p dng thc t phng php c kt bng ht chn khng cng trnh

nh my in m C Mau Vit Nam

Phng php c kt chn khng c p dng thnh cng mt s nc. Trung Quc
l nc thin hnh th nghim u tin do thiu vt liu gia ti trc, tuy nhin vic
ng dng thc t trn c s hiu bit y v c ch, pha kh c gi lin tc ht
chn khng, c thc hin bi gio s J.M. Cognon. L thuyt v p dng thc t
c trnh by trong by vit ny, Cng ngh ht chn khng thc hin nh my in,
m C Mau nm im cc nam Vit Nam, gn thnh ph C Mau, bao gm hai nh
my, mi nh my c cng sut 720MW.
t nn t nhin y l t bi tch tr bao gm 17m st yu vi cc tnh cht bt li
ph ln trn cc lp st do mm n do cng qu c kt.
Nhim v t ra l phi c c mt nn p n nh vi cao trung bnh l +2,9m, cao
hn mc nc l 100nm, trong thi gian rt ngn (do yu cu d n), iu kin vng
rt thiu vt liu p. Gii php dng bc thm + gia ti c s dng khi thi gian k
hoch m bo v phng php chn khng Menard c s dng cho vng c sc
chu ti ln hn (ti 10t/cm2) hoc khi thi gian yu cu qu ngn.
Cc cng tc ci to t c hon thnh ng hn. H thng quan trc, theo di cho
php nh gi thi im kt thc c kt bng phn tch ngc c s dng phng php
ASAOKA v phng php h p lc nc l rng.
1. Gii thiu
Bi ny trnh by ng dng thnh cng ln u tin Vit Nam v phng php c kt
chn khng. Phng php c kt chn khng c p dng thnh cng mt s nc,
trn vng xa kia l cnh ng. Mt din tch 90ha c dnh cho nh my lin hp kh,
in, m. Giai on I xy dng nh my in 720MW. Giai on II l xy dng nh
my in th 2 c cng cng sut v giai on III l xy dng nh my c cng sut
800.000tn/nm.
2. Gii thiu cng trnh
2.1. Gii thiu chung
Nhim v kh khn ca cng trnh l tng chiu cao p v n nh nn p vi b dy
trung bnh l 2m t trn lp st yu dy 17m v ci to chu c cc ti trng khc
nhau trong gii hn ln d cho h thng mng b. Ngoi ra, cng trnh cng i hi phi
hon thnh trong thi gian rt ngn.
2.2. M t cng trnh
Nh my in bao gm nhiu hng mc cng trnh khc nhau xung quanh cng trnh
trung tm nh my, l nh my in (2 tua - bin kh v 1 tua - bin hi).
Cc yu cu v thit k cho c kt nh sau:
+ Ln d khng c vt qu 10cm/10 nm cho ton b din tch xy dng, i vi
mi cp ti c xt.
+ Sc chu ti nh nht l 2t/m2 cho ton b din tch xy dng, ngoi tr:
+ Hng mc nh my, yu cu c sc chu ti l 5t/m2
+ Pha di thp lm mt c sc chu ti yu cu l 8t/m2
+ Di mt s bn cha c sc chu ti yu cu l 10t/m2.
B phn quan trng nht ca nh my l phn chia nc ca nh my, i hi phi c
hon thnh trong vng 8 thng t khi bt u t thit b tiu nc thng ng u tin.
2.3. iu kin t nn
Cng tc kho st a cht cng trnh c trin khai trn toan b din tch ca khu
lin hp.B dy ca lp st yu l n nh, thay i t 16m n 17m; nm trn lp st
do cng n do mm.
xem xt s suy gim cc c im c kt ca lp st yu, 3 trng hp c xem xt:
+ Trng hp thng thng, ng vi gi tr trung bnh cng ca mi ch tiu
+ Trng hp xu nht, xt t hp cc ch tiu bt li nht
+ Trng hp tt nht, xt t hp cc ch tiu thun li nht.
Bng 1. Cc ch tiu ca t nn

