47

, -
(culture jamming), - (tactical
media), (hactivism), (DIY+activism).

2.1.
1960
,
, , , ,
.
,
, , (-),
( ) ( ), ,
, , , -
, ( -
). ,
( ), ,
, ,

.

2.1.1.
, -
, :
) , ,1 -
, , ,
, . ,
, -
, ( -,
-). : 1.
, ,
, 2. , -
( ), ,
(, ), 3.
( ..) .
, -
, , ,
( ), .
, , ,
- (bricoleur).

49
 2 -

) ,
, , -
.2 , ,

, .
) ,
(DIY), ,
, -
,
-. , ,
(), ,

.
) ,
, , -

.
Lev Manovich3 , (persona)
, 1980 1990, ,
, ,
.4 Manovich ,
5 , -
, ,
, -
.6
, Manovich
( ) -
. ,
,
.
, ,
,
,7
,
, , ,
( ).

, , ,
, , -, ,
.. , -
, .
,
8
,
- . , , -
, .
, ,
-, -, -
, ( -
, , , , , , , ..).

50


2.2.
(culture jamming)9
1984 ,
10 (Dery, 1993).
, -
(, ). -
() John
Heartfield,11 Samizdat,
, .
, -
.12 ,
Hakim Bey13 cut/up
William Burroughs,14 1980,

(..). ,
,
-
( , ).
,
(expanded cinema),
, -
.
(ready-made) , ,15
,
,
, (Carducci, 2006). -
, ,
(bricolage) (performance), -
(drag) (.. non-white Drag Queens), ,
(.. )
, (Dery, 1993).
/
, , ,
(tactical media).16
,
(1984) Jrgen Habermas,
(1950), - dtournement,
(1960).
(/)
,
() , -
,
. ,
,
(Carducci, 2006)
. , , -
,
(Klein, 2005). Naomi Klein17 (culture
jammer) ( -

51
 2 -

),
, DIY
( disk-jockey /DJ).
,
, ( ),
,18 ,
, (..),
, (shop lifting) (shop dropping),19
( ),20 -
,
(open source), DIY , (how to make, instructions),
(.. , -
..). (, ) (culture jammers)
,
21 (U.Eco), (Attali, 1991)
(Serres, 2009).

2.3.

, ,
(open source).
(),
, --
, ,
( ), (), , -

(Carducci, 2006).
, (free software) -
, (Wark,
2006).
1983
Richard Stallman,22 , 1985, -
(Free Software Foundation/FSF) copy left,
copyright,
() ,
.23
1920, () ()
( ). , ( )
, ,
.24 1960, ,
(Galloway, 2004).
1970, , -
68, () ,
(bottom up) ( ),
(Von Busch Palms, 2006). 1970,
(PC),
,
.
, , ,

52


, -
(Galloway, 2004). , ,
DIY ,
(Von Busch Palms, 2006) .
Steven Levy25 1984, ,26

. Anne Galloway27 2004,
, ,28
,29
(cracker), Isaac Asimov (2004).30
-
(cracker), Richard
Stallman 1980, . Eric
Steven Raymond, ( ),
,
. Stallman -
, ,
,
(Stallman, 2002) .
, Otto von Busch31 ( ),
, .32
, 33 , ,
. , ,
(+) (+) .
O Busch ,
-
. ,
, ,
, / .

(topdown) (Von Busch Palms, 2006).
Wark Mc Kenzie34 , -
.35
,
, - (Wark, 2006).
, Mc Kenzie, ,
. Mc Kenzie
(,
)36 ,37 , -
, ,
.38 (Michel De Certeau)
, (..
, ),
.39 Otto von Busch,40
, ,
(Busch, 2008).
, McKenzie,
,
(Wark, 2006) - (),
,

53
 2 -

. Mc Kenzie,
, , .
,41 , ( )
.
, ,
( ) ,
, (), (-
) ( , , ,
, ), .
( ) (..),
,
,
.
,
, ,
.
, , ,
, , (..). Stallman
, -
(
).

