k thut ca cc doanh nghip v h tr ti chnh cho 78
doanh nghip p dng SXSH. Trong 5 nm qua, hot ng o to ngun nhn lc trong nc
c ch ng mc, m in hnh l hot ng ca d n "Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit
Nam" (VIE/96/063) o to c trn 100 cn b chuyn su v SXSH cho cc ngnh
cng nghip v c quan nghin cu, t vn, trong c khong 30% s cn b ny cung

67
cp t vn v lnh vc SXSH. SXSH/Phng nga nhim trong cng nghip ngy nay tr
thnh 1 trong 36 chng trnh u tin ca chin lc quc gia v Bo v mi trng n nm
2010 v nh hng n 2020. Tuy nhin, cng vn cn tn ti nhiu yu km trong cc trnh
din k thut v ti nghin cu v SXSH. V d nh s gii php v cng ngh ch chim
5% trong tng s cc gii php c xut v hu nh rt t gii php trong s cc gii
php loi ny c thc hin. Thm vo , nhiu bo co nh gi SXSH do cc chuyn gia
Vit Nam thc hin cn mang m tnh gio khoa. Nhng tn ti ny cho thy s cn thit
phi khn trng xy dng i ng chuyn gia trong nc gii v kin thc v k nng thc
hin phng php lun cng vi s phong ph v kinh nghim thc hin mi c th m bo
cht lng dch v v SXSH. y l yu t quan trng trong pht trin th trng dch v v
lnh vc SXSH v m bo tnh bn vng ca SXSH.
Trn c s phn tch s liu kim ton SXSH ti 60 doanh nghip thuc cc ngnh
Giy, Dt, sn xut bia v sn phm kim kh do Trung tm SXSVN thc hin t 1999 - 2004,
cc chuyn gia quc t v Vit Nam so snh vi cc cng ngh tt nht hin c (BAT =
Best Available Technology) chu u c tnh v nhn xt: tim nng SXSH (tc l tim
nng gim tiu th nguyn liu, ha cht, nng lng v nc) trong cc doanh nghip Vit
Nam l rt ln.
Nh vy, SXSH nc ta c th t kt qu cao hn na v c li ch mi trng v li
ch kinh t khi cc gii php SXSH c p dng. Song vi thc tin v trnh pht trin v
tim lc ti chnh hin nay, thch hp hn c i vi cc doanh nghip nc ta l tm kim
cc cng ngh tt nht v hp dn v mt kinh t (BEAT = Best Economically Attractive
Technology) trong qu trnh i mi cng ngh (Ng Th Nga, 2005).
duy tr v nhn rng cc kt qu t c, d n VIE/04/064 "y mnh cc dch
v mi v SXSH thng qua Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit Nam" c SECO (Thu S) ti
tr qua UNIDO (2005 - 2007). D n ny m rng phm vi ng dng ca SXSH sang cc vn
bc xc khc nh:
S dng nng lng hiu qu v c ch pht trin sch (CDM),
An ton v sc khe ngh nghip (OHS),
Gii trnh trch nhim x hi,
Thc hin cc cng c a phng v mi trng.
Tuy vy, u tin ln nht ca d n y mnh thc hin SXSH l:
nh gi mc lc hu cng ngh v chuyn giao cng ngh sch hn,
M rng mng li SXSH Vit Nam, v
Xy dng mu hnh sn xut bn vng trong cng nghip.
5.3.2. Cc thch thc trong vic p dng SXSH Vit Nam
Mc d SXSH c nhiu u vit, song cho n nay SXSH vn cha c p dng mt
cch trit trong cc hot ng cng nhip cng nh dch v. Nguyn do c th l:
Thi quen trong cch ng x trong gii cng nghip c hnh thnh hng trm
nm nay,
Nng lc thc hin SXSH trong cc doanh nghip cn nhiu hn ch,
Cc ro cn v ti chnh,
Thiu chnh sch v cc cam kt, h tr ca chnh ph.