Cc ch tiu ca t K hiu n v Tt nht Thng Xu nht

thng
Ch s nn Cc - 0.6 0.89 1
H s c kt thng ng Cv m2/s 4.00E-08 2.00E-08 1.80E-08
T s gia c kt ngang v c Cr/Cv - 3 3 3
kt ng
C kt theo phng Cr m2/s 1.20E-07 6.00E-08 5.40E-08
ngang(hng tm)
H s rng eo - 1.8 2.148 2.32
Ln t bin C - 0.0086 0.0095 0.0099
Ln t bin ( C (1+eo) Ce - 0.0240 0.0300 0.0330
Dung trng ca st kN/m3 14.6 14.6 14.6
3. Phn tch gii php
3.1. S cn thit ca c kt
Do ti trng nn t s ln t nhin trong vng 25 nm, tui th ca nh my in, ln
t nhin d on l lin hn 1,0m. ln khng m bo b nm trn mc l
100nm, nhng quan trng hn, ln s nh hng n cng tc duy tr bo dng
cng nh lm nh hng n mng cc ca cc hng mc (ma st m).
Chnh v vy, ch u t quyt nh tin hnh c kt t trc khi tin hnh cc cng tc
xy dng.
3.2. La chn phng n
Mt vi phng n c xt trong giai on b thu, c th l:
- Bc thm+ gia ti trc.
- Phng php c kt chn khng Menard,
- Trn xi mng di su
- Cc
Phng n u tin rt ni ting v c p dng rng ri Vit Nam. Hn ch duy
nht l tc gia ti (c 3 tun li p thm 0,5m ti), do sc chng ct ca st ban u
thp v gi thnh p ti cao, ct s phi c vn chuyn bng x lan khong 200km t
Cn Th.
Cc phng n sau thun li v tc nhng gi thnh cao. i vi d , ngun vt liu
thm ch cn xa hn so vi vt liu ct, Chu c, khong 350km. hn ch chnh
ca 2 phng n ny l i hi cn xc nh s phn b cc cc ngay giai on u ca
cc hng mc c ti trng ln, trnh b tr cc trng vi cc mng. iu ny khng
ph hp vi thc t xy dng; n phi c xc nh trong qu trnh trin khai xy dng,
v tr mt s cc s phi c sa li trc khi xy dng mt vi tun.
Gii php c gi li cui cng l dng bc thm + gia ti cho vng c yu cu sc chu
ti l 2t/m2 v s dng phng php c kt chn khng cho vng quan trng v nhng
ni c ti trng trn 2t/m2. Bi ny s tp trung vo cc cng tc c kt chn khng.
4. Khi nim
4.1. Nguyn tc
Nh phng php bc thm + gia ti, chng ta tin hnh lm c kt trc lp st
(phng php Buismann). Cc giai on thit k nh sau:
a)Tnh kh nng c kt c th xy ra nu khng x l trong giai on xt.
b) Xt s suy gim c kt n s t c t n ln c kt th cp cn thit.
c) Tnh cc thng s li b tr thit b tiu nc thng ng xt n giai on tin c
kt.
4.2. S khc nhau gia gia ti v c kt chn khng
Khi p dng bin php gia ti c in, ng sut hiu qu trong khi tng ln bi ng
sut tng tng do ti trng. C kt chn khng gia ti trc cho ton b khi t bng
cch gim p lc nc l rng trong khi gi nguyn ng sut tng. iu c bit ca
phng php chn khng ca JM. GOGNON (Cognon, 1991 Cognon v cc tc gi) l
ht nc di mng thm, gi pha kh khng i gia mng thm v mc nc ngm h
thp.
4.3. Lp t c kt chn khng
Sau khi lp t thit b tiu nc thng ng v lp ct, cc thit b tiu nc nm ngang
c t, tip theo l mng chng thm bng nha tng hp. Mng chng thm c bc
bn ngoi n tn lp st yu m bo khng thm nc . Cc thit b thot nc
ngn c t xuyn qua lp mng chng thm ni ti my bm ht s m bo duy tr
iu kin chn khng di lp vi chng thm v trong tt c cc khi m vt tiu
nc thng ng c t.
5. Thit k cng trnh C Mau
5.1. Gi thuyt
iu kin t nn nh trnh by trong bng 1 trn, xt 3 trng hp. 4 trng hp ti
trng c xt: 2,5,8 v 10t/m2. C kt trc lp st n 100% ln s cp di trng
hp ti trng v c xt n phng ln t bin trong vng 10 nm.
5.2. ln cui cng
Tng ln s khng ch phn thuc vo ti trng thit k m cn ph thuc vo ti
trng p v c lp ph gi cho nn p c cao thit k. Do vy cn c tnh ton
lp, ln cui cng ph thuc vo lp p b.
ln th cp ph thuc vo ti trng, u tin chng ta xc nh ln t bin tng
ng vi 10 nm. Tip ln s cp ph thuc vo tng ti trng s c xc nh.
a) Ln t bin:
Ln t bin ch ph thuc vo thi gian:
T final
e s-10years = Ce log ( ) (1)
Tinitial
e s-10years
H s-10years = H* (2)
1+ eo
C cc quan nim khc nhau v hin tng ln t bin theo thi gian.
+ Hin tng ln t bin bt u ngay khi ti trng tc dng ln st yu hn ng sut c
kt thng thng.
+ Hin tng ln t bin bt u sau khi c kt s cp kt thc (v l thuyt l v hn)
hoc gn kt thc.
+ C kt s cp v th cp xy ra lin tc v ng thi vi nhau.
Thc t, c kt th cp ph thuc vo s tiu tn p lc nc l rng trong lp st, nh
hng ny ph thuc vo su m t st c xt: gn lp thot nc,nh trn nh
v di y lp st, ti nc thot theo 2 chiu hoc gn vt liu tiu nc thng
ng, tc c kt s cp rt nhanh v do qu trnh c kt th cp (t bin) bt u
rt nhanh trong khi gia lp st hoc nhng im xa vt tiu nc thng ng, tc
cm kt xy ra chm hn v c kt t bin cng bt u sau.
Chng ta s u tin v hng an ton hn v do ln t bin bt u vo ngy 1, lm
vic thc t (1) v (2) cho cc trng hp ti trng thit k khc nhau, ta c:
 Bng 2. C kt t bin sau 10 nm

