Chuan Kien Thuc Ly

LP 6
A- C HC
I. CHUN KIN THC, K NNG.
CH MC CN T GHI CH
1. o di. o Kin thc Ch dng cc n v hp php
th tch - Nu c mt s dng c o di, o th tch vi GH v CNN ca chng. do Nh nc quy nh.
K nng HS phi thc hnh o di,
th tch theo ng quy trnh
- Xc nh c GH v CNN ca dng c o di, o th tch.
chung ca php o, bao gm:
- Xc nh c di trong mt s tnh hung thng thng. c lng c gi tr cn o;
- o c th tch mt lng cht lng. Xc nh c th tch vt rn khng thm la chn dng c o thch
nc bng bnh chia , bnh trn. hp; o v c gi tr o ng
quy nh; tnh gi tr trung
bnh.
2. Khi lng Kin thc
v lc - Nu c khi lng ca mt vt cho bit lng cht to nn vt.
a) Khi lng - Nu c v d v tc dng y, ko ca lc.
b) Khi nim lc - Nu c v d v tc dng ca lc lm vt bin dng hoc bin i chuyn ng
c) Lc n hi (nhanh dn, chm dn, i hng).
d) Trng lc - Nu c v d v mt s lc.
e) Trng lng - Nu c v d v vt ng yn di tc dng ca hai lc cn bng v ch ra c
ring. Khi phng, chiu, mnh yu ca hai lc .
lng ring - Nhn bit c lc n hi l lc ca vt b bin dng tc dng ln vt lm n bin
dng.
- So snh c mnh, yu ca lc da vo tc dng lm bin dng nhiu hay t.
- Nu c n v o lc.
- Nu c trng lc l lc ht ca Tri t tc dng ln vt v ln ca n c
gi l trng lng.
- Vit c cng thc tnh trng lng P = 10m, nu c ngha v n v o P, m.
- Pht biu c nh ngha khi lng ring (D), trng lng ring (d) v vit c Trung hc c s, coi trng
cng thc tnh cc i lng ny. Nu c n v o khi lng ring v o trng lc gn ng bng lc ht ca
lng ring. Tri t v chp nhn mt vt
- Nu c cch xc nh khi lng ring ca mt cht. Tri t c khi lng l
K nng 1kg th c trng lng xp x
10N. V vy P = 10m trong
- o c khi lng bng cn.
m tnh bng kg, P tnh bng
- Vn dng c cng thc P = 10m. N.
- o c lc bng lc k.
- Tra c bng khi lng ring ca cc cht. Bi tp n gin l nhng bi
m P tp m khi gii chng, ch i
- Vn dng c cc cng thc D = V v d = V gii cc bi tp n gin.
hi s dng mt cng thc
hoc tin hnh mt hay hai
lp lun (suy lun).
3. My c n Kin thc
gin: mt - Nu c cc my c n gin c trong cc vt dng v thit b thng thng.
phng nghing,
n by, rng - Nu c tc dng ca my c n gin l gim lc ko hoc y vt v i hng
rc ca lc. Nu c tc dng ny trong cc v d thc t.
K nng
- S dng c my c n gin ph hp trong nhng trng hp thc t c th v
ch r c li ch ca n.
II. HNG DN THC HIN.
Ch 1: O DI. O TH TCH
1. O DI
Chun kin thc, k nng quy

Stt Mc th hin c th ca chun kin thc, k nng Ghi ch
nh trong chng trnh
1 Nu c mt s dng c o [NB]. Nu c: Gio vin hng dn hc sinh n tp
di vi GHD v CNN ca nhng kin thc hc lp di:
- Mt s dng c o di l thc dy, thc
chng. n v o di trong h thng n v
cun, thc mt, thc k.
o lng hp php ca Vit Nam l mt,
- Gii hn o (GH) ca thc l di ln nht
k hiu l m.
ghi trn thc.
- chia nh nht (CNN) ca thc l di n v o di ln hn mt l
gia hai vch chia lin tip trn thc. kilmt (km) v nh hn mt l ximt
(dm), centimt (cm), milimt (mm).
1 km = 1000 m
1 m = 10 dm
1 m = 100 cm
1 m = 1000 mm
Ngoi ra, GV cn gii thiu cho HS bit
n v o di cn c dng l inch:
1 inch = 2,54 cm
2 Xc nh c GH, CNN [TH]. Xc nh c GH, CNN ca thc mt, T khi nim GH v CNN, GV cho
ca dng c o di. thc dy, thc k. HS quan st thc t tranh nh, hnh v
hoc c th mt thc o di HS
xc nh GH v CNN ca thc o.
3 Xc nh c di trong [VD]. o c di ca bn hc, kch thc ca Ch dng cc n v hp php do Nh
mt s tnh hung thng cun sch, di sn trng theo ng cch o. nc quy nh.
thng. Cch o di: Lu :
+ c lng di cn o la chn thc o Nu chn dng c o c GH qu nh
thch hp, so vi gi tr cn o th phi o nhiu ln,
+ t thc v mt nhn ng cch, d mt chnh xc.
+ c, ghi kt qu o ng quy nh. Nu chn dng c o c CNN qu
ln so vi gi tr cn o th c th khng
o c hoc gi tr o c s c sai s
ln.
Kt qu o c ghi ti CNN ca
thc o. Khi mp o cui ca vt khng
tht trng vi vch chia ca thc o th
ghi gi tr ca vch gn nht.
2. O TH TCH

nh trong chng trnh
1 Nu c mt s dng c o [NB]. Nu c: i vi cc ca ong hoc chai l c ghi
th tch vi GH v CNN sn dung tch, ch c mt chia nn
- Mt s dng c o th tch cht lng l bnh chia
ca chng. CNN ca chng cng chnh bng GH
, ca ong, chai, l, bm tim c ghi sn dung tch.
ca chng: Chai bia 0,5 lt; cc loi ca
- Gii hn o ca bnh chia l th tch ln nht 0,5 lt; 1 lt; 1,5 lt...
ghi trn bnh.
- chia nh nht ca bnh chia l phn th
tch ca bnh gia hai vch chia lin tip trn bnh.
- n v o th tch thng dng l mt khi (m3)
v lt (l); 1 l = 1 dm3; 1 ml = 1 cm3 = 1 cc.
2 Xc nh c GH, CNN [TH]. Xc nh c GH, CNN ca mt s bnh
ca bnh chia . chia khc nhau trong phng th nghim c trng.
3 o c th tch ca mt [VD]. o c th tch ca mt lng nc bng bnh Ch dng n v hp php do Nh nc
lng cht lng bng bnh chia chia . quy nh.
. Cch o th tch:
+ c lng th tch cht lng cn o;
+ La chn bnh chia c GH v CNN thch
hp;
+ t bnh chia thng ng;
+ cht lng vo bnh;
+ t mt nhn ngang vi cao mc cht lng
trong bnh;
+ c v ghi kt qu o theo vch chia gn nht vi
mc cht lng.
4 Xc nh c th tch ca vt [VD]. Xc nh c th tch ca mt s vt rn khng o th tch vt rn khng thm nc,
rn khng thm nc bng thm nc bng bnh chia v bnh trn nh hn , c th dng bnh chia hoc bnh chia
bnh chia , bnh trn. qu cn,... v bnh trn.
Dng bnh chia o th tch vt
rn b lt bnh chia
Dng bnh chia v bnh trn o
th tch vt rn khng b lt bnh chia .
Ch 2: KHI LNG V LC
3. KHI LNG O KHI LNG

nh trong chng trnh
1 Nu c khi lng ca mt [NB]. Nu c: V d: Trn v hp sa ng Th c ghi
vt cho bit lng cht to nn - Khi lng ca mt vt ch lng cht to thnh 397 g, chnh l lng sa cha trong
vt. vt. hp.
- n v o khi lng l kilgam, k hiu l kg.
Cc n v khi lng khc thng c dng l gam
(g), tn (t).
2 o c khi lng bng cn. [VD]. Bit s dng cn n, hoc l cn ng h, hoc Khi cho HS tm hiu mt ci cn, GV cn
l cn y t xc nh c khi lng ca mt vt yu cu HS tm hiu nhng vn sau:
bt k. - Cch iu chnh kim ch ca cn v s
0.
- CNN ca cn.
- GH ca cn.
4. LC. HAI LC CN BNG

nh trong chng trnh
1 Nu c v d v tc dng [NB]. Nu c: V d:
y, ko ca lc. - Mt v d v tc dng y v mt v d v tc 1. Gi thi vo cnh bum lm bum
dng ko ca lc. cng phng. Khi , gi tc dng lc
- Vt ny y hoc ko vt kia, ngha l vt ny y ln cnh bum.
tc dng lc ln vt kia. 2. u tu ko cc toa tu chuyn ng.
Khi , u tu tc dng lc ko ln
cc toa tu.
2 Nu c v d v vt ng [TH]. Nu c: Gio vin a v d, hng dn HS tm
yn di tc dng ca hai lc - V d v vt ng yn di tc dng ca hai lc ra hai lc tc dng ln cun sch, ch ra
cn bng v ch ra c cn bng v ch ra c phng, chiu, so snh c phng chiu ca hai lc . Thng bo
phng, chiu, mnh yu mnh yu ca hai lc . mnh bng nhau ca hai lc.
ca hai lc . V d: Quyn sch nm yn trn mt bn
- Nu ch c hai lc tc dng vo mt vt m vt
vn ng yn, th hai lc l hai lc cn bng. nm ngang chu tc dng ca hai lc cn
bng l lc ht ca tri t tc dng ln
quyn sch c phng thng ng, chiu
t trn xung di v lc y ca mt
bn tc dng ln quyn sch c phng
thng ng, chiu t di ln trn. Hai
lc ny c ln bng nhau.
* Lu :
i vi s cn bng ca mt vt, ta ch
cp n s cn bng ca mt vt chu
tc dng ca hai lc v ch xt vt trng
thi cn bng tnh.
Khng yu cu HS tr li cc cu hi
phng v chiu ca lc l g? Nhng
cn ch ra c phng, chiu v so snh
c ln ca cc lc trong v d
nu. Khng yu cu hc sinh biu din
chnh xc im t ca cc lc.
3 Nu c v d v tc dng [TH]. Nu c: V d:
ca lc lm vt b bin dng - Mt v d v tc dng ca lc lm vt b bin 1. Ta dng tay p hoc ko l xo, tc l
hoc bin i chuyn ng dng, mt v d v tc dng ca lc lm bin i tay ta tc dng lc vo l xo, th l xo b
(nhanh dn, chm dn, i chuyn ng (nhanh dn, chm dn, i hng). bin dng (hnh dng ca l b thay i
hng). so vi trc khi b lc tc dng).
- Lc tc dng ln mt vt c th lm bin i
chuyn ng ca vt hoc lm cho vt b bin dng. 2. Khi ta ang i xe p, nu ta bp
phanh, tc l tc dng lc cn vo xe
p, th xe p s chuyn ng chm dn,
ri dng li.
*Lu : Khi cho HS nu v d v tc
dng ca lc cn yu cu hc sinh ch ra
c lc v tc dng m lc gy ra
v d 1: Lc ca tay tc dng ln l xo
lm cho l xo b bin dng.
v d 2: Lc ca phanh tc dng vo
xe lm cho xe bin i chuyn ng.
5. TRNG LC - N V LC

nh trong chng trnh
1 Nu c trng lc l lc ht [NB]. Nu c:
ca Tri t tc dng ln vt - Trng lc l lc ht ca Tri t tc dng ln vt.
v ln ca n c gi l Trng lc c phng thng ng v c chiu hng v
trng lng. pha Tri t.
- Cng ( ln) ca trng lc tc dng ln mt
vt gi l trng lng ca vt .
2 Nu c n v o lc. [NB]. Nu c n v o lc l niutn, k hiu N.
6. LC N HI

nh trong chng trnh
1 Nhn bit c lc n hi l [TH]. Nu c: L xo l mt vt n hi.
lc ca vt b bin dng tc Lc n hi l lc ca vt b bin dng tc dng ln V d: Khi treo qu nng vo u l
dng ln vt lm n bin dng. vt lm n bin dng. xo, di tc dng ca trng lc, qu
nng ri xung. Tuy nhin, qu nng ch
ri xung mt t ri ng yn. l v
khi ri, qu nng ko l xo gin ra, l xo
b bin dng sinh ra mt lc ko qu
nng ln. Khi lc ko ln ca l xo bng
trng lc ko xung ca qu nng, th
qu nng ng yn. Lc do l xo b bin
dng sinh ra gi l lc n hi.
2 So snh c mnh, yu [TH]. V d: Vi cng mt l xo v cc qu
ca lc da vo tc dng lm - Nu c: i vi mt vt n hi, nu lc tc gia trng ging nhau, khi treo vo l xo
bin dng nhiu hay t. dng lm vt bin dng cng nhiu th mnh ca mt qu gia trng, ta thy l xo gin
lc gy ra bin dng cng ln v ngc li. thm mt on l1, nu treo vo l xo 2
qu gia trng th ta thy l xo gin thm
- Ly c v d.
mt on l2 = 2l1. iu chng t
bin dng ca vt n hi cng ln, th
lc gy ra bin dng cng ln v ngc
li.
7. LC K - PHP O LC. TRNG LNG V KHI LNG

nh trong chng trnh
1 o c lc bng lc k. [VD]. o c ln mt s lc bng lc k nh GV cn hng dn hc sinh cch cm
trng lng ca qu gia trng, quyn sch; lc ca tay lc k, cch iu chnh lc k trc khi
tc dng ln l xo ca lc k,... theo ng quy tc o. o, cch c, ghi kt qu o.
2 Vit c cng thc tnh trng [NB]. Vit c h thc gia trng lng v khi Lu :
lng P = 10m, nu c lng ca mt vt l P = 10m; Cng thc tnh trng lng ca vt l
ngha v n v o P, m. Trong , m l khi lng ca vt, c n v o l P = mg, g l gia tc ri t do. i vi
kg; P l trng lng ca vt, c n v o l N. cp THCS ta ly g = 10m/s2.
3 Vn dng c cng thc P = [VD]. Vn dng c cng thc P = 10m tnh P khi GV cn lu cho HS khi s dng cng
10m. bit m v ngc li. thc p = 10m th n v ca P l N v
n v ca m l kg.
8. KHI LNG RING. TRNG LNG RING (l thuyt v thc hnh)

nh trong chng trnh
1 Pht biu c nh ngha khi [TH]. Nu c:
lng ring (D) v vit c - Khi lng ring ca mt cht c o bng khi
cng thc tnh khi lng lng ca mt mt khi cht y.
ring. Nu c n v o khi
m
lng ring. D
- Cng thc: V ; trong , D l khi lng ring
ca cht cu to nn vt; m l khi lng ca vt; V l
th tch ca vt.
- n v ca khi lng ring l kilgam trn mt
khi, k hiu l kg/m3.
2 Nu c cch xc nh khi [TH]. Nu c Trong chng trnh Vt l 6 phng
lng ring ca mt cht. xc nh khi lng ring ca mt cht, ta o php xc nh khi lng ring v trng
khi lng v o th tch ca mt vt lm bng cht lng ring ca mt cht rn ch dng
m li i vi cc vt rn khng thm nc.
D
, ri dng cng thc V tnh ton.
3 Tra c bng khi lng [NB]. Xc nh c khi lng ring ca st, ch,
ring ca cc cht. nhm, nc, cn,... theo bng khi lng ring ca
mt s cht (trang 37 SGK).
4 Pht biu c nh ngha [TH]. Nu c:
trng lng ring (d) v vit - Trng lng ring ca mt cht c o bng trng
c cng thc tnh trng lng ca mt mt khi cht y.
lng ring. Nu c n v P
d
o trng lng ring. V ; trong , d l trng lng ring
- Cng thc:
ca cht cu to nn vt; P l trng lng ca vt; V l
th tch ca vt.
- n v trng lng ring l niutn trn mt khi, k
hiu l N/m3.
5 Vn dng c cng thc tnh m V d:
D
khi lng ring v trng [VD]. Vn dng c cc cng thc V v 1. Tnh khi lng ca 2 lt nc v 3 lt
lng ring gii mt s bi du ha, bit khi lng ring ca nc
P
tp n gin. d v du ha ln lt l 1000 kg/m3 v
V tnh cc i lng m, D, d, P, V khi bit hai
800 kg/m2.
trong cc i lng c trong cng thc.
2. Tnh trng lng ca thanh st c th
tch 100 cm3 ?
Ch 3: MY C N GIN
9. MY C N GIN

nh trong chng trnh
1 Nu c cc my c n gin [TH]. Nu c cc my c n gin thng gp: GV dng thc t, tranh nh, mu vt
c trong vt dng v thit b - Mt phng nghing, chng hn nh tm vn t gip cho HS nhn bit c cc my c
thng thng. nghing so vi mt nm ngang, dc,... n gin: mt phng nghing, n by,
rng rc.
- n by, nh ba nh inh, ko ct giy,...
- Rng rc, v d nh my ti cng trng xy dng,
rng rc ko gu nc ging,
2 Nu c tc dng ca my c [TH]. Nu c:
n gin l gim lc ko hoc - My c n gin l nhng thit b dng bin i
y vt v i hng ca lc. lc (im t, phng, chiu v ln)
- Gip con ngi dch chuyn hoc nng cc vt
nng d dng hn.
10. MT PHNG NGHING

nh trong chng trnh
1 Nu c tc dng ca mt [TH]. Nu c: V d: Trong thc t, thng du nng t
phng nghing l gim lc ko - a mt vt nng ln cao hay xung thp, thng khong 100 kg n 200 kg. Vi khi
hoc y vt v i hng ca thng ta cn tc dng vo vt mt lc theo phng lng nh vy, th mt mnh ngi cng
lc. Nu c tc dng ny thng ng v phi tc dng vo vt lc ko hoc y nhn khng th nhc chng ln c sn
trong cc v d thc t. bng trng lng ca vt. Nhng khi s dng mt xe t. Nhng s dng mt phng
phng nghing th lc cn tc dng vo vt s c nghing, ngi cng nhn d dng ln
hng khc v c ln nh hn trng lng ca vt. chng ln sn xe.
- Khi a mt vt ln cao bng mt phng nghing Nu mt phng nghing cng nghing
cng t so vi mt nm ngang th lc cn thit ko t so vi mt phng ngang (chiu di mt
hoc y vt trn mt phng nghing cng nh. phng nghing cng ln) th ngi cng
nhn cng d dng ln thng du ln xe
- Ly c v d trong thc t ca nhng tc dng
hn (lc y cng nh).
trn.
2 S dng c mt phng [VD]. Bit s dng nhng ng dng ca mt phng V d: Khi nn nh cao hn sn nh,
nghing ph hp trong nhng nghing trong cc dng c lm nhng cng vic a xe my vo trong nh, nu a trc
trng hp thc t c th v ph hp hng ngy. Nu c v d c th. tip, ta phi khing xe. Nhng khi s
ch r li ch ca n. dng mt phng nghing ta c th a
xe vo trong nh mt cch d dng, bi
v lc ny ta tc dng vo xe mt lc
theo hng khc (khng phi l phng
thng ng) v c ln nh hn trng
lng ca xe.
Khi s dng mt phng nghing, GV
cn lu cho HS trnh lm vic qu
sc.
11. N BY

nh trong chng trnh
1 Nu c tc dng ca n by [TH]. Nu c:
l gim lc ko hoc y vt v - Mi n by u c:
i hng ca lc. Nu c + im ta O (trc quay)
tc dng ny trong cc v d
thc t. + im tc dng lc F1 l A V d: Nng mt hn bng n by
+ im tc dng ca lc F2 l B
- Nu iu chnh di OA v OB th c th thay i
ln ca lc.
- n by c tc dng lm thay i hng ca lc vo
vt. C th, a mt vt ln cao ta tc dng vo u
kia ca n by mt lc hng t trn xung di.
(Hnh v)
- Dng n by c th c li v lc. C th, khi
dng n by nng vt, nu khong cch t im
ta ti im tc dng ca lc nng vt ln hn khong
cch t im ta ti im tc dng ca trng lc, th
lc tc dng nh hn trng lng ca vt.
2 S dng n by ph hp trong [VD]. Bit s dng nhng ng dng ca n by trong V d: Chic ko dng ct kim loi
nhng trng hp thc t c cc dng c lm nhng cng vic ph hp hng thng c phn tay cm di hn li
th v ch r li ch ca n. ngy. Nu c v d c th. ko c li v lc. V vy, ngi
Mt s ng dng ca n by c li v lc nh cng nhn dng mt lc va th c
ba nh inh, km, ko ct kim loi, xe ct kt, cn th ct t c ming kim loi mng.
mc nc ging,... Khi s dng n by, GV cn lu
Mt s ng dng ca n by c li v ng i cho HS trnh lm vic qu sc.
nh ko ct giy,...
12. RNG RC

nh trong chng trnh
1 Nu c tc dng ca rng [TH]. Rng rc l mt bnh xe quay quanh
rc l gim lc ko vt v i - Nhn bit c rng rc ng v rng rc c nh. mt trc, vnh bnh xe c rnh lun
hng ca lc. Nu c tc dy ko.
- Nu c:
dng ny trong cc v d thc Rng rc c nh l rng rc ch quay
t. + Khi s dng rng rc c nh th n c tc dng
quanh mt trc c nh. Dng rng rc
lm thay i hng ca lc ko, nhng khng lm
ny a mt vt ln cao ch c tc
gim ln lc ko vt. V d: dng rng rc ko gu
dng thay i hng ca lc.
nc t di ging ln; ko l c ln trn ct c bng
rng rc. Rng rc ng l rng rc m khi ta
ko dy th khng nhng rng rc quay
+ Rng rc ng gip chng ta gim c lc ko
m cn chuyn ng cng vi vt. Dng
vt v thay i hng ca lc tc dng. V d: Trong
rng rc ng a mt vt ln cao, ta
xy dng cc cng trnh nh, ngi cng nhn thng
c li hai ln v lc.
dng rng rc ng a cc vt liu ln cao.
2 S dng rng rc ph hp [VD]. Bit s dng rng rc c nh v rng rc ng V d:
trong nhng trng hp thc t lm nhng cng vic ph hp hng ngy. Nu c 1. u trn ca ct c ( sn trng)
c th v ch r li ch ca n. v d c th. c gn mt rng rc c nh khi treo
hoc tho c ta khng phi tro ln ct.
2. u mc cc cn cu hay xe t
cn cu u c lp mt h thng cc
rng rc ng v rng rc c nh, nh
m ngi ta c th di chuyn mt
cch d dng cc vt rt nng c khi
lng hng tn ln cao vi mt lc nh
hn trng lng ca chng.
Khi s dng rng rc, GV cn lu
cho HS trnh lm vic qu sc.
B- NHIT HC
I. CHUN KIN THC, K NNG
CH MC CN T GHI CH
1. S n v nhit Kin thc
- M t c hin tng n v nhit ca cc cht rn, lng, kh.
- Nhn bit c cc cht khc nhau n v nhit khc nhau.
- Nu c v d v cc vt khi n v nhit, nu b ngn cn th gy ra lc ln.
K nng
- Vn dng kin thc v s n v nhit gii thch c mt s hin tng v
ng dng thc t.
2. Nhit . Nhit k. Kin thc Khng yu cu lm th
Thang nhit - M t c nguyn tc cu to v cch chia ca nhit k dng cht lng. nghim tin hnh chia khi
- Nu c ng dng ca nhit k dng trong phng th nghim, nhit k ru ch to nhit k, ch yu cu
m t bng hnh v hoc nh
v nhit k y t.
- Nhn bit c mt s nhit thng gp theo thang nhit Xen - xi - ut. chp th nghim ny.
K nng Mt s nhit thng gp
- Xc nh c GH v CNN ca mi loi nhit k khi quan st trc tip nh nhit ca nc
hoc qua nh chp, hnh v. ang tan, nhit si ca
- Bit s dng cc nhit k thng thng o nhit theo ng quy trnh. nc, nhit c th ngi,
- Lp c bng theo di s thay i nhit ca mt vt theo thi gian. nhit phng,...
Khng yu cu HS tnh ton
i t thang nhit ny
sang thang nhit kia.
Kin thc Ch dng li mc m t
- M t c cc qu trnh chuyn th: s nng chy v ng c, s bay hi hin tng, khng i su vo
v ngng t, s si. Nu c c im v nhit trong mi qu trnh ny. mt c ch cng nh v mt
chuyn ho nng lng ca
cc qu trnh ny.
- Nu c phng php tm hiu s ph thuc ca mt hin tng ng thi
vo nhiu yu t, chng hn qua vic tm hiu tc bay hi.
K nng
- Da vo bng s liu cho, v c ng biu din s thay i nhit Cht rn y c hiu l
trong qu trnh nng chy ca cht rn v qu trnh si. cht rn kt tinh.
- Nu c d on v cc yu t nh hng n s bay hi v xy dng c
phng n th nghim n gin kim chng tc dng ca tng yu t.
- Vn dng c kin thc v cc qu trnh chuyn th gii thch mt s
hin tng thc t c lin quan.
II. HNG DN THC HIN
Ch 4: S N V NHIT
15. S N V NHIT CA CHT RN

nh trong chng trnh
1 M t c hin tng n v [TH]. M t c hin tng thc t hoc m t c V d: Vo ma ng, ta thy nhng
nhit ca cc cht rn. th nghim v s n v nhit ca cht rn rt ra kt khong cch phn tip ni ca hai
lun cht rn n ra khi nng ln, co li khi lnh i. thanh ray ng tu rng hn vo ma
h.
2 Nhn bit c cc cht rn [NB]. Da vo bng s liu bit v tng chiu V d:
khc nhau n v nhit khc di ca mt s kim loi rt ra kt lun cc cht rn 1. Da vo bng tng chiu di ca
nhau. khc nhau n v nhit khc nhau. mt s thanh kim loi khc nhau c
cng chiu di ban u 1m khi nhit
tng ln 50oC.
Nhm
0,120 cm
ng
0,086 cm
St
0,060 cm
Ta thy, s n v nhit ca: nhm >

ng > st.
2. Khi nung nng bng kp, ta thy
bng kp b cong. l do hai thanh
kim loi cu to nn bng kp n v
nhit khc nhau.
16. S N V NHIT CA CHT LNG