68
 Vit Nam, mc d xy dng c mt ngun lc nh gi v thc hin SXSH cho
cc doanh nghip, tuy nhin do c th ca mt tip cn mang tnh cht t nguyn, SXSH vn
cha ph bin rng ri vi cc doanh nghip. Bi hc rt ra t cc doanh nghip tham gia
thc hin SXSH trong thi gian va qua cho thy:
* Cha c s quan tm ng mc v SXSH trong chin lc v chnh sch pht trin
cng nghip, thng mi v cng ngh mi trng,
* Cc cp lnh o cc nh my cha c nhn thc y v SXSH v ngi thay i,
* Thiu cc chuyn gia v SXSH cc ngnh cng nh cc thng tin k thut. ng
thi cng thiu c cc phng tin k thut nh gi hiu qu ca SXSH,
* Thiu cc ngun ti chnh v c ch ti tr thch hp cho u t theo hng SXSH,
* Cha c ng lc ca th trng trong nc thc y cc nh cng nghip do vy
nh gi SXSH cha thnh nhu cu thc s,
* Cha c th ch v t chc thc y SXSH i vo thc tin hot ng cng nghip,
Bn cnh , kho st ca Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit Nam v thc t u t trin
khai cho cc gii php SXSH nm 2003 rt ra c mt s bi hc i vi vic duy tr
SXSH ti cc doanh nghip thc hin tip cn ny, l:
* Phn ln cc gii php SXSH c thc hin (thng l gii php c chi ph thp)
dng tin ni b, khng mun vay ca ngn hng u t cho gii php c chi ph ln v li
sut cao, thi hn cho vay ngn v th tc cho vay cn rm r, phc tp,
* Hu ht cc n v trnh din SXSH trong cc d n khc nhau u ch phn tch li
ch kinh t mt ln m khng tnh ton lin tc theo di li ch ca cc nm tip theo,
* Phn tch li ch y mi ch v mt ti chnh thun ty ca cng ty m cha tnh
n li ch kinh t m rng thng qua gim chi ph x hi, tng phc li x hi nh ci thin
mi trng lm vic v cht lng mi trng ni chung,
* Li ch v mt kinh t ca cc gii php cha tnh n li ch do gim chi ph x l
cht thi v chi ph x l cht thi cha c tnh vo gi thnh sn xut,
* C rt nhiu gii php SXSH lm gim nc tiu th nhng li ch kinh t ca cc
gii php ny cha c xc nh r rng do hu ht cc doanh nghip t khai thc nc
ngm v cha tnh gi cho loi nguyn liu c bit ny,
* Cc doanh nghip lun mun c s h tr ti chnh thc hin cc gii php SXSH,
song h khng mun vay tin ca ngn hng,
* Mt s cc cng ty lin doanh hay cc cng ty qui m ln c th s dng vn t c
u t cho cc gii php SXSH, thm ch c cc gii php c chi ph cao,
* Cc doanh nghip va v nh khng c kh nng u t cho cc gii php chi ph
trung bnh v cao, phi vay ngn hng,
* Tim nng thc hin SXSH cc doanh nghip va v nh l rt ln do hu ht cc
c s ny s dng thit b v cng ngh lc hu, m rng nhiu ln nn thit b khng ng
b, chp v, b tr mt bng khng hp l v qun l lng lo, chng cho.

Ti liu c thm chng 5:

5.1. Cc Bo v Mi trng. Tp ch Bo v Mi trng: S 63, thng 8/2004 (2004).

69
 TI LIU THAM KHO

I. TI LIU TING VIT

1. Ng Th Nga v nnk. 2005. Nng cao hiu qu cng tc qun l mi trng trong cng
nghip thng qua thc hin sn xut sch hn. Tp ch Bo v Mi trng.
2. Trn Vn Nhn v inh Vn Sm. 2005. Thc tin v thch thc i vi trin khai Sn
xut sch hn Vit Nam. Tp ch Bo v Mi trng.
3. Trn Vn Nhn, Ng Th Nga. 1999. Gio trnh cng ngh x l nc thi. Nxb Khoa
hc v K thut, H Ni.
4. Trung tm thng tin t liu khoa hc v cng ngh quc gia. 2001. Sn xut sch. B
Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng.
5. Ngn hng th gii. 2003. Pht trin bn vng trong mt th gii nng ng Thay i
th ch, tng trng v cht lng cuc sng. Nxb Chnh tr quc gia.
6. Heinz Leuenberger. 2000. Sn xut sch hn - Chin lc v phng php lun. Trung
tm sn xut sch Vit Nam.

