AI HOC QUOC GIA THANH

NH PHO HO CH MINH
TRNG
NG AI HOC KHOA HOC T NHIEN

GS.TS. Le Khac Bnh

2006
 NOI DUNG MON HOC
1. tinh the chat ran.
2. lien ket trong tinh the chat ran.
3. dao ong cua mang tinh the.
4. tnh chat nhiet cua chat ran.
5. kh electron t do trong kim loai.
6. nang lng cua electron trong tinh the chat ran.
7. cac chat ban dan ien.
8. tnh chat t cua chat ran.
9. sieu dan.
 Tnh chat vat ly cua chat ran

2 cach tiep can :

1. Xay dng mo hnh n gian va da vao cac nh luat c ban

a biet e suy ra tnh chat.
2. Xuat phat t tnh chat a biet cua cac nguyen t rieng le
va xet xem cac tnh chat o thay oi nh the nao khi a cac
nguyen t lai gan nhau e tao thanh chat ran.
 SACH
CH THAM KHAO

1. Christman J. R., Fundamentals of Solid State Physics,

John Wiley & Son , 1988
2. Kittel Charles , Introduction to Solid State Physics,
Seventh Edition, John Wiley & Son Inc., 1996
Bai 1
1) Mang tinh the.
2) Cau truc tinh the cua mot so tinh the n
gian.
3) Phan tch cau truc tinh the bang phng
phap nhieu xa tia X.
 Cac loai chat ran
Vat lieu ket tinh: cac nguyen t sap xep tuan
hoan trong khong gian
* n tinh the: cac nguyen t sap xep tuan
a tinh the
hoan trong toan khong gian cua vat lieu
* a tinh the: gom nhieu tinh the nho hoac hat
Vat lieu vo nh hnh: cac nguyen t sap xep
khong tuan hoan trong khong gian

C S VAT LY CHAT RAN

I. Cau truc tinh the
Tinh the la s sap xep tuan hoan trong khong gian cua
cac nguyen t hoac phan t

= +

Cau truc tinh the = mang tinh the + c s

C S VAT LY CHAT RAN

II. Mang
ng tinh the

r r r
a1 a2 a3 - vect tnh tien c s
co the chon tuy y

C S VAT LY CHAT RAN

 1) Mo ta Mang
ng tinh the
Cach 1 :
r r r r
Tn = n1a1 + n2 a2 + n3 a3
vect tnh tien cua mang tinh the
r r r
Tuy cach chon a1 , a2 , a3
n1 , n2 va n3 co the la so nguyen hoac so phan
v Tat ca n1 , n2 va n3 eu la so nguyen :
r r r
cac vect a1 , a2 , a3 - vect tnh tien nguyen to
v Ch mot trong cac so n1 , n2 va n3 khong phai so nguyen :
r r r
cac vect a1 , a2 , a3 - vect tnh tien n v

C S VAT LY CHAT RAN

 Mo ta Mang
ng tinh the
Cach 2 : O nguyen to va o n v
O nguyen to c tao thanh t cac vect
r r r
nguyen to a1 , a2 , a3 .
r r r
O n v t cac vect n v a1 , a2 , a3 .

v O nguyen to ch cha mot nut mang.

v O nguyen to co the co cac dang hnh hoc khac nhau
nhng luon co the tch nho nhat va bang nhau.

C S VAT LY CHAT RAN

 2) S oi xng
ng cua mang
ng tinh the

Yeu to oi xng : phep bien oi khong gian lam

cho mang tinh the trung lai vi chnh no.

v oi xng tnh tien

v Cac truc quay C1 , C2 , C3 , C4 va C6.
v Mat phang phan xa gng m.
v Tam ao I .

C S VAT LY CHAT RAN

 5 truc quay trong tinh the

Truc quay cap n : a + 2acos an

quay quanh truc goc
2p a
an = an
n an
mang tinh the trung vi chnh no a

1+2cosan = so nguyen hay 2cosan = so nguyen

cosan an Cn

-1 2p/2 C2
-0,5 2p/3 C3
0 2p/4 C4
0,5 2p/6 C6
1 2p/1 C1
V sao khong co truc 5 va truc 7 trong tinh the chat ran ?
 7 He tinh the

Moi he tinh the co mot tap toi thieu

cua cac yeu to oi xng

He tinh the So yeu to oi xng toi thieu

Tam ta C1 ( khong )
n ta C2 hoac ( C2 + I )
Trc thoi 3 truc C2 hoac ( C2 + I )
Ba phng C3 hoac ( C3 + I )
Bon phng C4 hoac ( C4 + I )
Sau phng C6 hoac ( C6 + I )
Lap phng 4 truc C3
3) Cac mang
ng tinh the c ban . Mang
ng Bravais
r r r
Cach chon cac vect a1 , a2 , a3 cua Bravais :
1. O co tnh oi xng cao nhat cua he ma tinh
the c xep vao .
2. O co so goc vuong ln nhat hoac so canh
bang nhau va so goc bang nhau nhieu nhat.
3. O co the tch nho nhat ( o nguyen to )
Neu khong the tho
r a rmanrong thi 3 tnh chat o th
chon cac vect a1 , a2 , a3 theo th t u tien 1, 2, 3.