C kt th cp (10 nm) trong cc trng hp

tt thng thng xu
0,52m 0,58m 0.60m
b) C kt s cp:
C kt s cp ph thuc vo s gia tng ng sut ti bt k im no:
1o + final1
eprimary = Cc log ( ) (3)
1
o
iu kin ban u, ng sut gia lp st nh sau:
7
1o = (14.6 -10) = 39.1kPa
2
h s rng ban u eo = 2.148. Bin i (3), (4) v (2) ta c:
Bng 3. ln s cp

ln s cp (10nm)
iu kin ti trng hp thng thng xu
trng tt
2t/m2 1.75m 2.42m 2.61m
5t/m2 2.15m 2.93m 3.15m
8t/m2 2.45m 3.33m 3.57m
v ln cui cng nh sau:
Bng 4. Tng ln cui cng

ln s cp (10nm)
iu kin ti trng hp thng thng xu
trng tt
2t/m2 2.27m 3.00m 3.21m
5t/m2 2.66m 3.51m 3.75m
8t/m2 2.97m 3.91m 4.17m
10t/m2 3.14m 4.11m 4.39m
Lu rng ln d on khng phi l gi tr tuyt i thi im c kt kt thc. y
l ch dn tt xc nh cao lp p b tnh nhng thi im c kt chm dt
c xc nh bi phn tch ngc v qu trnh c kt thc t (xem phn 6. Quan trc)
Cc gi tr trn hu ht c s dng xc nh t s c kt, di iu kin ti trng
tm thi cao hn, cc thng s ca t l khng i, nh bc tnh ton tip theo. ng
sut tng ng vi ln d on nh trong bng 5 sau y:
Bng 5. ng sut cui cng gia lp/s thay i h s rng

ng sut gia lp st
ti trng 2t/m2 5t/m2 8t/m2 10t/m2
ng sut ban 39kPa 39kPa 39kPa 39kPa
u (1o)
ng sut ph 86kPa 120kPa 154kPa 175kPa
thm (1)
ng sut tng 125kPa 159kPa 193kPa 214kPa
e1 o.448 0.542 0.616 0.658