nh trong chng trnh
1 M t c hin tng n v [TH]. M t c hin tng thc t hoc m t c V d: Khi un nc, nu ta nc
nhit ca cht lng. th nghim v s n v nhit ca cht lng rt ra kt y m, th khi nhit tng, nc s
lun cht lng n ra khi nng ln, co li khi lnh i. tro ra ngoi m.
2 Nhn bit c cc cht lng [NB]. Da vo bng s liu bit v tng th tch Da vo bng s liu tng th tch
khc nhau n v nhit khc ca mt s cht lng rt ra kt lun cc cht lng ca 1 000 cm3 mt s cht lng khi nhit
nhau. khc nhau n v nhit khc nhau. tng ln 50oC.
Ru
58 cm3
Du ho
55 cm3
Thu ngn
9 cm3
Ta thy, s n v nhit ca: ru > du

ha > thy ngn.
17. S N V NHIT CA CHT KH

nh trong chng trnh
1 M t c hin tng n v [TH]. M t c th nghim v s n v nhit ca Th nghim: Cm mt thanh thu tinh
nhit ca cht kh. cht kh rt ra kt lun cht kh n ra khi nng ln, hnh ch L vo nt mt bnh cu thu
co li khi lnh i. tinh cha khng kh. Gia ng thu tinh
nm ngang c mt git nc mu. Khi
h nng bnh thu tinh hoc p tay vo
bnh thu tinh ta thy git nc mu
chuyn ng ra pha ngoi v khi
ngui th git nc mu chuyn ng
vo pha trong.
2 Nhn bit c cc cht kh [NB]. Da vo bng s liu bit v tng th tch - Da vo bng tng th tch ca mt
khc nhau n v nhit ging ca mt s cht kh rt ra kt lun cc cht kh khc s cht kh c th tch ban u l 1000
nhau. nhau n v nhit ging nhau. cm3 sau khi nhit ca chng tng ln
50oC.
Khng kh
183cm3
Hi nc
183cm3
Kh xi
183cm3
Ta thy, cc cht kh khc nhau n v

nhit ging nhau.
18. MT S NG DNG CA S N V NHIT

nh trong chng trnh
1 Nu c v d v cc vt khi [TH]. Nu c: V d: Thi tit qu nng, nhit cao
n v nhit, nu b ngn cn th Khi co gin v nhit, nu gp vt cn, vt rn x gy lm cc thanh ray n ra, nhng khong
gy ra lc ln ra mt lc rt ln. trng gia chng khng ch cho s
n v nhit nn to ra lc y rt ln lm
Nu c t nht mt v d v hin tng ny.
cong, vnh ng ray v gy tai nn.
Lu : Ni dung ny chng ta ch xt
i vi cc trng hp xy ra vt rn,
cn i vi cht lng v cht kh cc
hin tng ny c lin quan ti p xut
m hc sinh cha c nghin cu, nn
khng th s dng s n v nhit gii
thch c.
2 Vn dng kin thc v s n v [VD]. Thc hin nh chun. V d:
nhit gii thch c mt s 1. Ti sao khi lp khu dao gi cht
hin tng v ng dng thc li dao vo cn g th ngi th rn
t. phi nung nng khu ri mi tra vo
cn?
Ngi th rn phi nung nng khu
dao ri mi tra vo cn. V, khi nung
nng th khu dao s n ra d lp vo
cn g v khi ngui i, khu dao co li
xit cht vo cn g.
2. Ti sao ngi ta lm ng b tng
khng lin thnh mt di m
thnh cc tm tch bit vi nhau bng
nhng khe trng?
ng i bng btng thng
thnh tng tm v t cch nhau bi
nhng khe trng khi nhit thay i
th chng n ra hay co li m khng lm
hng ng.
3. Ti sao khi un nc, ta khng nn
y m?
Khi un nc ta khng nn nc
y m un. Bi v, khi un nhit
ca nc s tng, nc n ra v tro ra
ngoi m, gy nguy him.
4. Ti sao khi un nng, khi lng
ring ca cht lng gim?
Khi un nng, khi lng ring ca
cht lng gim, v khi un nng th tch
ca cht lng tng ln, trong khi khi
lng ca n khng thay i, nn khi
lng ring ca chng gim xung.
Lu : i vi mt s hin tng nh:
qu bng bn b bp (khng thng) khi
nhng vo nc nng qu bng li
phng ln; lp xe p bm cng khi
ngoi tri nng nng c th b n lp;
khi rt nc nng ra khi phch ri y
nt li ngay th nt hay b bt ra;...
Nhng hin tng ny khng th s
dng hin tng n v nhit ca cht kh
gii thch, v nhng hin tng ny
c lin quan ti p sut ca cht kh m
HS cha c nghin cu.
Ch 5: NHIT . NHIT K. THANG NHIT
19. NHIT K - NHIT GIAI

nh trong chng trnh
1 M t c nguyn tc cu to [TH]. Nu c: Khng yu cu lm th nghim tin
v cch chia ca nhit k - Nhit k l dng c dng o nhit ; hnh chia khi ch to nhit k, ch
dng cht lng. yu cu m t bng hnh v hoc nh
- Nguyn tc cu to v hot ng ca nhit k dng
cht lng da trn s dn n v nhit ca cht lng; chp th nghim ny.
cu to ca nhit k gm: bu ng cht lng, ng
qun v thang chia .
- Cch chia ca nhit k dng cht lng: Nhng
nhit k vo nc ang tan, nh du mc cht lng
dng ln trong ng l v tr 00C; Nhng nhit k vo
nc ang si, nh du mc cht lng dng ln trong
ng l v tr 1000C. Chia khong t 00C n 1000C
thnh 100 phn bng nhau. Khi mi phn ng vi
10C.
2 Xc nh c GH v CNN [NB].
ca mi loi nhit k khi quan - Nu c cc loi nhit k thng gp l nhit k
st trc tip hoc qua nh chp, ru, nhit k thu ngn, nhit k y t.
hnh v. - Xc nh c GH v CNN ca mi loi nhit
k thng thng trong nh chp hnh 22.5 SGK.
3 Nu c ng dng ca nhit [NB]. Nu c:
k dng trong phng th - Nhit k trong phng th nghim dng o nhit
nghim, nhit k ru v nhit khng kh, nhit nc.
k y t. - Nhit k y t dng o nhit c th ngi.
- Nhit k ru thng dng o nhit khng
kh.
4 Nhn bit c mt s nhit [NB]. Nu c Khng yu cu HS tnh ton i t
thng gp theo thang nhit - Thang nhit gi l nhit giai. Nhit giai Xenxiut thang nhit ny sang thang nhit
Xenxiut. c n v l C (oC). Nhit thp hn 0oC gi l kia.
nhit m.
- Nhit nc ang tan l 0oC. Nhit nc
si l 100oC. Nhit ca c th bnh thng l 37oC.
Nhit trong phng thng ly l 20oC. Nhit ca
nc si ti nhng vng ni cao nh hn 100oC.
20. THC HNH O NHIT

nh trong chng trnh
1 Bit s dng cc nhit k thng [TH].
thng o nhit theo Dng nhit k y t o c nhit c th ca bn
ng quy trnh. thn v ca bn theo ng quy trnh.
Dng nhit k trong phng th nghim theo di
nhit trong qu trnh un nc.
2 Lp c bng theo di s thay [VD]. Lp c bng theo di s thay i nhit ca Trong b dng c th nghim vt l
i nhit ca mt vt theo nc theo thi gian un. ngoi nhit k y t, nhit k ru cn c
thi gian. nhit k du. Nhit k du c u im l
khng gy c hi khi b v nh nhit
k thy ngn. Tuy nhin, cht lng
thit b dy hc ca mt s trng cha
cao nn nhit k du c mt s nhc
im nh chia khng u, nhit
ghi trn nhit k cha c chnh xc
vi nhit thc,...
Ch 6: S CHUYN TH
21. S NNG CHY V S NG C

nh trong chng trnh
I S NNG CHY
1 M t c qu trnh chuyn t [TH]. M t c qu trnh chuyn t th rn sang th Ch dng li mc m t hin tng,
th rn sang th lng ca cc lng ca bng phin. khng yu cu lm th nghim cng nh
cht. Khi un nng bng phin n nhit 80oC th khng i su vo mt c ch v chuyn
bng phin bt u chuyn dn t th rn sang th ho nng lng ca qu trnh nng chy.
lng. Trong sut thi gian ny nhit ca bng phin
khng thay i (80oC), nhit ny gi l nhit
nng chy ca bng phin. Nu tip tc un nng bng
phin th bng phin chuyn hon ton sang th lng.
S chuyn t th rn sang th lng gi l s nng
chy.
S nng chy ca bng phin i din cho s nng
chy ca nhiu cht rn thng gp (v d nh kim
loi).
2 Nu c c im v nhit [NB]. Nu c: Khng yu cu HS nh nhit nng
trong qu trnh nng chy ca - Phn ln cc cht nng chy nhit xc nh, chy ca cc cht trong bng SGK.
cht rn. nhit ny gi l nhit nng chy. Nhit nng
chy ca cc cht khc nhau th khc nhau.
- Trong sut thi gian nng chy nhit ca vt
khng thay i.
3 Da vo bng s liu cho, [VD]. Da vo bng s liu cho v c ng
v c ng biu din s biu din s thay i nhit trong qu trnh nng
thay i nhit trong qu chy ca bng phin hay mt cht no .
trnh nng chy ca cht rn.
II S NG C
1 M t c qu trnh chuyn t [TH]. M t c qu trnh chuyn t th lng sang Ch dng li mc m t hin tng,
th lng sang th rn ca cc th rn ca bng phin. khng yu cu lm th nghim cng nh
cht. Khi bng phin ang th lng, nu ngui th khng i su vo mt c ch v chuyn
khi n nhit 80oC bng phin bt u chuyn dn ho nng lng ca qu trnh ng c.
sang th rn ri chuyn hon ton sang th rn. Trong
sut thi gian chuyn t th lng sang th rn nhit
ca bng phin khng thay i (80oC), nhit ny
gi l nhit ng c. S chuyn t th lng sang
th rn gi l s ng c.
S ng c ca bng phin i din cho s ng
c ca nhiu cht rn thng gp (v d nh kim
loi).
2 Nu c c im v nhit [NB]. Nu c:
ca qu trnh ng c - Phn ln cc cht ng c nhit xc nh,
nhit ny gi l nhit ng c. Cc cht nng
chy nhit no th ng c nhit .
- Trong sut thi gian ng c, nhit ca vt
khng thay i.
3 Vn dng c kin thc v [VD]. Thc hin nh chun. V d:
qu trnh chuyn th ca s 1. Trong vic c kim loi, ngi ta nu
nng chy v ng c gii chy kim loi, sau chng vo
thch mt s hin tng thc khun v ngui kim loi ng c v
t. c hnh ca khun.
2. lm nc , ta nc vo khay
ng nc ri cho vo ngn ca t
lnh. Khi nhit ca nc h xung
0oC, nc s ng c li thnh nc .
22. S BAY HI V NGNG T

nh trong chng trnh
I S BAY HI
1 M t c qu trnh chuyn [TH]. M t c qu trnh chuyn th trong s bay Ch dng li mc m t hin tng,
th trong s bay hi ca cht hi ca cht lng, . khng i su vo mt c ch v chuyn
lng. Khi mt t cn ra mt tm knh, sau t pht ta ho nng lng ca qu trnh bay hi.
khng cn thy cn trn tm knh, v cn chuyn t
th lng sang th hi bay vo khng kh. S chuyn t
th lng sang th hi gi l s bay hi.
2 Nu c d on v cc yu [VD]. Nu c: V d. Phng n thc nghim n
t nh hng n s bay hi v - Tc bay hi ca mt cht lng ph thuc vo gin:
xy dng c phng n th nhit , gi v din tch mt thong ca cht lng. ng thi nh nm git nc (ru,
nghim n gin kim cn) nh nhau trn nm tm knh nh
- Phng n thc nghim n gin kim chng tc
chng tc dng ca tng yu (hoc 5 v tr khc nhau trn nn nh
dng ca nhit , gi v din tch mt thong ca cht
t. bng gch men).
lng i vi s bay hi ca cht lng.
1. Git nc th nht: nguyn cho n
t bay hi.
2. Git nc th hai: dng qut thi git
nc.
3. Git nc th ba: lng rng git
nc.
4. Git nc th t: dng ngn la nh
t bn cnh git nc.
5. Git nc th nm: kt hp va lng
rng, va thi v h nng (lng rng v
dng my sy tc).
Quan st th nghim rt ra nhn
xt v tc bay hi ca cht lng ph
thuc vo nhit , gi v din tch mt
thong ca cht lng.
HS c th tin hnh th nghim nh
v gio vin kim tra bo co.
Lu : Phn ny chng ta cha cp
ti tc bay hi ph thuc vo bn
cht ca cht lng.
3 Vn dng c kin thc v [VD]. Thc hin nh chun. V d:
bay hi gii thch c mt
s hin tng bay hi trong 1. lm mui, ngi ta cho nc bin
thc t. chy vo rung mui. Nc trong nc
bin bay hi, cn mui ng li trn
rung. Nu thi tit nng to v c gi
mnh th nhanh thu hoch c mui.
2. Khi lau nh xong, ta thng bt qut
tc bay hi ca nc trn sn nh
din ra nhanh hn.
II S NGNG T
1 M t c qu trnh chuyn [TH]. M t c hin tng: Ch dng li mc m t hin tng,
th trong s ngng t ca cht Vo bui sng, ta thng thy c cc git nc khng i su vo mt c ch cng nh
lng. ng trn l cy, ngn c. Ta bit rng, trong khng v mt chuyn ho nng lng ca qu
kh c hi nc. Khi m n, nhit gim xung, trnh.
hi nc trong khng kh kt hp li vi nhau v to
thnh nhng git nc ng trn l cy, ngn c. S
chuyn t th hi sang th lng gi l s ngng t.
2 Vn dng c kin thc v s [VD]. Thc hin nh chun. V d: Gii thch ti sao cc nc
ngng t gii thch c thng c cc git nc bm vo thnh
mt s hin tng n gin. ngoi ca cc.
V, xung quanh cc nc nhit
khng kh gim, nn hi nc s ngng
t li to thnh nc bm vo thnh cc.
23. S SI
Stt Chun kin thc, k nng quy Mc th hin c th ca chun kin thc, k nng Ghi ch
nh trong chng trnh
1 M t c s si. [TH]. M t c s si ca nc: Ch dng li mc m t hin tng,
Khi tng nhit ca nc, sau mt thi gian ta khng i su vo mt c ch cng nh
thy c hi nc bay ln trn b mt ca nc v di v mt chuyn ho nng lng ca qu
y bnh xut hin nhng bt kh nh ngy cng to dn trnh.
ri ni ln mt nc v v ra. Khi nhit ca nc S si l s bay hi c bit. Trong
n 100oC (hoc gn n 1000C i vi vng ni cao) sut thi gian si, nc va bay hi
th mt nc xo ng mnh, rt nhiu hi nc bay trong lng cht lng va bay hi trn
ln v cc bt kh ni ln, nc si sng sc v nhit mt thong.
khng tng ln na. Nhit ny gi l nhit si
ca nc.
2 Nu c c im v nhit [TH]. Nu c:
si. - Mi cht lng si mt nhit nht nh. Nhit
gi l nhit si.
- Trong sut thi gian si, nhit ca cht lng
khng thay i.
LP 7
A - QUANG HC
I. CHUN KIN THC K NNG
CH MC CN T GHI CH
1. S truyn Kin thc - Hiu ngun sng l cc vt t pht
thng nh - Nhn bit c rng, ta nhn thy cc vt khi c nh sng t cc vt truyn ra nh sng, vt sng l mi vt c
sng vo mt ta. nh sng t truyn n mt ta.
a) iu kin - Nu c v d v ngun sng v vt sng. Cc vt c cp trong phn
nhn thy mt Quang hc cp THCS u c
- Pht biu c nh lut truyn thng ca nh sng.
vt hiu l cc vt sng.
- Nhn bit c ba loi chm sng: song song, hi t v phn k.
b) Ngun sng. - Khng yu cu gii thch cc khi
K nng nim mi trng trong sut, ng
Vt sng
- Biu din c ng truyn ca nh sng (tia sng) bng on thng c mi tnh, ng hng.
c) S truyn tn. - Ch xt cc tia sng thng.
thng nh sng
- Gii thch c mt s ng dng ca nh lut truyn thng nh sng trong
d)Tia sng thc t: ngm ng thng, bng ti, nht thc, nguyt thc,...
2. Phn x Kin thc
nh sng - Nu c v d v hin tng phn x nh sng.
a) Hin tng - Pht biu c nh lut phn x nh sng.
phn x nh - Nhn bit c tia ti, tia phn x, gc ti, gc phn x, php tuyn i vi s
sng phn x nh sng bi gng phng.
b) nh lut - Nu c nhng c im chung v nh ca mt vt to bi gng phng:
phn x nh l nh o, c kch thc bng vt, khong cch t gng n vt v nh bng
sng nhau.
c) Gng K nng
phng
- Biu din c tia ti, tia phn x, gc ti, gc phn x, php tuyn trong s
phn x nh sng bi gng phng.
d) nh to bi
- V c tia phn x khi bit tia ti i vi gng phng, v ngc li, theo hai
gng phng
cch l vn dng nh lut phn x nh sng hoc vn dng c im ca nh to
bi gng phng.
- Dng c nh ca mt vt t trc gng phng.
3. Gng cu - Nu c nhng c im ca nh o ca mt vt to bi gng cu lm v Khng xt n nh tht to bi
a) Gng cu to bi gng cu li. gng cu lm.
li. - Nu c ng dng chnh ca gng cu li l to ra vng nhn thy rng v
b) Gng cu ng dng chnh ca gng cu lm l c th bin i mt chm tia ti song song
lm thnh chm tia phn x tp trung vo mt im, hoc c th bin i mt chm
tia ti phn k thch hp thnh mt chm tia phn x song song.
II. HNG DN THC HIN
Ch 1: S TRUYN THNG NH SNG
1. NHN BIT NH SNG - NGUN SNG V VT SNG
Chun kin thc, k nng

STT Mc th hin c th ca chun kin thc, k nng Ghi ch
quy nh trong chng trnh
1 Nhn bit c rng, ta [NB]. Nu c: Lu :
nhn thy cc vt khi c nh - Ta nhn bit c nh sng khi c nh sng truyn vo Da trn quan st, th nghim v lp
sng t cc vt truyn mt. lun lgic i n khng nh rng, ta
vo mt ta. - Ta nhn thy mt vt khi c nh sng t vt truyn nhn thy mt vt (vt sng) khi c nh
vo mt ta. sng truyn t vt vo mt ta.
Vt en l vt khng pht ra nh sng,
v nguyn tc ta khng nhn thy vt
en. S d ta nhn bit c vt en v
phn bit c n vi cc vt sng xung
quanh
2 Nu c v d v ngun [NB]. Nu c:
sng v vt sng. - C nhng vt t pht ra nh sng nh si tc bng
n khi c dng in chy qua, ngn la, Mt Tri,...
l nhng ngun sng.
- a s vt khng t pht ra nh sng nhng khi nhn
c nh sng t cc ngun sng chiu vo th c th
pht ra nh sng. l nhng vt c chiu sng. Th
d: cc vt di nh sng ban ngy hay di nh n,
Mt Trng,...
- Ngun sng v cc vt c chiu sng u pht ra
nh sng, ta gi l nhng vt sng.
2. S TRUYN NH SNG
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Pht biu c nh lut [NB]. Pht biu c:
truyn thng ca nh sng. nh lut truyn thng nh sng: trong mi trng trong
sut v ng tnh, nh sng truyn theo ng thng.
2 Biu din c ng [NB]. Khng yu cu HS hc thuc lng cc
truyn ca nh sng (tia Ta quy c biu din ng truyn ca nh sng bng khi nim v tia sng, chm sng.
sng) bng on thng c mt ng thng c mi tn gi l tia sng.
mi tn. Biu din c ng truyn ca tia sng t im A
n im B
3 Nhn bit c ba loi [NB]. Nu v nhn bit c ba loi chm sng: Chm sng sau khi hi t s phn k.
chm sng: song song, hi - Chm sng song song gm cc tia sng khng giao
t v phn k. nhau trn ng truyn ca chng.
- Chm sng hi t gm cc tia sng gp nhau trn

ng truyn ca chng.
- Chm sng phn k gm cc tia sng loe rng ra trn

ng truyn ca chng.
3. NG DNG NH LUT TRUYN THNG CA NH SNG
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Gii thch c mt s ng [VD]. Gii thch c: Lu :
dng ca nh lut truyn 1. Ngm ng thng: phn bit hng ct in c
thng nh sng trong thc thng hng khng, ngi ta ng trc ct in u tin
t: ngm ng thng, bng v ngm. Nu ct in ny che khut cc ct in pha
ti, nht thc, nguyt sau th chng thng hng.
thc,... 2. Vng sng, vng bng na ti v vng bng ti: t
mt vt chn sng trc mt ngun sng rng th khong
khng gian sau vt chn sng c ba vng: vng sng,
vng bng na ti v vng bng ti. V nh sng truyn
theo ng thng theo mi phng t ngun sng, nn:
- Vng sng l vng nh sng truyn ti t ngun sng
m khng b vt chn sng chn li.
- Vng bng ti l vng khng gian pha sau vt chn
sng v khng nhn c nh sng t ngun sng truyn
ti.
- Vng bng na ti l vng khng gian pha sau vt
chn sng v ch nhn c mt phn nh sng ca
ngun sng truyn ti.
3. Hin tng nht thc, nguyt thc: Mt Trng
chuyn ng xung quanh Tri t, Tri t chuyn ng
xung quanh Mt Tri. Trong qu trnh chuyn ng ca
chng, c nhng thi im m c ba cng nm trn
ng thng:
+ Nu Mt Trng nm gia Tri t v Mt Tri s
xy ra hin tng nht thc: vng bng ti ca Mt
Trng, trn Tri t quan st c Nht thc ton phn;
vng bng na ti trn Tri t, quan st c nht
thc mt phn.
+ Nu Tri t nm gia Mt Tri v Mt Trng th
xy ra hin tng nguyt thc, khi Mt Trng nm
trong vng bng ti ca Tri t.
Ch 2: PHN X NH SNG
4. NH LUT PHN X NH SNG
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Nu c v d v hin [TH]. Nu c:
tng phn x nh sng. V d v hin tng phn x nh sng, chng hn nh:
Khi chiu nh sng n pin vo gng phng, ta thy
trn tng trc gng c vt sng.
Hin tng nh sng b i hng, mt phn tr li
mi trng c khi gp b mt nhn ca mt vt gi l
hin tng phn x nh sng.
2 Pht biu c nh lut [NB]. Pht biu c:
phn x nh sng. Tia phn x nm trong mt phng cha tia ti v php
tuyn ca gng im ti.
Gc phn x bng gc ti.
3 Nhn bit v biu din [NB]. Ch ra c trn hnh v: Tia sng t ngun sng (S) chiu ti
c tia ti, tia phn x, SI l tia ti gng gi l tia ti (SI).
gc ti, gc phn x, php IR l tia phn x im gp nhau gia tia ti v gng
tuyn i vi s phn x I l im ti phng gi l im ti (im I).
nh sng bi gng phng. NN' l php tuyn ti im ti I Tia sng b ht tr li khng kh t
Gc SIN = i l gc ti im ti I gi l tia phn x (IR).
Gc NIR = i' l gc phn x. ng thng k vung gc vi mt
gng phng ti im ti (I) gi l php
tuyn (NN').
Gc SIN = i gi l gc ti; gc NIR =
i, gi l gc phn x.
Khng yu cu HS hc thuc lng cc
nh ngha v im ti, php tuyn, tia
ti, tia phn x, gc ti, gc phn x.
4 Biu din c tia ti, tia [VD]. V c: v tia phn x khi bit trc tia ti
phn x, gc ti, gc phn a. Tia phn x khi bit trc tia ti v ngc li bng cch:
x, php tuyn trong s + Dng php tuyn ti im ti.
phn x nh sng bi gng + Dng gc phn x bng gc ti hoc
phng ngc li, dng gc ti bng gc phn
x.
b. Tia ti khi bit trc tia phn x
5. NH CA MT VT TO BI GNG PHNG
STT Chun kin thc, k nng Mc th hin c th ca chun kin thc, k nng Ghi ch
1 Nu c nhng c im [NB]. Nu c: Lu :
chung v nh ca mt vt - nh ca mt vt c to bi gng phng khng nh l hnh ca cc vt thu c, quan
to bi gng phng, l hng c trn mn chn, gi l nh o. st c qua: gng; knh; h thng
nh o, c kch thc bng - ln nh ca mt vt c to bi gng phng gng, knh; mt nc;... C hai loi nh
vt, khong cch t gng bng ln ca vt. l nh tht v nh o.
n vt v n nh l bng - Khong cch t mt im ca vt n gng bng - nh tht l nh c th hng c trn
nhau. khong cch t nh ca im n gng. mn chn.
- nh o l nh khng hng c trn
mn chn.
2 V c tia phn x khi [VD]. V c:
bit tia ti i vi gng - Tia phn x khi bit tia ti i vi gng phng bng
phng v ngc li, theo cch:
hai cch l vn dng nh + Vn dng nh lut phn x nh sng.
lut phn x nh sng hoc + Vn dng tnh cht ca nh o to bi gng phng.
vn dng c im ca nh - Tia ti khi bit tia phn x i vi gng phng bng
o to bi gng phng. cch:
+ Vn dng nh lut phn x nh sng.
+ Vn dng tnh cht ca nh o to bi gng phng.
3 Dng c nh ca mt vt [VD]. Cch dng: nh ca vt sng (on
t trc gng phng - V c nh ca im sng qua gng phng bng mt thng AB) l tp hp nh ca tt c cc
trong hai cch sau: im sng trn vt.
+ Vn dng nh lut phn x nh sng dng nh ca mt vt sng (on
+ Vn dng tnh cht ca nh o to bi gng phng. thng AB) qua gng phng, ta ch cn
- Thc hnh: t vt trc gng v quan st nh ca n v nh A ca im sng A v nh Bca
trong hai trng hp: im sng B, sau ni A vi B ta
+ nh song song, cng chiu vi vt. c nh ABca vt sng AB.
+ nh cng phng, ngc chiu vi vt.
T , v c nh ca vt (dng mi tn) qua gng
phng
Ch 3: GNG CU
7. GNG CU LI
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Nu c nhng c im [NB]. Nu c: nh ca mt vt to bi gng cu li
ca nh o ca mt vt to l nh o v nh hn vt.
bi gng cu li.
2 Nu c ng dng chnh [VD].
ca gng cu li l to ra - Bng thc hnh th nghim quan st vng nhn thy
vng nhn thy rng. ca gng phng v gng cu li hoc bng hnh v so
snh vng nhn thy ca gng phng v gng cu li
c cng kch thc, nhn bit c: vng nhn thy
ca gng cu li rng hn vng nhn thy ca gng
phng c cng kch thc.
- Nu c ng dng ca gng cu li: do vng
nhn thy ca gng cu li rng, nn ngi ta s dng
gng cu li lm gng quan st t nhng on
ng quanh co m mt ngi khng quan st trc tip
c v lm gng quan st pha sau ca cc phng
tin giao thng nh: t, xe my,...
8. GNG CU LM
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Nu c cc c im ca [NB]. Nu c: t mt vt gn st gng cu lm, Lu : Gng cu lm c th to ra nh
nh o ca mt vt to bi nhn vo gng ta thy mt nh o ln hn vt. o v nh tht. Nu t vt trong khong
gng cu lm. t nh gng n tiu im th gng
to ra nh o. Nu vt nm ngoi tiu
im (xa gng) th gng to ra nh
tht c th hng c trn mn chn, ta
khng nghin cu nh tht, m ch xt
nh o v cng khng a ra khi nim
tiu im, tiu c gng cho nn phi
ni mt cch chung l: Khi vt gn st
gng th gng to ra nh o.
2 Nu c ng dng chnh [TH]. Nu c:
ca gng cu lm l c th - Tc dng ca gng cu lm:
bin i mt chm tia song + Gng cu lm c tc dng bin i mt chm tia ti
song thnh chm tia phn song song thnh mt chm tia phn x hi t vo mt V d: Gng cu lm c dng lm
x tp trung vo mt im, im. pha n (t, xe my,...), lm gng
hoc c th bin i chm + Gng cu lm c tc dng bin i mt chm tia ti tp trung nh sng Mt Tri vo ni hi
tia ti phn k thnh mt phn k thch hp thnh mt chm tia phn x song song. (ni nm trong bp mt tri) ca nh
chm tia phn x song - ng dng ca gng cu lm: Dng tp trung nh my in Mt Tri, lm gng trang
song. sng theo mt hng hay mt im m ta cn chiu sng. im cho cc din vin,...
B - M HC
I - CHUN KIN THC K NNG
CH MC CN T GHI CH
1. Ngun m
Kin thc
- Nhn bit c mt s ngun m thng gp.
- Nu c ngun m l mt vt dao ng.
K nng
- Ch ra c vt dao ng trong mt s ngun m nh trng, kng, ng so,
m thoa.
2. cao, to
ca m Kin thc
- Nhn bit c m cao (bng) c tn s ln, m thp (trm) c tn s nh.
Nu c v d.
- Nhn bit c m to c bin dao ng ln, m nh c bin dao ng
nh. Nu c v d.
3. Mi trng
truyn m Kin thc
- Nu c m truyn trong cc cht rn, lng, kh v khng truyn trong chn
khng.
- Nu c trong cc mi trng khc nhau th tc truyn m khc nhau.
4. Phn x m.
Ting vang Kin thc
- Nu c ting vang l mt biu hin ca m phn x.
- Nhn bit c nhng vt cng, c b mt nhn phn x m tt v nhng vt