TI LIU TING ANH

1. C. Visvanathan. 1996. Course ED09.21 - Industrial Wastewater Pollution and Control.
Course Handouts. AIT.
2. Carl Duisberg Gesellschaft (Bangkok office), EE Program (AIT). 1995. Project
Casework on Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control. Bangkok.
3. Jackson T. 1992. Cleaner Production Strategies. Lewis Publishers.
4. Michael D.L, et al. 1994. Hazardous Waste Management. McGraw Hill International
Editions.
5. UN ESCAP. 1994. Manual for Hazardous Waste Management. Volume 1 - Reference
text. New York.
6. H. Christian, V. Tobias. 2006. Environmental Management Accounting South East
Asia. Materials for EMA-basic training course.

70
 TI LIU C THM V BI TP
Bi c thm chng 2
Bi c 2.1. Project Casework on Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control
Car Duisberg Gesellschaft & EE Program (AIT). Bangkok, 1995.

Bi ton tnh NPV v IRR.

Phn tch tnh hnh ti chnh ca vic phng nga nhim nh my sn xut
polypropylen
Vic sn xut polypropylen, mt polyme thng dng c s dng trong nhiu sn
phm, s dn n vic to ra cc sn phm ph c cha cc cht sp cao phn t vi 1 lng
vt cc nguyn t kim loi. Vic a cc cht sp ny tr li qu trnh sn xut polypropylen
ban u l khng kh thi bi do cc cht sp ny to thnh ng c qunh cc nhit
cao rt bt tin khi x l. Do vy cc cht sp ny c coi l cht thi. Phn ln lng cht
thi ny c chn lp.
Cc nghin cu v vic ngn nga s to thnh cc sn phm ph dn n vic s
dng 1 cht xc tc mi trong qu trnh sn xut polypropylen. Khi s dng cht xc tc mi
ny th sn phm ph hu nh b loi b hon ton. Hiu qu thc t l sn lng sn phm
polypropylen c nng ln v chi ph loi b cht thi s khng cn. Cc s liu c kt
trong bng 1 l cc c tnh v vn u t v cc chi ph hot ng b sung khi a cht xc
tc mi vo trong qu trnh sn xut.
Thu nhp t vic b sung cht xc tc mi c to ra do hai ngun. Ngun tit kim
nguyn vt liu do sn lng polypropylen c nng cao c tnh vo khong 15.000
la/nm. Ngun tit kim t chi ph loi b cht thi vo khong 160.000 la/nm
Bng 1: Cc thng s v chi ph
Cc chi ph v vn Cc chi ph hot ng b sung hng nm
Thit b/nguyn vt liu 250.000 la Mua cht xc tc 10.000 la
Lp t 53.000 Bo tr (nm th 3 v 5) 5.250
K thut/T vn 40.000 Hun luyn (nm th 1) 10.000
Xin giy php 20.000 Gim st (nm th nht) 8.750
Khi ng 7.000
Cc chi ph pht sinh 30.000
Tng cng 400.000
Lu : Vic tit kim chi ph nguyn vt liu v chi ph loi b cht thi c xem nh
l thu nhp.
a. Vi t sut chit khu l 13%, hy tnh NPV ca vic b sung cht xc tc mi theo
cc s liu cho bng 1 (trong 5 nm).
b. Tnh IRR v so snh vi t sut chit khu r = 13%.
Bi gii:
Phn tch tnh hnh ti chnh ca vic phng nga nhim nh my sn xut
polypropylen
a. Tnh NPV
Khon u t vn ban u : Co= 400.000 la
Thu nhp trong nm th nht th hai, ba, bn v nm l nh nhau v = Tit kim
nguyn vt liu + Tit kim chi ph cht thi = 15.000 + 160.000 = 175.000 la
Chi ph trong nm th nht = Hun luyn + Ph cht xc tc + Gim st
71
 = 10.000 + 10.000 + 8.750 =28.750 la
Chi ph trong nm th hai = Chi ph nm th t = 10,000 (Ph cht xc tc)
Chi ph trong nm th ba = Chi ph nm th nm
= 10.000 + 5.250 (bo tr + ph cht xc tc)
= 15.250 la
n n
Bt Ct
Vi r = 13%, theo cng thc tnh NPV = (C + ) , ta c:
n =1 (1 + r ) t =1 (1 + r )
t o t