, (Stallman, 2002).
Otto von Busch, (prank)42
, (lock-picking).
,43
, ,
, , (..).
, ,
, ,
.

2.3.1.
,
- 44 ,45
, -
. 46 () ,
,
. Urbex (Urban
Exploration/UE), , -
, , , .
,
, ,
.
, , ,
, , , ( , )
(, ,
) .
,

54


,
,
.

, , ,
- -
, . ,
,
, , -
,
, , -,
, , , ,
.
,
, ,
(Von Busch Palms, 2006).
,47 , ,
, , ,
, , ,
.
,
( , ), , ,
Michel de Certeau (Rendell, 2006,. 16,17 , 2008)
. Jane Rendell -
(place), (space) (site),
(location) .48
. ,
( ) ,
( ).49 Lygia Clark
, , ,
,
, ,
(Clark, 1965).

, (..
parkour).50 , ,
(toolkit) ,
, - .
( ) -
,
, ,
,
.51
, De Certeau
-
. , ,
() , ,
, , , (Manovich, 2008).
,

55
 2 -

(..).
De Certeau (1988), Manovich
,
, .52
Von Busch
DIY (Von Busch Palms, 2006). (, DIY,
) , ,
, (+ ).53 -
,
-
(), ( ).
, ,
, ,
- . Von Busch ,
, ,
, .54
,
,
, , ( , ),
(how to make, instructions).
Karl Palms, Von Busch ,
, ( ) , -
, , , - (..).
Von Busch, , ,
,
55 . ,
( ), .
(toolkit) ,

. ,

, (..).
Von Busch Palms, ,
, ,
,
(..). ,
,
. ( )
(--
) , .
,56
, ,
( ), , -
,
, , ,
. , -
() ,
, () .
, -
,

56


(),57 ,
, . (),
, ,
( ), , ,
. ,
, ().
,
(, ) , -
,
, (..).
Anne Galloway , ,
(Galloway, 2004). (
), ,
, ,

(..). , 58
,
(netart), DIY, (re-mix) -
(postproduction). Galloway
Mitchel Resnick59 MIT, ,
, LEGO Mindstorms,60
LEGO.
, Galloway,
, (..). ,
,
.

2.3.2.

(, , ), , -
. () ,
,
(Mikhail Bakhtin). , -
, .
Von Busch -
.
von Bush,
,61 , ,
, , (..).
, ,
, ,
. , ,
, ( )
(..). , (interfaces) (-),
(..). ,
( ),
, , .
-, ,
, (..).

57
 2 -

, ,
,62
. -
, Jacques Rancire,63
.

. , , , ,
, , , ,
, (Ranciere, 2008).
,
, . -
( ), , ,
( ) , , ,
. ,
, ( )
. , ,
, , , -
, ,
, , () .
(Serge Latouche)
, , , ,
,
, -
, .
, -
, (DIY) ,
(fanzines) .
, ,
, (DIY) . ,
,
, .
64
( ).
(, -
, ..), ,
, , ,
, .
,
, , , ,
, , ( ) ,
() , ,
, , .

. , -
, ,
,
. , -
-- () ,
.

58


,
, .
, , -
, (, -
, , ) ,
. ,
(cut/up) , , -
(), ,
. ,
, (animation)
.65 ,
, -
. ,
(, ) , -
() ,
,
, .
, ()
,
, -
.
, , -
,
, (Von Busch
Palms, 2006).
(Michel de Certeau), -
, ,
.
,
, ,
(..). , (..
), , ,
, .