mm, xp, c b mt g gh phn x m km.
- K c mt s ng dng lin quan ti s phn x m.
K nng
- Gii thch c trng hp nghe thy ting vang l do tai nghe c m phn
x tch bit hn vi m pht ra trc tip t ngun.
5. Chng
nhim do ting Kin thc
n - Nu c mt s v d v nhim do ting n.
- K tn c mt s vt liu cch m thng dng chng nhim do ting
n.
K nng
- ra c mt s bin php chng nhim do ting n trong nhng trng
hp c th.
- K c tn mt s vt liu cch m thng dng chng nhim do ting

n.
II. HNG DN THC HIN.
Ch 1: NGUN M
9. NGUN M
nh trong chng trnh
1 Nhn bit c mt s [NB]. Nu c:
ngun m thng gp - Vt pht ra m gi l ngun m.
- Nhng ngun m thng gp l ct kh trong ng so,
mt trng, si dy n, loa,... khi chng dao ng.
2 Nu c ngun m l vt [NB]. Nu c: Cc dao ng c tn s nh hn 20Hz
dao ng. Khi pht ra m, cc vt u dao ng. (h m) v ln hn 20.000 Hz (siu m)
pht ra sng m m tai ngi bnh
thng khng th nghe c. Do vy
SGK khng a ra kt lun "Dao ng
l ngun gc ca m" m ch a ra kt
lun "Cc vt pht ra m u dao
ng".
3 Ch ra c vt dao ng [VD]. Nu c: Bng trc quan HS d nhn thy cc
trong mt s ngun m nh B phn dao ng pht ra m trong trng l mt trng; vt dao ng pht ra m nh dy n,
trng, kng, ng so, m kng l thn kng; ng so l ct khng kh trong ng mt trng v dao ng ca cc ct
thoa,... so. khng kh trong ng so, ng nghim.
V vy, sau khi rt ra kt lun "Cc
vt pht ra m u dao ng nn cho
hc sinh lm th nghim minh ha.
Ch 2: CAO, TO CA M
10. CAO CA M

nh trong chng trnh
1 Nhn bit c m cao [TH]. Nu c: V d: siu m, h m,...
(bng) c tn s ln, m thp - S dao ng trong mt giy gi l tn s. n v Lu : cao ca m ph thuc vo tn
(trm) c tn s nh. tn s l hc, k hiu l Hz. s ca m. Tn s m l mt c tnh vt
- Vt dao ng cng nhanh th tn s dao ng ca l cho bit s dao ng ca ngun m
vt cng ln v ngc li vt dao ng cng chm th trong 1 giy. n v tn s l Hc (Hz).
tn s dao ng ca vt cng nh. Tn s m ln th m pht ra bng. Tn
- Tn s dao ng ca vt ln th m pht ra cao, gi s m nh th pht ra m trm. Nhng
l m cao hay m bng. Ngc li, tn s dao ng ca m c cao xc nh c gi l nhc
vt nh, th m pht ra thp gi l m thp hay m trm. m.
2 Nu c v d v m trm, [VD]. Ly c v d v m trm, m bng l do tn s V d: Khi dy n cng, nu ta gy th
bng l do tn s dao ng dao ng ca vt. tn s dao ng ca dy n ln, m pht
ca vt. ra cao. Khi dy n trng, nu ta gy th
tn s dao ng ca dy n nh, m
pht ra trm.
11. TO CA M

nh trong chng trnh
1 Nhn bit c m to c [TH]. Nu c: lp 7, khng a ra khi nim cng
bin dao ng ln, m - Bin dao ng l lch ln nht ca vt dao m, v cng khng nh ngha cht
nh c bin dao ng ng so vi v tr cn bng ca n. ch khi nim v bin dao ng l g,
nh. - to ca m ph thuc vo bin dao ng ca m ch da vo th nghim ko vt dao
ngun m. Bin dao ng ca ngun m cng ln th ng lch khi v tr ban u to ra
m pht ra cng to. hnh nh trc quan ca bin b dao ng
- n v o to ca m l: xiben, k hiu l dB. l lch ln nht ca vt so vi v tr
ban u khi dao ng.
HS c th nhn bit dao ng mnh
hay yu thng qua cch to ra dao ng
mnh hay nh (gy mnh, gy nh, g
mnh, g nh,...) v quan st trc tip
bin dao ng ca ngun pht ra m.
HS nhn bit trc tip m to, nh qua
cc v d trn t rt ra mi quan h
gia to ca m vi bin dao ng
ca ngun m.
2 Nu c th d v to ca [VD]. Nu c v d v to ca m ph thuc vo V d: Khi g trng, nu ta g mnh, th
m. bin dao ng. bin dao ng ca mt trng ln, ta
nghe thy m to v ngc li.
Ch 3: MI TRNG TRUYN M
12. MI TRNG TRUYN M

nh trong chng trnh
1 Nu c m truyn trong [NB]. Nu c:
cc cht rn, lng, kh v m truyn c trong mi trng rn, lng, kh v
khng truyn trong chn khng truyn c trong chn khng.
khng.
2 Nu c trong cc mi [NB]. Nu c:
trng khc nhau th tc - Trong cc mi trng khc nhau, m truyn vi vn
truyn m khc nhau. tc khc nhau.
- Vn tc truyn m trong cht rn ln hn trong cht
lng, trong cht lng ln hn trong cht kh.
Ch 4: PHN X M. TING VANG

13. PHN X M - TING VANG

nh trong chng trnh
1 Nu c ting vang l mt [VD]. C th m rng cho HS bit tnh
biu hin ca m phn x. - Nu c: m pht ra t ngun m lan truyn trong khong cch ti thiu t ngun m ti
Gii thch c trng hp khng kh n gp vt chn, b phn x tr li, truyn vt phn x m nghe c ting vang.
nghe thy ting vang l do n tai ngi nghe. Tai nghe c m phn x gi l
tai nghe c m phn x ting vang.
tch bit hn vi m pht ra - Gii thch c: tai ta ch nghe thy ting vang khi
trc tip t ngun. m phn x tch bit hn vi m pht ra trc tip t
ngun m mt khong thi gian t nht l 1/15 giy. V,
nu m phn x v m pht ra t ngun m cng truyn
tai ta, th tai ta khng phn bit c ting vang v m
pht ra t ngun m.
2 Nhn bit c nhng vt [NB]. Nu c:
cng, c b mt nhn phn - Nhng vt cng c b mt nhn th phn x m tt
x m tt v nhng vt mm, nh mt tng nhn, tm kim loi, mt gng,...
xp, c b mt g gh phn - Nhng vt mm, xp, c b mt g gh th phn x
x m km. m km nh: ming xp, tng sn si, cy xanh,...
3 K c mt s ng dng [VD]. Nu c mt ng dng lin quan n phn x
lin quan ti s phn x m. m, chng hn nh:
1. Trong cc phng ha nhc, phng ghi m, ngi ta
thng dng tng sn si v treo rm nhung lm
gim m phn x.
2. Ngi ta thng s dng s phn x ca siu m
xc nh su ca bin.
Ch 5: CHNG NHIM TING N
14. CHNG NHIM TING N

nh trong chng trnh
1 Nu c mt s v d v [TH]. Nu c:
nhim do ting n. Ting n gy nhim l ting n to v ko di lm
nh hng xu n sc kho ca con ngi, v d nh
ting n trong cc thnh ph ln; ting n trong cc nh
my khai thc ch bin , my say st go,...
2 K tn c mt s vt liu [TH]. Nu c:
cch m thng dng Nhng vt liu cch m thng dng chng
chng nhim do ting n. nhim ting n l cc vt xp, cao su xp, bng, vi
nhung, knh hai lp, tng btng, gch c l,...
3 ra c mt s bin php [VD]. Nu c ba bin php c bn chng nhim Trong bnh vin, ngi ta thng treo
chng nhim do ting n ting n. cc bin i nh, ni kh; gn bnh
trong nhng trng hp c 1. Tc ng vo ngun m: Gim to ca ngun m vin thng treo bin Cm bp ci.
th. bng cc treo cc bin cm gy ting ng mnh.
2. Phn tn m trn ng truyn: trng nhiu cy xanh,
xy tng chn,...
3. Ngn chn s truyn m: dng cc vt liu cch m
nh xp, ph d, nhung, ca knh hai lp,...
C - IN HC
I - CHUN KIN THC, K NNG
CH MC CN T GHI CH
1. Hin tng
nhim in Kin thc Khng yu cu HS nu c vt no
a) Hin tng - M t c mt vi hin tng chng t vt b nhim in do c xt. mang in dng, vt no mang in
nhim in do c - Nu c hai biu hin ca cc vt nhim in l ht cc vt khc hoc m trong th nghim c xt hai vt.
xt lm sng bt th in. Khng yu cu gii thch bn cht ca
b) Hai loi in - Nu c du hiu v tc dng lc chng t c hai loi in tch v nu hin tng nhim in do c xt.
tch c l hai loi in tch g. V d: Khi bc v nha bc ming
c) S lc v cu - Nu c s lc v cu to nguyn t: ht nhn mang in tch dng, chai nc khong th mnh v nha
to nguyn t cc lectrn mang in tch m chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn, nguyn t c bc ra dnh vo tay.
trung ho v in.
K nng
- Gii thch c mt s hin tng thc t lin quan ti s nhim in do c
xt.
2. Dng in.
Ngun in Kin thc
- M t c th nghim dng pin hay acquy to ra dng in v nhn bit
dng in thng qua cc biu hin c th nh n bt th in sng, n pin
sng, qut quay,...
- Nu c dng in l dng cc in tch dch chuyn c hng.
- Nu c tc dng chung ca cc ngun in l to ra dng in v k
c tn cc ngun in thng dng l pin v acquy.
- Nhn bit c cc dng v cc m ca cc ngun in qua cc k hiu
(+), (-) c ghi trn ngun in.
K nng
- Mc c mt mch in kn gm pin, bng n pin, cng tc v dy ni.
3. Vt liu dn Khng yu cu HS gii thch
in v vt liu Kin thc lectron t do trong kim loi l g.
cch in. - Nhn bit c vt liu dn in l vt liu cho dng in i qua, vt liu
Dng in trong cch in l vt liu khng cho dng in i qua.
kim loi - K tn c mt s vt liu dn in v vt liu cch in thng dng.
- Nu c dng in trong kim loi l dng cc lectrn t do dch chuyn
c hng.
4. S mch Mch in n gin gm ngun
in. Chiu dng Kin thc in, mt bng n, dy dn, cng tc.
in - Nu c quy c v chiu dng in.
K nng
- V c s ca mch in n gin c mc sn bng cc k hiu
c quy c.
- Mc c mch in n gin theo s cho.
- Ch c chiu dng in chy trong mch in.
- Biu din c bng mi tn chiu dng in chy trong s mch in.
5. Cc tc dng
ca dng in Kin thc
- K tn cc tc dng nhit, quang, t, ho, sinh l ca dng in v nu c
biu hin ca tng tc dng ny.
- Nu c v d c th v mi tc dng ca dng in.
6. Cng Khng yu cu pht biu nh ngha
dng in Kin thc cng dng in
- Nu c tc dng ca dng in cng mnh th s ch ca ampe k cng

ln, ngha l cng ca n cng ln.
- Nu c n v o cng dng in l g.
K nng
- S dng c ampe k o cng dng in.
7. Hiu in th
a) Hiu in th Kin thc Hiu in th cn c gi l in p.
gia hai cc ca - Nu c: gia hai cc ca ngun in c mt hiu in th.
ngun in
b) Hiu in th - Nu c: khi mch h, hiu in th gia hai cc ca pin hay acquy (cn
gia hai u dng mi) c gi tr bng s vn ghi trn v mi ngun in ny.
c dng in - Nu c n v o hiu in th.
- Nu c khi c hiu in th gia hai u bng n th c dng in chy
qua bng n.
- Nu c rng mt dng c in s hot ng bnh thng khi s dng n
ng vi hiu in th nh mc c ghi trn dng c .
K nng
- S dng c vn k o hiu in th gia hai cc ca pin hay acquy
trong mt mch in h.
- S dng c ampe k o cng dng in v vn k o hiu
in th gia hai u bng n trong mch in kn.
8. Cng Kin thc
dng in v - Nu c mi quan h gia cc cng dng in trong on mch ni - Ch xt on mch gm hai bng
hiu in th i tip v song song. n.
vi on mch
ni tip, on - Nu c mi quan h gia cc hiu in th trong on mch ni tip v
mch song song song song.
K nng
- Mc c hai bng n ni tip, song song v v c s tng ng.
- Xc nh c bng th nghim mi quan h gia cc cng dng in
v hiu in th trong on mch ni tip v song song.
9. An ton khi s Kin thc
dng in - Nu c gii hn nguy him ca hiu in th v cng dng in i
vi c th ngi.
K nng
- Nu v thc hin c mt s quy tc m bo an ton khi s dng
in.
II - HNG DN THC HIN
Ch 1: HIN TNG NHIM IN

15. S NHIM IN DO C XT

nh trong chng trnh
1 M t c mt vi hin [TH]. M t c hin tng hoc th nghim chng Khng yu cu HS nu c vt no
tng chng t vt b nhim t vt nhim in do c st, chng hn nh: mang in m, vt no mang in dng
in do c xt. + Thc nha sau khi c xt vo vi kh c kh trong th nghim c xt hai vt.
nng ht cc vt nh, nh (cc mu giy, qu cu bc
treo trn si ch t).
+ Sau khi dng mnh len c xt mnh phim nha
nhiu ln c th lm sng bng n ca bt th in
khi chm bt th in vo tm tn t trn mt mnh
phim nha.
2 Nu c hai biu hin ca [NB]. Nu c: Khng yu cu ni cc cch khc nhau
cc vt nhim in. - C th lm nhim in mt bng cch c xt. nhim in cho mt vt.
- Vt b nhim in (vt mang in tch) th c kh
nng ht cc vt nh, nh hoc lm sng bng n bt
th in.
3 Vn dng gii thch c mt [VD]. Nu v gii thch c mt s hin tng trong
s hin tng thc t lin thc t lin quan ti s nhim in do c st, chng
quan ti s nhim in do c hn nh:
xt. 1. Gii thch ti sao khi chi tc bng lc nha, th
lc nha li ht tc.
V, khi chi tc bng lc nha, lc nha c xt
vo tc lm cho lc nha v tc b nhim in tri
du, nn chng ht nhau.
2. Gii thch ti sao khi lau chi mn hnh ti vi bng
khn bng kh, th ta vn thy c vn bng bm vo
mn hnh ti vi.
V, khi ta lau chi mn hnh ti vi bng khn bng
kh, th mn hnh ti vi b nhim in, do mn hnh
tivi ht cc vn bng kh.
3. Gii thch ti sao trn cc cnh qut in trong
gia nh thng bm bi.
V, khi cnh qut quay, cnh qut c xt vi khng
kh, cnh qut b nhim in nn ht cc ht bi bm
vo cnh qut.
16. HAI LOI IN TCH

nh trong chng trnh
1 Nu c du hiu v tc [TH]. Nu c Khng yu cu HS phi bit ht cc
dng lc chng t c hai loi - Du hiu v tc dng lc chng t c hai loi in trng hp nhim in do c st th vt
in tch v nu c l tch, chng hn nh: no mang in tch dng v vt no
hai loi in tch g. + Hai mnh ni lng, sau khi c st bng vi kh v mang in tch m.
t gn nhau th y nhau.
+ Thanh thy tinh v thanh nha, sau khi b c st
bng vi kh t gn nhau th ht nhau.
- C hai loi in tch l in tch m (-) v in tch
dng (+).
- Cc vt nhim in cng loi th y nhau, nhim
in khc loi th ht nhau.
2 Nu c s lc v cu to [NB]. Nu c:
nguyn t: ht nhn mang S lc cu to nguyn t: Mi vt c cu to t
in tch dng, cc eelectron cc nguyn t. Mi nguyn t l mt ht rt nh gm
mang in tc m chuyn ng mt ht nhn mang in tch dng nm tm, xung
xung quanh ht nhn, nguyn quanh c cc lectron mang in tch m chuyn ng
t trung ha v in. to thnh lp v ca nguyn t. Tng in tch m ca
cc lectrn c tr s tuyt i bng in tch dng
ca ht nhn. Do , bnh thng nguyn t trung ha
v in.
lectron c th dch chuyn t nguyn t ny sang
nguyn t khc, t vt ny sang vt khc.
Mt vt nhim in m nu n nhn thm lectron,
nhim in dng nu mt bt lectron.
Ch 2: DNG IN - NGUN IN
17. DNG IN - NGUN IN

nh trong chng trnh
1 M t c th nghim dng [NB]. GV tin hnh th nghim HS quan
pin hay acquy to ra in v - M t c th nghim sau: st v m t li th nghim.
nhn bit dng in thng qua Dng c: gm ngun in (pin hoc acquy), bng
cc biu hin c th nh n n, kha k v c ni vi nhau thnh mch in kn.
bt th in sng, n pin Tin hnh th nghim: Khi cha ng kha k th
sng, qut quay,... bng n khng sng. Khi ng kha k, bng n
sng.
Kt lun: Khi ng kha k, bng n sng l do c
dng in chy qua bng n.
- Nhn bit c dng in thng qua cc biu hin
c th: bng n bt th in sng, n pin sng, qut
in quay,...
2 Nu c dng in l dng [NB]. Thc hin nh chun.
cc ht in tch dch chuyn
c hng.
3 Nu c tc dng chung ca [TH]. Nu c: ngun in l thit b to ra v duy
ngun in l to ra dng in tr dng in, v d nh pin, acquy,...
v k tn cc ngun in
thng dng l pin, acquy.
4 Nhn bit c cc dng v [NB]. Quan st v ch ra c cc cc dng v cc
cc m ca cc ngun in m ca cc loi ngun in khc nhau (pin con th,
qua cc k hiu (+), (-) c ghi pin dng cc o, pin dng cho my nh, c quy,...) qua
trn ngun in cc k hiu (+), (-) c ghi trn ngun in.
5 Mc c mt mch in kn [VD]. Mc c mt mch in kn gm pin, bng
gm pin, bng n, cng tc n, cng tc v dy ni.
v dy ni.
Ch 3: CHT DN IN V CHT CCH IN. DNG IN TRONG KIM LOI
18 . CHT DN IN V CHT CCH IN. DNG IN TRONG KIM LOI

nh trong chng trnh
1 Nhn bit c vt liu dn [NB]. Nu c:
in l vt liu cho dng in - Cht dn in l cht cho dng in i qua. Cht
i qua v vt liu cch in l dn in gi l vt liu dn in khi c dng lm
vt liu khng cho dng in cc vt hay cc b phn dn in.
i qua. - Cht cch in l cht khng cho dng in i qua.
Cht cch in gi l vt liu cch in khi c dng
lm cc vt hay cc b phn cch in.
2 K tn c mt s vt liu [TH]. Nu c:
dn in v vt liu cch in - Kim loi, bn dn, than ch, cc mui v ba z
thng dng. nng chy, cc dung dch mui, axit, ba z,... l cc
vt liu dn in.
- Vt liu dn in thng dng l dy dn bng
ng, nhm, ch, hp kim,...
- Khng kh kh, nc tinh khit v mt ha hc,
thy tinh, s, cao su, nha, du, tinh th mui, b nt,
h phch,... l nhng vt liu cch in.
- Vt liu cc in thng dng l v nha, qu s,
bng cch in,...
3 Nu c dng in trong [NB]. Nu c: dng in trong kim loi l dng
kim loi l dng cc lectron chuyn di c hng ca cc lectron t do.
t do dch chuyn c hng.
Ch 4: S MCH IN - CHIU DNG IN
19. S MCH IN - CHIU DNG IN

nh trong chng trnh
1 Nu c quy c v chiu [NB]. Nu c: chiu dng in l chiu t cc HS bit xc nh chiu dng in s
dng in. dng qua dy dn v cc thit b in ti cc m ca gip vic mc ng ampe k, vn k
ngun in. cc bi hc sau.
2 V c s ca mch in [VD]. lp 7, HS ch lm vic vi cc mch
n gin mc sn bng cc - Ghi nh k hiu ca cc thit b in trn cc s in n gin gm ngun in, dy dn,
k hiu quy c. mch in gm ngun in, bng in, dy dn, cng cng tc, ampe k, vn k, 1 hoc 2 bng
tc ng v cng tc m. n mc ni tip hoc song song.
+ Ngun in:
+ Bng n:
+ Dy dn:
+ Cng tc ng:
+ Cng tc m:
- V c s mch in kn gm ngun in, cng
tc, dy dn, bng n.
3 Ch c chiu dng in [VD]. Dng mi tn biu din c chiu dng
chy trong mch in. Biu in trong cc s mch in n gin gm ngun
din c bng mi tn chiu in, dy dn, cng tc, 1 bng n mc ni tip, v d
dng in chy trong s nh cc s mch sau:
mch in.
Ch 5: CC TC DNG CA DNG IN
20. TC DNG NHIT V TC DNG QUANG CA DNG IN

nh trong chng trnh
1 Nu c dng in c tc [TH]. Nu c: Lu an ton cho HS khi s dng hay
dng nhit v biu hin ca Khi dng in chy qua vt dn in th n lm vt tip xc vi cc thit b in m s dng
tc dng ny. dn nng ln. iu , chng t dng in c tc tc dng nhit ca dng in.
Nu c v d c th v tc dng nhit.
dng nhit ca dng in. V d: khi dng in chy qua bng n si t lm
cho dy tc bng n nng ln v pht sng; khi cho
dng in chy qua bn l th bn l nng ln;...
2 Nu c tc dng quang ca [TH]. Nu c:
dng in v biu hin ca tc Dng in c th lm pht sng bng n bt th
dng ny. in v n it pht quang mc d n ny cha nng
Nu c v d c th v tc ti nhit cao. iu , chng t dng in c tc
dng quang ca dng in. dng quang.
V d: quan st bng n bt th in ang sng, ta
thy vng cht kh gia hai u dy ca bng n
pht sng.
it pht quang (LED) ch cho dng in i qua
theo mt chiu nht nh v khi n sng.
21. TC DNG T, TC DNG HA HC V TC DNG SINH L CA DNG IN

nh trong chng trnh
1 Nu c tc dng t ca [TH]. Nu c: HS c th tm hiu v pht hin tnh cht
dng in v biu hin ca tc Dng in chy qua ng dy c tc dng lm kim t (hay tc dng t) ca dng in bng
dng ny. nam chm lch ra khi v tr cn bng hoc ht cc vt cch i chiu, so snh vi nam chm
Nu c v d c th v tc bng st hay thp. iu , chng t dng in c tc vnh cu m c bit t Tiu hc
dng t ca dng in. dng t. cng nh t nhng hiu bit trong i
V d: dng in chy qua chung in lm chung sng hng ngy. Cc thut ng "T
in ku, dng in chy qua qut in, ng c in trng", "lc t" khng nn a vo
lm qut in, ng c in quay,... phn ny.
Tc dng t ca dng in c ng
dng trong nhiu thit b k thut in
nh chung in, r le in, in thoi,
my pht in,... bi hc ny ch yu
cu HS tm hiu ng dng tc dng t
ca dng in i vi chung in v y
l thit b kh ph bin trong thc t.
2 Nu c tc dng ha hc [TH]. Nu c: Ch yu cu HS quan st v nhn bit
ca dng in v biu hin Khi cho dng in i qua dung dch mui ng th rng dng in c th lm bin i in
ca tc dng ny. sau mt thi gian, thi than ni vi cc m ca ngun cc m t mt thi than (mu en) thnh
Nu c v d c th v tc in c ph mt lp ng. Hin tng ng tch t mt thi than c ph mt lp ng (mu
dng ha hc ca dng in. dung dch mui ng, khi c dng in chy qua, nht). Tc dng c gi l tc
chng t dng in c tc dng ha hc. dng ha hc ca dng in.
V d: da vo tc dng ho hc ca dng in,
ngi ta c th m kim loi, c in, luyn kim,...
3 Nu c biu hin tc dng [TH]. Nu c: Cn phi m bo an ton khi s dng
sinh l ca dng in. Dng in chy qua c th ngi s lm cc c ca in.
Nu c v d c th v tc ngi b co git, c th lm tim ngng p, ngt th v
dng sinh l ca dng in. thn kinh b t lit. Chng t, dng in c tc dng
sinh l.
V d: trong y hc, ngi ta c th ng dng tc
dng sinh l ca dng in thch hp cha mt s
bnh nh chm cu dng in (in chm).
22. CNG DNG IN

