-:

Management

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()
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1
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Engineering Management .
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-1 -2 -3

Cost

Quality Time

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The Evaluation of the construction Management Concept.
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-5 .

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4

( )

( )


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( )
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-:
-1 Consulting
-2 Contract Letting
Construction Administration -3

-
- .
- .
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- .
.1
-
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- ( ) .
- .
- .

-1 -: Contract

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-2 Client

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-3 Contractor

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-4 -: Resident Eng.

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-5 -: Site Eng
.
-6 -: Project Management
.

6
 -:

-7 -:
(( )) (( )) (( ))
(( ))
( ( )) (( ))
(( )) .

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-1
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(( ))

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-6
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9
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-1 Quality Control



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-2 Cost Control


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-3 Time Control


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Projective Of Planning Project

-1
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-2 .
-3
.
-4 .
-5 .

10
 -:

Methods Of Planning
-:
Bar Chart Method -1
-2 Net Work Analysis Method -:
)Activity On Arrow (A.O.A - .
)Activity On Nods (A.O.N - .
Line Of Balance Method -3 .
Program Evolution Review Techniques Method . -4 .
) Time Grade Method . ( T.G.M -5 .

Construction Activity .


.

(( ))
( / ) .Man/hours -
. -
. -
. -
-
.

11
 -:

Bar Chart Method -:

.
-:
.
-
.
- .
-
.
- .

.
- .
- Float .
.
- () Updating
.
()1

. ( ) C * P
. Bar Chart

Activity A B C D E F G H
Time / man 2 4 3 2 1 1 2 1
Preceded by --- A A B B D,E F G

12
 -:

Act. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H

C*P = A+B+D+F+G+H
= 2+4+2+1+2+1=12 Month

( ) 2

. .
-1 ( )
.
-2 ( ) C*P
.

A
2
150 B
3
150 C
3
175 D
160 . E
2
300 F
2
200 G
2
200 10 H
2
250 I
2
400 J
2
80 K
2
200 L
2
200 M
80 . N

13
 -:

The solution

NO. Preceded by Time / week

A ----- 2
B A 1
C B 2
D C 2
E D 1
F E 3
G F 3
H G 2
I G 2
J G 2
K G,H 1
L K 1
M H,J 1.5
N G,I 2

Act. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
C*P = A+B+C+D+E+F+G+H+K+L
= 2+1+2+2+1+3+2+1+1=18 Week

14
 -:

Net work Method -:

-:
- Activity On Arrow ( A.O.A )
Activity On Nods - )(A.O.N

- Activity On Arrow ( A.O.A )

-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .
-6 .

-1 .
-2
.
-3 .
-4
.

-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .

15
 -:

( ) 1
.
( . ) A.O.A
- . - C*P

Activity Time/day Followed by Preceded by

A 5 B,C
B 3 D,E A
C 2 F A
D 3 G B
E 5 F B
F 7 G E,C
G 3 ----- D,F

8 8

B D
5 5 3 3 20 20
A E 5 G
0 0 23 23
5 3
C 7
2 F

13 13

Fore Word Passing

Back Word Passing

= 23
A-B-D-G = 14
A-B-E-F-G = 23 C*P
A-C-F-G= 17

16
 -:

-: Event
.
-: Arrow (A.O.A)

.
- : Dummy Activity )(A.O.A

.
-:

.
-1 -: Fore Ward Passing
( )
.
-2 -: Back Ward Passing

.

-1 (E.S) Early Start

.
-2 (E.F) Early Finish

.
E.F=E.S+Time
-3 (L.S) Latest Start

.
L.S=L.F-Time
-4 (L.F) Latest Finish

.
-5 (T.F) Total Float

17
 -:

)(E.F ) (E.S) (L.F ) (L.S

.

B
T A

T.F = A B - T

) ( F.F -6 Free Float

.
) ( ) E.F ( F.F = E.S

B
T A

F.F = A B - T

)(I.F -7 Independent Float

) Time ( I.F = E.S L.F

B
T A

I.F = A B - T

18
 -:

-8 ( C*P ) Critical Path

.

=E.S

E.F = E.S + Time

= L.F

L.S = L.F Time

T.F = L.F E.F= L.S - E.S = A B Time

B
T A

F.F = A B Time

B
T A

I.F = A B Time

B
T A

) ( ) = T.F = F.F = I.F = 0 ( = C*P

19
 -:

) 2 (
. .
.
Activity Time Followed by Preceded by
A 2 B,C ------
B 3 G,F A
C 5 D,F A
D 7 E C
F 5 I B,C
E 3 I D
G 6 H B
H 2 I G
I 5 ----- H,E,F

5 9 6 11 15

2
B G 2
2 7 12 H 17
A 3 5 17 5
0 0 22 22
2 C F I
5 3
D E
7 7 7 14 14

Activity Time Early Latest Float C*P

Start Finish Start Finish Total Free Ind.
A 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 *
B 3 2 5 6 9 4 0 0
C 5 2 7 2 7 0 0 0 *
D 7 7 14 7 14 0 0 0 *
F 5 7 12 12 17 5 5 0
E 3 14 17 14 17 0 0 0 *
G 6 5 11 9 15 4 0 -6
H 2 11 13 15 17 4 4 0
I 5 17 22 17 22 0 0 0 *

C * P = A-C-D-E-I = 2+5+7+3+5 = 22

20
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( ) 3

.
.
Activity Time Activity Time
12 3 76 2
23 5 7 10 3
24 4 11 10 0
25 5 6 11 4
36 7 10 12 7
37 0 11 12 4
47 0 9 10 1
48 0 89 3
58 7 8 12 5
4-9 6 12 - 13 4

19 19
8 8 15 15
7 4 11
3 6
2 4
5 8 13 19 19
7 10 26 26 30 30
0 0 3 3 7 12 3 1 7
1 2 4 9 18 18 12 13
3 4 6 4