2.3.3.
Mc Kenzie, ,66 -
Derrida,
(Derrida, 1990).67
,68
. , , (assemblage),
, , -
, , .
, Claude Lvi-Strauss,69
Jacques Derrida,70
.
Derrida , Lvi-Strauss,
, ,
, ( )
. Lvi-Strauss (1977)

59
 2 -

, -
.71 , ()
, ,
, ,
, -
,
,
.
(ad hoc) , (-
-) ,
, . ,

, , .
(
),
, , (.., . 114-119).
--
,

, , Lvi-Strauss,
, .
, - ,
, -,

, , (..).
, Lvi-Strauss, ,
, ( ) .
, , -
,
.
Seymour Papert72 (1993) ,
Lvi-Strauss,
, ()
. Lvi-Strauss ,
,
(..),
, .
,
, (..).
, Umberto Eco (1989) ,

. -
,
,
, ,
, (..). Lvi-Strauss,73 -
(
), ,
(..). Eco, ( , -
) , ,

60


.
, ,
(..).
,
. , , ,
,

(..), .
Papert LEGO-
Logo .74
, , , ,
( )
. ,
, -
, ,
. , ,
,
, . (Papert, 1993).

2.3.4. -
Jason Sack75 1995 (hactivism), ,
( ) -
(Von Busch Palms, 2006).
, ().
(tactical media),
, (open source)
(free software). -
( ),
, -
,
.
, -
- ( , ),
, - (
). ,
(-
/ / ),
(Electronic Civil Disobedience/ECD). ,
(DIY, instruction, open source, free software) -,
,
(tactical media)76,
.77
, , - -
, .
Critical Art Ensemble (CAE),

(performance). ,
, ,
.

61
 2 -

( ),
( , )
.
,
,
,
(Seattle,1999), (.. RTMark),
.
, ,
, , (
),
. , -
(cracking) ,
.78 , Von Busch,
,79 -.
Von Busch Palms , ,
, ,80 (cracker:
crack+hacker), (cultural jammers)
.
(tactical media)
,
, . ,
1998
(defacement),81 , , (servers), -
, ,
, ,
(peer to peer).
, -
( ),
, .
,
,
(Raymond, 2001). ,
(direct action) ,
, .82

() .
,

, , .83 -
, /, ,
, (,
), ,
, -
(Von Busch, 2008).

62


2.4.
, -
.
, (-
, , , , , ..).84
Paulo Freire, , -
, , ,
.
(-),
, .85 Freire
,
(.. ). ,
,
, , .
, , ,
( , ),
, (Freire, 1977).

, ( )
.86 Jacques Rancire87 -
.
, ,
,
( ) ,
,
. 88
,
,
,
.89 Grant Kester90
.
Kim Charnley91
,
,
, , .92 David Landis
Barnhill93 ( ),
: ) (), ,
, )
, ,
) , , ,
, , ,
(tactical media), , , , ,
(cracking), , , ) ,
, ,
, , , , ..
Alexander Brener Barbara Schurz94 , ,
, , -
.

63
 2 -

. ,
.
, 1980,


.95
-
( -
,
).
(cyborg). ,
Gustav Metzger96 ,97 , -
. , , ,
, ,
, ( ).
,
,98
, , (jouissance).
, ,
, , ,
,
( ). Brener Schurz (2000) ,
,
, ,
[] , . , ,
,
.
: ) -
, ) ,99 ) ,100 )
( ) , ) -
( ..),101 ) ,102 )
,103 ) 104 () (..).

2.4.1.
Critical Art Ensemble (CAE)
FBI (Federal ureau f nestigatin), -
. CAE FBI
, , ,
-
. ,
,
( , , , , -
, ,
Steve Kurtz CAE).
CAE,
( ) ( ),
Miwon Kwon (Kwon, 2004).

(.. ), -

64


( ) .
, ,
/ ( ).105
CAE , , ,
(Kester, 2004), .