nh trong chng trnh
1 Nu c tc dng ca dng [NB]. Nu c:
in cng mnh th s ch ca - Tc dng ca dng in cng mnh th s ch ca
ampe k cng ln, ngha l ampe k cng ln, ngha l cng ca dng in
cng ca n cng ln. cng ln.
- Ampe k l dng c o cng dng in. S
ch ca ampe k cho bit mc mnh yu ca dng
in v l gi tr ca cng dng in m n o.
2 Nu c n v o cng [NB]. Nu c: .
dng in l g. K hiu ca cng dng in l ch I.
n v o cng dng in l ampe, k hiu l A;
o dng in c cng nh, ta dng n v mili
ampe, k hiu mA.
1 A = 1000 mA
1 mA = 0,001 A.
3 S dng c ampe k o [VD]. S dng c ampe k ph hp o cng S dng c ampe k ph hp o
cng dng in. dng in chy qua bng n. cng dng in, ngha l ....
23. HIU IN TH

nh trong chng trnh
1 Nu c: gia hai cc ca [NB]. Thc hin nh chun Hiu in th cn c gi l in p.
ngun in c hiu in th.
Nu c: khi mch h, hiu
in th gia hai cc ca pin
hay acquy (cn mi) c gi tr
bng s vn k ghi trn v
mi ngun in ny.
2 Nu c n v o hiu in [NB]. Nu c
th. Hiu in th c k hiu l U. n v hiu in
th l vn, k hiu l V; Ngoi ra, cn dng cc n v
l mili vn (mV) v kil vn (kV);
1 V = 1000 mV;
1 kV = 1000 V.
3 S dng c vn k o [VD]. S dng c vn k ph hp o hiu in Mc c mch in theo s 25.3 -
hiu in th gia hai cc ca th gia hai cc ca pin hay acquy trong mt mch SGK v tin hnh o c hiu in th
pin hay acquy trong mt mch in h. gia hai u ngun in khi mch kn,
in h. Vn k l dng c dng o hiu in th: Trn b mch h.
mt vn k c ghi ch V hoc mV. Mi vn k u c
GH v CNN nht nh.
24. HIU IN TH GIA HAI U DNG C DNG IN

nh trong chng trnh
1 Nu c khi c hiu in th [NB]. Nu c
gia hai u bng n th c Khi hiu in th gia hai u bng n bng khng,
dng in chy qua bng n. th khng c dng in chy qua bng n.
Khi c hiu in th gia hai u bng n, th c
dng in chy qua bng n. Hiu in th gia hai
u bng n cng cao, th dng in chy qua bng
n c cng cng ln.
2 S dng c ampe k o [VD]. S dng c vn k o hiu in th gia Mc c mch in theo s 26.2 -
cng dng in v vn k hai u bng n v s dng c ampe k o SGK v tin hnh o c hiu in th
o hiu in th gia hai cng dng in chy qua bng n trong mt gia hai u bng n v cng dng
u bng n trong mch in mch in kn. in chy qua n khi mch kn, mch
kn. h.
3 Nu c rng mt dng c [NB]. Nu c mi dng c hay thit b in hot
in s hot ng bnh thng S vn ghi trn mi dng c dng in l gi tr hiu ng bnh thng phi t vo hai u
khi s dng n ng vi hiu in th nh mc. ca n mt hiu in th nh mc ng
in th nh mc c ghi Mi dng c in hot ng bnh thng khi c bng s vn (V) ghi trn dng c . Khi
trn dng c s dng ng vi hiu in th nh mc ca n. , dng in chy qua dng c in c
cng v cng sut in nh mc
(hot ng bnh thng). Trn cc dng
c v thit b s dng in nng (bng
n, qut in, ti vi, t lnh, bp in,...)
thng ghi hiu in th nh mc U,
cng sut nh mc P v ta c th tnh
c cng dng in nh mc chy
qua dng c. Trn cc dng c v thit b
in c s dng khng phi vi mc
ch tiu th in nng (th d nh cng
tc, ly in, cu dao, cu ch,...)
thng ghi s ampe (A) cho bit cng
dng in ln nht m dng c hay
thit b chu ng c.
25. THC HNH: O CNG DNG IN V HIU IN TH I VI ON MCH NI TIP

nh trong chng trnh
1 Mc c mch in gm hai [VD]. Mc c mch in gm hai bng n mc ni
bng n ni tip v v c tip (hnh 27.1a v 27.1b - SGK). V c s ca
s tng ng. cc mch in ny.
(hnh v)
2 Nu v xc nh c bng th [VD]. Nu v xc nh c trong on mch ni tip: Ch xt on mch gm hai bng n

nghim mi quan h gia cc Dng in c cng nh nhau ti cc v tr khc (in tr) mc ni tip.
cng dng in, cc hiu nhau ca mch.
in th trong on mch mc I1 = I2 = I3.
ni tip. Hiu in th gia hai u on mch bng tng cc
hiu in th trn tng phn on mch.
U13 = U12 + U23
o c cng dng in v hiu in th i vi
on mch gm hai bng n mc ni tip v hon
thnh bo co thc hnh theo mu (tr.78-SGK).
26. THC HNH: O CNG DNG IN V HIU IN TH I VI ON MCH SONG SONG

nh trong chng trnh
1 Mc c mch in gm hai [VD]. Mc c mch in gm hai bng n mc
bng n song song v v song song (hnh 28.1a v 28.1b - SGK). V c s
c s tng ng. ca cc mch in ny.
(v s mch in vo y)
2 Nu v xc nh c bng th [VD]. Nu v xc nh c trong on mch song Ch xt on mch gm hai bng n
nghim mi quan h gia cc song: (in tr) mc song song.
cng dng in, cc hiu Dng in mch chnh c cng bng tng cng
in th trong on mch mc dng in qua cc on mch r.
song song. I = I1 + I2.
Hiu in th gia hai u on mch bng hiu in
th gia hai u mi on mch r.
U = U1 = U2
o c cng dng in v hiu in th i vi
on mch gm hai bng n mc song song v hon
thnh bo co thc hnh theo mu (tr.81 - SGK).
27. AN TON KHI S DNG IN

nh trong chng trnh
Nu c gii hn nguy him [NB]. Nu c
1 ca hiu in th v cng Gii hn nguy him ca cng dng in qua c
dng in i vi c th th ngi l 70mA, tng ng vi hiu in th t
ngi. 40V tr ln t ln c th ngi s lm tim ngng p.
2 Nu v thc hin c mt s [VD]. Nu v thc hin c mt s quy tc m
quy tc m bo an ton bo an ton khi s dng in l:
khi s dng in. Ch lm th nghim vi cc ngun in c hiu in
th di 40V.
Phi s dng cc dy dn c v cch in.
Khng c t mnh chm vo mng in dn dng
(220V) v cc thit b in khi cha bit r cch s
dng.
Khi c ngi b in git th khng chm vo ngi
m cn phi tm cch ngt ngay cng tc in v
gi ngi n cp cu.
LP 8
A. C HC
I. CHUN KIN THC K NNG CA CHNG TRNH
CH MC CN T GHI CH
1. Chuyn ng c Kin thc
a) Chuyn ng c. - Nu c du hiu nhn bit chuyn ng c. Nu c v d v chuyn ng Chuyn ng c l s
Cc dng chuyn ng c. thay i v tr theo thi
c - Nu c v d v tnh tng i ca chuyn ng c. gian ca mt vt so vi
b) Tnh tng i ca - Nu c ngha ca tc l c trng cho s nhanh, chm ca chuyn ng v vt mc.
chuyn ng c nu c n v o tc .
c) Tc - Nu c tc trung bnh l g v cch xc nh tc trung bnh.
- Phn bit c chuyn ng u, chuyn ng khng u da vo khi nim tc
.
K nng
s
- Vn dng c cng thc v = t
- Xc nh c tc trung bnh bng th nghim.
- Tnh c tc trung bnh ca chuyn ng khng u.
2. Lc c Kin thc
a) Lc. Biu din lc - Nu c v d v tc dng ca lc lm thay i tc v hng chuyn ng ca
b) Qun tnh ca vt vt.
c) Lc ma st - Nu c lc l i lng vect.
- Nu c v d v tc dng ca hai lc cn bng ln mt vt chuyn ng.
- Nu c qun tnh ca mt vt l g.
- Nu c v d v lc ma st ngh, trt, ln.
K nng
- Biu din c lc bng vect.
- Gii thch c mt s hin tng thng gp lin quan ti qun tnh.
- ra c cch lm tng ma st c li v gim ma st c hi trong mt s trng
hp c th ca i sng, k thut.
Kin thc
- Nu c p lc, p sut v n v o p sut l g.
- M t c hin tng chng t s tn ti ca p sut cht lng, p sut kh quyn.
- Nu c p sut c cng tr s ti cc im cng mt cao trong lng mt cht
lng
- Nu c cc mt thong trong bnh thng nhau cha mt loi cht lng ng yn
th cng mt cao.
- M t c cu to ca my nn thu lc v nu c nguyn tc hot ng ca - Khng yu cu tnh
my ny l truyn nguyn vn tng p sut ti mi ni trong cht lng. ton nh lng i vi
- M t c hin tng v s tn ti ca lc y c-si-mt . my nn thu lc.
- Nu c iu kin ni ca vt.
K nng
F
- Vn dng c cng thc p = S .
- Vn dng cng thc p = dh i vi p sut trong lng cht lng.
- Vn dng cng thc v lc y c-si-mt F = Vd.
- Tin hnh c th nghim nghim li lc y c-si-mt.
4. C nng Kin thc S ghi cng sut trn
a) Cng v cng sut - Nu c v d trong lc thc hin cng hoc khng thc hin cng. mt thit b cho bit
cng sut nh mc ca
b) nh lut bo ton - Vit c cng thc tnh cng cho trng hp hng ca lc trng vi hng dch
thit b , tc l cng
cng chuyn ca im t lc. Nu c n v o cng.
sut sn ra hoc tiu th
c) C nng. nh lut - Pht biu c nh lut bo ton cng cho my c n gin. Nu c v d minh ca thit b ny khi n
bo ton c nng ho. hot ng bnh thng.
- Nu c cng sut l g. Vit c cng thc tnh cng sut v nu c n v o
cng sut. Th nng ca vt c
- Nu c ngha s ghi cng sut trn cc my mc, dng c hay thit b. xc nh i vi mt
- Nu c vt c khi lng cng ln, vn tc cng ln th ng nng cng ln. mc chn.
- Nu c vt c khi lng cng ln, cao cng ln th th nng cng ln.

- Nu c v d chng t mt vt n hi b bin dng th c th nng.
- Pht biu c nh lut bo ton v chuyn ho c nng. Nu c v d v nh
lut ny.
K nng
- Vn dng c cng thc A = F.s.
A
- Vn dng c cng thc P = t .
II. HNG DN THC HIN
1. CHUYN NG C HC
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Nu c du hiu nhn [NB]. Nu c
bit chuyn ng c Khi v tr ca vt so vi vt mc thay i theo thi
gian th vt chuyn ng so vi vt mc. Chuyn ng
ny gi l chuyn ng c hc (gi tt l chuyn ng).
Khi v tr ca mt vt so vi vt mc khng thay i
theo thi gian th vt ng yn so vi vt mc.
2 Nu c v d v chuyn [TH]. Nu c v d v chuyn ng c trong thc t
ng c. chng hn nh: t ri bn, th v tr ca t thay i
so vi bn xe. Ta ni, t ang chuyn ng so vi bn
xe.
3 Nu c v d v tnh tng [TH]. Nu c
i ca chuyn ng c. Mt vt va c th chuyn ng so vi vt ny, va
c th ng yn so vi vt khc. Nh vy, ta ni chuyn
ng v ng yn c tnh tng i v ph thuc vo
vt c chn lm mc.
Thng thng ta chn nhng vt gn vi Tri t
lm vt mc.
V d v mt vt chuyn ng so vi vt ny nhng
li ng yn so vi vt khc, ty theo vic chn mc,
chng hn nh:
Hnh khch ngi trn toa tu ang ri ga:
Nu chn nh ga lm mc, th hnh khch ang
chuyn ng so vi nh ga.
Nu chn on tu lm mc, th hnh khch ng yn
so vi on tu v nh ga chuyn ng so vi on tu.
2. TC
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Nu c ngha ca tc [NB]. Nu c Hc sinh bit lp 5
l c trng cho s nhanh, Tc cho bit mc nhanh hay chm ca chuyn
chm ca chuyn ng. Nu ng v c xc nh bng di qung ng i
c n v o ca tc . c trong mt n v thi gian.
s
v
Cng thc tnh tc l t ; trong , v l tc
ca vt, s l qung ng i c, t l thi gian i
ht qung ng .
n v tc ph thuc vo n v o di v n
v o thi gian. n v hp php ca tc l mt trn
giy (m/s) v ki l mt trn gi (km/h): 1km/h
0,28m/s.
2 Vn dng c cng thc tnh s V d: Mt t khi hnh t H Ni
v
s [VD]. Lm c cc bi tp p dng cng thc t, lc 8 gi, n Hi Phng lc 10 gi.
v
tc t . khi bit trc hai trong ba i lng v tm i lng Cho bit qung ng t H Ni n
cn li. Hi Phng di 108km. Tnh tc ca
t ra km/h, m/s.
3. CHUYN NG U - CHUYN NG KHNG U
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Phn bit c chuyn ng [TH]. Nu c
u v chuyn ng khng Chuyn ng u l chuyn ng m tc khng
u da vo khi nim tc . thay i theo thi gian.
Chuyn ng khng u l chuyn ng m tc
thay i theo thi gian.
2 Nu c tc trung bnh l [NB]. Nu c GV phn tch v d HS thy tc
g v cch xc nh tc Tc trung bnh ca mt chuyn ng khng u trong chuyn ng khng u thay i
trung bnh. trn mt qung ng c tnh bng cng thc theo thi gian. V d, ta thy t (xe
s my) chuyn ng trn ng th tc
v tb
t , trong , vtb l tc trung bnh, s l qung lin tc thay i, th hin tc k.
Khi cp n chuyn ng khng
ng i c, t l thi gian i ht qung
u, thng ta tnh tc trung bnh
ng.
ca chuyn ng trn mt on ng
nht nh; tc trung bnh trn nhng
on ng khc nhau thng c gi tr
khc nhau.
3 Xc nh c tc trung [VD]. Tin hnh th nghim: Cho mt vt chuyn ng
bnh bng th nghim trn qung ng s. o s v o thi gian t trong vt
s
v tb
i ht qung ng. Tnh t
4 Tnh c tc trung bnh s V d: Mt ngi i xe p trn mt
v tb
ca chuyn ng khng u. [VD]. Gii c bi tp p dng cng thc t on ng di 1,2km ht 6 pht. Sau
tnh tc trung bnh ca vt chuyn ng khng u, ngi i tip mt on ng
trn tng qung ng hay c hnh trnh chuyn ng. 0,6km trong 4 pht ri dng li. Tnh
vn tc trung bnh ca ngi ng
vi tng on ng v c on
ng?
4. BIU DIN LC
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Nu c v d v tc dng [TH]. Nu c Lu : Phn ln HS d thy lc lm
ca lc lm thay i tc v Lc tc dng ln mt vt c th lm bin i chuyn thay i ln tc (nhanh ln hay
hng chuyn ng ca vt. ng ca vt hoc lm n b bin dng. chm i) m t thy tc dng lm i
Nu c t nht mt v d v tc dng ca lc lm hng chuyn ng. V th, GV nn
thay i tc hoc hng chuyn ng ca vt. chn nhng v d lc lm thay i
hng chuyn ng.
- Trong chuyn ng trn u, lc tc
dng ch lm thay i hng chuyn
ng.
- Trong chuyn ng ca vt b nm
theo phng ngang, trng lc P lm
thay i hng chuyn ng v tc
chuyn ng.
2 Nu c lc l mt i lng [NB]. Nu c
vect. Lc l i lng vc t v n c im t, c ln,
c phng v chiu.
3 Biu din c lc bng vc [VD]. Nu c
t. Ta biu din vct lc bng mt mi tn c:
- Gc l im t ca lc tc dng ln vt.
- Phng chiu trng vi phng chiu ca lc.
- di biu th cng ca lc theo t xch cho
trc.
Biu din c mt s lc hc: Trng lc, lc n
hi.
5. S CN BNG LC - QUN TNH
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Nu c v d v tc dng [TH]. Nu c
ca hai lc cn bng ln mt Di tc dng ca hai lc cn bng mt vt ang
vt ang chuyn ng chuyn ng s chuyn ng thng u.
Nu c v d v tc dng ca hai lc cn bng ln
mt vt ang chuyn ng, th vt vn chuyn ng u.
Chng hn nh: t (xe my) chuyn ng trn ng
thng nu ta thy ng h o tc ch mt s nht
nh, th t (xe my) ang chuyn ng thng u v
chng chu tc dng ca hai lc cn bng: lc y ca
ng c v lc cn tr chuyn ng.
2 Nu c qun tnh ca mt [TH]. Nu c Di tc dng ca cc lc cn bng,
vt l g? Tnh cht ca mi vt bo ton tc ca mnh khi mt vt ang ng yn s ng yn,
khng chu lc no tc dng hoc khi chu tc dng ca ang chuyn ng s tip tc chuyn
nhng lc cn bng nhau gi l qun tnh. ng thng u. Chuyn ng ny c
Khi c lc tc dng, mi vt khng th thay i tc gi l chuyn ng theo qun tnh.
t ngt v c qun tnh.
3 Gii thch c mt s hin [VD]. Gii thch c t nht mt hin tng thng 1. Gii thch ti sao hnh khch ngi
tng thng gp lin quan gp trong thc t lin quan n qun tnh. trn t ang chuyn ng trn ng
n qun tnh. thng, nu t t ngt r phi th hnh
khch trn xe b nghing mnh v bn
tri?
2. Gii thch ti sao khi xe my ang
ng yn, nu t ngt cho xe chuyn
ng th ngi ngi trn xe b ng v
pha sau?
3. Gii thch ti sao ngi ta phi lm
ng bng di cho my bay ct
cnh v h cnh?
6. LC MA ST
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Nu c v d v lc ma st [TH]. Nu c mt s v d v lc ma st trt, chng Lc ma st trt xut hin khi mt vt
trt. hn nh: chuyn ng trt trn b mt mt vt
Khi ta phanh xe, bnh xe ngng quay. Mt lp trt khc n c tc dng cn tr chuyn
trn ng xut hin ma st trt lm xe nhanh chng ng trt ca vt.
dng li;
Ma st gia dy cung cn ko vi dy n ca n
nh, violon,
2 Nu c v d v lc ma st [TH]. Nu c mt s v d v lc ma st ln, chng Lc ma st ln xut hin khi mt vt
ln. hn nh: chuyn ng ln trn mt mt vt khc
Khi qu bng ln trn sn c, qu bng ln chm v cn li chuyn ng y.
dn ri dng li. Lc do mt sn tc dng ln qu bng, Lc ma st ln nh hn lc ma st
ngn cn chuyn ng ln ca qu bng l lc ma st trt.
ln.
Ma st gia trc qut bn vi trc.
3 Nu c v d v lc ma st [TH]. Nu c mt v d v lc ma st ngh, chng c im ca lc ma st ngh l:
ngh. hn nh: + Cng thay i tu theo lc tc
Trong dy chuyn sn xut ca nhiu nh my, cc sn dng ln vt c xu hng lm cho vt
phm (nh bao xi mng, cc linh kin,...) di chuyn thay i chuyn ng
cng vi bng truyn ti nh lc ma st ngh + Lun c tc dng gi vt trng
Trong i sng, nh ma st ngh ngi ta mi i li thi cn bng khi c lc tc dng ln
c, ma st ngh gi bn chn khng b trt khi bc vt
trn mt ng.
4 ra c cch lm tng ma [VD]. Nu c
st c li v gim ma st c Ma st c li th ta cn lm tng ma st, ma st c hi
hi trong mt s trng hp th ta cn lm gim ma st, v d nh:
c th ca i sng, k thut. Khi ta y thng hng trn sn nh th lc ma st
trt xut hin ti mt tip xc ca thng hng v cn
tr chuyn ng ca thng hng. Mun gim ma st, th
chng ta c th dng bnh xe ln (hay con ln) thay
th ma st trt bng ma st ln, v ma st ln nh hn
ma st trt.
7. P SUT
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Nu c p lc, p sut v [NB]. Nu c Nn cho HS thy tc dng ca p lc
n v o p sut l g. p lc l lc p c phng vung gc vi mt b p. cng ln khi lc cng ln v din tch
p sut c tnh bng ln ca p lc trn mt b p cng b.
n v din tch b p.
F
p
Cng thc tnh p sut l S , trong : p l p
sut; F l p lc, c n v l niutn (N) ; S l din tch
b p, c n v l mt vung (m2) ;
n v p sut l paxcan (Pa)
1 Pa = 1 N/m2
3 Vn dng cng thc tnh [VD]. V d:
F F Mt bnh xe xch c trng lng
p . p
S Vn dng c cng thc S gii cc bi ton, 45000N, din tch tip xc ca cc bn
khi bit trc gi tr ca hai i lng v tnh i lng xch xe ln mt t l 1,25m2.
cn li. a) Tnh p sut ca xe tc dng ln mt
Gii thch c mt trng hp cn lm tng hoc t.
gim p sut. b) Hy so snh p sut ca xe ln mt
t vi p sut ca mt ngi nng
65kg c din tch tip xc hai bn chn
ln mt t l 180cm2. Ly h s t l
gia trng lng v khi lng l 10.
8. P SUT CHT LNG - BNH THNG NHAU
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 M t c hin tng chng [TH]. Nu c Cn da vo nhng th nghim n
t s tn ti ca p sut cht Cht lng gy p sut tc dng ln y bnh, thnh gin cho HS thy cht lng gy p
lng. bnh v mi im ca vt t trong trong lng cht lng. sut theo mi phng ln y bnh,
Hin tng tn ti ca p sut cht lng, chng hn thnh bnh v cc vt nm trong n.
nh:
2 Nu c p sut c cng tr [TH]. Nu c
s ti cc im cng mt Trong mt cht lng ng yn, p sut ti nhng im
cao trong lng mt cht lng. trn cng mt mt phng nm ngang (c cng su h)
c ln nh nhau.
Cng thc tnh p sut cht lng l p = d.h; trong , p
l p sut y ct cht lng, d l trng lng ring ca
cht lng, h l chiu cao ca ct cht lng.
Cng thc ny cng p dng cho mt im rt b
trong lng cht lng, vi h l su ca im so vi
mt thong.
3 Nu c cc mt thong [TH]. Nu c
trong bnh thng nhau cha Trong bnh thng nhau cha cng mt cht lng ng
cng mt cht lng ng yn yn, cc mt thong ca cht lng cc nhnh khc
th cng cao. nhau u cng mt cao.
B phn chnh ca my p thy lc gm hai ng hnh
M t c cu to ca my tr tit din s v S khc nhau, thng vi nhau, trong c
nn thy lc v nu c cha cht lng, mi ng c mt pt tng. Khi ta tc dng
nguyn tc hot ng ca my mt lc f ln pt tng A. lc ny gy mt p sut p ln
ny l truyn nguyn vn f
tng p sut ti mi ni trong mt cht lng p = s p sut ny c cht lng truyn
cht lng. i nguyn vn ti pit tng B v gy ra lc F = pS nng
pt tng B ln.
4 Vn dng c cng thc p = [VD]. Vn dng cng thc p = dh gii thch c V d:
dh i vi p sut trong lng mt s hin tng n gin lin quan n p sut cht 1. Gii thch v sao khi ln xung su,
cht lng. lng v gii c bi tp tm gi tr mt i lng khi ta cm thy tc ngc.
bit gi tr ca hai i lng kia. 2. Mt thng cao 80cm ng y nc,
tnh p sut tc dng ln y thng v
mt im cch y thng 20cm. Bit
trng lng ring ca nc l
10000N/m3.
9. P SUT KH QUYN
Chun kin thc, k nng

M t c hin tng chng [TH]. M t c th nghim T-ri-xe-li. V d: Khi cm ngp mt ng thy tinh
t s tn ti ca p sut kh (Xem li cho chun) (di khong 30cm) h mt u vo mt
quyn. chu nc, dng tay bt u trn ca
ng v nhc ng thy tinh ln, ta thy
c phn nc trong ng khng b chy
xung.
- Phn nc trong ng khng b chy
xung l do p sut khng kh bn
ngoi ng thy tinh tc dng vo phn
di ca ct nc ln hn p sut ca
ct nc . Chng t khng kh c p
sut.
- Nu ta th tay ra th phn nc trong
ng s chy xung, v p sut khng
kh tc dng ln c mt di v mt
trn ca ct cht lng. Lc ny phn
nc trong ng chu tc dng ca trng
lc nn chy xung.
10. LC Y C-SI-MT
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 M t c hin tng v s [TH]. M t c hin tng v s tn ti ca lc y
tn ti ca lc y c-si-mt c-si-mt, v d nh:
1. Khi nng mt vt di nc ta, cm thy nh hn
khi nng vt trong khng kh.
2. Ta nhn qu bng bn chm trong nc, ri th tay
ra, qu bng b y ni ln mt nc.
2 Vn dng c cng thc v [VD]. Nu c Mi vt nhng vo cht lng b cht
lc y c-si-mt F = V.d. Cng thc lc y c - si - mt l FA = d.V, trong , lng y thng ng t di ln vi lc
FA l lc y c-si-mt (N), d l trng lng ring ca c ln bng trng lng ca phn
cht lng (N/m3), V l th tch cht lng b vt chim cht lng b vt chim ch. Lc ny gi
ch (m3). l lc y c-si-mt.
Vn dng c cng thc F = Vd gii cc bi tp V d: Mt vt c khi lng 682,5g
khi bit gi tr ca hai trong ba i lng F, V, d v tm lm bng cht c khi lng ring
gi tr ca i lng cn li. 10,5g/cm3 c nhng hon ton trong
nc. Cho trng lng ring ca nc
l 10000N/m3. Lc y c-si-mt tc
dng ln vt l bao nhiu?
11. THC HNH: NGHIM LI LC Y C-SI-MT
ST Chun kin thc, k nng quy