5 3
5
5 8
7
8 8 15 15

= C*P
= )(1-2)+(2-3)+(3-6)+(11-10)+(6-11)+(10-12)+(12-13
(3+5+7+0+4+7+4) = 30

= )(1-2)+(2-5)+(5-8)+(9-10)+(8-9)+(10-12)+(12-13
(3+5+7+1+3+7+4) = 30

21
 -:

Activity Time Early Latest Float C*P

Start Finish Start Finish Total Free Ind.
1-2 3 0 3 0 3 0 0 0 *
2-3 5 3 8 3 8 0 0 0 *
2-4 4 3 7 8 12 5 0 0
2-5 5 3 8 3 8 0 0 0 *
3-6 7 8 15 8 15 0 0 0 *
3-7 0 8 8 13 13 5 0 0
4-7 0 7 7 13 13 6 1 0
4-8 0 7 7 15 15 8 8 3
5-8 7 8 15 8 15 0 0 0 *
4-9 6 7 13 12 18 5 5 0
7-6 2 7 9 13 15 6 5 0
7-10 3 8 11 16 19 8 8 3
11-10 0 19 19 19 19 0 0 0 *
6-11 4 15 19 15 19 0 0 0 *
10-12 7 19 26 19 26 0 0 0 *
11-12 4 19 23 22 26 3 3 3
9-10 1 18 19 18 19 0 0 0 *
8-9 3 15 18 15 18 0 0 0 *
8-12 5 15 20 21 26 6 6 6
12-13 4 26 26 26 30 0 0 0 *

22
 -:

Activity On Nods )(A.O.N -

.
-1
.
-2 ) (Node
.
-3
.
-4 .
-5
.

E.S Act E.F

L.S Dur L.F

Act. Followed by Bar Chart A.O.A A.O.N

A B A A B
A B
B
A C A A A
B C B C C
C B B
A C,D A A C
A C
B D B
C B D
B D
D

23
 -:

) 1 (
) A.O.N (

Activity Time Followed by Preceded by

A 2 B,E ------
B 6 C,D A
C 6 G B
D 1 F B
E 3 F A
F 3 G D,E
G 2 ----- F,C

2 B 8 8 C 14

2 8 8 14
6 6

14 G 16

14 16
0 A 2 2
8 D 9
0 2
2 10 11
1

2 E 5 9 F 12

8 11 11 14
3 3

C*P = A B C - G

24
 -:

( ) 2

( . ) A.O.N
Activity Time Preceded by Activity Time Preceded by
A 8 ------ G 6 D,E
B 7 A H 7 F,G
C 6 A I 1 G
D 8 B J 3 I
E 6 C,B K 4 HI,J
F 8 D

8 B 1 1 D 2 2 F 3 3 H 3 3 K 4
5 5 3 3 1 1 8 8 2

8 7 1 1 8 2 2 8 3 3 7 3 3 4 4
5 5 3 3 1 1 8 8 2

0 A 8

0 8 8

8 C 1 1 E 2 2 G 2 2 I 3 3 J 3
4 5 1 3 9 9 0 0 3
1 6 1 1 6 2 2 6 3 3 1 3 3 3 3
3 9 9 5 5 1 4 5 5 8

C*P = A B - D - F - H K = 8+7+8+8+7+4 = 42

25
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( . ) A.O.N
-:
-1 ( Start-Start ) S-S
n S-S = n
( ) B
A B ( ) n ( ) A

4
3 A 8 B 10
1 2

Start Finish -2 ( ) S-F

n

A B
10

7
5 A 9 B 15
7 2 9 11 6 17

Finish-Start ( ) F-S -3

A n B

36 A 46
2 48 B 55
10 7
41 51 53 60

Finish-Finish -4 ( ) F-F
n

A B

10

36 A 46 49 B 56
10 7
31 41 41 51

26
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( ) 1
. C*P
( ) A.O.N

Activity Time Followed by Relationship

A 2 B F-S=2
E S-S=3
B 6 C F-F=4, F-S=2
D F-S=2
C 6 G F-S=2
D 1 F S-F=3
E 3 F F-F=2
F 3 G F-S=0
G 2 ----- ------
4
4 B 10 12 C 18
2
4 10 12 18
6 6
2
2 20 G 22
2
20 22
0 A 2 2
12 D 13
0 2
2 17 18
1
3
3
3 E 6 12 F 15

15 18 17 20
3 3
2
C*P=ABCG=(2+2)+(6+2)+(6+2)+2=22

27
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(. )4
C*P .

0 A 3 6 D 8 10 H 13 15 I 20
3 2
9 12 15 17 19 22 22 27
3 2 3 5
0 0
Dummy

3
0 0
6 5

0 B 4 4 C 7 10 F 12 11 J 17 27 27

Dummy
0 4 11 14 17 19 21 27 27 27
4 3 2 6

2 2

6 E 13 13 G 18 23 K 27
5
6 13 13 18 23 27
7 5 4

C*P = Dummy B E G K - Dummy

28
 -:

Line Of Balance -:

.
.


.
-: .
)(A - ( )12
)(B - ( ) 8
)(C - ) 6 (
- .

8 C
9

( ) ( Buffer )
. ( Buffer )
( . ) 2

A B C

= ( ) 30

29
 -:

-:
-1 .
-2 ( ) .
-3 ( . ) Buffer
-4 .
-5 .
-6
-:
-
.
- .
- .
( -: ) 1
( 2
2 )
( ) 6 ) 4(
-:

V= 12 Day
4

1
18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2

( . ) 16

30
 -:

..
.
.

.

-:

- -:

Q
Q= Man / Activity

- -:


Q

( ) 6
) 12 ( .
---- ( ) 1
( ... ) 3 ( ) 2
( ) 4 .

31
 -:

V= 6 Day
4

1
12 10 8 6 4 2

( . ) 10

- V .

.

( 12 = V ) 1
= = = ( . 6 = V ) 2 =

( n-1 ) *Working days/ Week

=V
u

g
=u *R
G
R = theoretical rate

32
 -:

- G .