( ..), , ( ), .. -
, -,
( )
(..). Kester, , -
,
,
. -
, Group Material, Institute for Applied Autonomy (IAA),
Electronic Disturbance Theater (EDT) ..
Electronic Disturbance Theater (EDT) 106
1998,
. Transborder Immigrant Tool (TBT), EDT & b.a.n.g.
lab, Geo_Poetic_System (GPS) ,
. TBT ,
Transnational Communities Award (2007)
(2007) (2008).
Institute for Applied Autonomy (IAA).
Institute for Applied Autonomy (IAA)

.
,
, . IAA
, DIY
, ,
,
.107

65
 2 -

1 , Bruce Lacey 2010, Kinetica,
, .
, ,
, ( ).
,
. ,
, ,
.
2 ,
. -
,
.
3 , .
4 . Lev Manovich (1996), On Totalitarian Interactivity. otes from the nemy of the eople,
http://manovich.net/ ( : 10/11/2014).
5
, , , [] , /
, (
),
, , ( )
, . . Miwon Kwon (2005), Public Art as a Publicity, Simon
Sheikh, In the Place of the Public Sphere?, b_books, , .22-33 1-31 Readings on Art, Activism
& Participation, DINP-DIRP, . I, 2007, .15, http://www.wearethethinktank.org/
readers/reader-vol1.pdf ( : 10/1/2014) http://republicart.net/disc/publicum/kwon01_en.htm
( : 10/1/2014).
6 , Manovich Dimity Prigov,
, (event) ISEA94,
,
19 , . . Lev
Manovich (2002), Models of uthorship in New Media, http://manovich.net/ ( :
10/1/2014).
7 .
8 . (2010), 3 , (.) (2012), Archive
public: . , /
, , .120 . (2008), :
, Futura, , .38-48.
9 (culture jamming),
-
.
10 . The Culture Jammers Encyclopedia, : Hacktivism, http://sniggle.net/hacktivism.php
( : 10/1/2014).
11 . Susan Buck-Morss (2009), : ,
, , .92-97.
12 , fanzine, candid
camera.
13 . Hakim Bey (1998), T.A.Z. - H , . . , Futura, , .21,26.
14 .William Burroughs (1983), , . . , , .

66


15 . Robert Holub (1984), Reception Theory: A Critical ntroduction, Methuen, . Dick Hebdige
(1979), Subculture: The Meaning of Style, Methuen, .
16 . http://www.tacticalmediafiles.net/. , . Rita Raley (2009), Tactical Media, University of Minnesota
Press, , . Eric Kluitenberg (2011), Legacies of Tactical Media. The Tactics of Occupation:
From Tompkins Square to Tahrir, Network Notebooks 05, http://networkcultures.org/_uploads/
NN5_EricKluitenberg.pdf ( : 3/2015).
17 , .
18 Adbusters Magazine 1989. ,
.
19 shop dropping (culture jamming),
, , ,
( , .).
, , ,
, ,
. . Otto von Busch Karl Palms (2006), Abstract Hactivism: he aking of a acker Culture,
, http://www.isk-gbg.org/99our68/AbstractHacktivism.pdf ( :
8/2013).
20 Yomango ( , yomango ) -
2002
,
.
( , ), , -
. () ,
, ,
, , , ,
. Reclaim the Streets (RTS)
, .
, ,
, , , , -
(TAZ), , DIY,
, , , , , -,
, ,
(.. , , ,
..). . Gilles Lipovetsky (2012), . -
, , . Jean Baudrillard (1988), Selected Writings, Polity Press, .
21 (copyright), -
, , . . Marc Dery
(1993), Culture Jamming: Hacking, Slashing and Sniping in the Empire of Signs, Open Magazine Pamphlet
Series, .5.
22 .
23 Eric Steven Raymond ,
( ). , ,
. ,
Richard Stallman ,
, .
, , ,
Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD Unix)
. Linux, BSD
Unix ( 1995), ,
Linux , Linus Torvalds
, 1998 2003,