175.000 175.000 175.000 175.000 175.000

NPV = + + + + - (400.000 +
1 + 0.,3 (1 + 0,13) 2
(1 + 0,13) 3
(1 + 0,13) 4
(1 + 0,13) 5
28.750 10.000 15.250 10.000 15.250
+ + + + ) = 154.042 la
(1 + 0,13) (1 + 0,13) 2
(1 + 0,13) 3
(1 + 0,13) 4
(1 + 0,13) 5

b. Tnh IRR
IRR chnh l li sut chit khu (r) m ng vi n tng gi tr hin ti rng bng tng
hin gi vn u t:
n n
Bt Ct
NPV = = C +
n =1 (1 + r ) t =1 (1 + r )
t o t

175.000 175.000 175.000 175.000 175.000

NPV = + + + +
1 + IRR (1 + IRR ) 2
(1 + IRR) 3
(1 + IRR ) 4
(1 + IRR) 5

28.750 10.000 15.250 10.000 15.250

= + + + + + 400.000
(1 + IRR ) (1 + IRR ) 2
(1 + IRR) 3
(1 + IRR ) 4
(1 + IRR) 5

Tnh ton s dng phng php gii lp, ta c IRR = 27.6%

C nhiu phng php khac tnh gn ng IRR:
+ Phng php th
+ Phng php lp bng

72
Bi c 2.2. Phng php tnh tng trng s
y l 1 phng php nh lng dng sng lc v sp xp cc gii php gim thiu
cht thi. PP ny cung cp 1 cng c lng ho cc tiu ch quan trng c tc ng n vic
qun l cht thi. PP ny gm c 3 bc:
Bc 1: Xc nh cc tiu ch quan trng lin quan n cc mc tiu v trch nhim ca
chng trnh gim thiu cht thi. V d:
Gim lng cht thi,
Gim mc nguy hi ca cht thi (c tnh, tnh d chy, tnh n mn, v.v ....)
Gim chi ph x l v thi b cht thi,
Gim chi ph nguyn vt liu,
Gim trch nhim php l v ph bo him,
Khng nh hng xu n cht lng sn phm,
Chi ph u t thp,
Thi gian hon vn ngn
Chi ph vn hnh v bo dng thp,
D thc hin, v.v...
Mi tiu ch c cho trng s t 0 n 10, xc nh theo tm quan trng ca chng. V
d: nu vic gim chi ph x l v thi b cht thi l rt quan trng trong khi vic gim trch
nhim php l t quan trng th thiu ch trc s c cho im 10 v tiu ch sau s c
cho 1 hay 2 im. Cc tiu ch khng quan trng th cho im 0.
Bc 2: Mi gii php sau c cho im theo mi tiu ch. Tng t nh trn, ta
s dng thang im t 0 n 10.
Bc 3: Nhn cc im cho ca mi gii php theo cc tiu ch vi trng s ca tiu ch
c im tng cng.
Cc gii php c im tng cng cao nht c la chn tip tc xem xt tnh kh thi
v kinh t v k thut.
V d:
Cng ty A xc nh rng vic gim lng nc thi l tiu ch quan trng nht vi trng
s oc cho l im 10. Cc tiu ch quan trng khc vi trng s tng ng gm d thc
hin (8), gim trch nhim php l (5), gim chi ph x l (3). C ba gii php c a ra:
X: x l bng phng php vi sinh (hiu qu x l 80%, chi ph cao, kh thc hin)
Y: x l bng phng php ho hc (hiu qu x l khong 60%, chi ph cao, tng i
kh thc hin)
Z: x l bng phng php c hc (hiu qu x l khong 20%, chi phi trung bnh, d
thc hin)
Cc gii php
Cc tiu ch Trng s
X Y Z
1. Gim lng nc thi 10 9 7 3
2. D thc hin 8 1 4 7
3. Gim trch nhim php l 5 8 6 2
4. Gim chi ph x l 3 3 4 5
Tng 147 144 111
T kt qu trn, 2 gii php X v Y s c la chn cho cc nh gi tip theo v
chng c im tng cng ln hn gii php Z d khng chnh lch nhau nhiu.