5.3. H s c kt d on
thi im cui ca giai on c kt ng sut ph thuc vo ti trng p dng to ra bi
p sut chn khng v ti trng lp p ph thm nu c.
Trong cc trng hp ta xt, p sut chn khng d kin l 70kPa v b dy lp gia ti
trc nh sau:
+ Khng c g i vi trng hp ti trng 5t/m 2, ng sut tng gy ra gia lp st l
39+ (86-20)+70=175kPa.
+ 2m i vi trng hp ti trng 8t/m 2, ng sut tng gy ra gia lp st l 39+ (154-
80)+70+5*18=273kPa,
+7m i vi trng hp ti trng 10t/m2, ng sut tng gy ra gia lp st l 39+ (175-
100)+70+
Bin i (3) cho cc trng hp ti trng xc nh ng sut sau khi xy dng trong
iu kin p lc tin c kt, chng ta xc nh s bin i h s rng tng ng e 2inf .
Mt khc, cn xt nh hng ca ln t bin n h s rng e s (8months =>10 years), din ra gia
thi gian c kt trc (8 thng) v 10 nm.
 Bng 6. c kt khi gia ti trc

c kt thi im kt thc gia ti trc

Ti trng tt thng thng xu
2t/m2 83% 84% 84%
5t/m2 87% 87% 87%
2
8t/m 87% 87% 87%
2
10t/m 87% 87% 87%
5.4. c kt l thuyt
Dng cng thc Carillo c Hansbo ci tin xt n vng xo ng, c kt
c tnh nh sau:
1/2

1 Cv1 -8Cr1 n 3 kh
Ur with Tr = ; Ur = 1-exp( ) with =1n( )- + 1n(s)
1 H2 D2 s 4 kh
1+
2Tr
n= D/d
D=1.13L (li b tr hnh vung, L l khong cch gia 2 vt tiu nc)
s=2 (t s gia ng knh ca vng xo ng v ng knh tng ng ca vt tiu
nc)
Kh/Kh = 2,5 (t s gia h s thmngang ca vng xo ng v vng khng xo ng).
Cui cng , Carillo a ra: ( 1-U) = (1-Ur)( 1-Uv).
Vi cc vt tiu nc thng ng c kch thc 100mmx3mm c ng knh tng
ng l 6.5cm b tr theo dng hnh vung 0,9m x 0,9m v vi giai on c kt l 5,5
thng, cui cng ta c h s c kt l 90%, cao hn c kt cn thit cho tt c cc
trng hp ti trng. i vi trng hp xu nht, c kt l 87% t ti c
kt yu cu.
5.5 ln t bin
Khi kt thc c kt trc v d ti, ln t bin s tip tc nhng c ti thiu c kt
trc 10 nm (nh trnh by trn) v ln t bin theo l thuyt cn li s l sau
khi x l 10 nm.

C Tinitial 10years
e = *log ( )
1+eo Tinitial

trong , Tinitial > 10 nm, do vy:

 C
e < * log (2) = 9E 3
1+eo , v cui cng H <48mm kh thp hn so vi y cu

l 100mm.
6. Quan trc
Nh cp, ln t c hay khng, th vn phi ch s tt v hin trng c kt t
c ca lp st trong giai on c kt trc, do ln d kin ph thuc nhiu vo tnh
i din ca cc mu t v cht lng th nghim trong phng. Qu trnh c kt d th
no cng r hn v vic theo di qu trnh ny y v cht ch. Qa trnh c d
tnh bng 2 cch:
+ Phng php Asaoka;
+ Phng php gim p lc nc l rng.
6.1 Thit b quan trc
H thng quan trc bao gm:
+ Cc bn ln, o ln trn mt tai hin trng
+ Thit b o ln theo chiu su, o ln ca t ti cc su khc nhau
+ Cc thit b cm ng o p lc nc l rng, theo di qu trnh tiu tn p lc nc l
rng theo thi gian c kt
+ Thit b o nghing, kim tra n nh ca khi p.
Bng 6. Thit b quan trc