Mc th hin c th ca chun kin thc, k nng Ghi ch
T nh trong chng trnh
Tin hnh c th nghim [VD]. Nu v tin hnh c th nghim nghim li
nghim li lc y c-si-mt lc y c-si-mt theo cc bc sau:
o lc y c-si-mt.
o trng lng ca cht lng c th tch bng th tch
ca vt.
So snh kt qu o P v FA.
Kt lun: Lc y c-si-mt bng trng lng ca
phn cht lng b vt chim ch.
Bi 12. S NI
Chun kin thc, k nng
Nu c iu kin ni ca [TH]. Nu c Khi mt vt c, ng cht nhng
vt. Mt vt nhng trong lng cht lng chu hai lc tc trong lng cht lng th c 3 trng
dng l trng lng (P) ca vt v lc y c-si-mt hp xy ra:
(FA) th + Vt chm xung nu dv > dl;
+ Vt chm xung khi FA < P. + Vt nm l lng trong lng cht
+ Vt ni ln khi FA > P. lng nu dv = dl.
+ Vt l lng khi P = FA + Vt ni ln trn mt cht lng nu
Khi vt ni trn mt cht lng th lc y c-simt dv < dl.
c tnh bng biu thc: FA = d.V, trong , V l th
tch ca phn vt chm trong cht lng, d l trng lng
ring ca cht lng.
13. CNG C HC
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Nu c v d trong lc [TH]. Nu c mt v d thc t v lc thc hin cng
thc hin cng hoc khng v khng thc hin cng, chng hn nh:
thc hin cng 1. Mt ngi ko mt chic xe chuyn ng trn
ng. Lc ko ca ngi thc hin cng.
2. Ngi lc s c t qu t t th ng thng,
mc d rt mt nhc nhng ngi lc s khng thc
hin cng.
2 Vit c cng thc tnh cng [NB]. Nu c iu kin c cng c hc l C
c hc cho trng hp hng Cng thc tnh cng c hc l A = F.s, trong , A l lc tc dng vo vt v c s dch
ca lc trng vi hng dch cng ca lc F, F l lc tc dng vo vt, s l qung chuyn ca vt theo phng ca lc.
chuyn ca im t lc. Nu ng vt dch chuyn theo hng ca lc. Ngoi n v Jun, cng c hc cn o
c n v o cng. n v ca cng l Jun, k hiu l J bng n v kil Jun (kJ); 1kJ = 1000J
1 J = 1 N.1 m = 1 Nm Lu : lp 8 khng a ra nh
ngha cng c hc m ch nu du hiu
c trng ca cng c hc thng qua
cc v d c th. Cng thc tnh cng
c hc A = F.s ch l mt trng hp
c bit (phng ca lc tc dng trng
vi phng chuyn dch).
3 Vn dng cng thc [VD]. Vn dng c cng thc A = Fs gii c cc V d:
A = Fs. bi tp khi bit gi tr ca hai trong ba i lng trong 1. Mt vt c khi lng 500g, ri t
cng thc v tm i lng cn li. cao 20dm xung t. Tnh cng ca
trng lc?
2. Mt u my xe la ko cc toa bng
lc F = 7500N. Tnh cng ca lc ko
khi cc toa xe chuyn ng c qung
ng s = 8km.
14. NH LUT V CNG
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Pht biu c nh lut bo [NB]. Nu c nh lut v Cng hc lp 8 c
ton cng cho cc my c n nh lut v cng: Khng mt my c n gin no rt ra t th nghim vi cc my c n
gin. cho ta li v cng. c li bao nhiu ln v lc th gin: Rng rc ng, n by,...
thit by nhiu ln v ng i v ngc li. Trong thc t, cc my c n gin
bao gi cng c ma st, do cng
thc hin phi dng thng ma st v
nng vt ln. Cng ny gi l cng ton
phn, cng nng vt ln l cng c ch.
Cng thng ma st l cng hao ph.
Cng ton phn = Cng c ch + cng
hao ph
T s gia cng c ch v cng ton
phn gi l hiu sut ca my.
2 Nu c v d minh ha. [TH]. Nu c mt v d minh ha cho nh lut v V d:
cng 1. Dng rng rc ng c li hai ln
- S dng rng rc. v lc th li thit hai ln v ng i.
- S dng mt phng nghing. Khng cho li v cng.
- S dng n by. 2. Dng mt phng nghin nng vt
ln cao, nu c li bao nhiu ln v
lc th thit by nhiu ln v ng i.
Cng thc hin nng vt khng thay
i.
15. CNG SUT
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Nu c cng sut l g? [NB]. Nu c
Vit c cng thc tnh Cng sut c xc nh bng cng thc hin c
cng sut v nu n v o trong mt n v thi gian.
cng sut. A
P
Cng thc tnh cng sut l t ; trong , P l
cng sut, A l cng thc hin (J), t l thi gian thc
hin cng (s).
n v cng sut l ot, k hiu l W.
1 W = 1 J/s (jun trn giy)
1 kW (kilot) = 1 000 W
1 MW (mgaot) =1 000 000 W
2 Nu c ngha s ghi cng [TH]. Nu c V d:
sut trn cc my mc, dng S ghi cng sut trn cc my mc, dng c hay thit S ghi cng sut trn ng c in
c hay thit b. b l cng sut nh mc ca dng c hay thit b . P = 1000 W, c ngha l khi ng c
lm vic bnh thng th trong 1s n
thc hin c mt cng l 1000 J.
3 Vn dng c cng thc: A V d:
P
P
A [VD]. Vn dng c cng thc t gii c 1. Mt cng nhn khun vc trong 2
t cc bi tp tm mt i lng khi bit gi tr ca 2 i gi c 48 thng hng, khun vc
mi thng hng phi tn mt cng l
lng cn li.
15000 J. Tnh cng sut ca ngi cng
nhn ?
2. Mt ngi ko mt vt t ging su
8 m ln u trong 20 s. Ngi y phi
dng mt lc F = 180 N. Tnh cng v
cng sut ca ngi ko.
Bi 16. C NNG
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Nu c vt c khi lng [TH]. Nu c Th nng hp dn ca vt ph thuc
cng ln, cao cng ln Khi mt vt c kh nng thc hin cng c hc th ta vo mc tnh cao.
th th nng cng ln. ni vt c c nng. C nng tn ti di hai dng ng
nng v th nng.
C nng ca vt ph thuc vo v tr ca vt so vi
mt t, hoc so vi mt v tr khc c chn lm mc
tnh cao, gi l th nng hp dn. Vt c khi
lng cng ln v cng cao th th nng hp dn cng
ln.
2 Nu c v d chng t mt [TH]. Nu c v d chng t vt n hi b bin dng V d: Nn mt l xo l trn v buc li
vt n hi b bin dng th c th c th nng; (th nng ca l xo, dy chun khi b bng mt si dy khng dn, lc ny l
th nng. bin dng) xo b bin dng. Nu ct t si dy,
th l xo b bt ra v lm bn ming g
t pha trc l xo. Nh vy, khi l xo
b bin dng th n c c nng.
C nng ca vt n hi b bin dng
gi l th nng n hi.
4 Nu c vt c khi lng [NB]. Nu c
cng ln, vn tc cng ln th C nng ca mt vt do chuyn ng m c gi l
ng nng cng ln. ng nng. Vt c khi lng cng ln v chuyn ng
cng nhanh th ng nng ca vt cng ln.
17. S CHUYN HO V BO TON C NNG
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Pht biu c nh lut bo [NB]. Nu c
ton v chuyn ho c nng. Trong qu trnh c hc, ng nng v th nng c th
Nu c v d v nh lut chuyn ho ln nhau nhng c nng c bo ton.
ny.
2 Nu c v d v s chuyn [TH]. Nu c v d v s chuyn ho ca cc dng
ho ca cc dng c nng. c nng, chng hn nh:
Khi quan st qu bng ri t cao h n chm mt
t, ta thy: trong thi gian qu bng ri, cao ca qu
bng gim dn, vn tc ca qu bng tng dn. Nh
vy, th nng ca qu bng gim dn, cn ng nng
ca qu bng tng dn. iu chng t c s
chuyn ho c nng t th nng sang ng nng.
Khi qu bng chm mt t, n ny ln. Trong thi
gian ny ln, cao ca qu bng tng dn, vn tc ca
n gim dn. Nh vt, th nng ca qu bng tng dn,
ng nng ca qu bng gim dn. iu chng t
c s chuyn ha c nng t t ng nng sang th
nng.
B. NHIT HC
I. CHUN KIN THC, K NNG
CH MC CN T GHI CH
Kin thc
- Nu c cc cht u c cu to t cc phn t, nguyn t.
- Nu c gia cc nguyn t, phn t c khong cch.
- Nu c cc nguyn t, phn t chuyn ng khng ngng.
- Nu c nhit cng cao th cc phn t chuyn ng cng nhanh.
K nng
- Gii thch c mt s hin tng xy ra do gia cc nguyn t, phn t c
khong cch hoc do chng chuyn ng khng ngng.
- Gii thch c hin tng khuch tn.
2. Nhit nng Kin thc Nhit nng l tng ng
a) Nhit nng v s - Pht biu c nh ngha nhit nng. Nu c nhit ca mt vt cng cao nng ca cc phn t cu
truyn nhit th nhit nng ca n cng ln. to nn vt.
b) Nhit lng. Cng - Nu c tn hai cch lm bin i nhit nng v tm c v d minh ho cho
thc tnh nhit lng mi cch.
c) Phng trnh - Nu c tn ca ba cch truyn nhit (dn nhit, i lu, bc x nhit) v tm
cn bng nhit c v d minh ho cho mi cch.
- Pht biu c nh ngha nhit lng v nu c n v o nhit lng l g.
- Nu c v d chng t nhit lng trao i ph thuc vo khi lng, tng
gim nhit v cht cu to nn vt.
- Ch ra c nhit ch t truyn t vt c nhit cao sang vt c nhit thp
hn.
K nng Ch yu cu HS gii cc bi
o
- Vn dng c cng thc Q = m.c.Dt . tp n gin v trao i
nhit gia ti a l ba vt.
- Vn dng c kin thc v cc cch truyn nhit gii thch mt s hin
tng n gin.
- Vn dng c phng trnh cn bng nhit gii mt s bi tp n gin.
II. HNG DN THC HIN
18. CC CHT C CU TO NH TH NO ?
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Nu c cc cht u cu to [NB]. Nu c
t cc phn t, nguyn t. Cc cht c cu to t cc ht ring bit gi l
nguyn t v phn t.
2 Nu c gia cc phn t, [NB]. Nu c
nguyn t c khong cch. Gia cc phn t, nguyn t c khong cch.
3 Gii thch c mt s hin [VD]. Gii thch c mt s hin tng xy ra do gia Gii thch:
tng xy ra do gia cc phn cc phn t, nguyn t c khong cch, chng hn nh: 1. Cng nh mi cht khc, ng
t, nguyn t c khong cch. 1. Gii thch ti sao khi th mt ming ng vo v nc u cu to t nhng ht ring
nc ri khuy ln, ng tan v nc c v ngt. bit, rt nh, mt khng nhn thy
2. Gii thch ti sao khi trn ln ru vi nc, th c. Nhng ht ng v ht nc
tch ca hn hp nc v ru nh hn tng th tch ny khi c khuy ln s trn ln vi
ca nc v ru. nhau. V vy, khi ung nc trong cc
3. Ly mt cc nc y trn v mt tha mui tinh. ta thy c v ngt ca ng.
Cho mui dn dn vo cc nc. Ti sao mui tan vo 2. Cng nh mi cht khc, ng
nc m nc khng trn ra ngoi? v nc u cu to t nhng ht ring
bit, rt nh v gia chng c khong
cch. Khi trn ln, cc ht ru xen
vo khong cch gia cc ht nc v
ngc li. V th m th tch ca hn
hp ru - nc gim i.
19. NGUYN T, PHN T CHUYN NG HAY NG YN?
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Nu c cc phn t, nguyn [NB]. Nu c
t chuyn ng khng ngng Cc phn t, nguyn t chuyn ng khng ngng.
2 Nu c nhit cng cao [NB]. Nu c
th cc phn t chuyn ng Nhit ca vt cng cao th cc nguyn t, phn t
cng nhanh. cu to nn vt chuyn ng cng nhanh.
3 Gii thch c mt s hin [VD]. Gii thch c chuyn ng ca cc ht phn
tng xy ra do cc nguyn hoa trong th nghim ca B - rao.
t, phn t chuyn ng Khi quan st cc ht phn hoa trong nc bng knh
khng ngng. hin vi, B-rao pht hin thy chng chuyn ng
khng ngng v mi pha.
Nguyn nhn gy ra chuyn ng ca cc ht phn
hoa trong th nghim ca B-rao l do cc phn t nc
khng ng yn, m chuyn ng khng ngng. Trong
khi chuyn dng cc phn t nc va chm vi cc
ht phn hoa, cc va chm ny khng cn bng nhau v
lm cho cc ht phn hoa chuyn ng hn n khng
ngng.
4 Gii thch c hin tng [VD]. Nu c
khuch tn. Hin tng khuch tn l hin tng cc cht t ho
ln vo nhau do chuyn ng khng ngng ca cc
phn t, nguyn t.
Gii thch c mt s hin tng, chng hn nh:
1. Gii thch ti sao trong nc h, ao, sng, bin li
c khng kh mc d khng kh nh hn nc.
2. Gii thch ti sao m nt mt l nc hoa trong lp
hc, sau thi gian ngn c lp ngi thy mi thm.
3. Gii thch ti sao mui c th ngm vo da, c khi
mui da c.
20. NHIT NNG
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Pht biu c nh ngha [NB]. Nu c
nhit nng. Nhit nng ca mt vt l tng ng nng ca cc
Nu c nhit ca vt phn t cu to nn vt.
cng cao th nhit nng ca n n v nhit nng l jun (J).
cng ln. Nhit ca vt cng cao, th cc phn t cu to
nn vt chuyn ng cng nhanh v nhit nng ca vt
cng ln.
2 Nu c tn hai cch lm [TH]. Nu c
bin i nhit nng v tm C th lm thay i nhit nng ca mt vt bng hai
c v d minh ho cho mi cch: thc hin cng hoc truyn nhit.
cch. Nu c v d minh ha cho mi cch lm bin i
nhit nng, v d nh:
1. Thc hin cng: C xt ming ng vo mt bn, ta
thy ming ng nng ln. iu chng t, ng nng
ca cc phn t ng tng ln.
2. Truyn nhit: Th mt chic tha bng nhm vo cc
nc nng ta thy tha nng ln, nhit nng ca tha
tng chng t c s truyn nhit t nc sang tha
nhm.
3 Pht biu c nh ngha [NB]. Nu c
nhit lng v nu c n Nhit lng l phn nhit nng m vt nhn thm
v o nhit lng l g. c hay mt bt i trong qu trnh truyn nhit.
n v ca nhit lng l jun (J).
21. DN NHIT
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Ly c v d minh ho v [TH]. Nu c v d minh ha v s dn nhit, chng Dn nhit l s truyn nhit nng t
s dn nhit hn nh: phn ny sang phn khc ca mt vt
Khi t mt u thanh kim loi, chm tay vo u hoc t vt ny sang vt khc.
kia ta thy nng dn ln. iu chng t, nhit nng Cht rn dn nhit tt. Trong cht rn,
c truyn t u kim loi ny n u kia ca kim loi dn nhit tt nht. Cht lng
thanh kim loi bng hnh thc dn nhit. v cht kh dn nhit km.
Nhng mt u chic tha nhm vo cc nc si,
cm tay cn tha ta thy nng. iu chng t nhit
lng truyn t tha ti cn tha bng hnh thc dn
nhit.
2 Vn dng kin thc v dn [VD]. Vn dng kin thc v dn nhit v tnh dn nhit Gii thch:
nhit gii thch mt s hin ca cc cht gii thch mt s hin tng n gin, 1. Kim loi dn nhit tt nn ni hay
tng n gin. chng hn nh: xoong thng lm bng kim loi d
1. Gii thch ti sao ni, xoong thng lm bng kim dng truyn nhit n thc n cn un
loi, cn bt a, m chn li thng lm bng s. nu. S dn nhit km nn bt hay a
2. Gii thch ti sao v ma ng mc nhiu o mng thng lm bng s khi ta cm
m hn mt o dy. khng b nng.
3. Gii thch ti sao chn khng khng dn nhit.
22. I LU - BC X NHIT
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Ly c v d minh ho v [TH]. Nu c v d minh ho v s i lu, chng i lu l s truyn nhit bng nh
s i lu hn nh: to thnh dng cht lng hoc cht kh.
1. Khi un nc, ta thy c dng i lu chuyn ng l hnh thc truyn nhit ch yu
t di y bnh ln trn mt nc v t trn mt nc ca cht lng v cht kh.
xung y bnh. S i lu trong kh quyn c tc
2. S to thnh gi: Mt Tri lm nng mt t. dng iu ha nhit kh quyn.
ch mt t b nng nhiu, lp khng kh gn mt t
nng ln, n ra, nh i v bay ln. Khng kh cc
min lnh dn ti chim ch, t thnh dng i lu
trong t nhin, tc l to thnh gi.
3. S thng gi: Trong cc bp l hay cc l cao,
ngi ta dng ng khi to ra lc ht kh. Khng kh
trong l b t nng theo ng khi bay ln. Khng kh
lnh ngoi la vo ca l. Nh l lun c khng
kh t chy nhin liu.
2 Ly c v d minh ho v [TH]. Ly c v d minh ho v bc x nhit, chng Bc x nhit l s truyn nhit bng
bc x nhit hn nh: cc tia nhit i thng.
1. Mt tri hng ngy truyn mt nhit lng khng l Bc x nhit c th xy ra c trong
xung Tri t bng bc x nhit. chn khng. Nhng vt cng sm mu
2. Khi ta t bn tay gn v ngang vi m nc nng, v cng x x th hp th bc x nhit
tay ta c cm gic nng. Nhit nng truyn t m cng mnh.
nc nng n tay ta bng bc x nhit.
3 Vn dng c kin thc v [VD]. Vn dng c kin thc v i lu, bc x nhit Gii thch:
i lu, bc x nhit gii v tnh cht bc x v hp th bc x nhit ca cc cht 1. V, o sng mu t hp th bc x
thch mt s hin tng n gii thch hin tng n gin lin quan, chng hn nhit ca Mt Tri cn o ti mu hp
gin. nh: th mnh.
1. Gii thch ti sao v ma H, mc o mu trng
mt hn mc o ti mu.
2. Gii thch ti sao khi mun un nng cc cht lng
v cht kh, ngi ta phi un t pha di.
3. Trong chn khng, trong cht rn c x ra i lu
khng? Ti sao?
23. CNG THC TNH NHIT LNG
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Nu c v d chng t nhit [TH]. Nu c
lng trao i ph thuc vo Nhit lng m mt vt thu vo nng ln ph
khi lng, tng gim thuc vo ba yu t: khi lng ca vt, tng nhit
nhit v cht cu to nn ca vt v nhit dung ring ca cht cu to nn vt.
vt. Th nghim (Hnh 24.1, 24.2, 24.3 SGK)
V d:
1. Hai lng nc khc nhau v cng mt nhit .
Nu em un si cng mt ngun nhit, th thi gian
un si chng cng khc nhau. Chng t, nhit lng
ca nc thu vo ph thuc vo khi lng ca nc.
2. Khi ta un cng mt ngun nhit hai lng nc
nh nhau trong cng hai cc thu tinh ging nhau v
u cng mt nhit ban u. Nu un cc th nht
thi gian di hn (cha n nhit si) th tng
nhit ca n s ln hn cc th hai. Nh vy, nhit
lng ca nc thu vo ph thuc vo tng nhit .
3. Dng cng mt ngun nhit un hai cht khc
nhau nhng c cng khi lng v cng nhit ban
u. chng tng ln n cng mt nhit , th thi
gian cung cp nhit cho chng cng khc nhau. Nh
vy, nhit lng ca vt thu vo ph thuc vo cht cu
to nn vt.
2 Vn dng cng thc [VD]. Calo l nhit lng cn thit lm cho
Q = m.c.Dt Vit c cng thc tnh nhit lng: Q = m.c.Dt, 1 gam nc 4oC nng ln thm 1oC.
trong : Q l nhit lng vt thu vo, c n v l J; m V d:
l khi lng ca vt c n v l kg; c l nhit dung 1. Tnh nhit lng cn thit un si
ring ca cht lm vt, c n v l J/kg.K; Dt = t2 - t1 l 2kg nc t 200C bit nhit dung ring
tng nhit c n v l C (oC) ca nc l 4200J/kg.K.
Nhit dung ring ca mt cht cho bit nhit lng 2. Cn cung cp mt nhit lng
cn thit lm cho 1kg cht tng thm 1oC. 59000J un nng mt ming kim
Vn dng c cng thc Q = m.c.Dt gii c loi c khi lng 5kg t 200C ln
mt s bi khi bit gi tr ca ba i lng, tnh i 500C. Hi ming kim loi c lm
lng cn li. bng cht g?
3 [VD].
24. PHNG TRNH CN BNG NHIT
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Ch ra c nhit ch t [TH]. Nu c V d: Mt ming ng c nung
truyn t vt c nhit cao Khi hai vt trao i nhit vi nhau th: nng, nu em th vo cc nc th cc
sang vt c nhit thp hn. Nhit nng truyn t vt c nhit cao hn sang vt nc s nng ln cn ming ng s
c nhit thp hn. ngui i, cho n khi nhit ca
S truyn nhit xy ra cho ti khi nhit ca hai vt chng bng nhau.
bng nhau th ngng li.
Nhit lng do vt ny to ra bng nhit lng do vt
kia thu vo.
2 Vit c phng trnh cn [NB]. Nu c
bng nhit cho trng hp c Phng trnh cn bng nhit:
hai vt trao i nhit vi nhau. Qto ra = Qthu vo
trong : Qto ra = m.c.Dt; Dt = t1 t2
Qthu vo = m.c.Dt; Dt = t2 t1
3 Vn dng phng trnh cn [VD]. Vn dng phng trnh cn bng nhit gii
bng nhit gii mt s bi c bi ton gm nhiu nht ba vt trao i nhit vi
tp n gin. nhau
LP 9
A - IN HC
CH MC CN T GHI CH
1. in tr Kin thc
ca dy dn. - Nu c in tr ca mi dy dn c trng cho mc cn tr dng in ca dy dn
nh lut m .
a) Khi nim - Nu c in tr ca mt dy dn c xc nh nh th no v c n v o l g.
in tr. nh - Pht biu c nh lut m i vi mt on mch c in tr.
lut m
- Vit c cng thc tnh in tr tng ng i vi on mch ni tip, on mch
b) on mch song song gm nhiu nht ba in tr.
ni tip. on
mch song - Nu c mi quan h gia in tr ca dy dn vi di, tit din v vt liu lm dy
song dn. Nu c cc vt liu khc nhau th c in tr sut khc nhau.
- Nhn bit c cc loi bin tr.
c) S ph K nng
thuc ca in - Xc nh c in tr ca mt on mch bng vn k v ampe k.
tr dy dn vo - Xc nh c bng th nghim mi quan h gia in tr tng ng ca on mch
chiu di, tit ni tip hoc song song vi cc in tr thnh phn.
din v vt liu
lm dy dn - Vn dng c nh lut m cho on mch gm nhiu nht ba in tr thnh phn.
d) Bin tr v - Xc nh c bng th nghim mi quan h gia in tr ca dy dn vi chiu di, tit
din v vi vt liu lm dy dn.
cc in tr l
trong k thut r
- Vn dng c cng thc R = S v gii thch c cc hin tng n gin lin quan
ti in tr ca dy dn. Khng yu cu HS xc nh tr
- Gii thch c nguyn tc hot ng ca bin tr con chy. S dng c bin tr s in tr theo cc vng mu.
iu chnh cng dng in trong mch.
- Vn dng c nh lut m v cng thc
l
r
R = S gii bi ton v mch in s dng vi hiu in th khng i, trong c
mc bin tr.
2. Cng v Kin thc
cng sut ca - Nu c ngha cc tr s vn v oat c ghi trn cc thit b tiu th in nng.
dng in - Vit c cc cng thc tnh cng sut in v in nng tiu th ca mt on mch.
a) Cng thc - Nu c mt s du hiu chng t dng in mang nng lng.
tnh cng v
cng sut ca - Ch ra c s chuyn ho cc dng nng lng khi n in, bp in, bn l, nam
dng in chm in, ng c in hot ng.
- Pht biu v vit c h thc ca nh lut Jun Len-x.
- Nu c tc hi ca on mch v tc dng ca cu ch.
b) nh lut K nng
Jun Len-x - Xc nh c cng sut in ca mt on mch bng vn k v ampe k. Vn dng
c) S dng an c cc cng thc P = UI, A = P t = UIt i vi on mch tiu th in nng.
ton v tit - Vn dng c nh lut Jun Len-x gii thch cc hin tng n gin c lin
kim in nng quan.
- Gii thch v thc hin c cc bin php thng thng s dng an ton in v s
dng tit kim in nng.
II. HNG DN THC HIN