.
R*M
=G
NO. of hours /week

- = M

( ) ) . ( Man Hours

M
=T
Q * Working hours / day

n = no. of section .

Activity M Q G g u T V Buffer


() ()
(-
) () () () (
)

33
 -:

( -: ) 2 ( ) 20
( ) 3 / . ( )5 /
( )8 . / .
(. )15

Activity M Q G g u T V Buffer
A 110 3 8.25 9 3.27 4.58 )(5 )29.05 (29 5
B 320 8 24.00 24 3.00 5.00 )(5 )31.67 (32 5
C 365 9 27.38 27 2.96 5.07 )(5 )32.09 (32 5
D 35 2 2.63 4 4.56 2.19 )(3 )20.83 (21 5
E 210 5 15.75 15 2.86 5.25 )(6 )33.22 (33 ---

NO. Of Houses

29 34 42 47 52 57 62 67 82 88

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
20

15

10 A B C D E

Time

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

5 15 25 41 44 49 55

( ) 88

34
 -:

55 88
20

15 X
X 88 55
=
15 20

X = 24.75

TE = 55 + X = 55 + 24.75= 79.75 1
()15
~ 80 Day

/ -:
( ) D
) 10 ( .
Act. M Q G g u T V Buf.
C 365 9 27.38 27 2.96 5.07 )(5 32.09 )(32 5
D 35 2 2.63 )4(1-10 *4.56 2.19 )(3 9.8+ )(10 5
)2(11-20 **2.28 19.73++ )(20 5
E 210 5 15.75 15 2.86 5.25 )(6 33.22 )(33 ---

4*3 2*3
* = 4.56 ** = 2.28
2063 2.63

(10-1)5 (10-1)5
+ = 9.8 ++ = 19.73
4.56 2.28

35
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NO. Of Houses

29 34 42 47 52 57 66 69 77 83

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
20

15 D
46

10 A B C E
41

5 D

Time
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

5 15 25 36 39 44 49

20

X 10 X=16 , 57-16=41

25 57
( )83

36
 -:

/ (. )2
( ) D ( )7 ( )10

NO. Of Houses

29 34 42 47 52 57 66 69 77 83 87 93

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
20

D
15
46 49 56

10 A B C E
41

5 D

Time

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
46
5 15 25 36 39 44 49 54

20

X 20
=
69-59 10 59 69

X = 20
x 69
49

v2 D 9.86 v1 -:

37
 -:

( n-1)5 (10-1)5
=V = = 9.86 = 10 Day
u 4.56
-
.... ( ( ) N ( ) g )
Q

-: ( . ) A

. =

18=1 3 -20
3 = g
Q

( ) A

31 =3-34

20

29 X
=
20 2 x 18

X = 2.9 = 3 Day
5 34

38
 -:

( -: )3 ( )40 ( )5 /
( )6 / )8( . /
- .
- ( .) A-B-F
- )10( .
B
A C D F
E E/

Activity M Q G g u T V Buffer
A 480 8 50 56 5.6 7.5 (8) 41.75 )(42 8
B 360 6 37.5 42 5.6 7.5 (8) 41.75 )(42 10
C 520 6 54.1 54 4.9 10.8 (11) 47.75 )(48 5
D 180 4 18.75 20 5.3 5.6 (6) 44.1 )(44 6
E 620 10 64.6 70 5.4 7.75 (8) 43.3 )(43 8
F 400 6 41.6 42 5.04 8.33 (9) 46.4 )(46 -----
NO. Of Houses
42 58 64 66 75 86 99 108
88

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
40

20 A B C DE F

10

Time

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

8 27
16 24 36 42 45 53 62
37
( ) 108

39
 -:

= +

( 34 = 1 7 40 = ) A
( 36 = 1 5 40 = ) D
( 34 = 1 7 40 = ) F

( ) 10

40

40 10
=
108-62 X
10
X = 11.5= 12 Day
x
Time = 62+12 = 74 Day 62 108

40
 -:

-: ( Program Evaluation and Review )PERT

:
-1
.
-2 .
-3 .
-4
.
-5 ..
.
-6
.
-7 .

-:
- ( ) ( )OP( )Optimistic Time
(. )a

- ( ) ()ML ( )Most Likely Time

(. )M

- ( ) ( )PE( )Pessimistic Time

(. )b

41
 -:

)Probability Distribution Curve (

a M te b

te ( )

a + 4M + b
= Te eq. 1
6

)S( ( )Standard Deviation

ba
=S eq. .. 2
6

)6/1 ( =
:
)s( .

( Variance )V

V=S2 eq. .. 3

42
 -:

.
.

.

11/
-
()a
7 -1
1 -2
7 -3
15
- /
()M
7 -1
1 -2
12 -3
20
- /
()b
12 -1
3 -2
18 -3
33

a 4M b 15 4 20 33
= te =
6 6
= 21 day
b a 33 -15
= S =
6 6

= 3 day
V = S2 = )3(2 = 9

43
 -:

) = Actual Variance = S2 (Critical Path eq. . 4

x - /
=Z eq. . 5

:/
: X
: Z
Z ( )A

aT = (te)T - 3 ST eq. .. 6

bT = ( te ) + 3ST eq. .. 7

(te)T = te ) For ( critical path

ST = VT ) For ( C*P
VT = V ) For ( C*P

( )7( )6

-3ST -2ST -1ST + 1ST +2ST + 3ST

at ( ) te bt

44
 -:

( -:) 1 (
) -:
- ( )V )S(
- C*P
.
- )V(T

- ( )at ( )bt

Act a M b Preceded by
A 2 5 14
B 3 12 21
C 5 14 17 A
D 2 5 8 B
E 1 4 7 C,D
F 6 15 30 B

The solution

Act te S V
A 6 2 4
B 12 3 *9
C 13 2 4
D 5 1 1
E 4 1 1
F 16 4 * 16

45
 -:

