0123320222 - 0913276171 : /

:
.

. 1 .
. 2
.3
.4
.5
.6

- :
.1 (Network Interface Card - )NIC

Interface
PCI

Built-in .
MBPS
Mega Byte Per Second 1000 MBPS
100 MBPS
.

.2 (: )Switch

Switch ( )

2 6
2 Switch 6
.

.3 (: )Network Cable
 0123320222 - 0913276171 : /

P2P Star LAN )Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP
1000 MBPS
. :

() : . -
() : . -
() : . -
() : . -

UTP Categories -
:

100 Mhz Cat 5 Category 5

100 Mhz Cat 5e Category 5 Extended

1000 Mhz Cat 6 Category 6

1000 Mhz Cat 6e Category 6 Extended

Mhz ( ) MBPS

1000 MBPS
Cat 6 Cat 6E 100 MBPS
.
AWG American Wire Gauge
22 AWG 24 AWG
24 AWG
UTP Cable Cat 5e 24 AWG :
100 Mhz
. 24 AWG

.4 : )Router(
 0123320222 - 0913276171 : /

Router Gateway

Ram Rom Operating System
Internet Operating System Cisco Routers
. ( : )Router

.1 : DSL Modem
RJ11 .

.2 Router :
RJ45 Router .

RJ11 .3 : Modem Router

.

.4 : Switch Modem Router

RJ45 RJ11
.

.5 (: )Splitter

Digital Analog
Router Line
Analog Digital Phone Modem Line
Analog Phone DigitalModem
. Router

:
 0123320222 - 0913276171 : /
Switch Router Network
Hardware
Windows XP
:

.1: Client
P2P Star
LAN
0 Client For Microsoft Networks

.2 Protocols :

. TCP\IP

( Internet Protocol . :
. Version 4 (TCP\IPv4

.3 : Services:


File and Print Sharing For Microsoft :
. Networks
.4 : QoS

. QoS Packet Scheduler :
:
. QoS Packet Scheduler .
File and Print Sharing For Microsoft Networks
. Client For Microsoft Networks Internet Protocol
) (TCP\IPv4 .
: :
- - PAN Personal Area Network -

10
Infrared Bluetooth
.

- - LAN Local Area Network

 0123320222 - 0913276171 : /


Ethernet
1000-100-10 .

-MAN Metropolitan Area Network -

WAN LAN LAN
WAN

WAN LAN Ethernet
. ATM

- - WAN Wide Area Network

Frame Relay, ATM, X.25 2
650 .
- - CAN Campus Area Network

MAN LAN
MAN LAN

. LAN
- - SAN Storage Area Network

Data Storage Center

. Fiber Optic
- - GAN Global Area Network

.
- - WLAN :Wireless Local Area Network

) )4.2 , 5.0 GHz 2 54 DSSS OFDM
. BSS, IBSS, ESS

( ) :
.1 Client \ Server :
 0123320222 - 0913276171 : /

( )
Server
. Client

Client
Server

Servers Windows Server 2008
Clients Windows 7 or Windows
. Vista Or Windows XP
.2 : Peer to Peer :

LAN ( )
Server Client
Workgroup Computer


.

: Topology -

: : Bus
 0123320222 - 0913276171 : /

terminator connector


.

: : Ring :

Repeaters
Terminators


Repeaters
.
.

: : Star :

Hub Switch

 0123320222 - 0913276171 : /
Star
. Star
- :
1- Ethernet
2- Token ring
3- Frame Relay
4- ATM
5- F 25
6- MPLS
7- Family DSL

Ethernet .
: Ethernet

collision Sense
) Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD

.


.
Ethernet :
1- Straight through
2- Cross Over
3- Rollover or Console

: : Cross Over

A . B

:
- Router-to-Router
- HUB-to-HUB
 0123320222 - 0913276171 : /
- Switch-to-HUB
- Switch-to-Switch
- PC-to-PC
- Router-to-PC
- :
- Switch-to-HUB
- Router-to-PC
: Straight through :
Switch :
A A
B B
- :
- Switch-to-Router
- Switch-to-PC
- Router-to-Server
- Hub-to-PC
- Hub-to-Server
:
B 568 T -
A 568 T -
- : A , B

 0123320222 - 0913276171 : /

.