1. S PH THUC CA CNG DNG IN VO HIU IN TH GIA HAI U DY DN. IN TR CA
DY DN - NH LUT M
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Nu c in tr ca mi [NB]. Nu c
dy dn c trng cho mc in tr ca mi dy dn c trng cho mc cn
cn tr dng in ca dy tr dng in ca dy dn.
dn .
2 Nu c in tr ca mt [NB]. Nu c
dy dn c xc nh nh Mt dy dn c mc vo mch in. U l hu in
th no v c n v o l g. th gia hai u dy, I l cng dng in chy qua
U
R
dy. Tr s I l khng i i vi mi dy dn v
c gi l in tr ca dy dn .
n v in tr l m, k hiu l .
1 k (kilm) = 1 000
1 M (mgam) = 1 000 000
3 Pht biu c nh lut m [NB]. Nu c th biu th s ph thuc ca I vo U
i vi on mch c in Cng dng in chy qua dy dn t l thun l ng thng i qua gc ta trong
tr. vi hiu in th t vo hai u dy v t l nghch vi h ta IOU.
in tr ca dy.
U
I
H thc ca nh lut m: R , trong I l
cng dng in chy trong dy dn, o bng ampe
(A); U l hiu in th gia hai u dy dn, o bng
vn (V); R l in tr ca dy dn, o bng m ().
4 Vn dng c nh lut m [VD]. Gii c mt s bi tp vn dng h thc nh V d: Cng dng in chy qua
gii mt s bi tp n U mt dy dn l 3 A khi hiu in th
I
gin. R , khi bit gi tr ca hai trong ba i gia hai du dy dn l 30 V.
lut m
a. Tnh in tr ca dy dn?
lng U, I, R v tm gi tr ca i lng cn li.
b. t vo hai u dy mt hiu in
th l 20 V. Tnh cng dng in
qua dy dn?
2. THC HNH: XC NH IN TR CA MT DY DN BNG AMPE K V VN K
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Xc nh c in tr ca [TH]. Nu v thc hin c.
dy dn bng vn k v ampe - V s mch in gm mt dy dn c in tr,
k. mt ngun in, mt cng tc, mt vn k v mt ampe
k.
- Lp mch in theo s .
- o c cc gi tr U v I.
U
R
- Tnh c gi tr ca in tr t cng thc: I
3. ON MCH NI TIP
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Vit c cng thc tnh in [NB]. Nu c in tr tng ng (Rt ) ca mt
tr tng ng i vi on in tr tng ng ca on mch gm ba in on mch gm nhiu in tr mc ni
mch ni tip gm nhiu nht tr mc ni tip l Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 tip (hoc song song) l in tr c th
ba in tr. thay th cho on mch ny, sao cho
vi cng mt hiu in th t vo
on mch th cng dng in
chy qua on mch vn c gi tr nh
trc.
2 Xc nh c bng th [VD]. Nu v thc hin c
nghim mi quan h gia in 1. Mc mch in gm hai in tr R1 v R2 bit
tr tng ng ca on trc gi tr ni tip vi nhau; dng ampe k o cng
mch ni tip vi cc in tr dng in chy qua on mch; mt cng tc; mt
thnh phn. ngun in. o v ghi gi tr I ca s ch ampe k.
2. Gi nguyn hiu in th gia hai u on mch,
thay R1 v R2 bng mt in tr c gi tr Rt = R1 + R2.
o v ghi gi tr Ica s ch ampe k.
3. So snh gi tr ca I v I
4. Kt lun: U khng i, I = I. Vy Rt = R1 + R2
3 Vn dng c nh lut m [VD]. Gii c mt s bi tp dng sau: V d: Hai in tr R1 = 50 W; R2 =
cho on mch ni tip gm Cho bit gi tr ca in tr R1, R2 v hiu in th trn 100 W c mc ni tip vo hai u
nhiu nht ba in tr thnh hai u on mch R1, R2 mc ni tip. mt on mch, cng dng in
phn. a. Tnh: qua mch l 0,16 A.
- in tr tng ng ca on mch. a) V s mch in.
- Cng dng in chy qua mi in tr v hiu b) Tnh hiu in th gia hai
in th trn cc in tr. u mi in tr v hiu in th hai
b. Mc ni tip vo on mch in tr R3 khi bit trc u on mch.
gi tr ca n. Tnh in tr tng ng ca on mch
v so snh vi in tr thnh phn.
2. Cho mch in nh hnh v, trong bit: gi tr ca
R1; khi K ng bit s ch ca vn k v ampe k.
a. Tnh in tr tng ng ca on mch ?
b. Tnh in tr R2 ?
c. Gi nguyn hiu in th trn hai u on mch,
mc thm in tr R3 ni tip vi R1 R2. Khi bit gi tr
ca R3, tnh hiu in th gia hai u mi in tr.
4. ON MCH SONG SONG
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Vit c cng thc tnh in [NB]. Nu c Vi hai in tr R1, R2 mc song song
tr tng ng i vi on in tr tng ng ca on mch gm ba in R 1R 2
mch song song gm nhiu 1 1 1 1 R t
th: R1 R 2
nht ba in tr. R R R R
tr mc song song l t 1 2 3
2 Xc nh c bng th [VD]. Nu v thc hin c Tin hnh th nghim:

nghim mi quan h gia in 1. Mc mch in gm in tr R1, R2 bit trc
tr tng ng ca on gi tr v mc chng song song vi nhau; dng ampe
mch song song vi cc in k o cng dng in chy qua mch chnh; mt
tr thnh phn. cng tc; mt ngun in. o v ghi gi tr I ca s ch
ampe k.
2. Gi nguyn hiu in th gia hai u on mch,
thay R1 v R2 bng mt in tr tng ng ca Rt
1 1 1

chng c gi tr R t R 1 R 2 . o v ghi gi tr
Ica s ch ampe k.
3. So snh gi tr ca I v I
1 1 1

5. Kt lun: U khng i, I = I. Vy R t R1 R 2
3 Vn dng nh lut m cho [VD]. Gii c mt s bi tp sau: V d:
on mch song song gm 1. Cho bit gi tr ca hai in tr R1, R2 v hiu in 1. Mt on mch gm 2 in tr R1
nhiu nht ba in tr thnh th trn hai u on mch mc song song. = 9 W; R2 = 6 W mc song song vi
phn. a. Hy tnh: nhau, t hiu in th U = 7,2 V
+ in tr tng ng ca on mch? a. Tnh in tr tng ng ca
+ Cng dng in qua mch chnh v qua mi in on mch?
tr? b. Tnh cng dng in trong
b. Mc thm in tr song song vi on mch trn. mi on mch r v cng dng
Tnh in tr tng ng ca mch v so snh in tr in trong mch chnh?
tng ng vi mi in tr thnh phn. 2. Cho mch in nh s hnh v
2. Cho mch in nh hnh v, trong cho bit gi tr (hnh 1.1), vn k ch 36 V, ampe k ch
ca R1. Khi K ng cho bit s ch ca ampe k A v 3 A, R1 = 30 W.
ampe k A1. a. Tm s ch ca cc ampe k A1 v
a. Tnh hiu in th UAB ca on mch ? A2 ?
b. Tnh in tr R2 ? b. Tnh in tr R2 ?
6. S PH THUC CA IN TR VO CHIU DI DY DN
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Xc nh c bng th [VD]. Nu v tin hnh c th nghim nghin cu s
nghim mi quan h gia in ph thuc ca in tr vo chiu di dy dn theo cc
tr ca dy dn vi di dy bc.
dn. - o in tr R1, R2, R3 ca ba dy dn c chiu di
l1 = l, l2 = 2l, l3 = 3l; c lm cng bng mt vt liu;
c cng tit din.
R1 R 2 R 1 l1 l2 l1
- Lp cc t s: R 2 ; R 3 ; R 3 v l2 ; l3 ; l3 .
R1 l1 R 2 l2 R 1
- So snh cc t s: R 2 vi l2 ; R 3 vi l3 ; R 3 vi
l1
l3 .
- Rt ra kt lun: in tr ca dy dn t l thun vi
chiu di ca dy
2 Nu c mi quan h gia [NB]. Nu c
in tr ca dy dn vi in tr ca cc dy dn c cng tit din v c
di dy dn. lm t cng mt loi vt liu th t l thun vi chiu di
ca mi dy.
i vi hai dy dn c cng tit din v c lm t
R1 l1
cng mt loi vt liu th R 2 = l2 .
7. S PH THUC CA IN TR VO TIT DIN DY DN
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Xc nh c bng th [VD]. Nu v tin hnh c th nghim nghin cu s
nghim mi quan h gia in ph thuc ca in tr vo tit din ca dy dn theo
tr ca dy dn vi tit din cc bc.
ca dy dn. - o in tr ca hai dy dn dn hnh tr, c lm
cng mt vt liu; mi dy c chiu di l; c tit din S1
= S v S2 = 2S.
R 1 S2
- Lp v so snh t s R 2 , S1 vi nhau.
- Rt ra kt lun: in tr ca dy dn t l nghch vi
tit din ca dy.
2 Nu c mi quan h gia [TH]. Nu c
in tr ca dy dn vi tit in tr ca cc dy dn c cng chiu di v c
din ca dy dn. lm t cng mt loi vt liu th t l nghch vi tit din
ca dy.
i vi hai dy dn c cng chiu di v c lm
R 1 S2
t cng mt la vt liu th R 2 = S1
8. S PH THUC CA IN TR VO VT LIU LM DY DN
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Xc nh c bng th [VD]. Nu v tin hnh th nghim s ph thuc ca
nghim mi quan h gia in in tr vo vt liu lm dy dn theo cc bc:
tr ca dy dn vi vt liu - o in tr ca ba dy dn c lm bng ba vt
lm dy dn. Nu c mi liu hon ton khc nhau (ng, st, nhm), c cng
quan h gia in tr ca dy chiu di v c cng tit din.
dn vi vt liu lm dy dn. - So snh gi tr ca in tr ca ba dy dn khc
nhau.
- Rt ra kt lun: in tr ca dy dn ph thuc vo
vt liu lm dy dn.
2 Nu c cc vt liu khc [NB]. Nu c in tr sut ca mt vt liu (hay mt
nhau th c in tr sut khc Cc vt liu khc nhau th c in tr sut khc nhau, cht) c tr s bng in tr ca mt
nhau. v d in tr sut ca st l 12.10-8 .m, ca ng l on dy dn hnh tr c lm bng
1,7.10-8 .m,... vt liu c chiu di 1m v tit din
1m2.
in tr sut c k hiu l r
n v ca in tr sut l .m
3 Nu c mi quan h gia [NB]. Nu c
in tr ca dy dn vi in tr ca dy dn t l thun vi chiu di l ca
di, tit din v vt liu lm dy dn, t l nghch vi tit din S ca dy dn v ph
dy dn. thuc vo in tr sut ca vt liu lm dy dn.
Cng thc in tr :
l
r
R S , trong ,
R l in tr, c n v l W ;
l l chiu di dy, c n v l m ;
S l tit din dy, c n v l m2 ;
r l in tr sut ca cht lm dy dn, c n v l
W .m.
4 Vn dng c cng thc R [VD].
l l
r r
S v gii thch c cc Vn dng c cng thc R S tnh mt trong
hin tng n gin lin quan bn i lng c trong cng thc khi bit ba i lng
ti in tr ca dy dn. cn li.
Gii thch c mt s hin tng trong thc t c
lin quan.
9. BIN TR - IN TR DNG TRONG K THUT
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Nhn bit c cc loi bin [NB]. Nu c
tr. Bin tr l in tr c th thay i tr s v c th
c s dng iu chnh cng dng in trong
mch.
Nhn bit c cc loi bin tr qua tranh v v bin
tr trong phng th nghim.
- Cc loi bin tr: bin tr con chy, bin tr tay
quay,...
- K hiu bin tr.
2 Gii thch c nguyn tc [TH]. Nu c

hot ng ca bin tr con B phn chnh ca bin tr con chy l gm mt con
chy. chy C v cun dy bng hp kim c in tr sut ln
(niklin hay nicrom), c qun u n dc theo mt
li bng s.
Bin tr c mc ni tip vo mch in, mt u
on mch ni vi mt u c nh ca bin tr, u kia
ca on mch ni vi con chy C. Khi dch chuyn con
chy C lm thay i s vng dy v do thay i in
tr ca bin tr c dng in chy qua. Do , cng
dng in trong mch s thay i.
3 S dng c bin tr con [VD]. Nu v thc hin c
chy iu chnh cng V c s mch in gm 1 bng n, mt bin
dng in trong mch. tr, ngun in, kha K
Lp c mch in theo s v sao cho khi
dch chuyn con chy ca bin tr th lm thay i
sng ca bng n trong mch .
Tin hnh th nghim v rt ra kt lun.
4 Vn dng c nh lut m [VD].
l - V c s mch in theo yu cu ca u bi.
r
v cng thc R S gii l
r
bi ton v mch in s - p dng c cng thc R S tnh tr s in
dng vi hiu in th khng tr ca bin tr.
i, trong c mc bin tr. - Tnh c cng dng in, hiu in th v
in tr trong s mch in n gin khng qu 03
in tr.
11. CNG SUT IN
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Nu c ngha ca s vn, [TH]. Nu c
s ot ghi trn dng c in. S vn ghi trn cc dng c l hiu in th nh
mc t vo dng c ny, nu vt qu hiu in th
ny th dng c c th b hng.
S ot trn mi dng c in cho bit cng sut nh
mc ca dng c , ngha l khi hiu in th t vo
dng c ng bng hiu in th nh mc th cng
sut tiu th ca n bng cng sut nh mc.
2 Vit c cng thc tnh cng [TH]. Nu c Cng thc P = U.I c th s dng
sut in. Cng thc tnh cng sut in: P = U.I, trong , tnh cng sut cho cc dng c s dng
P l cng sut ca on mch, mng in gia nh nh bn l, bp
I l cng dng in trong mch, in, bng n dy tc, ni cm in,
U l hiu in th trn hai u on mch.
n v cng sut l ot (W)
1 W = 1 VA
1 kW = 1 000 W
1 MW = 1 000 000 W
3 Vn dng c cng thc P [VD]. Vn dng c cng thc: P = U.I gii cc Gii c cc bi tp dng sau: Cho
= U.I i vi on mch tiu bi tp tnh ton, khi bit trc gi tr ca hai trong ba bit s vn v s ot trn mt dng c
th in nng. i lng, tm gi tr ca i lng cn li. tiu th in.
a) Hy cho bit ngha ca s vn
v s ot ca dng c tiu th in.
b) Tnh cng dng in nh
mc ca dng c tiu th in. Cn s
dng cu ch c gi tr bng bao nhiu
th ph hp ?
c) Mc mt bng n dy tc vo
hiu in th c gi tr thp hn gi tr
nh mc v cho bit in tr ca bng
n khi . Tnh cng sut tiu th ca
dng c in.
12. IN NNG - CNG CA DNG IN
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Nu c mt s du hiu [TH]. Nu c
chng t dng in mang Trong hot ng ca my khoan, my bm nc,
nng lng. dng in c kh nng thc hin cng.
Trong hot ng ca bn l, bp in, ni cm in,
dng in c kh nng cung cp nhit lng.
Dng in c mang nng lng v n c kh nng
thc hin cng v cung cp nhit lng. Nng lng
ca dng in gi l in nng.
2 Ch ra c s chuyn ho [TH]. Nu c in nng c th chuyn ha thnh cc
cc dng nng lng khi n dng nng lng khc.
in, bp in, bn l in, - in nng chuyn ho thnh nhit nng khi cho dng
nam chm in, ng c in in chy qua bn l, bp in,...
hot ng. - in nng chuyn ho thnh c nng khi cho dng
in chy qua cc ng c in, nam chm in,...
- in nng chuyn ho thnh quang nng khi cho
dng in chy qua bng n in hunh quang, n
LED.
3 Vit c cng thc tnh in [NB]. Nu c Lng in nng s dng c o bng
nng tiu th ca mt on Cng ca dng in sn ra trong mt on mch l s cng t in. Mi s m ca cng t
mch. o lng in nng m on mch tiu th in cho bit lng in nng c
chuyn ho thnh cc dng nng lng khc s dng l 1kilat gi (1kWh) hay
Cng thc tnh cng ca dng in: A = P .t = U.I.t 1s in.
n v cng ca dng in l jun (J)
1J = 1W.1s = 1V.1A.1s
1kJ = 1 000J
1kWh = 1000Wh = 1000W.3600 s = 3,6.106 Ws =
3,6.106 J
4 Vn dng c cng thc A = [VD]. Vn dng c cc cng thc A = P .t = U.I.t 1. Cho bit cng sut v hiu in th
P .t = U.I.t i vi on U2 nh mc ca mt bng n, bit n
mch tiu th in nng. .t sng lin tc trong thi gian t. Tnh
hay A = I2.R.t = R gii mt s dng bi tp: lng in nng ca bng n tiu th
- Tnh cng sut, in nng tiu th, tin in. v s ch ca cng t in.
- Tnh Um; Im; thi gian dng in chy qua thit b. 2. Mt bp in hot ng lin tc
trong khong thi gian t hiu in th
U. Khi s ch ca cng t in tng
ln n s. Tnh lng in nng m bp
s dng, cng sut ca bp in v
cng dng in chy qua bp trong
thi gian trn.
14. THC HNH: XC NH CNG SUT CA CC DNG C IN
ST Chun kin thc, k nng quy

Mc th hin c th ca chun kin thc, k nng Ghi ch
T nh trong chng trnh
Xc nh c cng sut in [VD]. Bit mc thit b ng s mch in.
ca mt mch in bng vn k - S dng cng thc: P = UI xc nh cng sut
v ampe k. ca bng n v qut in.
- o U gia hai u bng n, qut in, o I chy
qua bng n, qut in.
- Xc nh cng sut ca bng n vi cc hiu in
th khc nhau.
- Xc nh cng sut tiu th ca qut in bng vn
k v ampe k.
T th nghim rt ra nhn xt: Cng sut tiu th ca
mt bng n dy tc tng khi hiu in th t vo
bng n tng (khng vt qu hiu in th nh mc)
v ngc li.
15. NH LUT JUN LEN-X
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Pht biu v vit c h thc [TH]. Nu c
ca nh lut Jun Len-x. nh lut Jun - Len x: Nhit lng to ra dy dn
khi c dng in chy qua t l thun vi bnh phng
cng dng in, vi in tr ca dy dn v vi
thi gian dng in chy qua.
H thc ca nh lut Jun - Len x: Q = I 2.R.t, trong
, Q l nhit lng ta ra trn dy dn; n v l Jun
(J); I l cng dng in chy qua dy dn; n v l
ampe (A); R l in tr ca dy dn; n v m (); t
thi gian dng in chy qua dy dn; n v l giy (s)
2 Vn dng c nh lut Jun [VD]. V d
Len-x gii thch cc Gii thch c mt s hin tng c lin quan trong 1. Gii thch ti sao cng vi mt dng
hin tng n gin c lin thc t. in chy qua dy tc bng n th dy
quan. Tnh c nhit lng ta ra tc bng n nng ln ti nhit cao,
cn dy ni vi bng n hu nh
khng nng ln.
2. Mt m in c ghi 220V-1000W
c s dng vi hiu in th 220 V
un si 2 lt nc t nhit ban
u 20oC. B qua nhit lng lm nng
v m in v nhit lng ta ra mi
trng ngoi. Tnh thi gian un si
nc? Bit nhit dung ring ca nc
l 4200J/kg.K
16. S DNG AN TON V TIT KIM IN

s
Chun kin thc, k nng
1 Gii thch v thc hin c [VD]. Nu c
cc bin php thng thng Ch lm th nghim vi U < 40 V, v hiu in th
s dng an ton in. ny to ra dng in c cng nh, nu chy qua c
th ngi th cng khng gy nguy him.
Phi s dng dy dn c v bc cch in ng theo
tiu chun quy nh, ngha l cc v bc ny phi chu
c dng in nh mc cho mi dng c in.
Cn mc cu ch c cng nh mc ph hp vi
dng c hay thit b in m bo t ng ngt mch
khi c s c xy ra. Chng hn khi b on mch th cu
ch s kp nng chy v t ng ngt mch trc khi
dng c in b h hng.
Thn trng khi tip xc vi mng in gia nh, v
n c hiu in th 220V nn c th gy nguy him n
tnh mng con ngi. Khi s dng, cn kim tra xem
cc b phn tip xc vi tay v c th m bo cch
in ng tiu chun quy nh hay cha.
2 Gii thch v thc hin c [VD]. Nu c
vic s dng tit kim in - Li ch ca vic s dng tit kim in nng :
nng. + Gim chi tiu cho gia nh.
+ Cc dng c c s dng lu bn hn.
+ Gim bt cc s c gy tn hi chung do h thng
cung cp in b qu ti.
+ Dnh phn in nng tit kim cho sn xut.
- Cc bin php s dng tit kim in nng
+ La chn cc dng c hay thit b in c cng sut
ph hp.
+ S dng in trong thi gian cn thit (tt cc thit b
khi s dng xong hoc c b phn hn gi).
B - IN T HC
CH MC CN T GHI CH
1. T trng Kin thc
a) Nam chm - M t c hin tng chng t nam chm vnh cu c t tnh.
vnh cu v - Nu c s tng tc gia cc t cc ca hai nam chm.
nam chm in - M t c cu to v hot ng ca la bn.
b) T trng, - M t c th nghim ca -xtt pht hin dng in c tc Khng gii thch c ch vi m v tc dng ca li
t ph, ng dng t. st lm tng tc dng t ca nam chm in.
sc t.
- M t c cu to ca nam chm in v nu c li st c vai
c) Lc t. tr lm tng tc dng t.
ng c in
- Pht biu c quy tc nm tay phi v chiu ca ng sc t
trong lng ng dy c dng in chy qua.
- Nu c mt s ng dng ca nam chm in v ch ra tc dng
ca nam chm in trong nhng ng dng ny.
- Pht biu c quy tc bn tay tri v chiu ca lc t tc dng
ln dy dn thng c dng in chy qua t trong t trng u.
- Nu c nguyn tc cu to v hot ng ca ng c in mt
chiu.
K nng
- Xc nh c cc t cc ca kim nam chm.
- Xc nh c tn cc t cc ca mt nam chm vnh cu trn c
s bit cc t cc ca mt nam chm khc.
- Bit s dng la bn tm hng a l.
- Gii thch c hot ng ca nam chm in.
- Bit dng nam chm th pht hin s tn ti ca t trng.
- V c ng sc t ca nam chm thng, nam chm ch U v
ca ng dy c dng in chy qua.
- Vn dng c quy tc nm tay phi xc nh chiu ca ng
sc t trong lng ng dy khi bit chiu dng in v ngc li.
- Vn dng c quy tc bn tay tri xc nh mt trong ba yu Ch xt trng hp dy dn thng c dng in
t khi bit hai yu t kia. chy qua c t vung gc vi cc ng sc
- Gii thch c nguyn tc hot ng (v mt tc dng lc v v t.
mt chuyn ho nng lng) ca ng c in mt chiu.
2. Cm ng Kin thc
in t - M t c th nghim hoc nu c v d v hin tng cm Khng yu cu HS nu c cu to v hot
a) iu kin ng in t. ng ca b phn gp in ca my pht in vi
xut hin dng - Nu c dng in cm ng xut hin khi c s bin thin ca s khung dy quay. Ch yu cu HS bit rng, tu
in cm ng ng sc t xuyn qua tit din ca cun dy dn kn. theo loi b phn gp in m c th a dng
b) My pht in ra mch ngoi l dng in xoay chiu hay
- Nu c nguyn tc cu to v hot ng ca my pht in xoay
in. S lc dng in mt chiu.
chiu c khung dy quay hoc c nam chm quay.
v dng in Du hiu chnh phn bit dng in xoay chiu
- Nu c cc my pht in u bin i c nng thnh in
xoay chiu vi dng in mt chiu l dng in xoay chiu
nng.
c) My bin c chiu thay i lun phin, cn dng mt chiu
- Nu c du hiu chnh phn bit dng in xoay chiu vi dng l dng in c chiu khng i.
p. Truyn ti in mt chiu v cc tc dng ca dng in xoay chiu.
in nng i xa
- Nhn bit c ampe k v vn k dng cho dng in mt chiu
v xoay chiu qua cc k hiu ghi trn dng c.
- Nu c cc s ch ca ampe k v vn k xoay chiu cho bit
gi tr hiu dng ca cng hoc ca in p xoay chiu.
- Nu c cng sut in hao ph trn ng dy ti in t l
nghch vi bnh phng ca in p hiu dng t vo hai u
ng dy.
- Nu c nguyn tc cu to ca my bin p.
- Nu c in p hiu dng gia hai u cc cun dy ca my
bin p t l thun vi s vng dy ca mi cun v nu c mt
s ng dng ca my bin p.
K nng
- Gii c mt s bi tp nh tnh v nguyn nhn gy ra dng
in cm ng.
- Pht hin c dng in l dng in mt chiu hay xoay chiu
da trn tc dng t ca chng.
- Gii thch c nguyn tc hot ng ca my pht in xoay
chiu c khung dy quay hoc c nam chm quay.
- Gii thch c v sao c s hao ph in nng trn dy ti in.
- Mc c my bin p vo mch in s dng ng theo yu
cu.
U1 n1

- Nghim li c cng thc U 2 n 2 bng th nghim.
- Gii thch c nguyn tc hot ng ca my bin p v vn
U1 n1

dng c cng thc U 2 n2 .
II. HNG DN THC HIN.