6 11 19 24
c 19
13
A E
6 D 5 4

B F

0 0 12 16 28 28
12 12
12
Act te E.S E.F L.S L.F T.F F.F I.F C *p
A 6 0 6 5 11 5 0 0
B 12 0 12 0 12 0 0 0 *
C 13 6 19 11 24 5 0 -5
D 5 12 17 19 24 7 2 2
E 4 19 23 24 28 5 5 0
F 16 12 28 12 28 0 0 0 *
C* p = B , F = 12+ 16 = 28 Day

teT= te For c*p = 12+16 = 28 day
VT
VT = V For C*P = 9+16=25 day

ST = VT = 25 = 5 Day

aT= (te)T- 3ST = 28 -3* 5 = 13 day
bT= (te)T + 3ST = 28+3*5=43 day

46
 -:

-:2

. 33
. . %80

Act a M b te S Act a M b te S
1-2 6 9 15 9.5 1.5 6-8 1 2 4 2.2 0.5
1-3 2 4 8 4.3 1.0 7-8 2 3 5 3.1 0.5
2-4 6 8 10 8 0.66 8-10 2 4 5 3.8 0.5
3-5 4 7 12 73 1.33 9-10 1 4 6 33 0.83
4-9 2 3 6 33 0.66 10-11 2 3 5 3.2 0.5
5-6 4 7 9 6.8 0.83 4-6 0 0 0 0 0
5-7 5 9 11 8.6 1.0

20.8 23.8

9
9.5 12.5 17.5 20.5 3.3
3.3 27.1 27.1 30.3 30.3
8
2 4 3.2
10 11
9.5
18.4 21.1
0 0

1 6 3.8
6.8 2.2
4.3

3 7.3 5 8.6 7 3.1 8

4.3 4.3 11.6 11.6 20.2 20.2 23.3 23.3
C*P = 1-3-5-7-8-10-11
= (1)2 +(1.3)2 +(1)2 +(0.5)2 *3 = 2.1

33-30.3
=Z = 1.28 From table (A) = 0.899
2.1
= 89.9 %
2- From table Z = 0.84
X- 30.3
= 0.84 X = 32 Weeks .
2.1

47
 -:

-:3
.
)36( ( ) 99 %
.

Act a M b te S Act a M b te S
1-2 2 7 8 6.3 1.0 4-7 6 8 11 8.2 0.83
2-3 5 6 9 6.3 0.66 5-7 4 6 7 58 0.5
2-4 3 7 8 6.5 0.83 6-8 5 7 10 7.2 0.83
2-5 4 5 6 5 0.33 7-8 4 8 9 7.5 0.83
3-6 6 9 10 8.7 0.66 8-9 4 7 9 6.8 0.83

9.5 12.5 12.6 12.6 21.3 21.3

8.7
3 8

6.3 7.2
12.8 12.8 21 21
6.3 6.5 8.2 7.5 6.8
1 2 4 7 8 9
0 0 6.3 6.3
5.8 28.5 28.5 35.3 35.3
5
5

11.3 15.2

C*P = 1-2-3-6-8-9 1
C*P = 1-2-4-7-8-9 .. 2
1 = (1) +(0.66) *2 +(1) +(0.83)2 *2 = 1.8
2 2 2

2 2
2 = (1) +(0.83) *4 = 1.93

x - /
=Z From table (A) = 0.99 Z=2.33

X=Z + / = (2.33)(1.93)+35.3=40 Weeks

40 < 36

48
 -:

Time Grade Method -:

.

.
- .
.
-1
.
.
-2
.
-3 .
-4
.

.
.
-1 .
-2 .

49
 -:

( . ) 1
Time Grade
Method

Activity Duration Preceded by

A 2 ------
B 6 A
C 6 B
D 1 B
E 3 A
F 3 E,D
G 2 C,F

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

A B C G

E F

= 16

C*P = A B C G = 16

50
 -:

( ) 2 ) T.G.M (
.
Act. Dur./Week Followed By
A 3 C
B 4 E,D
C 5 F
D 4 G,F
E 3 I,H
F 6 K,J,M,L
G 4 K,L,M
H 4 K,L,M
I 3 M,L
J 5 N
K 4 O
L 3 O
M 2 P
N 6 Q
O 8 Q
P 4 Q
Q 3 ------

123456789111 1111 1112 2222 222223 33333

012 3456 7890 1234 567890 12345
M P

I L O Q

A C F J N

B E H

D G

( ) 29
C.P = A+C+F+K+O+Q

51
 -:

Cash flow




-1 -:

( )

-2 -:

(
)



( )
.


.

Net cash flow

( )

:
=

( )

.

52
 -:

.
-1




-2

.

.

. .
=


( ) progress s- curve ( ) plan of work



.

=
)1 ( %

=
( )
% 10
%5 .
.
.

53
 -:

%50
%50 .




.
( ) 1
.

( )


X5
6

X4
5

X3 4

X2 3

X1 2

1
( )
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
( )1 ) S- Curve(

X
=

54
 -:

) Cash Flow Diagrams (

( . ) 2

()

1 2 3 4 5 6 ( ) 7

( )2

55
 -:

( ) 1

%10



.
.

) Details / Time-( M 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 19
Monthly Value *1000 $ 4.5 8.5 4 33 10 20
)Cumulative Value (V.C 4.5 13 17 50 60 80
Retention 0.45 1.3 1.7 4 4 4
C. Value Less Retention 4.05
4.05 11.7 15.3 46 56 76 76
C.V Received + 4.05 11.7 15.3 46 56 76 76
2 4
C. Retention repeated +
Received 4.05 11.7 15.3 46 56 78 80
C.V
= C. Cost 4.091 11.818 15.455 45.45 54.54 72.72
) (1+%

)Cumulative Value (V.C .

C. Value Less Retention
C.V Received
C. Cost
C. Value Less Retention = c.v 10% c.v
10% c. v %5
ID 4000 =5% * 80000
C.V Received = c.v les Retention
.
=) (c.r.r %50
%50 .