67
 2 -

. . Eric Steven Raymond (2001), How

to Become a Hacker, Thyrsus Enterprises, .12-13, http://www.catb.org/esr/faqs/hacker-howto.
html. 1996 how to make .
24 . Peter Lamborn Wilson (2009), : , .
. , , .
25 , , , , -
, , . . Steven Levy (1984), Hackers: Heroes
of the Computer Revolution, Doubleday, .
26 1. . 2.
. 3. . 4.
, , ,
. 5. . 6.
. . Steven Levy (2003), What is Hacktivism? 2.0., http://www.
thehacktivist.com/whatishacktivism.pdf ( : 7/9/2012).
27 , , .
, , ,
, . Design for Hackability
-
, ,
( ).
. Anne Galloway (2004), Panel: Design for Hackability, http://www.purselipsquarejaw.org/
papers/panel_hackability_DIS2004.pdf ( : 7/9/2012).
28 , Galloway, -
.
, ,
. . Anne Galloway (2004), Panel: Design
for Hackability, ..
29 1. . 2.
. 3. . 4. . 5. . 6.
. 7. . . Anne Galloway (2004), Panel: Design for
Hackability, ..
30 Galloway (1941) Isaac Asimov
, ,
.
31 DIY . ,
DIY , , , .
32 , , -
//, , :
( ), ( ), (
), ( , , ,
, , ). . Peter Lamborn Wilson (2009), :
, .., . 230,235.
33 Serge Latouche , ,
, , , ,
, (, ), -
(, , , [Hakim Bey]),
(), , , , -
(low tech) (low cost) ,
. DIY ,
,

68


. , ,
, . . Serge Latouche (2008),
, . . , , .
34 , , .
35 . Wark Mc Kenzie (2004), A Hacker Manifesto, Harvard University Press, [. .:
(2006), , . . , Scripta, ].
36 John Cage, 433, Richard Stallman,
, . , . Jean Tinguely, Study for an End of the World, N
2 (1962). . Richard Stallman (2002), On Hacking, . 1, https://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.
html . Gustav Metzger (1959), Auto-destructive Art Manifesto (Self-destructive machine),
http://www.391.org/manifestos/1959metzger.htm ( : 4/8/2013).
37 .
38 ,
( ) .
. Wark McKenzie (2006), , ..
39 Wark Mc Kenzie, ,
, (- ), ()
(-) ( )
( ), ,
, , ,
, (
), . . Wark Mc Kenzie (2006),
, ..
40 DIY .
41 , (, )
,
, . . Wark McKenzie (2006),
, ..
42 prank () , (prankster),
. lock-picking -
, ,
.
43 , ,
. . J.P. Vernant M. Detienne (1993), , , ,
.
44 1980, -
, Tommaso Tozzi, . Tatiana Bazzichelli (2006),
Networking: he et as rtwork, Digital Aesthetics Research Center Aarhus University, , .124,126,
http://www.networkingart.eu/pdf/networking_bazzichelli.pdf http://www.labofii.net/ (
: 6/2014). . Gavin Grindon John Jordan (2014), -
, , , http://demandingimpossible.wordpress.com/ ( :
6/2014).
45 Terry Gilliam, Brazil (1985), Robert de Niro

, .
46 . Giorgio Agamben (2006), , . . , , .
47 . Gordon Matta-Clark, Substrait, Underground Dailies (1976 16mm film, color, sound, 30, camera:
Matta-Clark). Matta-Clark .

69
 2 -

, -
( N.Y. Central, Grand Central Station, 13th
Street, Croton Aqueduct High gate ..).
, ,
, . .
Gordon Matta-Clark, Paris Underground, Sous-Sols de Paris (1977-2005 16mm film, B&W, newly
restored sound, in French, 2520). Matta-Clark , , , , -
, , , , . . Matthew Fuller (1997), Visceral
Facades: aking Matta-Clarks Crow bar to Software, http://www.ubu.com/film/gmc_splitting.
html ( : 5/12/2012).
48 Rendell Kwon
, .
! () -
,
(location). . Jane Rendell (2006), Art and rchitecture. Place Between, I.B. Tauris,
, .185 . (2008), : -
, ..
49 . Bruce Chatwin (1990), , . . , , .
50 parkour ( ) , ,
, .
, ,
, , -
, . ,