17. NAM CHM VNH CU
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 M t c hin tng chng [TH]. Nu c Cc vt liu b nam chm ht gi l cc
t nam chm vnh cu c t a mt thanh nam chm vnh cu li gn cc vt vt liu t.
tnh. bng st, thp ta thy thanh nam chm ht c st,
thp.
Ta ni nam chm c t tnh, nam chm cn ht c
cc vt lm bng cban, niken,...
2 Xc nh c cc t cc ca [TH]. Nu v xc nh c
kim nam chm Kim nam chm c hai cc l cc Bc v cc Nam.
Cc lun ch hng Bc ca Tri t gi l cc Bc ca
kim nam chm, k hiu bng ch N, cc lun ch hng
Nam ca Tri t gi l cc Nam ca kim nam chm, k
hiu bng ch S.
Mi nam chm u c hai cc l cc Bc v cc
Nam.
3 Nu c s tng tc gia [NB]. Nu c
cc t cc ca hai nam chm. Khi t hai nam chm gn nhau th chng tng tc
vi nhau, cc t cc cng tn th y nhau, cc t cc
khc tn th ht nhau.
4 Xc nh c tn cc t cc [VD]. Nu v thc hin c
ca mt nam chm vnh cu a mt u nam chm cha bit tn cc li gn cc
trn c s bit cc t cc ca Nam ca thanh nam chm, nu thy chng ht nhau th
mt nam chm khc. l cc Bc ca nam chm v u cn li l cc Nam;
nu chng y nhau th l cc Nam ca nam chm v
u cn li l cc Bc.
5 M t c cu to v hot [TH]. Nu c
ng ca la bn. B phn chnh ca la bn l mt kim nam chm c
th quay quanh mt trc. Khi nm cn bng ti mi v
tr trn Tri t, kim nam chm lun ch hng Bc -
Nam.
6 Bit s dng c la ban [VD]. S dng c l bn tm hng ca ca lp
tm hng a l. hc, hng ca phng th nghim,...
Xoay la bn sao cho kim nam chm trng vi hng
Bc - Nam ghi trn mt la bn. T xc nh c
hng a l cn tm.
18. TC DNG T CA DNG IN - T TRNG

nh trong chng trnh
1 M t c th nghim ca - [TH]. Nu c HS cn bit c xung quanh dng in,
xtt pht hin dng in c t mt dy dn song song vi kim nam chm ang xung quanh nam chm tn ti t trng,
tc dng t. ng yn trn mt trc quay thng ng. Cho dng biu hin c th ca t trng l s xut
in chy qua dy dn, ta thy kim nam chm b lch hin lc t tc dng ln kim nam chm t
i, khng cn nm song song vi dy dn na. trong t trng. T a ra cch nhn
bit t trng l dng nam chm th.
2 Bit dng nam chm th [VD]. Nu c
pht hin s tn ti ca t a mt kim nam chm (nam chm th) c t
trng. t do trn trc thng ng, ang ch hng Nam - Bc
n cc v tr khc nhau xung quanh dy dn c dng
in hoc xung quanh thanh nam chm. Ta thy, ti
mi v tr t kim nam chm th kim nam chm nh
hng theo mt chiu nht nh. mi v tr, sau khi
nam chm ng yn, xoay cho n lch khi hng
va xc nh, nu kim quay li hng c, th ti c
t trng.
- Khng gian xung quanh nam chm, xung quanh
dng in tn ti mt t trng. Nam chm hoc dng
in u c kh nng tc dng lc ln kim nam chm
t gn n. Ngi ta dng kim nam chm (gi l nam
chm th) nhn bit t trng.
19. T PH - NG SC T
Chun kin thc, k nng

V c ng sc t ca [VD]. Nu c
nam chm thng v nam Cc ng sc t c chiu nht nh, chiu ca cc
chm hnh ch U. kim nam chm th t trn ng cm ng t. Chiu
ca ng sc t i ra t cc Bc v i vo cc Nam
ca nam chm.
T trng trong lng nam chm hnh ch U l t
trng u. Cc ng sc t l nhng ng thng
song song v cch u nhau.
V c:
- ng sc t ca nam chm thng :
- ng sc t ca nam chm hnh ch U :

Ta dng mi tn biu din chiu ng sc t (i ra
khi cc Bc v i vo cc Nam ca nam chm)
20. T TRNG CA NG DY C DNG IN CHY QUA
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 V c ng sc t ca [NB]. ng sc t ca ng dy c dng in chy qua Bn ngoi mt ng dy c dng in
ng dy c dng in chy l nhng ng cong khp kn, u i ra t mt u ng chy qua ng sc t ging ng
qua dy v i vo u kia ca ng dy, cn trong lng ng sc t bn ngoi nam chm thng.
dy th cc ng sc t gn nh song song vi trc
ng dy.
2 Pht biu c quy tc nm [NB]. Nu c quy tc nm tay phi

tay phi v chiu ca ng Nm bn tay phi sao cho bn ngn tay hng theo
sc t trong lng ng dy c chiu dng in chy qua cc vng dy th ngn tay ci
dng in chy qua. choi ra ch chiu ca ng sc t trong lng ng dy.
3 Vn dng c quy tc nm [VD].
tay phi xc nh chiu ca 1. Xc nh c chiu ca dng in chy qua ng
ng sc t trong lng ng dy khi bit chiu ca ng sc t.
dy khi bit chiu dng in 2. Xc nh dc chiu ca cc ng sc t khi bit
v ngc li. chiu ca dng in chy qua ng dy.
21. S NHIM T CA ST, THP - NAM CHM IN
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 M t c cu to ca nam [NB]. Nu c Li st, li thp lm tng tc dng t
chm in v nu c li st Nam chm in gm mt ng dy dn bn trong c ca ng dy c dng in. S d nh
c vai tr lm tng tc dng li st non. Li st non c vai tr lm tng tc dng t vy l v, khi c t trong t trng
t. ca nam chm. th li st thp b nhim t v tr thnh
nam chm.
- Khi ngt in, li st non mt ht t
tnh cn li thp vn gi c t tnh.
- Da vo tnh cht trn ngi ta ch
to nam chm in hay nam chm vnh
cu.
2 Gii thch c hot ng ca [VD]. Nu c
nam chm in. Hot ng ca nam chm in: Khi dng in chy
qua ng dy, th ng dy tr thnh mt nam chm, ng
thi li st non b nhim t v tr thnh nam chm na.
Khi ngt in th li st non mt t tnh v nam chm
in ngng hot ng.
3 Nu c mt s ng dng [NB]. Nu c ng dng ca nam chm in v ch ra (b sung r le in t v chung bo)
ca nam chm in v ch ra tc dng ca nam chm in trong r le in t, chung
tc dng ca nam chm in bo.
trong nhng ng dng ny.
23. LC T
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Pht biu c quy tc bn [TH]. Nu c T trng tc dng lc ln on dy
tay tri v chiu ca lc t tc Quy tc bn tay tri: t bn tay tri sao cho cc
dn c dng in chy qua t trong t
dng ln dy dn thng c ng sc t hng vo lng bn tay, chiu t c tay trng. Lc gi l lc in t. Chiu
dng in chy qua t trong n ngn tay gia hng theo chiu dng in th ngn ca lc in t ph thuc vo chiu ca
t trng u. tay ci choi ra 90o ch chiu ca lc in t. dng in v chiu ca ng sc t v
tun theo quy tc bn tay tri.
2 Vn dng c quy tc bn [VD]. Xc nh c Ch xt trng hp dy dn thng c
tri xc nh mt trong ba 1. Chiu lc in t tc dng ln on dy khi bit dng in chy qua c t vung gc
yu t khi bit hai yu t kia. chiu ca dng in v chiu ca ng sc t. vi t trng.
2. Chiu ca ng sc t khi bit chiu ca lc t v
chiu ca dng in.
3. Chiu ca dng in chy qua on dy khi bit
chiu ca ng sc t v chiu ca lc t tc dng ln
on dy dy.
24. NG C IN MT CHIU
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Nu c nguyn tc cu to [TH]. Nu c
v hot ng ca ng c in Cu to: ng c in mt chiu c hai b phn
mt chiu. chnh l nam chm v khung dy dn. Nam chm l b
phn to ra t trng, thng thng l b phn ng
yn, gi l stato. Khung dy dn c dng in chy qua
l b phn chuyn ng, gi l rto. Ngoi ra ng c
in mt chiu cn c b phn c gp c tc dng lm
cho khung dy quay theo mt chiu nht nh.
ng c in mt chiu hot ng da trn tc dng
ca t trng ln khung dy dn c dng in chy qua.
2 Gii thch c nguyn tc [VD]. Nu c Trong ng c in trong k thut, b
hot ng (v mt tc dng Khi cho dng in i vo khung dy, b phn c gp phn to ra t trng l nam chm in.
lc v chuyn ha nng ch cho dng in chy vo theo mt chiu nht nh, v B phn quay ca ng c khng n
lung) ca ng c in mt khung dy t trong t trng ca nam chm nn khung gin l mt khung dy m gm nhiu
chiu. dy chu tc dng ca lc t. Lc t tc dng ln khung cun dy t lch nhau v song song
dy lun theo mt chiu nht nh v lm ng c quay. vi trc ca mt khi tr lm bng cc
Khi ng c in mt chiu hot ng th in nng l thp k thut ghp li, gia cc l
c chuyn ho thnh c nng. thp k thut c sn cch in.
26. HIN TNG CM NG IN T
Chun kin thc, k nng

M t c th nghim hoc [TH]. M t c cc th nghim v hin tng cm Xem li m t th nghim ny
nu c v d v hin tng ng in t (Tr85, 86-SGK).
cm ng in t. - Th nghim 1: Hai n LED mc song song nhng
ngc chiu vo hai u ca mt cun dy.
Gi ng dy c nh, a nhanh thanh nam chm
vo trong lng cun dy (hoc c nh thanh nam chm
a ng dy vo thanh nam chm) ta thy n LED th
nht sng v n th hai khng sng.
Khi thanh nam chm ng yn trong cun dy ta
thy c hai n khng sng.
Ko nhanh thanh nam chm ra khi cun dy (hoc
ko ng dy ra khi nam chm) ta thy n th hai sng
cn n th nht khng sng.
Nh vy, trong cun dy xut hin dng in v c
chiu thay i.
- Th nghim 2: Trong th nghim 1 ta thay thanh nam
chm bng mt nam chm in. Trong khi ng mch
in ca nam chm in ta thy n 1 sng ln n khi
dng in n nh th n tt, n 2 khng sng.
Ngt mch in ca nam chm in th n 2 sng
ln ri sau tt hn, n 1 khng sng.
Nh vy, trong cun dy xut hin dng in v c
chiu thay i.
- Dng in xut hin khi nam chm chuyn ng tng
i vi ng dy, gi l dng in cm ng v hin
tng xut hin xut hin dng in cm ng gi l hin
tng cm ng in t.
27. IU KIN XUT HIN DNG IN CM NG
Chun kin thc, k nng

1 Nu c dng in cm ng [TH. iu kin xut hin dng in cm ng trong
xut hin khi c s bin thin cun dy dn kn l s ng sc t xuyn qua tit din
ca s ng sc t xuyn S ca cun dy bin thin (tng ln hoc gim i).
qua tit din ca cun dy
kn.
2 Gii c mt s bi tp nh [VD]. Gii thch c t nht mt v d n gin lin V d:
tnh v nguyn nhn gy ra quan ti nguyn nhn gy nn dng in cm ng 1. Vi iu kin no th trong cun dy
dng in cm ng. dn kn xut hin dng in cm ng?
2. Gii thch ti sao khi cho nam chm
quay quanh mt trc t trc mt ng
dy dn kn th trong ng dy xut hin
dng in cm ng?
3. Gii thch ti sao khi quay nm ca
inam th n xe p li sng?
28. DNG IN XOAY CHIU
Chun kin thc, k nng Mc th hin c th ca chun

STT Ghi ch
quy nh trong chng trnh kin thc, k nng
Nu c du hiu chnh [TH]. Dng in cm ng trong cun Khi cho cun dy kn quay trong t trng ca nam
phn bit dng in xoay dy dn kn i chiu khi s ng chm (hay cho nam chm quay trc cun dy dn) th ta
chiu vi dng in mt sc t xuyn qua tit din S ca cun thy, hai n LED lin tc thay nhau sng v tt (nhp
chiu. dy ang tng m chuyn sang gim, nhy). Tc l trong cun dy xut hin dng in cm
hoc ngc li ang lm gim m ng lin tc lun phin nhau thay i chiu. Dng in
chuyn sang tng. ny gi l dng in xoay chiu.
Dng in mt chiu l dng in c
chiu khng i. Dng in xoay
chiu l dng in lin tc lun phin
i chiu.
29. MY PHT IN XOAY CHIU

STT Ghi ch
1 Nu c nguyn tc cu to [NB]. Cu to: My pht in xoay Lu : Khng yu cu HS nu c cu to v hot
ca my pht in xoay chiu chiu c hai b phn chnh l nam ng ca b phn gp in ca my pht in vi khung
c khung dy quay hoc c chm v cun dy dn. B phn ng dy quay. Ch yu cu HS bit rng, tu theo loi b
nam chm quay. yn gi l stato, b phn chuyn ng phn gp in m c th a dng in ra mch ngoi l
quay gi l rto. dng mt chiu hay xoay chiu.
2 Gii thch c nguyn tc [TH].
hot ng ca my pht in - Nguyn tc: Da trn hin tng
xoay chiu c khung dy cm ng in t.
quay hoc c nam chm quay. - Hot ng: Khi rto quay, s ng
sc t xuyn qua cun dy dn qun
trn stato bin thin (tng, gim v i
chiu lin tc). Gia hai u cun dy
xut hin mt hiu in th. Nu ni
hai u ca cun dy vi mch in
ngoi kn, th trong mch c dng in
xoay chiu.
3 Nu c cc my pht in [TH]. My pht in trong k thut c
u bin i c nng thnh cc cun dy l stato cn rto l cc
in nng. nam chm in mnh.
- lm cho rto ca my pht in
quay ngi ta c th dng my n, tua
bin nc, cnh qut gi,... bin i
cc dng nng lng khc thnh in
nng.
- Cc my pht in u chuyn i
c nng thnh in nng.
30. CC TC DNG CA DNG IN XOAY CHIU O CNG V HIU IN TH XOAY CHIU

STT Ghi ch
1 Nu c cc tc dng ca [NB].
dng in xoay chiu. - Dng in xoay chiu c cc tc
dng nhit, tc dng quang, tc dng
t.
- Da vo tc dng t ca dng in
m ta c th pht hin c dng in
l dng in mt chiu hay dng in
xoay chiu.
2 Pht hin dng in l dng [TH]. Khi cho dng in qua nam
in xoay chiu hay dng chm in:
in mt chiu da trn tc + Nu nam chm in ch ht hoc ch
dng t ca chng. y thanh nam chm th dng in
l dng in mt chiu.
+ Nu nam chm in ht, y thanh
nam chm lin tc th dng in l
dng in xoay chiu.
3 Nhn bit c ampe k v [TH]. Khi mc ampe k v vn k xoay chiu vo mch in
vn k dng cho dng in Ampe k hoc vn k xoay chiu c k khng cn phi phn bit cht ca chng.
mt chiu v xoay chiu qua hiu AC (hay ~). Trn cc dng c
cc k hiu ghi trn dng c. o dng mt chiu c k hiu DC (hay
-) hoc cc cht ni dy c du + v
du -.
4 Nu c cc s ch ca [TH]. S ch ca ampe k v vn k V d: Dng in xoay chiu c cng hiu dng 3A
ampe k v vn k xoay chiu xoay chiu cho chng ta bit c cc khi chy qua mt dy dn to ra mt nhit lng bng
cho bit gi tr hiu dng ca gi tr hiu dng ca cng v hiu nhit lng khi cho dng dng in mt chiu c cng
cng dng in v ca in th xoay chiu. 3A chy qua dy dn trong cng mt thi gian.
in p xoay chiu
31. TRUYN TI IN NNG I XA

STT Ghi ch
1 Gii thch c v sao c s [TH]. Truyn ti in nng i xa bng
hao ph in nng trn ng dy dn c nhiu thun li hn so vi
dy ti in. vic vn ti cc nhin liu khc nh
than , du la,...Tuy nhin vic dng
dy dn truyn ti in nng i xa
s c mt phn in nng b hao ph
do to nhit trn dy dn.
2 Nu c cng sut hao ph [TH]. Cng sut hao ph do ta nhit
trn ng dy ti in t l trn ng dy ti in t l nghch vi
nghch vi bnh phng ca bnh phng hiu in th t vo hai
in p hiu dng t vo hai u ng dy:
u dy dn. P 2R
Php
U2
Bin php lm gim hao ph trn
ng dy ti in thng dng l
tng hiu in th t vo hai u
ng dy ti in
32. MY BIN P

STT Ghi ch
1 Nu c nguyn tc cu to [NB]. My bin p l thit b dng My bin th (cn gi l my bin p) ngoi tnh nng
ca my bin p. tng hoc gim hiu in th ca dng lm tng hay gim in th xoay chiu cn c mt s
in xoay chiu. B phn chnh ca tnh nng quan trng khc rt cn trong sn xut v tiu
my bin p gm hai cun dy c s dng nh sau:
vng dy khc nhau qun trn mt li - Lm bin i cng dng in: my hn in.
st. - Khi mch s cp ng, mch th cp h th do hin
tng t cm, dng in trong mch s cp c cng
rt nh khin cho vic tiu hao nng lng v ta nhit
khng ng k. Bi vy, khi khng s dng in ta
khng cn ngt in mch s cp my bin th lun
trng thi sn sng hot ng.
2 Gii thch c nguyn tc [TH]. My bin p hot ng da trn
hot ng ca my bin p. hin tng cm ng in t. Khi t
mt hiu in th xoay chiu vo hai
u cun dy s cp ca my bin p
th hai u cun dy th cp xut
hin mt hiu in th xoay chiu.
3 Nu c in p hiu dng [TH].
hai u cc cun dy my T s gia hiu in th hai u cun
bin p t l thun vi s vng dy ca my bin p bng t s gia s
dy ca mi cun. vng dy ca cc cun dy :
U1 n 1

U2 n2
Khi hiu in th 2 u cun s cp
ln hn hiu in th cun th cp
(U1>U2) ta c my h th, cn khi
U1<U2 ta c my tng th.
4 Vn dng c cng thc [VD].
U1 n 1 U1 n 1

U2 n2 . Vn dng cng thc U 2 n 2
tnh hiu in th hay s vng dy ca
my bin p, khi bit trc ba trong
bn gi tr trong cng thc.
5 Nu c mt s ng dng Nu c mt ng dng ca my bin My bin p dng :

ca my bin p. p trong i sng hng ngy thng - Truyn ti in nng i xa. T nh my in ngi ta
gp t my tng th cn ni tiu th t my h th.
- Dng trong cc thit b in t nh tivi, rai,...
33. THC HNH : VN HNH MY PHT IN V MY BIN TH
ST Chun kin thc, k nng quy Mc th hin c th ca chun

Ghi ch
T nh trong chng trnh kin thc, k nng
Nghim li cng thc [VD]. S dng my bin th bit s Khi vn hnh my bin th, HS nhn bit thm c tc
U1 n1 vng dy n1 ca cun s cp v s dng ca li st. Khi c li st th hiu in th v cng

U 2 n 2 ca my bin p. vng dy n2 ca cun th cp. hiu dng cun th cp tng ln r rt.
t vo hai u cun dy s cp mt
in p xoay chiu U1, o in p U2
hai u cun th cp.
U1 n
v 1
So snh U 2 n2
C - QUANG HC
CH MC CN T GHI CH
1. Khc x Kin thc
nh sng - M t c hin tng khc x nh sng trong trng Khng cp ti nh lut khc x nh
a) Hin tng hp nh sng truyn t khng kh sang nc v ngc sng.
khc x nh li.
sng - Ch ra c tia khc x v tia phn x, gc khc x
b) nh to v gc phn x.
bi thu - Nhn bit c thu knh hi t, thu knh phn
knh hi t, k .
thu knh
- M t c ng truyn ca cc tia sng c bit
phn k Ch yu cu nu c vt knh ca my
qua thu knh hi t, thu knh phn k. Nu c
c) My nh. tiu im (chnh), tiu c ca thu knh l g. nh l thu knh hi t v ch xt my
Mt. Knh nh dng phim.
- Nu c cc c im v nh ca mt vt to
lp
bi thu knh hi t, thu knh phn k.
- Nu c my nh c cc b phn chnh l vt
knh, bung ti v ch t phim.
- Nu c mt c cc b phn chnh l th thu Khng yu cu gii thch l do phi eo
tinh v mng li. knh sa tt cn th, lo th.
- Nu c s tng t gia cu to ca mt v my
nh.
- Nu c mt phi iu tit khi mun nhn r
vt cc v tr xa, gn khc nhau.
- Nu c c im ca mt cn, mt lo v
cch sa.
- Nu c knh lp l thu knh hi t c tiu c
ngn v c dng quan st vt nh.
- Nu c s ghi trn knh lp l s bi gic ca
knh lp v khi dng knh lp c s bi gic cng ln
th quan st thy nh cng ln.
K nng Nhn bit thu knh hi t qua vic quan
- Xc nh c thu knh l thu knh hi t hay st nh to bi thu knh ny i vi mt
thu knh phn k qua vic quan st trc tip cc vt sng xa v i vi mt vt sng
thu knh ny v qua quan st nh ca mt vt to rt gn. Nhn bit thu knh phn k
bi cc thu knh . qua vic quan st kch thc ca nh to
bi thu knh ny i vi mt vt sng
- V c ng truyn ca cc tia sng c bit
mi v tr.
qua thu knh hi t, thu knh phn k.
- Dng c nh ca mt vt to bi thu knh hi
t, thu knh phn k bng cch s dng cc tia
c bit.
- Xc nh c tiu c ca thu knh hi t bng
th nghim.
2. nh Kin thc
sng mu - K tn c mt vi ngun pht ra nh sng trng
a) nh sng thng thng, ngun pht ra nh sng mu v nu
trng v c tc dng ca tm lc nh sng mu.
nh sng - Nu c chm nh sng trng c cha nhiu chm
mu nh sng mu khc nhau v m t c cch phn
b) Lc mu. tch nh sng trng thnh cc nh sng mu.
Trn nh - Nhn bit c rng khi nhiu nh sng mu c
sng mu. chiu vo cng mt ch trn mn nh trng hoc
Mu sc ng thi i vo mt th chng c trn vi nhau
cc vt v cho mt mu khc hn, c th trn mt s nh
c) Cc tc sng mu thch hp vi nhau thu c nh sng
dng ca trng.
nh sng - Nhn bit c rng vt tn x mnh nh sng mu
no th c mu v tn x km cc nh sng
mu khc. Vt mu trng c kh nng tn x mnh
tt c cc nh sng mu, vt mu en khng c
kh nng tn x bt k nh sng mu no.
- Nu c v d thc t v tc dng nhit, sinh hc
v quang in ca nh sng v ch ra c s bin
i nng lng i vi mi tc dng ny.
K nng
- Gii thch c mt s hin tng bng cch nu c nguyn V d hin tng cu vng l do c s phn tch nh
nhn l do c s phn tch nh sng, lc mu, trn nh sng mu sng.
hoc gii thch mu sc cc vt l do nguyn nhn no.
- Xc nh c mt nh sng mu, chng hn bng a CD, c
phi l mu n sc hay khng.
- Tin hnh c th nghim so snh tc dng nhit ca nh
sng ln mt vt c mu trng v ln mt vt c mu en.
II. HNG DN THC HIN
34. HIN TNG KHC X NH SNG

STT Ghi ch
1 M t c hin tng khc [TH]. Chiu tia ti SI khng kh n Lu : GV tin hnh th nghim HS quan st hin
x nh sng trong trng hp mt nc. Ta thy, tia sng SI b tch ra tng khc x nh sng t khng kh sang nc. Khng
nh sng truyn t khng kh lm hai tia. Ti mt phn cch gia yu cu HS nghin cu nh lut khc x nh sng m
sang nc v ngc li. khng kh v nc. Tia th nht IR b ch cn m t c th nghim.
phn x tr li khng kh, tia th hai IK
b gy khc v truyn trong nc.
- Nu ta chiu nh sng ti t trong
nc theo phng KI. Ta thy, ti mt
phn cch gia nc v khng kh tia
sng b tch ra lm hai tia. Tia th nht
IR phn x tr li nc, tia th hai b
gy khc v truyn ra ngoi khng kh
theo phng SI.
Kt lun: Hin tng tia sng truyn t
mi trng trong sut ny sang mi
trng trong sut khc b gy khc ti
mt phn cch gia hai mi trng,
c gi l hin tng khc x nh
sng.
2 Ch ra c tia khc x v tia [TH]. Tia khc x nm trong mt phng
phn x, gc khc x v gc ti. Khi tia sng truyn t khng kh
phn x. sang nc th gc khc x nh hn gc
ti. Khi tia sng truyn t nc sang
khng kh th gc khc x ln hn gc
ti.
- Nhn bit c trn hnh v v tia ti,
tia phn x, tia khc x, gc ti, gc
khc x, gc phn x, mt phng ti,
php tuyn, mt phn cch gia hai mi
trng.
35. THU KNH HI T

STT Ghi ch
1 Nhn bit c thu knh hi [NB]. Lu : Khng yu cu a ra nh ngha thu knh v
t. - Thu knh hi t thng dng c phn thu knh mng, m ch cn HS nhn bit thu knh qua
ra mng hn phn gia. quan st hnh dng bn ngoi v quan st ng truyn
- Chiu mt chm tia sng song song ca chm sng song song truyn qua thu knh.
theo phng vung gc vi mt mt Cc dng thu knh hi t thng gp:
thu knh hi t th chm tia l hi t
ti mt im.
2 Nu c tiu im, tiu c [NB]. Quang tm l mt im ca thu

ca thu knh l g. knh m mi tia sng ti im u
truyn thng.
Trc chnh l ng thng i qua quang
tm ca thu knh v vung gc vi mt
ca thu knh.
Tiu im l im hi t trn trc chnh
ca chm tia l khi chiu chm tia ti
song song vi trc chnh. Mi thu knh
c hai tiu im i xng nhau qua
quang tm.
Tiu c l khong cch t tiu im n
quang tm (k hiu l f)
3 M t c ng truyn ca [TH]. ng truyn ca ba tia sng
tia sng c bit qua thu c bit qua thu knh hi t :
knh hi t. - Tia ti i qua quang tm th tia l i
thng.
- Tia ti i song song vi trc chnh th
tia l qua tiu im.
- Tia ti i qua tiu im th tia l song
song vi trc chnh.
4 Xc nh c thu knh hi [VD].
t qua vic quan st trc tip Nhn bit c cc thu knh hi t
cc thu knh ny thng dng khi so snh b dy ca
V c ng truyn ca phn gia v phn ra mp ca thu
cc tia sng c bit qua thu knh.
knh hi t. V c tia l khi bit trc ng
truyn ca tia ti thu knh hi t trong
cc trng hp sau:
36. NH CA MT VT TO BI THU KNH HI T

STT Ghi ch
1 Nu c cc c im v [TH]. C hai cch quan st nh tht ca mt vt qua thu knh
nh ca mt vt to bi thu - Vt t ngoi khong tiu c cho nh hi t:
knh hi t. tht, ngc chiu vi vt. - Quan st trn mn hng nh hin tng tn x trn
- Khi vt t rt xa thu knh th cho mn hng.
nh tht c v tr cch thu knh mt - Quan st bng cch t mt trn ng truyn ca
khong bng tiu c. chm tia l v pha sau v tr ca nh tht.
- Vt t trong khong tiu c cho nh
o ln hn vt v cng chiu vi vt.
2 Dng c nh ca mt vt [VD]. C hai cch dng nh ca vt qua thu knh hi t :
to bi thu knh hi t bng - Dng nh ca im sng qua thu - Da vo c im ca nh ca vt to bi thu knh
cch s dng cc tia c bit. knh, ta v hai trong ba tia sng c bit hi t v s dng hai trong ba tia c bit.
xut pht t im sng, giao im ca - S dng tnh cht v t l cc cnh ca cc tam gic
hai tia l hoc ng ko di ca hai ng dng.
tia l l nh ca im sng qua thu Dng nh ca mt im sng nm trn trc chnh, ta
knh. cn dng trc ph.
- Dng nh A'B' ca vt AB c dng

thng qua thu knh hi t, ta ch cn
dng nh A' ca im A v dng nh B'
ca im B, sau t ni AB.
- Xc nh c thu knh l thu knh
hi t qua vic quan st nh ca mt
vt to bi thu knh
37. THU KNH PHN K