56
 -:

*)$ ( 1000
80 *1000
80 78

72.2 *1000
72
64
56 56
54.5
48 46
45
40
32

24
15.4 15.3
16 11.8 11.7
8 4.09 4.05
( )
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 19
) S- Curve(

*1000
)1 4.091 $
)2 11.818 $
)3 15.455 4.05 = 11.405 $
)4 45.455 11.7 = 33.755 $
)5 54.545 15.3 = 39.245 $
)6 72.272 46 = 26.272 $
)7 72.272 56 = 16.272 $

57
 -:

() 2
60000
( ) 8
.
%25
. ( )
%10

.
() .

.
-:
.

) Details / Time-( M 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 21
Monthly Value *1000$ 6 8 12 11 9 6 4 4
)Cumulative Value (V.C 6 14 26 37 46 52 56 60
Retention 0.6 1.4 2.6 3 3 3 3 3
C. Value Less Retention 5.4 12.6 23.4 34 43 49 53 57
C.V Received + 5.4 12.6 23.4 34 43 49 53 57 57
C. Retention repeated+ 1.5 3
Obliged Received + 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Obliged repeat - 2 4 6 6 6 6 6
C.V
= C. Cost
) (1+% 4.8 11.2 20.8 29.6 36.8 41.6 44.8 48 48 48
Net monthly received 6 6 11.4 16.6 25.4 34 43 49 53 58.5 60

58
 -:

*)$ (1000
60 *1000
60 58.5

54 53

49 48
48 *1000
43 44.8
42 41.6
36.8
36 34

30 29.6
25.4
24
20.8
18 16.6

11.4
12 11.2

6 6
4.8
( )
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 21
) S- Curve(

* 1000
)1 0
)2 11.2 6 = 5.2 $
)3 20.8 11.4 = 9.4 $
)4 29.6 16.6 = 13 $
)5 36.8 25.4 = 11.4 $
)6 41.6 34 = 7.6 $
)7 44.8 43 = 1.8 $
)8 48 49 = -1 $

59
 -:

Crash Program

( )
Normal
Time Crash Time
.
N.C

Normal Cost

Optimum Cost

Direct Cost

Indirect Cost

N.T

/

). (c.p
-1
.
-2

.
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .

60
 -:

-:
-1 (Normal Time)
.
-2 ) (Normal Cost

.
-3 ) (Crash Time

.
-4 ) (Crash Cost
.
-5 ) (Total Cost
.

T.C=D.C+I.C
- ) ) Direct Cost

(
) .
- ) (Indirect Cost .
- ) . ( Site Overheads
) . ( Office Overheads

-1 ) -: ( Site Overheads
.
-
.
-
.
- .
- .
- .
- .
- 2 ) ( Office Overheads

.
- .

61
 -:

- .
- .
-
.
- .

( ) % 15- %10
.

-1 .

=) ) Rate -2 =

-3 . C.P
-4
.
-5
( ) ( )

62
 -:

( ) 1

( ) 4

6 5
4 3
1 2 4 6 7
3 5 4 2
2 1
7 3 2
5

1 - 2 3 6 7 = 16 15 14 13 12
1 - 2 4 6 7 = 14 13 12
1 - 2 5 6 7 = 15 14 13 12

Act. Normal Crash Rang Rate C. P

Time Cost ID Time Cost ID
12 3 175 2 235 1 0 60 *
23 6 300 4 500 2 100 *
24 5 450 4 600 1 150
25 7 150 6 230 1 80
36 5 250 3 350 2 1 50 *
46 4 600 4 600 0 0
56 3 100 2 115 1 15
6-7 2 72 1 142 1 70 *
2097
Rang = N.T C.T

C.C N.C
= Rate
Rang

63
 -:

-1 16 2097
-2 ( )3-6
2147 =50 2097
-3 (
)
-4 ( ) 1-2
2207=60 2147
-5 ( ) 3-6 ( ) 5-6 .
2272 15 50 2207
-6 6-7
2342 70 2272

( ) 2

.
( ) 150 / .

3 6
6
4 4
1 2 4 8 9 10
4 2 4 1 7
3
5 2
5 7
7

1- 2 3 6 9 10 = 25
1 - 2 4 8 9 - 10 = 18
1 - 2 5 7 8 9 - 10 = 26

64
 -:

Act. Normal Crash Rang Rate C. P

Time Cost Time Cost
12 4 500 3 750 1 250 *
23 4 100 2 300 2 100
24 2 200 2 200 0 0
25 5 600 4 760 1 160 *
36 6 700 5 830 1 130
48 4 200 3 300 1 100
57 7 170 5 200 2 1 0 15 *
69 4 200 2 300 2 1 0 50
78 2 80 2 80 0 0 *
89 1 100 1 100 0 0 *
9 - 10 7 600 6 670 1 70 *
3450
) 26 (
- 3450
- 3900 =150*26
= 7350 3900 3450
-1 ( ) 7-5
( ) 25
- 3465 = 15 3450
- 3750 = 150*25
= 7215
-2
= 7130 = 150 *24 )50 15( 3465
-3 ( ) 9-10 ()23

7050=150*23 70 3530
-4 ( ) 22 ( ) 2-5
( ) 6-9
= 7110 = ) 50 160( 150*22 3600

( ) 23

65
 -:

( ) 3
.
( / $ ) 40 ( / $ ) 10 .
.