Ch co 7 dang o n v co the dung e lap ay khong gian

cua mang tinh the.
C S VAT LY CHAT RAN
 Mang
ng tinh the hai chieu
Mang ac iem cua o

Mang nghieng a1 a2 ; g 90o

Mang luc giac a1 = a2 ; g= 120o
Mang vuong a1 = a2 ; g= 90o
Mang ch nhat a1 a2 ; g= 90o
Mang ch nhat tam mat a1 a2 ; g= 90o

C S VAT LY CHAT RAN

Tinh the ba chieu 14 o Bravais
He tam ta

He n ta

He trc thoi

He ba phng

He bon phng

He sau phng

He lap phng
 Mang tinh the ba chieu
r
a1 a2 a3 ; a3

He tam ta
O P
abg
b a rr
aa22
a1 a2 a3 ; r g
r
aa11
He n ta a = b = 90o g
O P O C

a1 a2 a3 ;
He trc thoi a = b = g = 90o
O P O C O I O F
a1 = a2 = a3 ;
He ba phng O P
a = b = g < 120o,90o

a1 = a2 a3 ;
He bon phng
a = b = 90o ; g = 120o
O P O I

He sau phng
a1 = a2 a3 ;
O P
a = b = g = 90o

He lap phng a1 = a2 = a3 ;
a = b = g = 90o
O P O I O F
 So nut trong o n v

LP I : 2 nut

LP F : 4 nut

C S VAT LY CHAT RAN

 O C thuoc he bon phng
co the c mo ta bi o P
cua he bon phng.

Mang lap phng tam mat

co the c lap ay bi cac
o lap phng hoac o mat
thoi.

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C S VAT LY CHAT RAN
 O nguyen to Wigner-Seitz

O Wigner-Seitz cua
mang lap phng I
Cach ve o Wigner-Seitz

C S VAT LY CHAT RAN

 4) Ch so Miller
1. Ch so Miller cua nut mang
ng tinh the

V tr cua 1 nut nao o cua mang, oi vi goc toa o a chon,

c xac nh bi 3 toa o x , y , z cua no. Cac toa o o c
viet bang
x = h a1 , y = k a2 va z = l a3
trong o a1 , a2 , a3 la cac thong so cua mang va h, k val la cac
so nguyen .

Neu lay a1 , a2 , a3 lam n v o o dai doc theo cac truc cua

mang th toa o cua nut se la cac so h, k va l . Cac so o c
goi la ch so cua nut va c ky hieu la [[h k l]] hay hkl.

C S VAT LY CHAT RAN

2. Ch so Miller cua chieu trong tinh the

Chieu cua mot ng trong mang co the

xac nh bang cach ve ng song song
vi ng o qua goc.
Ch so Miller cua ng la toa o cua
iem au tien ma ng i qua.
Neu toa o cua iem o la u, v, w th
chieu cua ng se la [uvw].

Theo quy c, ngi ta dung tap cac so nguyen nho nhat.

[ 1] , [1 1 2] va [2 2 4] ch cac chieu tng ng, nhng ngi ta
dung [1 1 2].
Cac ch so am c viet vi dau ngang tren au.

C S VAT LY CHAT RAN

3. Ch so Miller cua cac mat trong tinh the

V tr cua mot mat c xac nh bi 3 iem ma mat o cat

3 truc toa o. z
Cach xac nh ch so Miller cho mat :
- bieu th o dai t goc toa o en cac
giao iem o theo n v cua thong so C
mang : A , B va C. O B y
- lap nghch ao A
- quy ong mau so . Gia th mau so
chung nho nhat la D. x x y z
- cac so nguyen + + =1
A B C
h = D /A , k = D /B va l = D / C
la cac ch so Miller cua mat va c ky hx + ky + lz = D
hieu bang ( h k l ). D = hA = kB = lC
C S VAT LY CHAT RAN
Ch so Miller cua cac mat trong tinh the

Mot ho mat song song va cach eu nhau c

bieu th bang cac ch so Miller nh nhau.

C S VAT LY CHAT RAN

 Khoang
ng cach
ch gia cac mat ( hkl )

Ho mat co ch so Miller cang nho co khoang cach gia

hai mat ke nhau cang ln va co mat o cac nut mang
cang ln
C S VAT LY CHAT RAN
Mot vai tnh chat ang nh :

* (hkl) bieu th cho mot ho mat song song vi nhau

* Mat (hkl) gan goc toa o nhat cat cac truc toa o
a1 a2 a3 z
h k l
a3
Vi he lap phng :
l
a2
O y
+ [ hkl ] vuong goc vi (hkl) a1 k
h
a
d hkl = x
2 2 2
h +k +l