STT Ghi ch
1 Nhn bit c thu knh [NB]. Cc dng thu kinh phn k thng gp:
phn k. - Thu knh phn k thng dng c
phn ra dy hn phn gia.
- Thu knh phn k c trc chnh,
quang tm, tiu im, tiu c.
- Chm tia ti song song vi trc chnh
ca thu knh phn k cho chm tia l
phn k.
2 V c ng truyn ca [TH].
cc tia sng c bit qua thu - ng truyn ca ba tia sng c bit
knh phn k. qua thu knh phn k :
+ Tia ti song song vi trc chnh th tia
l hng ra xa trc chnh v c phng
i qua tiu im.
+ Tia ti n quang tm th tia l tip
tc truyn thng theo phng ca tia
ti.
+ Tia ti c ng ko di i qua tiu
im chnh th tia l song song vi trc
chnh.
- V tia l khi bit trc ng truyn
ca tia ti thu knh phn k trong cc
trng hp sau:
38. NH CA MT VT TO BI THU KNH PHN K

STT Ghi ch
1 Nu c cc c im v [NB]. c im nh ca mt vt to
nh ca mt vt to bi thu bi thu knh phn k :
knh phn k. - Vt t mi v tr trc thu knh
phn k lun cho nh o, cng chiu,
nh hn vt v lun nm trong khong
tiu c.
- Vt t rt xa thu knh, nh o ca
vt c v tr cch thu knh mt khong
bng tiu c.
2 Dng c nh ca mt vt [VD]. nh o to bi thu knh hi t v phn k.
to bi thu knh hi t bng - Dng nh ca im sng qua thu - Ging nhau u l nh cng chiu vi vt.
cch s dng cc tia c bit. knh, ta v 2 tia sng c bit xut pht - Khc nhau :
t im sng, giao im ca ng ko + Thu knh hi t cho nh o lun ln hn vt v
di ca hai tia l l nh ca im sng ngoi khong tiu c.
qua thu knh. + Thu knh phn k cho nh o lun nh hn vt lun
nm trong khong tiu c.
- Dng nh AB ca vt AB c dng
thng qua thu knh phn k, ta ch cn
dng nh A ca im A v dng nh B
ca im B, sau t ni AB.
39. THC HNH: O TIU C CA THU KNH HI T

STT Ghi ch
Xc nh c tiu c ca [VD]. Tin hnh :
thu knh hi t bng th - o chiu cao ca vt.
nghim. - t thu knh gia, t vt v mn
nh gn st thu knh v cch u thu
knh.
- Dch chuyn vt v mn nh ra xa
thu knh nhng khong bng nhau (d =
d') sao cho thu c nh r nt v c
kch thc bng vt (h = h') .
- o khong cch t vt n mn nh
v tnh tiu c ca thu knh theo cng
thc :
d d'
f
4
40. S TO NH TRN PHIM TRONG MY NH

STT Ghi ch
Nu c my nh dng [TH]. Ch yu cu nu c vt knh ca my nh l thu
phim c cc b phn chnh l - My nh l mt dng c dng thu knh hi t v ch xt my nh dng phim.
vt knh, bung ti v ch t c nh ca vt m ta mun ghi li.
phim. - Mi my nh u c :
+ Vt knh l mt thu knh hi t.
+ Bung ti.
+ Ch t phim (b phn hng nh).
- Lu : thu nh r nt trn phim
cn iu chnh khong cch t vt knh
n phim.
- c im nh hin trn phim ca my
nh l nh tht, ngc chiu v nh hn
vt.
41. MT

STT Ghi ch
1 Nu c mt c cc b phn [NB]. Mt c cc b phn chnh l th Th thu tinh l mt thu knh hi t bng mt cht
chnh l th thu tinh v thu tinh v mng li. trong sut v mm, d dng phng ln hoc dt xung
mng li. nh c vng n lm cho tiu c ca n thay i.
Mng li l mt mng y mt, ti nh ca vt
thu c hin r nt.
2 Nu c s tng t gia [TH].
cu to ca mt v my nh. - S tng t gia cu to ca mt v
my nh: Th thy tinh ng vai tr
nh vt knh, mng li ng vai tr
nh b phn hng nh.
3 Nu c mt phi iu tit [TH]. Khi mun nhn r vt cc v tr
khi mun nhn r vt cc v xa, gn khc nhau th mt phi iu tit.
tr xa, gn khc nhau. - Trong qu trnh iu tit th th thu
tinh b co gin, phng ln v dt xung,
cho nh hin trn mng li r nt.
- im xa mt nht m ta c th nhn r
c khi khng iu tit gi l im
cc vin (Cv).
- im gn mt nht m ta c th nhn
r c gi l im cc cn (Cc).
42. MT CN V MT LO

STT Ghi ch
1 Nu c c im ca mt [TH]. Khng yu cu gii thch l do phi eo knh sa tt
cn v cch sa. - Mt cn ch nhn r nhng vt gn, cn th, lo th.
nhng khng nhn r nhng vt xa.
im cc vin gn mt hn bnh
thng.
- Cch khc phc tt cn th l eo knh
cn l mt thu knh phn k, c tiu
im trng vi im cc vin ca mt.
2 Nu c c im ca mt [TH].
lo v cch sa. - Mt lo nhn r nhng vt xa, nhng
khng nhn r nhng vt gn. im
cc cn xa mt hn bnh thng.
- Cch khc phc tt mt lo l eo
knh lo l mt thu knh hi t thch
hp nhn r cc vt gn nh bnh
thng.
43. KNH LP
STT Ghi ch
1 Nu c knh lp l thu [NB]. HS tm hiu cu to, tc dng v nguyn tc hot ng
knh hi t c tiu c ngn v - Knh lp l dng c quang hc dng ca dng c ny bng vic quan st mt vi knh lp
c dng quan st cc vt quan st cc vt nh. chun b sn v HS vn dng cc kin thc c v
nh. - Knh lp l mt thu knh hi t c nhn ra l cc thu knh hi t. Tuy nhin cn lu
tiu c ngn (di 10 cm). cho HS:
- Knh lp c tiu c ngn.
- Knh lp c c trng bi s bi gic, lin h vi
25
G
tiu c bng cng thc f trong f c o bng
n v cm.
2 Nu c s ghi trn knh lp [TH].
l s bi gic ca knh lp v - Mi knh lp c mt s bi gic (k
khi dng knh lp c s bi hiu l G) c ghi bng cc con s 2x,
gic cng ln th quan st 3x,...
thy nh cng ln. - Dng knh lp c s bi gic cng ln
quan st mt vt th s thy nh cng
ln.
- Gia s bi gic v tiu c f (o bng
cm) ca mt knh lp c h thc:
25
G
f
- Khi quan st mt vt nh qua knh
lp, phi t vt trong khong tiu c
ca knh lp, sao cho thu c mt nh
o ln hn vt.
44. NH SNG TRNG V NH SNG MU

STT Ghi ch
1 K tn c mt vi ngun [NB].
pht ra nh sng trng thng
- Ngun pht ra nh sng trng: Mt
thng, ngun pht ra nh Tri, bng n dy tc (bng n pin;
sng mu. bng n pha xe t, xe my), ngn la
ca ci
- Ngun pht ra nh sng mu: Cc n
LED thng pht ra mu , mu vng,
mu lc. Bt laze thng pht ra mu
. n ng dng trong qung co
thng c mu , mu vng, mu
tm,...
2 Nu c tc dng ca tm [NB]. - V d :
lc nh sng mu. - C th to ra nh sng mu bng cch + Chiu chm sng trng qua tm lc mu s c
chiu chm sng trng qua tm lc nh sng mu .
mu. + Chiu chm sng qua tm lc mu s c nh
- Tm lc mu no th hp th t nh sng mu .
sng mu , nhng hp th hon ton + Chiu chm sng qua tm lc mu xanh s khng
nh sng khc mu. Mu nh sng qua thy g, v tm lc mu xanh s hp th hon ton nh
mt knh lc mu gi l mu n sc. sng mu .
45. S PHN TCH NH SNG TRNG

STT Ghi ch
1 Nu c chm nh sng [TH]. Mt chm sng trng hp i qua nh sng trng l tp hp ca v s nh sng n sc
trng c cha nhiu chm nh mt lng knh s b phn tch thnh c mu sc bin thin lin tc t n tm.
sng mu khc nhau v m t nhiu chm sng mu khc nhau nm
c cch phn tch nh sng st nhau bin thin lin tc t n
trng thnh cc nh sng mu.tm (, da cam, vng, lc, lam, chm,
tm). Vy, trong nh sng trng c cha
cc chm nh sng mu khc nhau.
2 Gii thch c mt s hin [VD]. Gii thch c mt hin tng V d:
tng bng cch nu c trong thc t m nguyn nhn l do c 1. Chiu nh sng trng (nh sng mt tri) vo mt ghi
nguyn nhn l do c s phn s phn tch nh sng trng. ca a CD. Quan st nh sng phn x trn a CD,
tch nh sng trng. theo cc phng khc nhau s thy nh sng mu khc
nhau.
2. Vo m Trng rm, nu t mt gng phng y
mt chu nc. Nhn vo gng ta thy Mt trng c
nhiu vng trn c mu khc nhau, l do nh sng
Mt Trng b phn tch.
3. Khi quan st cc vng du m trn mt nc, bng
bng x phng hay cu vng, ta thy chng c nhiu
mu sc khc nhau bi v chm nh sng Mt Tri
chiu ti chng b phn tch thnh nhiu mu khc
nhau.
46. S TRN CC NH SNG MU

STT Ghi ch
Nhn bit c rng, khi [NB].
nhiu nh sng mu c - Trn hai hay nhiu nh sng mu vi
chiu vo cng mt ch trn nhau, bng cch chiu ng thi hai
mn nh trng hoc ng thi hay nhiu chm sng mu vo cng
i vo mt th chng c mt v tr trn mn nh mu trng.
trn vi nhau v cho mt mu - Khi trn hai nh sng mu vi nhau
khc hn, c th trn mt s c nh sng mu khc hn.
nh sng mu thch hp vi - Khi trn ba chm sng mu , lc v
nhau thu c nh sng lam vi nhau mt cch thch hp c
trng. nh sng trng.
- Trn cc nh sng c mu t n
tm vi nhau cng s c nh sng
trng.
- Lu : Khi khng c nh sng th ta
thy ti, khng c "nh sng en".
47. MU SC CC VT DI NH SNG TRNG V DI NH SNG MU

Ghi ch
Nhn bit c rng, vt tn x [TH]. Di nh sng trng, vt c mu Thc hnh: S dng hp quan st nh sng tn x
mnh nh sng mu no th c no th c nh sng mu truyn vo cc vt mu quan st mu ca cc vt mu : ,
mu v tn x km cc nh mt ta (tr vt mu en). Ta gi l xanh lc v en trn nn trng, khi chiu chng bng
sng mu khc. Vt mu trng mu ca vt. nh sng mu , ri nh sng trng.
c kh nng tn x mnh tt c V d:
cc nh sng mu, vt c mu + Khi nhn thy vt mu , mu
en khng c kh nng tn x xanh,... th c nh sng mu , nh
bt k nh sng mu no. sng mu xanh,... truyn t vt n mt.
+ Khi nhn thy vt mu en th khng
c nh sng mu no truyn t vt n
mt. Ta thy vt mu en v c nh sng
t cc vt bn cnh n mt.
- Cc vt mu m ta nhn thy khng t
pht sng. Tuy nhin, chng c kh
nng tn x nh sng (ht li theo mi
phng) nh sng chiu n chng.
- Vt mu trng c kh nng tn x tt
c cc nh sng mu.
- Vt mu no th tn x tt nh sng
mu , nhng tn x km nh sng cc
mu khc.
- Vt mu en khng c kh nng tn
x bt k nh sng mu no.
48. TC DNG CA NH SNG

Ghi ch
1 Nu c v d thc t v tc [NB]. nh sng chiu vo cc vt s - V d :
dng nhit ca nh sng v ch lm chng nng ln. iu ny chng t nh sng mt tri chiu vo nc bin trn rung
ra s bin i nng lng i nh sng c nng lng. Nng lng mui, lm nc bin nng ln v bay hi li mui
vi tc dng ny. nh sng b bin thnh nhit nng kt tinh.
ca vt. l tc dng nhit ca nh Khi ta phi thc, ng, qun o,... ngoi tri nng, th
sng. chng hp th nng lng ca nh sng mt tri, lm
ng nng ca cc phn t nc tng ln v bay hi.
2 Tin hnh c th nghim [VD].
so snh tc dng nhit ca nh Tin hnh th nghim: Ln lt chiu
sng ln mt vt c mu trng nh sng vo mt tm kim loi c 2 mt
v ln mt vt c mu en. sn en v trng khc nhau.
- Theo di tng nhit trong cng
mt khong thi gian trong cc trng
hp:
+ Chiu nh sng v mt sn mu
trng.
+ Chiu nh sng vo mt sn mu en.
- Nhn xt v rt ra kt lun: Trong tc
dng nhit ca nh sng th cc vt c
mu ti hp th nng lng nh sng
mnh hn cc vt c mu sng.
3 Nu c v d thc t v tc [VD]. nh sng c th gy ra mt s -V d :
dng sinh hc ca nh sng v bin i nht nh cc sinh vt. l + Cy ci cn c s quang hp khi nng lng ca
ch ra c s bin i nng tc dng sinh hc ca nh sng. Trong nh sng c bin i thnh cc dng nng lng hu
lng trong tc dng ny. tc dng ny, nng lng ca nh sng c cn thit to thnh r, thn, v, l,... pht trin.
bin thnh cc dng nng lng cn + Khi tip xc vi nh sng Mt Tri, da tng hp
thit cho sinh vt. vitamin D gip cho c th tng cng sc khng.
4 Nu c v d thc t v tc [NB]. V d:
dng quang in ca nh sng - Pin mt tri cn gi l pin quang in, Pin quang in dng chy ng h in t, my tnh
v ch ra c s bin i nng l mt ngun in c th pht in khi cm tay,...c bit, tu v tr trong khng gian V tr
lng trong tc dng ny. c nh sng chiu vo n. Trong pin c nh c pin quang in cung cp in chng hot
s bin i trc tip ca nng lng ng. Hin nay, nhiu nh sn xut xe t ang y
nh sng thnh nng lng in. Tc mnh vic nghin cu sn xut cc t chy bng
dng ca nh sng ln pin quang in nng lng Mt Tri.
gi l tc dng quang in.
- Nu c mt v d v tc dng
quang in ca nh sng v ch ra c
s bit i nng lng trong tc dng
ny.
49. THC HNH: NHN BIT NH SNG N SC V NH SNG KHNG N SC

Ghi ch
Xc nh c mt nh sng [VD]. Tin hnh th nghim trong ti.
mu c phi l n sc hay - nh sng n sc l nh sng c mt
khng bng a CD. mu nht nh v khng th phn tch
nh sng thnh cc nh sng c mu
khc c.
- nh sng khng n sc l nh sng
c mt mu nht nh nhng l n l s
pha trn ca nhiu nh sng mu, nn
c th phn tch thnh nhiu nh sng
mu khc nhau.
- Th nghim:
+ Ln lt chiu chm sng mu t
nhng ngun sng khc nhau (chm
sng trng chiu qua tm lc mu,
chm sng t n LED) vo mt a
CD.
+ Quan st mu sc nh sng thu c
(chm sng phn x trn mt a CD)
v ghi li kt qu.
Rt ra kt lun chung v nh sng chiu
n a CD n sc hay khng n sc.
D S CHUYN HO V BO TON NNG LNG

CH MC CN T GHI CH
1. S chuyn Kin thc Khng a ra nh ngha nng lng. Ch yu cu HS
ho v bo - Nu c mt vt c nng lng khi vt c kh nng thc nhn bit mt vt c nng lng da vo kh nng thc
ton nng l- hin cng hoc lm nng cc vt khc. hin cng c hc hoc lm nng cc vt khc.
ng
a) S chuyn - K tn c cc dng nng lng hc.
ho cc dng - Nu c v d hoc m t c hin tng trong c s
nng lng chuyn ho cc dng nng lng hc v ch ra c rng
b) nh lut mi qu trnh bin i u km theo s chuyn ho nng l-
bo ton nng ng t dng ny sang dng khc.
lng
- Pht biu c nh lut bo ton v chuyn honng lng.
2. ng c Kin thc
nhit. Hiu - Nu c ng c nhit l thit b trong c s bin i t
sut ca ng nhit nng thnh c nng. ng c nhit gm ba b phn c
c nhit. S bn l ngun nng, b phn sinh cng v ngun lnh.
chuyn ho
- Nhn bit c mt s ng c nhit thng gp.
in nng
trong cc loi - Nu c hiu sut ng c nhit v nng sut to nhit ca
my pht in nhin liu l g.
- Nu c v d hoc m t c thit b minh ho qu trnh
chuyn ho cc dng nng lng khc thnh in nng.
K nng
A
H
- Vn dng c cng thc tnh hiu sut Q gii -
c cc bi tp n gin v ng c nhit.
- Vn dng c cng thc Q = q.m, trong q l
nng sut to nhit ca nhin liu.
- Gii thch c mt s hin tng v qu trnh th-
ng gp trn c s vn dng nh lut bo ton
v chuyn ho nng lng.
II. HNG DN THC HIN

50. NNG LNG V S CHUYN HO NNG LNG
Chun kin thc, k nng

Mc th hin c th ca chun
STT Ghi ch
1 Nu c mt vt c nng
[NB]. Khng a ra nh ngha nng lng, ch yu cu HS
lng khi vt c kh nng
- Mt vt nng cao h so vi mt nhn bit mt vt c nng lng da vo kh nng thc
thc hin cng hoc lm nng
t, mt chic t ang chy trn hin cng c hc hoc lm nng cc vt khc.
cc vt khc. ng,... chng u c kh nng thc
hin cng, ngha l chng c nng
lng. Nng lng ca chng tn ti
di dng c nng
- Mt vt c th lm mt vt khc nng
ln th vt c nng lng. Nng
lng ca vt tn ti di dng nhit
nng.
2 K tn c nhng dng [TH]. Cc dng nng lng bit l:
nng lng hc. c nng (th nng v ng nng), nhit
nng, in nng, quang nng, ho nng.
3 Nu c v d hoc m t [TH]. V d:
c hin tng trong c - Ta nhn bit c cc dng nng 1. Khi bnh xe p quay lm cho nm ca inam quay
s chuyn ho cc dng nng lng nh ho nng, quang nng, in v pht ra dng in lm bng n sng. Nh vy, c
lng hc v ch ra c nng khi chng c bin i thnh c nng ca bnh xe chuyn ho thnh in nng.
rng mi qu trnh bin i nng hoc nhit nng. Ni chung, mi 2. Th nng chuyn thnh ng nng khi qu bng ri
u km theo s chuyn ho qu trnh bin i trong t nhin u c v ngc li.
nng lng t dng ny sang km theo s bin i nng lng t 3. Nhit nng chuyn ho thnh c nng trong cc ng
dng khc. dng ny sang dng khc. c nhit.
- Nu c mt v d hoc m t c 4. in nng bin i thnh: nhit nng qua cc dng c
mt hin tng trong c s chuyn in nh bn l, bp in, ni cm in; thnh c nng
ho cc dng nng lng c bit qua cc ng c in; thnh quang nng cc n ng,
THCS. n LED.
5. Quang nng bin nng bin i thnh in nng pin
quang in.
6. Ho nng bin i thnh in nng thng qua pin,
cquy.
51. NH LUT BO TON NNG LNG

Ghi ch
1 Pht biu c nh lut bo [TH]. Nng lng khng t sinh ra
ton v chuyn ho nng hoc t mt i m ch chuyn ho t
lng. dng ny sang dng khc, hoc truyn
t vt ny sang vt khc.
2 Gii thch mt s hin tng v [VD]. Gii thch c mt s hin V d:
qu trnh thng gp trn c s tng lin quan n nh lut. 1. Hn bi thp ln t mng nghing xung va chm vo
vn dng nh lut bo ton v ming g ang nm yn. Sau va chm ming g chuyn
chuyn ho nng lng. ng. Nh vy, ng nng ca hn bi truyn cho
ming g lm ming g chuyn ng.
2. Th mt ming ng c nung nng vo cc nc
lnh. Ming ng truyn nhit nng cho nc lm
nc nng ln.
3. Th nng c th chuyn ho thnh ng nng khi
qu bng ri xung, nhng c nng ca n c bo
ton (nu ma st l rt nh).
4. C xt ming ng ln mt bn, ming ng v mt
bn nng ln, trong trng hp ny th c nng
chuyn ho hon ton thnh nhit nng ca ming ng
v mt bn.
52. NNG SUT TO NHIT CA NHIN LIU

STT Ghi ch
1 Nu c nng sut to nhit [NB]. i lng cho bit nhit lng
l g. to ra khi 1kg nhin liu b t chy
hon ton gi l nng sut to nhit ca
nhin liu.
- n v nng sut to nhit ca nhin
liu l J/kg.
- Bit tra bng nng sut to nhit ca
mt s nhin liu (Bng 26.1 - SGK)
2 Vn dng c cng thc [TH]. Cng thc tnh nhit lng do
Q = q.m, trong q l nng nhin liu b t chy to ra :
sut to nhit ca nhin liu Q = m.q, trong :
Q l nhit lng to ra c n v l J;
m l khi lng ca nhin liu c n
v l kg;
Q l nng sut to nhit ca nhin liu
c n v l J/kg.
[VD]. Vn dng c cng thc Q =
q.m gii c cc bi tp v nng
sut to nhit ca nhin liu, khi bit
gi tr ca hai trong ba i lng Q, q,
m v tm gi tr ca i lng cn li.
53. NG C NHIT
STT Ghi ch
1 Nu c ng c nhit l [NB]. ng c nhit l ng c trong
thit b trong c s bin mt phn nng lng ca nhin liu
i t nhit nng thnh c b t chy c chuyn ho thnh c
nng. nng.
2 ng c nhit gm ba b [NB]. Cu to ca ng c n bn k
phn c bn l ngun nng, gm ba b phn c bn l: ngun nng,
b phn sinh cng v ngun b phn sinh cng v ngun lnh.
lnh.
3 Nhn bit c mt s ng [NB].
c nhit thng gp. - ng c xng thng c lp trn xe
t du lch v so vi ng c iezen,
ng c xng gn nh hn nn ph hp
vi nhng xe loi nh. ng c xng
cn dng chy my pht in gia
nh v n gn nh v t ting n.
- ng c iezen thng c lp trn
xe ti v ng c c hiu sut cao hn
nn tit kim c nhin liu.
4 Nu c hiu sut ng c [TH].
nhit l g. - Hiu sut ca ng c nhit l kh
nng ca ng c bin i nhit lng
do nhin liu b t chy thnh cng c
ch.
- Cng thc tnh hiu sut ca ng c
nhit :
A
H
Q .100%, trong :
H l hiu sut ca ng c nhit, tnh ra
phn trm;
A l cng m ng c thc hin c
(c ln bng phn nhit lng
chuyn ho thnh cng), c n v l J;
Q l nhit lng do nhin liu b t
chy ta ra, c n v l J.
5 Nu c v d hoc m t [TH].
c thit b minh ho qu Nhit nng ca nhin liu (than, xng,
trnh chuyn ho cc dng du, kh ga,...) c chuyn ho thnh
nng lng khc thnh in in nng trong cc nh my in, my
nng. pht in ca t, xe my.
C nng ca dng nc c chuyn
ho thnh in nng trong cc nh my
thu in, my pht in loi nh.
Nng lng ht nhn c chuyn ho
thnh in nng trong nh my in ht
nhn.
6 Vn dng c cng thc A
H
A Q
H [VD]. Vn dng c cng thc
Q gii c cc bi , gii c cc bi tp khi bit trc
tp n gin v ng c nhit. gi tr ca hai trong ba i lng v tnh
i lng cn li.

Chuan Kien Thuc Ly

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LP 6

II. HNG DN THC HIN.

Chun kin thc, k nng quy

Chun kin thc, k nng quy

3. KHI LNG O KHI LNG

Chun kin thc, k nng quy

4. LC. HAI LC CN BNG

Chun kin thc, k nng quy

Chun kin thc, k nng quy

Chun kin thc, k nng quy

7. LC K - PHP O LC. TRNG LNG V KHI LNG

Chun kin thc, k nng quy

8. KHI LNG RING. TRNG LNG RING (l thuyt v thc hnh)

Chun kin thc, k nng quy

Chun kin thc, k nng quy

10. MT PHNG NGHING

Chun kin thc, k nng quy

Chun kin thc, k nng quy

Chun kin thc, k nng quy

II. HNG DN THC HIN

Chun kin thc, k nng quy

Ta thy, s n v nhit ca: nhm >

16. S N V NHIT CA CHT LNG

Chun kin thc, k nng quy

Ta thy, s n v nhit ca: ru > du

17. S N V NHIT CA CHT KH

Ta thy, cc cht kh khc nhau n v

18. MT S NG DNG CA S N V NHIT

Chun kin thc, k nng quy

Ch 5: NHIT . NHIT K. THANG NHIT

19. NHIT K - NHIT GIAI

Chun kin thc, k nng quy

20. THC HNH O NHIT

Chun kin thc, k nng quy

21. S NNG CHY V S NG C

Chun kin thc, k nng quy

22. S BAY HI V NGNG T

Chun kin thc, k nng quy

II. HNG DN THC HIN

Ch 1: S TRUYN THNG NH SNG

1. NHN BIT NH SNG - NGUN SNG V VT SNG

Chun kin thc, k nng

Chun kin thc, k nng

- Chm sng hi t gm cc tia sng gp nhau trn

- Chm sng phn k gm cc tia sng loe rng ra trn

3. NG DNG NH LUT TRUYN THNG CA NH SNG

Chun kin thc, k nng

4. NH LUT PHN X NH SNG

Chun kin thc, k nng

b. Tia ti khi bit trc tia phn x

Chun kin thc, k nng

Chun kin thc, k nng

- Nhn bit c nhng vt cng, c b mt nhn phn x m tt v nhng vt

- K c tn mt s vt liu cch m thng dng chng nhim do ting

II. HNG DN THC HIN.

Chun kin thc, k nng quy

Chun kin thc, k nng quy

12. MI TRNG TRUYN M

Chun kin thc, k nng quy

Ch 4: PHN X M. TING VANG

Chun kin thc, k nng quy

Ch 5: CHNG NHIM TING N

14. CHNG NHIM TING N

Chun kin thc, k nng quy