24 24
18 18 25 25 32 32
4 K 42 42
21 F 33 33
B
A
8 8
10 20 22 24 9 34 34 H
43 43
0 0 23 25 44 44
7 C 3D 10
12 6 G
E
20 20 8 28 28

A-B-K-F-H = 44
A-B-D-F-H = 40
A-B-D-G-H = 37
A-C-D-G-H = 39
A-C-D-F-H = 42
A-C-E-G-H = 44

Act. Preceded
Normal Crash Rang Rate C. P
by
Time Cost $ Time Cost $
A ------ 8 400 6 500 2 50 **
B A 10 450 8 610 2 80 *
C A 12 600 7 800 5 40 *
D B,C 3 200 3 200 0 0
E C 8 350 6 460 2 55 *
F K,D 9 500 7 550 2 25 *
G D,E 6 380 4 425 2 22.5 *
H F,G 10 600 6 810 4 * * 52.5
K B 7 300 6 315 1 15 *
3780

-1 =
= $ 5560 =)10*2 44*40( 3780

66
 -:

- -2 G, K
= ($ 5547.5 = )10 43*40( ))22.5 15( 3780

-3 G ,F
= $ 5545 = 42 *40 )25 22.5( 3817.5

-4 A
= ($ 5555 = )40*41( )50 3865

( $ )5545 )42(

( ) 4

( )5 . .
/ $ ) 150 ( .
10 10
11 11
7 7 12 12
8 8 3 13 13
9 9 4 14 14 1
5 2
2 2 5 3 7 8 50 6 7 16 16
2 6 8 9 4 15 15
3 3 4
3 100 5 8 10 0 2 70 14 14
0 0 1 2 4 3 15 13 13
150
12 12
6 11 11
60 7 8 8
9 9
80 10 10
5 10 11

-- ) ( Rate

67
 -:

Act. Normal Crash Rang Rate C. P

Time Cost $ Time Cost $
12 3 175 2 235 1 60 *
23 6 300 4 500 2 100 *
24 5 450 4 600 1 150
25 7 150 6 230 1 80
36 5 250 3 350 2 50 *
46 4 600 4 600 0 0
56 3 100 2 115 1 15
67 2 72 1 142 1 70 *

2079 2772

Act. Cost $ T. D. C $ Date/W Indirect T. C $

Cost $
------- ------ 2097 16 2400 4497
36 50 2147 15 2250 4397
12 60 2207 14 2100 4307
56 15
65 2272 13 1950 4222
36 50
67 70 2342 12 1800 4142
23 100
25 80 330 2672 11 1650 4322
2-4 150

Optimum Time

Time = 12 Week
Cost = 4142 $

68
 -:

4497 Total Cost

4347
4500 4307
4322 4222
4250

4000 4142

3500

3000

2607

2500 2400
Indirect Cost
2272 2250
2204
2100 Direct Cost
2000 2097
1950
1500 1800
1650
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

( ) 5

.
( ) 500 / .
.
23 23 70 73
3 6
9 14
9 33 33
32 32 120
12
14 14 160 157 150
14
0 0 1 2 4 7 8 47 47
8 8 6
40 41 46 46
32 33 45 45
7 40 40 44 44
32 32 30 10 39 39 43 43
14 31 31 38 38 42 42
180 30 30 80 37 37 41 41
5 36 36
15
28 31
28 30
28 29
28 28

69
 -:

Act. Normal Crash Rang Rate C. P

/D
Time Cost Time Cost
12 14 1120 14 1120 0 0 *
23 9 1620 9 1620 0 0 *
24 18 1440 16 1760 2 160
25 14 1120 13 1300 1 180
36 10 1100 9 1170 1 70 *
4-6 8 1280 5 1750 3 156.7
48 12 1200 11 1320 1 120
57 10 500 8 560 2 30
58 15 1200 12 1440 3 80
68 14 1960 8 2400 6 73.3 *
7-8 6 1500 5 1650 1 150

Act. Cost T. D. C Date/Day Indirect T. C

Cost
------- ------ 14040 47 23500 37540
36 70 14110 46 23000 37110
6-8
7-8 223 14333 45 22500 36833
6-8
4-7 230 14563 44 22000 36563
6-8
2-4 233 14796 43 21500 36296
6-8
2-4
5-7 343 15139 42 21000 36139
5-8
6-8
4-8
4-7 460 15599 41 20500 36099
5-7
5-8

70
 -:

Resource Allocation ( )


-
-
-
-
-


.

Resource Allocation and Leveling

.

) (Resource Histogram
.
.

.

) (Peaks .

71
 -:

-1 :

. ( 2
) ( 2
)
-2
.
-3 -:
) .

-:
-: Time limited Approaches


.
-:
-1 ( )
-2
( ( )T.F . )
-3 ( )
.
-4 ( ) .
-5 ( )4
.
-6

.

-: Resources limited Approaches

.

.

72
 -:

( ) 1
Act. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
A
4 4

B
6 6 6 6 6 6

C
5 5 5 5 5 5

D
2

E
3 3 3

F
3 3 3

G
2 2

4 4 9 9 9 6 6 6 7 8 8 8 5 5 2 2

Resource

9 9
8 8 8
7
6 6 6
5 5
4

2 2 2

Time

73
 -:

( ) 2
( ) Bar Chart

( ) E.S ) T.F (
( ) 10 .

4 9 13 13
4 0
3 5 21 21
2 2 2 8
2 7
0 0 1 2 8 1
3
4
4 6
4
5 5 14 17

Act. Dur. Resource E.S E.F L.S L.F T.F

1-2 2 10 0 2 0 2 *0
2-3 2 2 2 4 7 9 5
2-4 3 5 2 5 2 5 *0
3-5 4 6 4 8 9 13 5
4-5 8 3 5 13 5 13 *0
4-6 4 4 5 9 13 17 8
5-6 1 2 13 14 16 17 3
5-7 8 8 13 21 13 21 *0
6-7 4 4 14 18 17 21 3

74
 -:

Act. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
1-2
10 10

2-3
2 2

2-4
5 5 5

3-5 0
6 6 6 6

4-5
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

4-6
4 4 4 4

5-6
2

5-7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

6-7
4 4 4 4
1 1 7 7 5 7 7 7 7 9 9 9 9 1 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 4 4 4 4
0 0 0

Resource
10 10 10
10
9 9
8 8
8 7 7 7 7

6 5 5
4
4

Time

75
 -:

( ) 3
.

