SOLIDS PROCESSING HANDOUTS, George G.

Chase, The University of Akron

HANDOUT 4.1

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
Porosity

0.6
0.5 Loose
0.4 Normal
0.3 Dense
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Sphericity

Figure 4-5. Porosity as a function of sphericity and packing structure. Loose

packed materials are ones that have not had much time to settle due to vibrations.
A normal packed material is one that may have sat for several days or weeks.
Dense packed materials are ones that have sat for a year or more and have had
ample time to settle and vibrate into its most densely packed structure under
force of gravity.

The plot in Figure 4-5 is obtained by curve fitting data. The loose packed porosity is a function of
sphericity given by
Loose = 0.4411 2 1.1042 + 1.0873 (4-6)
All three curves are generated by defining a packing parameter, , such that
0 for Loose Packing

= 0.5 for Normal Packing (4-7)
1 for Dense Packing

and the porosity is given by
= (1 0.297 ( 0.8)) Loose (4-8)
for any packing condition.

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SOLIDS PROCESSING HANDOUTS, George G. Chase, The University of Akron

HANDOUT 4.2

Krieger-Dougherty Equation for estimating bulk viscosity of slurries (I.M. Krieger and T.J. Dougherty,
Trans.Soc. Rheol., 3, 137-152, 1959) has the form
A (1 c )

= 1
0 (1 )
(4-9)
(1 c )
where A is a material parameter. Bird et.al. (R.B. Bird, W.E. Stewart, and E.N. Lightfoot, Transport
Phenomena, 2nd ed., Wiley, New York, 2002) list values for parameter A from several references.
A plot of the data in Figure 4-6 gives a rough approximation between A and c as
A 10.1 c (4-10)
The data points in the plot are scattered meaning that Eq.(4-6) should only be used if experimental data are
not available.
12 Material A c
y = 10.107x Submicron spheres 2.7 0.29
10
40 micron spheres 3.28 0.39
R2 = 0.4134
Ground Gypsum 3.25 0.31
8 TiO2 5.0 0.45
Laterite 9.0 0.65
6
Glass Rods 30x700m 9.25 0.732
A

Glass Rods 100x400m 9.87 .618

Quartz grains 53-76 m 5.8 .629
4
Glass fiber aspect ratio 7 3.8 0.626
Glass fiber aspect ratio 14 5.03 0.74
2 Glass fiber aspect ratio 21 6.0 0.767

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
c

Figure 4-6 Relation between parameter A and c in Eq. (4-10).

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SOLIDS PROCESSING HANDOUTS, George G. Chase, The University of Akron

HANDOUT 4.3

Janssens coefficient is defined as

rr
K= (4-22)
zz
where rr and zz are the stress components in the r and z directions. These stresses are the total stresses
acting on the multiphase material. These stresses are the sum of the fluid phase and solid phase stresses.
Hence, this definition applies whether the material is totally liquid, totally solid, or a mixture in-between.

This coefficient represents the ratio of the measurable stresses, as can be measured with a strain gauge to
measure the force acting on a defined probe surface. For a pure liquid we know that the probe would
measure an equal pressure in all directions within the liquid at a given point within the liquid at stagnant
conditions. Hence for a pure liquid K=1. For a totally solid material K=0 because we know we can set a
weight on top of a solid block and all of the stresses within the block are aligned vertically.
Figure 4-9 gives a rough correlation showing the Janssens coefficient approximate values for several
fluid-solid mixture materials. This correlation is crude, it only gives a rough approximation. For most
granular materials we can take Janssens coefficient to be approximately 0.4.

1 LIQUIDS
LOW CONCENTRATION
SLURRIES
HIGH CONCENTRATION
SLURRIES
K FILTER CAKES
PACKED BEDS
GRANULAR
MATERIALS

POLYMERS

0 SOLIDS
0 1
VOLUME FRACTION LIQUID
Figure 4-9. Janssens Coefficient for various materials.

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SOLIDS PROCESSING HANDOUTS, George G. Chase, The University of Akron

HANDOUT 4.4

Table 4-2. Permeabilities of typical materials.

Material Permeability
Coefficient, k
(m2)
Clean sand, sand-gravel mixture 10-12 to 10-9
Non-woven glass fiber filter media 10-10 to 10-9
fine sand, silt, loam 10-16 to 10-12
peat 10-13 to 10-11
filter aides (diatomaceous earth, etc.) 10-14 to 10-12
clay 10-16 to 10-13
sandstone 10-16 to 10-11
granite 10-20 to 10-18