Loi Mc ch Mt Thi gian Phn tch

c
Phng tn sut
php
Bn ln Quan trc 25*25m2 1 tun 1 Asaoka 1 thng 1
ln ln ln
Thit b o Quan trc s 80*80m2 1 tun 1 kim tra 1 thng 1
chn khng gim p lc ln ln
do ht chn
khng
b phn cm o tc 150*150 m2 1 tun 1 tc suy 1 thng 1
ng p lc suy gim p ln gim p lc ln
nc l rng lc nc l nc l
rng rng
Thit b o o ln 80*80m2 1 tun 1 Asaoka 1 thng 1
ln di su cc su ln ln
khc nhau
 Thit b o kim tra 150m i vi 1 tun 1 kim tra n 1 thng 1
lch n nh ca mi dc p ln nh ln
khi p cao

6.2. Phn tch theo phng php Asaoka

Phn tch theo Asaoka s dng cc gi tr theo di c ca ln xc nh cc thng
s c kt v t kim tra li thit k vi s liu thu c. Theo l thuyt c kt, i vi
ti trng khng i, ng quan h ny l ng thng s gip ta tnh cc thng s c kt
khc nhau iu kin thc t, gm c ln s cp (ti v tr giao ca ng thng vi
ng trung tuyn). Thc t, quy lut ln l thuyt nh sau:
8
s(t) = s (1- exp ( - C*t) )
2
Cr 2Cv
C= +
D2F(n) 4H2
trong : Cr h s c kt hng tm
Cv h s c kt theo phng thng ng
t thi gian
D ng knh nh hng ca thit b tiu nc
(D = 1.13 L i vi li hnh vung, L gi tr kch thc li)
d ng knh tng ng ca thit b tiu nc
n=D/d.
6.3. Phn tch theo s suy gim p lc nc l rng
Phng php tnh theo s suy gim p lc nc l rng s dng cc gi tr tc gim
ca p lc nc l rng tnh thng s c kt v kim tra li thit k vi cc s liu
thc t. Quy lut p lc l rng l thuyt nh sau:
u (r,Cr, t) = A(r) exp (- B (Cr)t)
r l khong cch im xt n thit b tiu nc thng ng gn nht
Cr h s c kt hng tm
Cv h s c kt theo phng thng ng
t: thi gian
D: ng knh nh hng ca thit b tiu nc
(D= 1.13L i vi li hnh vung, L gi tr kch thc li
d ng knh tng ng ca thit b tiu nc
n=D/d
Thit lp s thay i p lc nc l rng theo thi gian, i vi gi tr r khng i (ti v
tr thit b o p lc nc l rng c nh) v i vi gi tr Cr khng i, ta c:

= - B(Cr) A(r) exp (-B(Cr)t)
gi tr tc suy gim p lc nc l rng

i vi 2 thi im khc nhau, T1 v T2, v i vi gi tr r v Cr c nh, ta thu c:

u
t T1
= exp ( - B(Cr)(T1-T2))
u
t T2

H s B(Cr) c c nh theo thi gian v ch ph thuc vo kch thc thc t ca

cng trnh v Cr, do vy c th xc nh li mt cch n gin gi tr Cr khng theo qua
trc p lc nc l rng (tt nhin l i vi mt thit b cm ng v ch ph thuc vo
v tr ca thit b so vi v tr ca vt tiu nc) bng cch tnh t s gia tc suy
gim plc nc l rng 2 thi im khc nhau.
7. Kt lun
Sau Thi Lan, Hn Quc, Malaysia, Vit Nam c th nm vo danh sch nhng nc
chu c s dng thnh cng cng ngh c kt chn khng. Gii php ny l la chn l
tng cho phng php tu nc thng ng v gia ti i vi cng trnh i hi tc
thi cng nhanh, c bit i vi t yu khi m n nh ca khi t p gim mnh khi
p.
Vi din tch rt ln c t yu cng vi nhu cu pht trin khng gian th, s cn kit
ngun vt liu lm tng gia cht ti, phng php c kt chn khng c bit ph hp vi
iu kin Vit Nam.
Theo Serge Varaksin
(Ngun tin: Tp bi ging V x l t yu v k thut nn mng cng trnh, 5/2007)