Act. Dur. Resource E.S L.S T.F

1-2 2 2 0 0 0
2-3 6 4 2 2 0
2-4 3 3 2 8 6
3-4 1 3 8 10 2
3-5 6 1 8 8 0
4-5 3 3 9 11 2
5-6 2 2 14 14 0

8 8
3
14 14
2 2 6 6
2 1 5 6 16 16
0 0 1 2 2
3
3
4

9 11
Resource
E.S , T.F NO. Peaks = 2
7 Max. Peak = 7
NO. Change = 3
6
2-4
5
4
3
4 -3

4-5
2 2-3

1 1-2 5-6
3-5
Time
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
76
 -:

Resource
L.S , T.F NO. of Peaks = 1
7 Max. Peak =7
NO. of Change = 2
6

4 -3
5
4
3
2-4 4-5
2 2-3

1 1-2 5-6
3-5
Time
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

77
 -:

) 4 (
. ) 4 ( ) 3 (
.

Resource NO. of Peaks = 1

Max. Peak =4
E.S , T.F NO. of Change = 2

4
3-5 A
3

4 -3
4-5 A

45B
2 2-3
2-4
1 1-2 5-6
3-5 B

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Time

Resource NO. of Peaks = 1

Max. Peak =4
L.S , T.F NO. of Change = 2

4
3
4 -3

2-4 4-5 A
45B

2 2-3

1 1-2 5-6
3-5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Time

78
 -:

( ) 5
.

Act. Dur. Resource Resource E.S L.S T.F

)(A )(B
1-2 2 3 ---- 0 0 0
2-3 6 ---- 5 2 2 0
2-4 3 4 2 2 8 6
3-4 1 4 3 8 10 2
3-5 6 2 ---- 8 8 0
4-5 3 ---- 4 9 11 2
5-6 2 3 2 14 14 0

NO. Peaks = 2
Resource Max. Peak = 6
) E.S , T.F ( A NO. Change = 2
6
5
4 -3

4
3
2-4
2 1-2
3-5
1 5-6

Time
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

79
 -:

Resource
10
9 L.S , T.F ( A )

4 -3
8 NO. of Peaks = 2
7 Max. Peak = 10
NO. of Change = 2
6
5
2-4
4
3
2 1-2
3-5
1 5-6

Time
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Resource
E.S , T.F ( B ) NO. of Peaks = 3
7 Max. Peak = 7
2-4 NO. of Change = 3
6
5
4
3
2-3 4-5
2
4 -3

1 5-6

Time
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

80
 -:

Resource NO. of Peaks = 2

Max. Peak = 5
) L.S , T.F ( B NO. of Change = 3

5
4

4 -3
3
2-3 4-5
2
1 2-4 5-6

Time
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

. ( ) 6

( ) 4 .

Act. Dur. Resource E.S L.S T.F

1-2 4 1 0 2 8
1-3 5 2 0 2 2
1-4 4 1 0 0 0
2-5 2 2 4 6 2
3-7 1 1 5 7 2
4-6 5 1 4 4 0
4-7 4 1 4 4 0
5-9 4 1 6 8 2
6-9 3 1 9 9 0
7-8 3 2 8 8 0
8-9 1 3 11 11 0

81
 -:

4 6 6 8
2
2 5
4 4
5 7 8 8 11 11
5 1 3 1
0 0 1 3 7 8 9 12 12

4 4 3
5
4 6 9 9
4 4

Resource NO. of Peaks = 0

Max. Peak =4
E.S , T.F NO. of Change = 0

4
4-7-A

5-9-A

6-9-A
7-8-A
7-8-B

3 1-3- A 2-5
7-8-B
8-9
4-6-A

3-7
2 7-8-B
5-9-B

1-2 4-7-B
1-3- B

1 1-4 4-6 B 6-9

5-9-C -B
Time
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2372

Resource NO. of Peaks = 2

Max. Peak =4
L.S , T.F NO. of Change = 3

4 4-6 A
4-7-A

6-9-A
7-8-A
7-8-B

3 1-3- A 2-5
7-8-B
4-6-B

8-9

5-9-A
2 1-3- B
6-9
1-2-A 4-7-B
1-3- C

3-7 -B
1 1-4 1-2-A 4-6 C
7-8-B
4-7-C

5-9-B
Time
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

82
 -:

Break even Point

R=T.C , T.C=V.C+F.C
r*n =V.C+F.C , R=r*n
V.C=v.c*n
r*n = v.c*n +F.C
r*n - v.c*n = F.C
F.C
n= ) = (
r-v.c
Profit = R T.C

T.C=Total Cost
V.C=Variable Cost
v.c = Variable Cost For one unit
F.C=Fixed Cost
R=Total revenue
R= revenue For one unit
n =number of units

Cost

V.C

T.C

F.C

Units
83
 -:

)(V.C
-
- ()
-
-
()1
)5000( / . 4
/ 2 / 3000
2.4 .
-1
-2 4000
-3 4/

The Solution :-
F.C 5000
=n = )1
rc 4-2

Cost 12000 = 2500 units

11000 Profit = R T.C )2
)= 4000* 4 ( 5000 + 3000*2+1000*2.4

= 2600 I.D

5000 Units
n 3000
Cost
(3000= X)*(3)=5000+3000*2+2.4X )3
X = 3333 Units
11000
n = 3000+3333=6333 Units

5000
X
3000 n Units

84
 -:

()2
$ 100000
$ 670 $ 290
$100 $100 1075 .
-1 .
-2 .
-3 %25 .

The Solution
R=r*n=670*1075=720250 $
T.C = V.C + F.C = v.c*n + F.C
= (290+100+100)*1075+100000=626750 $
)Profit = R T.C 1
= 720250-626750
= 93500 $
100000
= 2) n = 556 Units
670-490

)100000-0.25(100000
=3) n = 417 Units
670 - 490

Cost 720250
626750

100000

n
Units
3000

85
 -:

) (A ) (B
) 1650=(n
1650 ) (A
1650 ) (B
.
A
B
Cost

1650
Units

()3
.
( $ ) 700000 $ ) 500000 ( .
( ) 300000 (
) $ ) 400000 ( ...
$ )700000( .
.
. .

