22 Fac nd Comerion a Farmer | 8 ENZYMES, PHARMA COMPOUNDS OG TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURAL ere ENZYME SYSTEMS/ Low cosT MONOMERS ‘CARBON MILLING PROCESS WHOLE CELL Goa ZA CATALYSTS Biomass FEEDSTOCK FINE CHEMICALS v FUEL Fig. 3.1 The overall biorefinery model. Covpepducts Sugarcane! ae Biorefinery 1 |-*Sucrose —* _+ Fuel Co-products| *Chemicals a al Glucose, | Cell Grains jorefinery MT Fructose | Factory Enzymes *Polymers Co-prpducts Ligno- 7 cellulosics +{ Biorefinery UL | Sugars —* ™ Specialities Enzymes! Fig. 3.2 Biorefinery evolution refinery II has become more cost competitive as a result of innovations in farm- ing and milling grain like corn, In principle, the cellulose-based Biorefinery II] will become more competitive as technical and economic challenges are ad- dressed. As illustrated in Fig. 3.3, fermentable sugars, whether derived from su- crose, starch, or cellulose, will become cost competitive with petroleum-derived carbon for production of fuel, chemicals, polymeric materials, and specialty in- termediates.