.
51 . Electronic Disturbance Theater/EDT (2009), Transborder Immigrant Tool, http://bang.
transreal.org/category/transborder-immigrant-tool/ ( : 10/11/2014) . EDT 2.0 b.a.n.g. lab
(Ricardo Dominguez, Amy Sara Carroll, Brett Stalbaum, Micha Crdenas, Elle Mehrmand) (2013), Geo_Poetic_
Systems/GPS: Fragments, Fractals, Forms and Functions Against Invisibility, http://sites.uci.edu/transscripts/
files/2014/10/2013_03_20.pdf ( : 10/11/2014) . Heath Bunting (2002-2003), Border Xing
Guide, http://www2.tate.org.uk/intermediaart/entry15468.shtm ( : 10/11/2014).
52 Galloway -
, , ,
. . Anne Galloway (2004), Panel:
Design for Hackability, ..
53 Otto von Busch, craftivism (craft+political activism),
(+ ), ,
. . Otto von Busch Karl Palms (2006), Abstract Hactivism,
..
54 Von Busch
,
.
- , ,
(copy), / (cut), (paste).
55 . Henry David Thoreau (2010), , . , , . , . Xavier Renou
(2011), , , http://www.iliosporoi.net/ (
: 10/11/2014).
56 Busch ,
. . Otto von Busch Karl Palms (2006), Abstract Hactivism, ..
57 . Michel Serres (2009), , . . , , .

70


58 Galloway
, ,
. , ,
. . Anne Galloway (2004), Panel:
Design for Hackability, ..
59 Kindergarten, MIT Media Lab.
60 5, CIPO.
61 []
,
. . Otto von Busch Karl Palms (2006), Abstract Hactivism, ..
62 Joseph Jacotot .
1818 ,
: 1. , 2.
() , 3.
!, 4. . . Jacques Rancire (2008), ,
, . . , , .
63 , St. Denis.
64 fan fiction slash fiction , machinima (machine+animation), ,
. ,
,
, , , -
, . . Otto von
Busch Karl Palms (2006), Abstract Hactivism, ..
65 ,
-
. (), ()
(), . . Otto von Busch Karl Palms
(2006), Abstract Hactivism, ..
66 Mc Kenzie [] -
. . ark Mc Kenzie (2006), , 003 , 222
, ..
67 , . -
, , -
, . . Jacques Derrida (2003), , .
. , , , . 307,333. Judith Butler
.
68 (
) . . Anne Galloway (2004),
Panel: Design for Hackability, ..
69 . Claude Lvi-Strauss (1977), , . . , , , . 114-120.
70 . Jacques Derrida (2003), , .., . 442-454.
71 Lvi-Strauss , Derrida
, ,
( ) .
72 , , .
73 . Claude Lvi-Strauss (2001), : , , . . , ,
.

71
 2 -

74 LEGO
, , . . Seymour Papert (1993), Instructionism
versus Constructionism, The Childrens Machine: Rethinking School in the Age of the Computer, Basic Books,
.
75 . , -
Shu Lea Cheang (,
, , ).
76 (tactical media) 1996,
.
(, , , , ),
, , ,
, .
-, -

, ,
. - ,
, , , Critical Art Ensemble (CAE), RTMark, The Yes Men,
Electronic Disturbance Theater, Institute for Applied Autonomy (IAA), Bureau of Inverse Technology, subRosa,
I/O/D, Irational,.. [ : 44 (
20)]. . http://www.tacticalmediafiles.net/.
77 . Steven Levy (2003), What is Hacktivism? 2.0., ..
78 .
79 [] , ,
, , ,
, , --,
, , ,
, . . Otto von Busch (2008), FASHION-able: Hacktivism and Engaged
Fashion Design, Art Monitor, (2008), Post-script to Fashion-able, or a ethodological
ppendix to ctivist Design Research, Art Monitor, .
80 ,
.
81 (defacement) (crackers)
, (server),
server, -
, . 1998
. Attrition.org
, .

web (Data Loss
Database), , Data loss DB. . http://attrition.org ( :
7/9/2012).
82 . Steven Levy (2003), What is Hacktivism? 2.0. ..
83 . Simon Springer (2014), Why a radical geography must be anarchist: dialogues in human geography, . 4,
Sage, . 249-270.
84 , 1986,
, ,
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