86
 -:

Cost
1200000 = T.C2
1100000 = T.C1

T.C = F.C + V.C

T.C 1 = 700000+400000 = 1100000

T.C2 = 500000+700000 = 1200000
700000

500000

n 300000

1200000 X 700000
=
n 300000
X 300000 X= 700000 n
500000 X=2.333 n

300000
1100000 X-200000 400000
=
X-200000
n 300000
700000

300000

300000X-6*1010 =400000n
300000(2.333n)-6*1010 = 400000n
699900n 400000n = 6*1010
299900n = 6*1010 n = 200067 Unity
-:
200067
.
200067
.

87
 -:

()4
)10( .
( )100
( ) 75 .
-1 ). (B.E.P
-2 ( )2
.
-3 ( )250000 ( )%10
)290000(
The Solution
Cost

17.56

106

F.C

100000
Units
n

10000000+n*75=( n*100 ( -1
n = 400000 Units
-2 -:
10000000+ 2000000 + n * 75=100 * n -
n = 480000 Units
- = -
) 2000000=100*n (10000000+75*n
n = 480000 Units
75+75*(10/100) = 82.5 ID -3
10000000+(75*250000+n*82.5) =100*250000+100n
n = 214285 Units
214285+250000 = 464285 Units
464285
= 1.6 years . .
290000
( 1.6 )

88
 -:

-1 .
-
.

-
.
- .
-2
( - -

) .
-3 .

( )


.


.


-

.
-

.

89
 -:

/ /
3
6000000 50000 120 -5
7200000 60000
( .) 3 : 1

-


.
-
.
-4
.
-5
.
-6

.
-7
.
-8




()
.
-9
.

-:
-1 -:
- .
- (. )
- (. )
- (. )

90
 -:

- .
- .
- .
( )

-2
-:
-



.
-
.
-


.
-



.
- .
-



.
.
-1
.
-2
.
-

.

91
 -:

/ /
3
6000000 120 -5
60000 7200000
( .) 3 : 1
165000000 -:
16200000
-
.

/ /
-5
3
7200000 6000 120
60000 ( .) 3 : 1

-

.
-
.
-


.
-
.
-

.
-
. .
-3

92
 -:

.
( 15 )

.
-4



.
-5
-:
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
(
) .

.
-1


.
- ) % 5 - % 2(

.
-

%8 .
%6 .
%5 .
%4 .

93
 -:

( )1 .
)76000000(
( . )%7
( )81320000( =)76000000*0.07 76000000 .
1000000*0.05 500000*0.06 500000*0.08(
. )79320000*0.04
=( )3292800(=)3172800 50000 30000 40000
.
- .
-
.
- .
-2
.
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
-3
.
- % 10
( )% 5 .
()2 ( )1
)81320000( =
- ( )%5 ) = ()81320000*0.05
= ( )4066000
.
- ( )25000000
( )2500000(=)25000000*0.1
( )%5 .
= ( )22500000( = )2500000 - 25000000 .
-
( )48000000 .
( 4800000=48000000*0.1 %5

94
 -:

)4066000( %5
.
= ( 21434000=)4066000 - 48000000

-

( 2033000 =)4066000*0.5
.
- ( ) 2033000

.
-

.
( . ) 3 ( )30
( )1500000000 )10 (
(75000000=)1500000000*0.05
(( 12500000 =)75000000*0.5*)30 /10
.
- .
-4
/

.
- ( )%15 .
- .
-
% 20
.
-
.

-
.
-

.

95
 -:

-
.
.
( -: )3 )50000000(
)100000( /
( )10 )10( ( )15
)10( ( )25 .
.
(((/500000000(( )15*100000*)1500000000/500000000
1333333=))25*100000*)1500000000 .

-1 .
-





( )%30 .
- :
- ()%50

.
-

.
%10 .
% 25 .
%15 .

.
-



.

96
 -:

-2
.
-





.
- .
-
( )%75 .
-
( )%75
.
%15 .
% 35 .
%25 .
-

( )% 75
.
-3

-4
.
-5 .

-1

.
-

.

97
 -:

-

.
-

.
-




.
-2

.
-

.
-
( )%20

.
- ( )%20


.
-

.
-

.
- ( )30
.
-3

.

98
 -:

-4
.
-
.
- .
-



.
-
.
-


.
-
.

.
-1

.
-2

.
-3






( ) .
-4
(

99
 -:

%4 %7 )
.
-5

.
-6


.
-7



-8

.

Depreciation



.
Type of Value
-1 Book Value : Market Value .

100
 -:

.
Original Value -2 .
( ) .
Sewage Value -3 .
( )
.
4 Scrap Value .

.

-1 ( )
.
-2 .
-3 .

-1 : -:
- /
.
- /
.
-2 .

.
-3 /

Strength line method . -1

C:
L:
CL :
Cn :

101
 -:

Dn :
dn :

.

( )
C - CL
= dn
L
C - CL
Dn = n
L
Dn = n*dn
Cn = C - Dn

( /)1 230 (
) 12 110
-1
-2
-3

230 - 110
= 1- dn = 10 $
12

2- Dn = 5 * 10 = 50 $

3- Cn = 230 50 = 180 $
Constant Ratio Method -2 -:

CL
L
K = 1- C

102
 -:

2
=K
L

dn = C * K ( 1 K )n-1
Dn = C * ( 1 K ) n
Cn = C- Dn

(. )2
120
( ) 10 20 .
-1
-2
-3

20
10
K = 1- 120
= 0.164
dn = 120 * ( 0.164 ) ( 1 0.164 )6 -1 = 8.03 I.D
Dn = 120 * ( 1 0.164 ) n = 40.27 I.D
Cn = 120 40.27 = 79.73 I.D

Sum of years digits -3

-4 ( ) Sinking found
method

103