制冷方法概述

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1.1

(1)
1
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(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

20w 50

---
2
1.1.1

1
(a) (b)
(1)
(2)
3

COP(Coefficience of Performance) COP
1(a) w

(3)

(4)
(3)(4)
(5)
(1)
(6)
(6)

/

(7)
4
(8)
(7) (8)(2)
(9)

(9)
(6)(9)
COP COPc
5
(10)
(11a)
(11b)
(12)
COP
COP
COP 1 1 1COP
COP
1.1.2
0 , 335kj/kg 0
5-10 10 25-30 /
6
116W/*K
NaCl
CO2
CO2-56 0.52 MPa
19
7
1.1.3

8
1.1.3.5
CO2CO2
CO2
CO2
,.

CO2 31
CO2
CO2
CO2
9

CO223
34CO2
45
5(5-6),
61)
1.2

:
1.3
P1T1
10
G
M SV
1.3.1
V 1P1T1
m1 2P2T2 m2 Q
0w0
h

CpCv u
h
2
1 P1T1
2
11
1 P1T1
P2 T2
P1 P2
P2 1kg
12
2
2
13
:1
14 k T2/T1 P2/P1
2 2
P1/P2 T2/T1
35
1.4

()
( 1%)
1.4.1

(Seebeck)(Peltire)
(Thomson)
14
I
()
()
1.4.1.1

1834
1
N P N
P

(Seebeck)(Peltire)
(Thomson)
1. (seebeck)
15
(1)
PN
(2)
P N
(3)
2. (peltire)

(4)
IA
P N
16
(5)
(6)
T K
3.

(7)
KI A
1.4.1.2
P
N
1
P N
12
1

17
A L
PN
R V
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Kwk
(5)
(6)
(7)
18
(8)

(9)
(10)
1.4.1.3

1
KR V
(1)
(KR)
(2)
(3)
(4)
19
(5)
(6)
(7)
Z
Z
(5)
12%
2
I
(8)
(9)
(9)
20
=0 min
max (9)(7)
(10)
(11)
(10)(11) Z
1
3
(5)(10)(11)
Z
z
(12)
z z , ,
""
z , , n 1
21

BiSbTeSe
PbTeSnTe
Bi2Te3Bi2Si3Sb2Te3ZnSb
P Bi2Te3-Bi2Se3
2- 200K z
0.004~0.005 z
22
1.

-10 20
-78
4 10w-95
750g
6w

0.05

0.005
23
45~-15
100.5 30w 3A
450138mm
1445656mm 1
2
3A 5w 36
-5~45
251
MI4010 4
300K 195K 50mw 7.2w
2.

24
3 69 -90
A I
AA'BCD
EGG1234
AA'

25

3.

0-78
10~20L
4.

1.4.3
26

1907 P.Langevin
1927 Debye
Giauque1933
mK 16K
(1)

Tesla T NAm
(2)
A/m
(2)
27
B H
16K
1
12
23
34
41
Gd3Ga5O12Dy3Al5O12
Gd3Ga1-xAl25O12,x=(0.1~0.4)(4.2~20)K
Ral2 RNi2(R Gd,Dy,Ho,Er )
15~77K
(4~7)T
28
4.5T 0.72r/min(4.2~11.5)K 0.12w
20K
2 Gd(200~300)K
Ericsson
12341 12 23
34 41
29
3 123
7T 30
3
3
323K 243K

1T
R-Al,R-Ni,R-Si
R
1.5

1.5.1
30
10
(
)
5010100130
31

P1 T1 P2
C2
Tc;
Th
T-s
T-s 2
2 T-s
4 45 5
1 1
P2 Ts , 2a 2
tc ; 3
th 12 13'
3'3
tc Ts 1
23
32
3.1

20 60 1933 (WF. Giauque)(DPMc
Dougall)
1976 (G.VBrown)
() 20 80
20K
()( 10K)

T B
Tc
(active) T0
(Passitive)
1920 (Debye)
1933 4.2K 0.8K
K
33
X
X,
(1) ( Ac-Bc ) I II,

B1 B2 I Q
(2) ( Bc-Cc ) I II
B2 B3
Tc (B2-T1)=(B3T2)
(3)( CcDc ) II I
B3 B4 II
Q2
34
4( DcAc ) I II
B4 B3 2 Dc-Ac
T2 T1
Stirling G-M
[2]
1963 Gifford longsworth

(Pulse Tube Refrigerator)()
1967 0iBrord
165K Longsworth
124K
1984
Mikulin Radebaugh
35
1997 3
22K 2.13K
COP
Stirling [18]
Stirling
NASA
55K 8%
4.2K GM
() 1963 (Gifford)
(Longsworth)
( 41)
1967 19mm 319mm
318mm 238MPa 056MPa
067Hz 124K
36
1)
2)
3)
4)

1.7K
37
N2 He
()

38
1777 ,Higgins
Rijke
Sondhauss Rijke
1878 Rayleigh
()
()
Rayleigh
Carter
Feldman 1962 Sondhauss Sondhauss
600W
27W Los Alamos Swift Wheatley
Wheatley
1986 Hofler
3W
12%-50
39
1990 G.W.SwiftR.Radebaugh R.A.Martin (TAD)

TAD

George Mason Ceperley 1979
Ceperley
Atchley Hofler 1990
Los Alamos Swift
40
Akira Kawamoto
Swift
Akhavan, Kamm
Shapiro Merkli Thomann
--

Ceperley

10C

1.12 1.068
15 100C
41

制冷方法概述

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制冷方法概述

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http://www.elecfans.com http://bbs.elecfans.

4.5T 0.72r/min(4.2~11.5)K 0.12w

(1) ( Ac-Bc ) I II,

1963 Gifford longsworth

1990 G.W.SwiftR.Radebaugh R.A.Martin (TAD)

Atchley Hofler 1990

Los Alamos Swift

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