73
 BI TP NHM CHNG 2. PHNG PHP TNH TNG TRNG S
Mt c s sn xut nha (can, x, chu,...) thng gy nhim khng kh v thi nhiu
nha do c s dng qu trnh nh sau:
Nha nguyn liu

Nhit Nu chy Kh thi

Ph gia (vd., mu)

Nhit n p Kh thi

Du bi khun nh khun Du ri vi

Nc Lm ngui Nc thi

Ct gt Nha ro

Sn phm

C s sn xut tin hnh nh gi SXSH. C 4 c hi c xut gm:

A. Thu hi v ti s dng nha ro trn vo lm nguyn liu u,
B. Thay khun mi gim dy sn phm (tit kim nha),
C. Ci tin my n p nha t tn nhin liu, t to khi, kh thi,
D. Lp t h thng bm ht y kh thi ra ngoi.

Cc tiu ch la chn theo th t trong s gm:

1. Gim kh thi gy nhim 10
2. Gim nha ro thi b 8
3. t vn u t 6
4. D thc hin 5
5. Tng thm li nhun trc mt 3

Hy s dng phng php ly tng c trng s la chn 2 c hi xut trong s 4 c hi

trn thc hin. Mi nhm t tho lun v xut cho tng c hi theo tng tiu ch. Ghi
kt qu ln bng v tho lun gia cc nhm.
Ghi ch: Ghi tn cc thnh vin trong nhm vo danh sch:
1. 4.
2. 5.
3. 6. .

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Bi tp chng 2 v Cn bng vt cht v nng lng
BI 1. Di y l mt s cng on trong sn xut phn vi sinh v cc s liu kim ton thu
c:

Nguyn liu

Hi nc
Sy kh
Bi

Nghin, sng Bi, ri vi

Phi trn,
N-P-K
Cc cht vi lng
ln men Ri vi
Men vi sinh

p vin, Ri vi
Cht vo vin
Bao b hng
ng gi

Thnh phm

Khi lng nguyn liu : 17.160 tn/nm

m nguyn liu : 85%
Khi lng N-P-K : 9.630 tn/nm
Khi lng cht vi lng : 12 tn/nm
Khi lng men vi sinh : 60 tn/nm
Cht thi rn thu gom : 1,2 tn/nm
Sn phm phn v sinh : 12.000 tn/nm

Hy tnh cn bng vt cht ton b cho phn xng v nhn xt v cn bng. Cho bit khi
lng cht vo vin khng ng k.

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BI 2. Di y l mt s cng on trong cng nghip thuc da v cc s liu kim ton thu
c:
Da x l

Cht thuc da
Tanolin Thuc da

p nc Dch p

Nc Ra Nc ra

Da thuc

Khi lng Tanolin s dng : 2.076 kg/ngy

Hm lng Cr trong Tanolin : 16 %
hp th Cr khi thuc : 65 %
Dch p : 33 m3/ngy
Nng Cr trong dch p : 2.500 mg/L
Nc ra : 1.944m3/ngy
Nng Cr trong nc ra : 1,5 mg/L

Hy tnh cn bng vt cht cho Cr v nhn xt v cn bng.

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