C S VAT LY CHAT RAN

III. Cau truc tinh the cua mot so tinh the n gian
Tinh the = Mang Bravais + c s

ClCs
000 &

ClNa
000 & 00

Kim cng
000 &
Mo ta cau truc Kim cng
0 1/ 2 0

1/ 4 3/ 4

1/ 2 0 1/ 2

3/ 4 1/ 4

0 1/ 2 0
Mang Bravais : lap phng tam mat F
C s : gom 2 nguyen t ( 0,0,0 ) va (1/4,1/4,1/4 )
O n v cha 8 nguyen t
He so lap ay : 0, 34 : mang kim cng khong thuoc loai
mang xep chat
So phoi tr k = 4
Ket tinh theo mang kim cng co C , Si , Ge ,thiec xam ...
Cau truc xep chat

Cac cach sap xep cac qua cau ran

nh nhau trong khong gian sao cho
phan trong con lai gia chung la nho
nhat : lp di cung, cac qua cau
c xep chat tren mot mat phang
khi moi qua cau tiep xuc vi 6 qua
cau xung quanh
 Cau truc xep chat

Lp di cung : lp A

Lp th hai : Lp B

Co hai cach xep lp th ba :

Cau truc xep chat
ABABAB
Luc giac xep chat

ABCABCABC...
Lap phng tam mat
 Cau truc xep chat : FCC
FCC: Th t sap xep ABCABCABC...

Mat th ba c at tren cac cho lom cua mat th nhat

ma mat th hai khong chiem.
C S VAT LY CHAT RAN
Cau truc xep chat : FCC

C S VAT LY CHAT RAN

Cau truc xep chat : FCC

C S VAT LY CHAT RAN

 Cau truc luc giac xep chat : HCP

HCP: Th t sap xep ABABAB...

Mat phang th ba c at thang tren mat au tien

cua cac nguyen t
 Mo ta cau truc Luc giac xep chat

Mang Bravais : luc giac P
C s : gom 2 nguyen t nh nhau ( 0,0,0 ) va ( 2/3,1/3,1/2 )
He so lap ay ( bi cac qua cau ) : 0,74 .
Ty so a3/a1 = ( c / a ) = 1,633
So phoi tr : k = 12.
a
Cau truc luc giac xep chat : HCP

C S VAT LY CHAT RAN

Cau truc luc giac xep chat : HCP

C S VAT LY CHAT RAN

 IV. Phan tch cau truc tinh the bang
phng phap nhieu xa tia X

Khong the phan biet c

Tia X cac chi tiet be hn bc
song cua bc xa ma ta
Bc song , A

dung e quan sat chung.

Ntron
Electron
Nang lng photon X , keV bc song c .
Nang lng ntron , 0,01 eV
Nang lng electron ,100 eV
Khoang cach cua cac
nguyen t trong tinh the
ch vao khoang .
Muon quan sat c cau
truc ben trong tinh the can
dung nhng bc xa co
 Tia X :
Tia X
12,4
l(A0) = E(keV )
Bc song , A

Vi chum neutron

l(A0) =
0,28

Ntron E(eV)
0,28
Electron E(eV)
Vi chum electron
Nang lng photon X , keV 12
l(A0) =
Nang lng ntron , 0,01 eV E(eV)
Nang lng electron ,100 eV
1) S nhieu xa t mot ho mat cua mang
ng tinh the

nh luat Bragg

Giao
Giao thoa
thoa tantagnc
g c
ngnkhi
g khi

nhlua
nh lua t Bragg
t Bragg

Cong thc Bragg : he qua cua tnh chat c ban cua tinh the la tnh tuan hoan ma
khong lien quan g en thanh phan hoa hoc cua tinh the cung nh cach sap xep
cua cac nguyen t trong nhng mat phang phan xa.
Nam 1915 hai cha con nha ho
Bragg c giai thng Nobel ve
nhng ong gop trong lnh vc
phan tch cau truc tinh the bang
phng phap nhieu xa tia X.
Nam o W.L. Bragg mi 25 tuoi,
la ngi tre nhat c giai thng
ln nay.

sinh vien trng Cambridge

 Chieu tinh the vi tia X n sac thng khong cho cac tia
nhieu xa v e thoa man cong thc Bragg can chieu tia X
theo mot chieu nhat nh vi bc song xac nh mi co
nhieu xa t mot ho mat nao o.
Da vao cong thc Bragg 2dsinq = nl
co the s dung cac phng phap sau :
gi nguyen goc ti , thay oi bc song :
Phng phap Laue
Gi nguyen bc song, thay oi goc ti :
Phng phap tinh the quay
Phng phap Debye Schrerrer ( phng phap bot )
2) Phng phap Laue

Nguon Phim chup

tia X tia X
trang
Collimator
Tinh the
co nh

Tia X

Phim chup ngc Phim chup thuan

 Phng phap Laue

Tinh the

Tia X ti

Anh nhieu xa Laue cua Si

theo chieu [001]

Mot iem tng ng vi mot ho mat tinh the

3) Phng phap tinh the quay
 Ong chuan truc
Cong ra

Cong vao

Buong Debye-Scherrer

Gia lap mau

Can khoa an toan

Phng pha
Phng phapp bo
bott
4) Phng phap bot
Phng phap bot