- : Protocols
: Protocol

.
:
:
.1 .
.2 ( ) .
.3 .
:
:
.1 ( ) .
.2 .
.3 .
.4 .
- :
:
.1 : Host Name :
... PC2 PC1 .
.2 : Internal Pointer:

PC1 ( )
.
Domain Name System (DNS) TCP/IP
( )192.168.1.9
(. )2
.3 : : MAC Address :
( )
(ARP Address Resolution Protocol
IPConfig/All
DOS .
 0123320222 - 0913276171 : /
- : IP Address
: IP Address -
.
:
32 ( :IP Address
-
) . TCP/IP
IP .
. 192.168.0.1
- IP
IP
IP
:
.1 : Subnet Address
.2 : .
IP
255 .



.
- :
Classes
:
Class A B C
IP Range 1 - 126 128 - 191 192 - 223
Subnet Mask 255.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 255.255.255.0
Network ID 1st Octet 1st & 2nd Octet 1 & 2nd & 3rd Octet
st

Host ID 2nd & 3rd & 4th Octet 3rd & 4th Octet 4th Octet
Hosts Number 16,777,216 65.536 256
. : Subnet Mask :IP Range .
: Network ID ( ) . : Octet .
: Hosts Number . : Host ID ( ) .
 0123320222 - 0913276171 : /
C: 200.15.10.1 , B: 180.25.30.2 , A: 50.10.10.6 IP - :
: Host ID .
- : Network ID .
IP A,B,C
IP

( octet) .
- : A octet
. 255.0.0.0
- : B octet
. 255.255.0.0
- : C octet
octet
. 255.255.255.0

IP
255
( )0 .
:
 0123320222 - 0913276171 : /
IP IP IP

IP .
:

-
- 24/
IP 32 octet 8 IP
octet octet 32 ( ( :

/24 IP
. C
/16 IP
. B
/8 IP
. A
 0123320222 - 0913276171 : /
Bit Byte

" "byte
" "bits ""bit
: .
: 1 = 8
.
" " 14 14 (
) 14
112= 8
"
4134646513
: ( -
... ) :
.1 ( )kilobyte 1024 (
)
.2 ( )megabyte 1048576 = 1024 1024 1024
.
.3 ( )gigabyte 1073741824 = 1024 1024 1024 1024
.
.4 ( )terabyte ( )TB 1024 .
: ( )PB ( )EB ( )ZB
( )YB 1024
1024 .


1000 ( ... ...)...
... 1024
24 1024000
1000000
binary 1 0
2^3 2^10 ( )1024
2^20 )1024*1024( 2^30 2^40 ...
.

....
.... 4

binary 000000100 8 8 .
: ^ .

 0123320222 - 0913276171 : /
.
- : 10.200.150.15 /8
:

- octet .
- octet .
- octet .
- : 192.168.55.10 255.255.255.0

:
- octet .
- octet .
- octet .

.
Open System Interconnection OSI Model



Router
Switch 3com Realtek
. OSI Model

( )

( )
:
 0123320222 - 0913276171 : /

Application layer

Presentation layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data link Layer
Physical layer

.1 Application Layer :

Presentation layer

( )STTP , POP3 , IMP
FTP
HTTP
. TCP / IP
.2 Presentation Layer :

Application Layer
Packet Data Compression

Data Encryption .
Decryption
Decompression .
.3 Session Layer :

Internet Explorer Fire Fox

Session
.
 0123320222 - 0913276171 : /

. Upper layer
.4 Transport Layer :
:
Packets .
.
Ports ( )
( ) .
.
.
TCP
User Datagram Protocol
) (UDT .
.5 Network Layer :

( ) IP IP

.
.6 Data link Layer :

CRC
Cyclical Redundancy Check . Checksum
.7 Physical Layer :

Hub Switch
.

: TCP &UDP
) : User Datagram Protocol
) :( UDP :
 0123320222 - 0913276171 : /
) (TCP/IP) - Transfer control Protocol/Internet Protocol

: (Datagram)-

.
Universal
Datagram Protocol ( ) 1980
). (RFC 768
:
) (datagram
TCP TCP
,

:

TCP
UDP
UDP CONNECTIONLESS
CONNECTION- TCP
ORIENTED .
:
UDP


.
: UDP


.
:
UDP (),
.
.